Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BEF 44903
INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS
OUTLINES
Introduction
Distribution Transformer
Switchgear
Power Cables
Protective Devices
Motor Control Centre (MCC)
14/10/2014
Introduction
Main equipment in IPS:
Distribution Transformer
Power
Cable
Switchgear
Compensation
Protective
Devices
Motor Control
Centre
Overview of IPS
Incoming
Distribution
Transformer
132kV 11kV
Main
Switchgear
12 kV
Switchboard 1
440V
MCC 1
440V
Switchboard 2
440V
MCC 2
440V
DB 1
440V
DB 2
440V
14/10/2014
14/10/2014
14/10/2014
14/10/2014
Types
yp of distribution
transformers
Oil-Filled
(Immersed)
(I
d)
Nonflammable
Li id Fill d
Liquid-Filled
Dry-Type
Dry
Type
14/10/2014
TANK WITH A
CONSERVATOR
As the winding heats up and
cools down, the air is
expelled from or drawn into
the transformer through the
conservator. It can be
repaired at the site
site.
14/10/2014
O, K or L, G
Internal
cooling
medium
N, F, D
Circulation
mechanism
for the
internal
cooling
medium
A, W
N, F
External
cooling
medium
circulation
i l ti
mechanism
for the
external
cooling
medium
ONAF
ONAN
14/10/2014
14/10/2014
Secondary
(kV)
Rating
(kVA)
Construction
Type
Impedance
range (%)
3 33
380 440 V
Oil-filled
Oil
filled and DryDry
type
37
10 12
3 7.2
Oil-filled
5 10
20 24
3 12
Oil-filled
5 10
33 36
3 12
Oil-filled
5 10
66
3 36
Oil-filled
Oil
filled
5 15
132
3 110
Oil-filled
5 20
10 33
3 11
Dry-type
5 10
10
14/10/2014
Availability
y of
rating
Maintenance
Oil-filled is restricted to these
regulations. Some locations
like basement and top floor
is permitted to dry-type only.
Insurance is higher for oilfilled.
Cost and
location
Fire/ Building/
Electricity
regulations
Oil-filled is 20 30%
cheaper. Oil-filled is suitable
for outdoor and indoor
installation. Dry-type is only
for indoor installation only.
Switchgear
Functions of a Switchgear
Main
Switchgear 1. Electrical protection (P)
2. Electrical isolation (I) of sections of
12 kV
an installation
3. Electrical control (C) the local or
remote switching
11
14/10/2014
Functions of Switchgear
Protection
Isolation
Control
Overload currents
Short circuit currents
Insulation failure
Undervoltage
Functional switching
Emergency switching
Emergency stopping
Measurements
Incoming Feeders
Front Panel
Isolator/
Disconnector
Busbar
Contactor
CB
Fuses
12
14/10/2014
Power Cables
2 common types of cables used in IPS:
Power
cables
Used in most of the area
such as feeder, motor load
and between switchboard
and distribution board.
Larger size and higher
ampacity.
Control
cables
Used in various protection
and control systems.
Example:
p connection
between instrument
transformer and relay or
any digital control systems.
Smaller in size as well as
the ampacity.
13
14/10/2014
Power Cables
Power Cables
Types of conductor in a cable:
Solid conductors
Stranded conductor
14
14/10/2014
Power Cables
Power cables are classified with respect to
insulation as follows:
Laminated type: This type of cable uses paper,
varnished cambric, polypropylene, or other types of
tape insulation material. Insulation formed in layers,
typically from tapes of paper or other materials or
combination of them. An example of this type of cable
is the paper insulated lead-covered (PILC) cable.
Extruded type: This type of cable uses rubber and
rubber-like compounds, such as polyethylene (PE),
cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE), ethylene propylene
rubber (EPR), etc., applied using an extrusion
process for the insulation system.
Power Cables
Selection of the cable insulation should be made on the
basis of the applicable phase-to-phase voltage:
100% level: Cables in this category may be applied where
the system is provided with relay protection which normally
clears ground faults within 1 min. This category is usually
referred to as the grounded systems.
133% level: Cables in this category may be applied where
the system is provided with relay protection which normally
clears ground faults within 1 h. This category is usually
referred to as the low resistance grounded
grounded, or ungrounded
systems.
173% level: Cables in this category may be applied where
the time needed to de-energize the ground fault is indefinite.
This level is recommended for ungrounded and for resonant
grounded systems.
15
14/10/2014
Power Cables
Three main criteria in cable sizing:
1. Short circuit current withstand capacity
2. Continuous current capacity (Ampacity)
3. Starting and running voltage drops in cable
16
14/10/2014
.......... (Eqn. 1)
where,,
A = Minimum required cross section area in mm2
t = The duration of the short circuit in second
K = Short circuit temperature rise constant
17
14/10/2014
K 226 In1 2
234
.
