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14/10/2014

BEF 44903
INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS

By: Engr. Dr. Kok Boon Ching (JEK 2014)

OUTLINES

Introduction
Distribution Transformer
Switchgear
Power Cables
Protective Devices
Motor Control Centre (MCC)

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Introduction
Main equipment in IPS:

Distribution Transformer
Power
Cable

Switchgear
Compensation

Protective
Devices

Motor Control
Centre

Overview of IPS
Incoming
Distribution
Transformer
132kV 11kV

Main
Switchgear
12 kV

Switchboard 1
440V
MCC 1
440V

Switchboard 2
440V
MCC 2
440V

DB 1
440V

DB 2
440V

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INTELLIGENT INDUSTRIAL COMMUNICATION


AND POWER NETWORK CONCEPT

Distribution Transformer (Overview)


Main Parts:
Core and magnetic
circuit (thin and coldcold
rolled grain-oriented
steel laminations)
Windings either copper
or aluminum (HV/ LV/
multiple secondary
windings)
g )
Tank for liquidimmersed transformers
and an enclosure for
dry-type transformers

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Distribution Transformer (Construction)


Basic core and coil configuration (Core Type)
Typical type in distribution transformers

Distribution Transformer (Construction)


Basic core and coil configuration (Shell Type)
Developed for very-high-magnitude short-circuit
applications such as generator step
step-up
up transformers

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Distribution Transformer (Tap changer)


Tap Changer in Distribution Transformer:
Off-circuit Tap
Load Tap Changer
C
Usually placed on the primary winding in
order to minimise the current to be
switched as larger current is energised at
secondary in distribution transformer.
Off-circuit tap is used in industrial
power system with 4 full capacity taps (5
positions) on primary (HV) in which
provided 2.5%/ step. The transformer
must be de-energized before the tap
changer mechanism is operated.

Distribution Transformer (Tap changer)


Load Tap Changer (LTC) are usually used with
oil-immersed transformers connected to the
utility
tilit power supply
l att a voltage
lt
level
l
l exceeding
di
34.5 kV.
Typical voltage variation is 10%, thus the tap
changer is provided with an equivalent range of
voltage regulation of 10% in 16 or 32 steps.
What is the %/ step for each type?

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Distribution Transformer (Types)

Types
yp of distribution
transformers
Oil-Filled
(Immersed)
(I
d)

Nonflammable
Li id Fill d
Liquid-Filled

Dry-Type
Dry
Type

Distribution Transformer (Oil-filled)

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Distribution Transformer (Oil-filled)


Oil-filled transformers up to 2500 kVA are of two
types:
PERMANENTLY SEALED
TANK
Widely used as maintenance
free. The hermetically-sealed
prevents oxygen, nitrogen or
moisture contact with the oil
which can degrade the
transformer performance.
performance

TANK WITH A
CONSERVATOR
As the winding heats up and
cools down, the air is
expelled from or drawn into
the transformer through the
conservator. It can be
repaired at the site
site.

Types of oil used: mineral oil, synthetic oil


(chlorinated diphenyl/ askarel), and silicon oil.

Distribution Transformer (Oil-filled maintenance)


Maintenance of oil-filled transformers: oil
dielectric strength and acidity should be checked
annually.
ll
If the dielectric strength is less than 50 kV for 1
min or the acidity is above 0.4, the oil should be
replaced or filtered.

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Distribution Transformer (Oil-filled cooling methods)


Cooling method in a distribution transformer is
designated by 4 letters:
1

O, K or L, G
Internal
cooling
medium

N, F, D
Circulation
mechanism
for the
internal
cooling
medium

A, W

N, F

External
cooling
medium

circulation
i l ti
mechanism
for the
external
cooling
medium

Distribution Transformer (Oil-filled cooling


methods)

ONAF
ONAN

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Distribution Transformer (Dry-type)

Distribution Transformer (Dry-type)


In industrial plants, dry-type transformers are used for
lighting, unit substations, and variable-frequency drives.
Three different types of construction:
Vacuum-pressure impregnation in polyester or
silicone varnish. Less expensive, needs clean
environment, and mechanically weak against throughfault current.
Cast coil or cast resin. Mechanically short-circuit
prooff due
d to
t the
th winding
i di coils
il are castt iin a resin.
i
VPI epoxy sealed or encapsulated. Winding coils
are sealed with epoxy and thus is mechanically strong
against through-fault currents.

