Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2014
LONG PAPER ON
CONSTRUCTION OF PEB
HANGAR
WITH ANNEXE AND SERVICES
AS PART OF MODERNISATION
OF AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
By
ZUBER AHMED
PGPPM
MODULE:M-58
REGN. NO.211-07-31-9628-2131
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
AND RESEARCH
SODE, PUNE
211-07-31-9628-2131
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DECLARATION
I declare that the long paper entitled Construction of PEB hangar with annex
and services as part of modernization of airport infrastructure is the bonafied
work carried out by me, under the guidance of Prof. P. Nagarjuna, further I declare that
this paper has not been previously formed the basis of award of any degree, diploma,
associate-ship or other similar degrees or diplomas, and has not been submitted
anywhere else.
Date:
ZUBER AHMED
PGPPM
MODULE:M-58
REGN NO. 211-07-31-9628-2131
NICMAR SODE,Pune
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the long Paper entitled Construction of PEB hangar with annex
and services as part of modernization of airport infrastructure is the bonafied work
carried out by Mr. Zuber Ahmed, in partial fulfillment of the academic
requirements for the award of Post Graduate Program in Project
Management (PGP P M ) . T h i s w o r k h a s b e e n c a r r i e d o u t u n d e r m y
guidance and supervision.
Date:
Prof. P. Nagarguna
NICMAR SODE, Pune
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere and heartfelt thanks to Dr. J.C. Edison, Dean NICMAR SODE,
Pune and Dr. Arun Kumar Co-Ordinator SODE, Pune, for giving me an opportunity to
undertake this research subject for preparing long paper.I also express a deep sense of
gratitude to Prof. P. Nagarjuna, faculty, NICMAR, Pune for his constructive support,
constant encouragement, guidance and channelizing my efforts in the right direction
without which this long paper would not have attained its present form.I also thank
librarians of NICMAR, Pune, for giving us access to the facility whenever required.I
would also like to thank my family and friends who encouraged us constantly throughout
the research period.
(Zuber Ahmed)
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ABSTRACT:
Hangars are always considered as prestigious projects
d u e t o t h e i r operational use, constructional aspects and structural
complexity. Due to recent advancement in concepts, materials and construction
techniques a revolutionary change could be seen world over in conceiving industrial
structures like Hangars, Garages, Workshops, etc not merely as covered shed for
housing aircrafts, specialist v e h i c l e s , e q u i p m e n t s , e t c b u t a s A r c h i t e c t u r a l
M a r v e l s a s w e l l . T h i s c o n c e p t u a l change could be seen in almost all ports,
workshops and factory projects. Modern hangars are large sized with respect to span
and height and require most modern f a c i l i t i e s t o s u i t t h e m o d e r n d a y s
a i r c r a f t s . A H a n g a r p r o j e c t constructed during modernization of
a i r p o r t i n f r a s t r u c t u r e p r o j e c t w a s a l s o conceived with state-of-the-art
concept of Pre Engineered Building using all modern materials and techniques
which no doubt makes this an ideal project in the category of A Complex
Architectural and Engineering Marvel. The project d e m a n d e d u s e o f
modern techniques and materials with high degree of
construction precision, excellent quality control, constant supervision through
experienced executives and regular monitoring up to the highest level. The paper cover
the case study of this hangar constructed as a large span Pre - Engineered Rigid
Frame Structure.
The paper shall depict the evolution of Steel Hangar Structures through a
Gallery of hangar constructed in India over last five decades. Due to revolutionary
change i n concept of design, construction techniques and materials
i t i s n o w possible to provide large span hangars at considerably faster
rate
and
lighter in we i g h t . R e q u i r e m e n t o f H a n g a r u s e r s h a v e a l s o c h a n g e d
over the years f rom s i m p l e , s m a l l
sized
hangar for housing
s m a l l a i r c r a f t s u s u a l l y c o n c e i v e d a s industrial sheds to considerably
large sized hangars with all modern facilities like repair shops, office accommodations
for the technical staff, testing labs, etc in the form of side annex. The executives
involved in the execution of the project had varied and unique experiences and
challenges during execution of the work which shall be presented in this paper.
The use of steel structures in various types of buildings/accommodation is
not uncommon, e.g.aircraft hangars,covered garages,storage accommodation
auditoriums, towers,etc. Most of these structures commonly consist of elements s u c h
as
beams,
columns, trusses
&
portal frames
which
are
b a s i c a l l y t w o - dimensional from the point of view of analysis as well as
design. Inter-connecting members in the third dimension (for example
purlins) are usually of secondary character, present merely for the purpose of
transferring load and not contributing t o t h e r i g i d i t y o f t h e s t r u c t u r e . A
structural arrangement in which there is
integrated
load
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certificate
Declaration
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Contents
List of Tables
List of figures
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION.