5
T
1
T T
K 148 In1 2 1 ..(for aluminium conductors)
228.1 T1
Initial temperature, T1
(C)
PVC
160
70
Butyl Rubber
220
85
XLPE/ EPR
250
90
18
14/10/2014
Copper
Aluminium
Insulation
PVC
Butyl
Rubber
XLPE/
EPR
PVC
Butyl
Rubber
XLPE/
EPR
115
134
143
76
89
94
(K) 3 sec
sec. current
rating in Amp/ mm2
66
77
83
44
51
54
19
14/10/2014
20
14/10/2014
Parameters
Time (ms)
20
10
40
Relay overshoot
20
Safety margin
30
Total time in (ms)
120
21
14/10/2014
22
14/10/2014
Rac Rca'
kA
23
14/10/2014
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1.12
1.08
1.04
0.96
0.91
0.87
0.82
24
14/10/2014
Arrangement 2
25mm
25mm
300mm
300mm
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.92
1.00
0.95
0.93
0.90
0.89
1.00
0.94
0.92
0.89
0.88
1.00
0.93
0.90
0.87
0.86
25
14/10/2014
1.00
0.84
0.80
0.75
0.73
1.00
0.80
0.76
0.71
0.69
1.00
0.78
0.74
0.70
0.68
1.00
0.76
0.72
0.68
0.66
1.00
0.98
0.96
1.00
0.95
0.93
1.00
0.94
0.92
1.00
0.93
0.90
26
14/10/2014
Touching
0.79
0.69
0.62
0.54
0.50
15 cm
0.82
0.75
0.69
0.61
0.57
30 cm
0.87
0.79
0.74
0.69
0.66
45 cm
0.90
0.83
0.79
0.75
0.72
60 cm
0.91
0.86
0.82
0.78
0.76
No. of cables
4
Touching
0.60
0.51
0.45
15 cm
0.67
0.57
0.51
30 cm
0.73
0.63
0.57
45 cm
0.76
0.67
0.59
60 cm
0.78
0.69
0.61
27
14/10/2014
Touching
0.78
0.68
0.61
0.53
0.48
15 cm
0 81
0.81
0 71
0.71
0 65
0.65
0 58
0.58
0 54
0.54
30 cm
0.85
0.77
0.72
0.66
0.62
45 cm
0.88
0.81
0.76
0.71
0.67
60 cm
0.90
0.83
0.79
0.76
0.72
90
105
120
150
180
up to 25 sq.
mm.
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
25 to 300
sq. mm
1 00
1.00
0 98
0.98
0 97
0.97
0 96
0.96
0 94
0.94
0 93
0.93
above 300
sq. mm.
1.00
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.92
0.91
28
14/10/2014
120
150
200
250
300
25
1.24
1.08
1.00
0.91
0.84
0.78
35
1.15
1.08
1.00
0.91
0.84
0.77
50
1.15
1.08
1.00
0.91
0.84
0.77
70
1.15
1.08
1.00
0.90
0.83
0.76
120
150
200
250
300
25
1.19
1.09
1.00
0.88
0.80
0.74
35
1.20
1.09
1.00
0.88
0.80
0.74
50
1.20
1.09
1.00
0.88
0.80
0.74
29
14/10/2014
Source
Mechanical/ Process
Load list
Project technical
specification
Cable manufacturers
catalog
1
Calculate the
motor current
with PF and the
efficiency
Rated load
current
Ampacity
deration factor
Calculate K
value
K = K1 x K2
3
Find the cable
ampacity value
K x Cable
Ampacity (430A)
Cable
Ampacity
Analysis
I3 > I1
Is the cable size
sufficient to
serve the load?
30
14/10/2014
31
14/10/2014
11 kV Line
LV CB
PCC
Source
LOAD
11 kV/415V
Primary feeder
Secondary feeder
-3%
-3%
-5%
VS = Supply voltage
32
14/10/2014
%Vd
33
14/10/2014
Protective Devices
The circuit breaker is a device that ensures the control
and protection on a network. It is capable of making,
withstanding and interrupting operating currents as well
as short-circuit currents.
The main circuit must be able to withstand without
damage:
The thermal stress caused by the short-circuit current during 1
or 3 s
The electrodynamic stress caused by the peak of short
short-circuit
circuit
current:
2.5 Isc for 50 Hz (standard time constant of 45 ms)
2.6 Isc for 60 Hz (standard time constant of 45 ms)
2.7 Isc (for longer time constant)
34
14/10/2014
CAPACITY (Im)
Maximum current
that the circuitbreaker can carry
without tripping
Circuit
Breaker
OVERLOAD
RELAY TRIPValue that trip the
CURRENT or
circuit-breaker
SHORT-CIRCUIT
rapidly on the
RELAY TRIPoccurrence of high
CURRENT (Ir)
values of fault
current
RATED
OPERATIONAL
VOLTAGE (Ve)
Voltage at which
the circuitbreaker has
been designed
to operate
RATED
CURRENT (In)
Maximum value
of current that a
circuit-breaker
can carry
indefinitely at a
specific ambient
temperature
35
14/10/2014
36
14/10/2014
37
14/10/2014
38
14/10/2014
39