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Distribution Transformer (Dry-type insulation)

Distribution Transformer (Typical ratings)


Primary
(kV)

Secondary
(kV)

Rating
(kVA)

Construction
Type

Impedance
range (%)

3 33

380 440 V

150, 250, 300, 400, 500, 630,


750, 1,000, 1,250, 1,600,
2,000, 2,500

Oil-filled
Oil
filled and DryDry
type

37

10 12

3 7.2

4,000, 5,000, 6,300, 7,500,


10,000

Oil-filled

5 10

20 24

3 12

4,000, 5,000, 6,300, 7,500,


10,000

Oil-filled

5 10

33 36

3 12

4,000, 5,000, 6,300, 7,500,


10,000

Oil-filled

5 10

66

3 36

4,000, 5,000, 6,300, 7,500,


10,000, 16,000

Oil-filled
Oil
filled

5 15

132

3 110

4,000, 5,000, 6,300, 7,500,


10,000, 16,000, 25,000,
40,000, 50,000

Oil-filled

5 20

10 33

3 11

4,000, 5,000, 6,300, 7,500,


10,000, 16,000, 20,000

Dry-type

5 10

10

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Distribution Transformer (Dry vs. Oil-filled)


Dry-type do not require
any maintenance except
dust-free. Oil-filled
(except permanently
sealed) needs more
maintenance.

Availability
y of
rating

Maintenance
Oil-filled is restricted to these
regulations. Some locations
like basement and top floor
is permitted to dry-type only.
Insurance is higher for oilfilled.

Dry-type transformers are


available in certain ratings
only
only.

Cost and
location

Fire/ Building/
Electricity
regulations

Oil-filled is 20 30%
cheaper. Oil-filled is suitable
for outdoor and indoor
installation. Dry-type is only
for indoor installation only.

Switchgear
Functions of a Switchgear
Main
Switchgear 1. Electrical protection (P)
2. Electrical isolation (I) of sections of
12 kV
an installation
3. Electrical control (C) the local or
remote switching

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Functions of Switchgear

Protection
Isolation
Control

Overload currents
Short circuit currents
Insulation failure
Undervoltage

Isolate faulty section


Isolate energised
section for
maintenance

Functional switching
Emergency switching
Emergency stopping
Measurements

Main Components in Switchgear

Incoming Feeders

Front Panel

Isolator/
Disconnector

Busbar
Contactor

CB

Fuses

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Basic Magnitudes in Switchgear


Voltage [rated voltage > operating voltage, insulation
level (rated power-frequency withstand voltage for one
minute peak voltage (due to lightning)]
minute,
Current [rated current, operating current, short time
withstand current (1sec or 3sec), peak withstand current]
Frequency
Short circuit power

Power Cables
2 common types of cables used in IPS:
Power
cables
Used in most of the area
such as feeder, motor load
and between switchboard
and distribution board.
Larger size and higher
ampacity.

Control
cables
Used in various protection
and control systems.
Example:
p connection
between instrument
transformer and relay or
any digital control systems.
Smaller in size as well as
the ampacity.

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Power Cables

Power Cables
Types of conductor in a cable:

Solid conductors

Stranded conductor

Normally, solid conductors


are available up to size 6
American wire gauge
(AWG), max. 4/0 AWG.

Most systems use concentric


stranding.

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Power Cables
Power cables are classified with respect to
insulation as follows:
Laminated type: This type of cable uses paper,
varnished cambric, polypropylene, or other types of
tape insulation material. Insulation formed in layers,
typically from tapes of paper or other materials or
combination of them. An example of this type of cable
is the paper insulated lead-covered (PILC) cable.
Extruded type: This type of cable uses rubber and
rubber-like compounds, such as polyethylene (PE),
cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE), ethylene propylene
rubber (EPR), etc., applied using an extrusion
process for the insulation system.

Power Cables
Selection of the cable insulation should be made on the
basis of the applicable phase-to-phase voltage:
100% level: Cables in this category may be applied where
the system is provided with relay protection which normally
clears ground faults within 1 min. This category is usually
referred to as the grounded systems.
133% level: Cables in this category may be applied where
the system is provided with relay protection which normally
clears ground faults within 1 h. This category is usually
referred to as the low resistance grounded
grounded, or ungrounded
systems.
173% level: Cables in this category may be applied where
the time needed to de-energize the ground fault is indefinite.
This level is recommended for ungrounded and for resonant
grounded systems.

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Power Cables
Three main criteria in cable sizing:
1. Short circuit current withstand capacity
2. Continuous current capacity (Ampacity)
3. Starting and running voltage drops in cable

Power Cables (Criteria 1)


Short circuit current withstand capacity
This criteria is applied to determine the
minimum cross section area of the cable, so
that cable can withstand the short circuit current.
Failure to check the conductor size for shortcircuit heating could result in permanent
damage to the cable insulation and could also
result into fire. In addition to the thermal
stresses, the cable may also be subjected to
significant mechanical stresses.

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Power Cables (Criteria 1)


Short circuit current withstand capacity
The maximum temperature reached under short
circuit depends on both the magnitude and
duration of the short circuit current.
The quantity (I2t) represents the energy input by
a fault that acts to heat up the cable conductor.

Power Cables (Criteria 1)


Short circuit current withstand capacity
The minimum cable size due to short circuit
temperature rise:
2
I SC
t
A
K

.......... (Eqn. 1)

where,,
A = Minimum required cross section area in mm2
t = The duration of the short circuit in second
K = Short circuit temperature rise constant

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Power Cables (Criteria 1)


Short circuit current withstand capacity
The temperature rise constant (K) according to
IEC 60364-5-54:

T T1 ..(for copper conductors)

K 226 In1 2

234
.
5
T
1

T T
K 148 In1 2 1 ..(for aluminium conductors)
228.1 T1

Power Cables (Criteria 1)


Short circuit current withstand capacity
Boundary conditions of initial and final
temperature for different insulation is as:
Insulation
material

Final temperature, T2 (C)

Initial temperature, T1
(C)

PVC

160

70

Butyl Rubber

220

85

XLPE/ EPR

250

90

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Power Cables (Criteria 1)


Short circuit current withstand capacity
The common value for K is given as:
Material

Copper

Aluminium

Insulation

PVC

Butyl
Rubber

XLPE/
EPR

PVC

Butyl
Rubber

XLPE/
EPR

(K) 1 sec. current


rating in Amp/ mm2

115

134

143

76

89

94

(K) 3 sec
sec. current
rating in Amp/ mm2

66

77

83

44

51

54

Power Cables (Criteria 1)


Short circuit current withstand capacity
The value of constant K has been determined
for Eqn. 1. The value of t is to be determined
next.
The short circuit current is varies with time and
the calculation process can be complicated. To
simplify the process, the cable can be sized
based on the interrupting capability of the
circuit breakers/ fuses that protect them.

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Power Cables (Criteria 1)


Short circuit current withstand capacity
The fault clearing time (tc) of the breakers/
fuses per ANSI/IEEE C37.010, C37.013, and UL
489 are:
For medium voltage system (4.16 kV) breakers, use
5-8 cycles
For starters with current limiting fuses, use cycle
For
F low
l
voltage
lt
breakers
b k
with
ith iintermediate/short
t
di t / h t
time delay, use 10 cycles
For low voltage breakers with instantaneous trips,
use 1-2 cycles

Power Cables (Criteria 1)


Short circuit current withstand capacity
Consider a feeder serving large motor which is
being fed from LV 415V or 400V switchgear
having a circuit breaker with separate
multifunction motor protection relay (For this
calculation it is assumed to be SIEMENS made
7SJ61).

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Power Cables (Criteria 1)


Short circuit current withstand capacity
The minimum faults withstand duration
necessary (instantaneous setting) for cable:
No.

Parameters

Time (ms)

Relay sensing/ pickup time

20

Tolerance/ Delay time

10

Breaker operating time

40

Relay overshoot

20

Safety margin

30
Total time in (ms)

120

Power Cables (Criteria 1)


Short circuit current withstand capacity
Therefore the cable (XLPE, Aluminium) selected for a
circuit
i
it breaker
b k controlled
t ll d motor
t feeder
f d in
i 415V or
400V switchgear shall be suitable to withstand the
maximum rated fault current of 50kA for at least
120msec.
However, an allowance of 40 msec in the opening time
of circuit breaker is a wise consideration due to the
aging,
i
f
frequent
t number
b off operation,
ti
i
increase
in
i
contact resistance of circuit breaker and to cover the
variation due from manufacturer.

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Power Cables (Criteria 1)


Short circuit current withstand capacity
Hence the cable selected for a circuit breaker
controlled motor feeder in 415V or 400V
switchgear shall be suitable to withstand the
maximum rated fault current of 50kA for at
least (120 + 40) = 160msec.
A = (ISC x t)/K = (50000 x 0.16)/94 =
212.766mm2
Next standard cable size: = 240 mm2

Power Cables (Criteria 2)


Continuous current carrying capacity
This criteria is applied so that cross section of
the cable can carry the required load current
continuously at the designed ambient
temperature and laying condition.
Ampacity is defined as the current in amperes
that a conductor can carry continuously under
the conditions of surrounding medium in which
the cables are installed.

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Power Cables (Criteria 2)


Continuous current carrying capacity
Cable ampacity given as in IEEE -399, section 13:

T ' Ta' Td Tint


I c

Rac Rca'

kA

Tc allowable conductor temperature (C)


Ta ambient temperature (either soil or air) (C)
Td temperature rise of conductor due to dielectric heating (C)
Tint temperature
t
t
rise
i off the
th conductor
d t due
d to
t interference
i t f
heating
h ti from
f
adjacent
dj
t cables
bl
(C)
Rac electrical ac resistance of conductor including skin effect, proximity and temperature
effects (/ft)
Rca effective total thermal resistance of path between conductor and surrounding
ambient to include the effects of load factor, shield/ sheath losses, metallic conduit
losses, effects of multiple conductors in the same duct etc (thermal- ft, C-cm/W).

Power Cables (Criteria 2)


Continuous current carrying capacity
From the above equation it is clear that the rated
current carrying capacity of a conductor is
depending on the following factors:
Ambient temperature (air or ground)
Grouping and proximity to other loaded cables, heat
sources etc.
Method
M th d off iinstallation
t ll ti ((above
b
ground
d or b
below
l
ground)
d)
Thermal conductivity of the medium in which the cable
is installed
Thermal conductivity of the cable constituents

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Power Cables (Criteria 2)


Continuous current carrying capacity
Ampacity deration factor is defined as the
product of various rating factors which accounts
for the fraction decrease in the ampacity of the
conductor:
K1= Variation in ambient air temperature for cables laid in air /
ground temperature for cables laid underground.
K2 = Cable laying
y g arrangement.
g
K3 = Depth of laying for cables laid direct in ground.
K4 = Variation in thermal resistivity of soil.

Ampacity deration factor (K) = K1 x K2 x K3 x K4

Power Cables (Criteria 2)


Continuous current carrying capacity (K1)
Rating factors for variation in ambient air
temperature:
Air Temp. (C)
Rating Factor

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

1.81 1.41 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.89 0.84

Rating factors for variation in ground


temperature:
Ground Temp.
(C)
Rating Factor

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1.12

1.08

1.04

0.96

0.91

0.87

0.82

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Power Cables (Criteria 2)


Continuous current carrying capacity (K2)
Arrangement 1

Arrangement 2

25mm

25mm

300mm

300mm

Power Cables (Criteria 2)


Continuous current carrying capacity (K2)
Rating factors for multi-core cables laid on open
racks in air (arrangement 1):
No. of
racks

No. of cables per rack


1

1.00

0.98

0.96

0.93

0.92

1.00

0.95

0.93

0.90

0.89

1.00

0.94

0.92

0.89

0.88

1.00

0.93

0.90

0.87

0.86

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Power Cables (Criteria 2)


Continuous current carrying capacity (K2)
Rating factors for multi-core cables laid on open
racks in air (arrangement 2):
No. of
racks

No. of cables per rack


1

1.00

0.84

0.80

0.75

0.73

1.00

0.80

0.76

0.71

0.69

1.00

0.78

0.74

0.70

0.68

1.00

0.76

0.72

0.68

0.66

Power Cables (Criteria 2)


Continuous current carrying capacity (K2)
Rating factors for single core cable in trefoil
circuits laid on open racks in air:
No. of
racks

No. of cables per rack


1

1.00

0.98

0.96

1.00

0.95

0.93

1.00

0.94

0.92

1.00

0.93

0.90

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Power Cables (Criteria 2)


Continuous current carrying capacity (K2)
Rating factors for groups of multi-core cables
laid direct in ground, in horizontal formation:
Spacing

No. of cables in group


2

Touching

0.79

0.69

0.62

0.54

0.50

15 cm

0.82

0.75

0.69

0.61

0.57

30 cm

0.87

0.79

0.74

0.69

0.66

45 cm

0.90

0.83

0.79

0.75

0.72

60 cm

0.91

0.86

0.82

0.78

0.76

Power Cables (Criteria 2)


Continuous current carrying capacity (K2)
Rating factors for grouping of multi-core cables
laid direct in ground in tier formation:
Spacing

No. of cables
4

Touching

0.60

0.51

0.45

15 cm

0.67

0.57

0.51

30 cm

0.73

0.63

0.57

45 cm

0.76

0.67

0.59

60 cm

0.78

0.69

0.61

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Power Cables (Criteria 2)


Continuous current carrying capacity (K2)
Rating factors for grouping of single core cable
laid in trefoil circuits laid direct in ground in
horizontal formation:
Spacing

No. of circuits in group


2

Touching

0.78

0.68

0.61

0.53

0.48

15 cm

0 81
0.81

0 71
0.71

0 65
0.65

0 58
0.58

0 54
0.54

30 cm

0.85

0.77

0.72

0.66

0.62

45 cm

0.88

0.81

0.76

0.71

0.67

60 cm

0.90

0.83

0.79

0.76

0.72

Power Cables (Criteria 2)


Continuous current carrying capacity (K3)
Rating factors for depth of laying for Cables laid
direct in the ground:
Cable size

Depth of laying (cm)


75

90

105

120

150

180

up to 25 sq.
mm.

1.00

0.99

0.98

0.97

0.96

0.95

25 to 300
sq. mm

1 00
1.00

0 98
0.98

0 97
0.97

0 96
0.96

0 94
0.94

0 93
0.93

above 300
sq. mm.

1.00

0.97

0.96

0.95

0.92

0.91

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Power Cables (Criteria 2)


Continuous current carrying capacity (K4)
Rating factors for variation in thermal resistivity
of soil (multi-core cables laid direct in ground):
Nominal
area of
conductor
in sq. mm

Rating factors for value of Thermal Resistivity of Soil in


C cm / Watt
100

120

150

200

250

300

25

1.24

1.08

1.00

0.91

0.84

0.78

35

1.15

1.08

1.00

0.91

0.84

0.77

50

1.15

1.08

1.00

0.91

0.84

0.77

70

1.15

1.08

1.00

0.90

0.83

0.76

Power Cables (Criteria 2)


Continuous current carrying capacity (K4)
Rating factors for variation in thermal resistivity
of soil, three single core cables laid direct in the
ground (three cables in trefoil touching):
Nominal
area of
conductor
in sq. mm

Rating factors for value of Thermal Resistivity of Soil in


C cm / Watt
100

120

150

200

250

300

25

1.19

1.09

1.00

0.88

0.80

0.74

35

1.20

1.09

1.00

0.88

0.80

0.74

50

1.20

1.09

1.00

0.88

0.80

0.74

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Power Cables (Criteria 2)


Continuous current carrying capacity (Example)
Input
p Required
q

Source

Rated kW of Load (Assume it as 160 kW motor)

Mechanical/ Process
Load list

Motor Data (PF and efficiency, considering PF of 0.85 and


motor efficiency of 95%)

Motor Data sheet by


manufacturer

Type of Cable to be used (Considering Aluminium, XLPE, 3


core cable)

Project technical
specification

Electrical design ambient temperature (Considering electrical Project technical


design ambient temperature of 50 C)
C)
specification
Laying condition (Assume laid in open racks in air, assuming
3 Nos. of cable rack with number of cables/ rack to be 6 and
cables are laid touching each other)

Cable route layout

Cable ampacity (240mm, 430 A) and deration factors

Cable manufacturers
catalog

Power Cables (Criteria 2)


Continuous current carrying capacity (Example)

1
Calculate the
motor current
with PF and the
efficiency

Rated load
current

Ampacity
deration factor
Calculate K
value
K = K1 x K2

3
Find the cable
ampacity value
K x Cable
Ampacity (430A)

Cable
Ampacity

Analysis
I3 > I1
Is the cable size
sufficient to
serve the load?

Hence cable size selected on the basis of continuous current requirement is


single run of 3C x 300 Sq mm, Aluminium, XLPE, ampacity = 497A.

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Power Cables (Criteria 2)


Continuous current carrying capacity (Example)

A motor rated at 160 kW controlled by air circuit


breaker fed from main PCC of fault rating 50kA
and connected through Aluminum XLPE cable
requires a cable size of 3C x 240 Sq mm
minimum due to the short circuit rating.
However, the next selected size is 3c x 300 Sq
mm due
d tto th
the continuous
ti
currentt requirement.
i
t
Next consideration will be the voltage drop
criteria.

Power Cables (Criteria 3)


Starting and running voltage drops in cable
This criteria is applied to make sure the cross sectional
area off the
th cable
bl iis sufficient
ffi i t tto kkeep th
the voltage
lt
d
drop
(due to impedance of cable conductor) within the
specified limit so that the equipment which is being
supplied power through that cable gets at least the
minimum required voltage at its power supply input
terminal during both starting and running conditions.
This
Thi is
i to
t ensure safe
f and
d efficient
ffi i t operation
ti off the
th
associated equipment at the supply input terminal.

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Power Cables (Criteria 3)

11 kV Line

LV CB

PCC

Source

LOAD

Starting and running voltage drops in cable


The common standard for voltage drop

11 kV/415V

Primary feeder

Secondary feeder

-3%

-3%
-5%

Power Cables (Criteria 3)


Starting and running voltage drops in cable
Approximation method:
Vdrop I b R L cos X L sin

Modified equation for 3phase calculation:


%Vd

3ILR cos X sin / 1000


100%
VS

VS = Supply voltage

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Power Cables (Criteria 3)


Starting and running voltage drops in cable
More accurate equation by considering the
horizontal and vertical domains of voltage drop:
VS 3ILR cos X sin / N 1000 VS2 3IL X cos R sin / N 1000
100%
VS
2

%Vd

N = Number of parallel runs cable

Power Cables (Criteria 3)


Starting and running voltage drops in cable
(Example)
Resistance of conductor of 3CX300 mm Sq Al, XLPE cable
= 0.128 Ohms/km (From manufacturers catalog)
Reactance of conductor of 3CX300 mm Sq Al, XLPE cable
= 0.071 Ohms/km (From manufacturers catalog)
Cable length = 150m (assumed for this calculation)
Running power factor of motor = 0.85
Starting power factor of Motor = 0.3
Starting current of motor = 6 times rated current
Assuming a voltage drop of 1.5% in the cable for incoming
feeder, that is from (source) to power control center (PCC)

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Power Cables (Criteria 3)


Starting and running voltage drops in cable
(Example)
Running voltage drop = ? (From PCC to load)
Total running voltage drop = ? (From source to
load)
Starting voltage drop = ? (From PCC to load)
Total starting voltage drop = ? (From source to
load)

Protective Devices
The circuit breaker is a device that ensures the control
and protection on a network. It is capable of making,
withstanding and interrupting operating currents as well
as short-circuit currents.
The main circuit must be able to withstand without
damage:
The thermal stress caused by the short-circuit current during 1
or 3 s
The electrodynamic stress caused by the peak of short
short-circuit
circuit
current:
2.5 Isc for 50 Hz (standard time constant of 45 ms)
2.6 Isc for 60 Hz (standard time constant of 45 ms)
2.7 Isc (for longer time constant)

The constant load current

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Characteristics of a Circuit Breaker


Highest
(prospective) value
of current that the
RATED SHORTCB is capable of
CIRCUIT
breaking without
BREAKING
being damaged

CAPACITY (Im)

Maximum current
that the circuitbreaker can carry
without tripping

Circuit
Breaker

OVERLOAD
RELAY TRIPValue that trip the
CURRENT or
circuit-breaker
SHORT-CIRCUIT
rapidly on the
RELAY TRIPoccurrence of high
CURRENT (Ir)
values of fault
current

RATED
OPERATIONAL
VOLTAGE (Ve)

Voltage at which
the circuitbreaker has
been designed
to operate

RATED
CURRENT (In)

Maximum value
of current that a
circuit-breaker
can carry
indefinitely at a
specific ambient
temperature

Characteristics of a Circuit Breaker


Tripping-current ranges of overload and shortcircuit protective devices for LV circuit-breakers:

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Circuit Breaker Versus Fuse

Performance Curve of a Circuit Breaker

Overload protection (L)


Short-circuit instantaneous protection (I)

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Close/ Open Cycle of Circuit Breaker

Automatic Reclosing Cycle

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Motor Control Centre


MCC
440V

Motor Control Centre

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Motor Control Centre


Typically one motor
starter controls one
motor.
t
When only a few
geographically
dispersed AC motors
are used, the circuit
protection and control
components may be
located in a panel near
the motor.

Motor Control Centre


Motor control centres are simply physical
groupings of combination starters in one
assembly.
bl
Motor Control Centre

39

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