Page No.
7
11
13
28
31
41
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76
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CHAPTER - I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL:
Today, the Indian construction industry is in full bloom and so is the real estate sector.
With the demand for both residential and commercial segments increasing, there is a
need to get the projects completed on time so as to minimize extra costs. Also, with a
major emphasis being laid on the infrastructure as well as the current boom in the
commercial buildings, developers are now looking towards other options so as to meet
the deadlines and curtail the expenditure.
This is where the prefabricated or the prefab industry comes in. To name it as the 'fastfood' of construction industry would not be wrong as this has now come across as the
most viable option for instant completion of projects for various endeavors.
The pre-engineered building technology, which entered the Indian construction arena
during the late nineties has over a period of time gained widespread acceptance among
the end users and is steadily making inroads in the construction and infrastructure
projects across the country. This is largely due to the fact that PEB-based construction
technique is offering the most innovative, hi-tech, and quicker methods of construction
ensuring efficient, cost effectiveness and speedy completion of projects, which is
perhaps the pre-requisite for the construction sector to meet tight construction
schedules and demanding deadlines.
Drawing overwhelming response from construction and infrastructure builders, due to
heightened construction activities currently going on across the country, the global
players in the PEB industry have not just set up their shops but also launched multiprong brand building initiatives by holding technical seminars, exhibitions and events
displaying their products to popularize the benefits of PEB brands. In the process, they
have been able to create awareness informing people that under the PEB systems
buildings are built keeping the, eco-friendly environs, aesthetic value, designing,
durability, energy efficiency, cost effectiveness and speedy completion of the
construction projects in mind.
With increased emphasis on the on-going green buildings ensuring sustainable
construction, the PEB structures are created with a high proportion of recycled content
making them lighter by about 30% than the conventional steel buildings. They contain
higher degree of fire and dust resistant and are maintenance free. As a result today the
PEB system is the most preferred choice among the architects, builders, developers
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and industrialists. The experts in the field are unanimous in their view that the PEB
industry in India is currently heading to achieve growth trajectory of about 35% per
annum.
Kirby Building Systems is one of the world's largest producers of quality steel buildings
and has been operational since 1976. The company recognized the need of customers
and the potential in the Indian market and was the first to set up a mega manufacturing
facility in India near Hyderabad in 1999. Since then it aggressively promoted the use of
PEB concept in India.
Generally, steel structures and specifically PEBs market have, on the domestic front,
surpassed the GDP from both the Indian steel industry and the Indian construction
sector. Over the next 2-3 years, the industry is optimistic about a 15 to 20% annual
growth, resulting in doubling of the market over five years.The sector is going
international as companies move to tie up with multinationals for upgrading offerings to
their customers. "Technical association and JV's with leading PEB companies in
Europe, USA and Middle-east are quite useful in terms of engineering excellence,
product quality and superior products range.
1.2 BACKGROUND:
Construction is an activity, which cuts across almost all sectors of the economy. It is an
activity, which transforms various resources into economical and social infrastructure
and facilities. It includes all phases of the process of transformation viz. planning,
designing, financing, procurement, construction, operations etc. The construction sector
is an essential contributor to the process of development. It usually accounts for three
percent to eight percent of a developing countrys Gross Domestic Product.
In the context of liberalization of the Indian economy, domestic and foreign investment
is likely to flow into various infrastructure projects in a big way. This is more so, taking
into consideration the conferring of industry status to the construction sector by the
Government of India.
Fluctuations in construction demand affect the economy in many ways. They affect the
demand for labour and materials as well as the lag time taken to supply the industrys
output. Backward and forward linkages affect the working of a wide range of operations.
In fact, construction industry has been ranked among the top four out of twenty
economic sectors in terms of inter sectoral linkages. These linkages together with a high
value added output ratio, indicates that construction provides a substantive growth
stimulus throughout the economy. Its importance as an agent for development is
enhanced by its ability to provide gainful employment for a large number of people.
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CHAPTER - II
NEED OF PEB WITH RESPECT TO
CONVENTIONAL R.C.C. STRUCTURE
2.1 WHY PEB SOLUTION:
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building and workshops, stadiums, schools, bridges, fuel stations to aircraft hangers,
exhibition centers, railway stations and metro applications. While we are still to see
PEBs being used in residences in India, one can see their optimal use in warehouses,
industrial sheds, sports facilities, etc. The Delhi Airport and the metro projects of Delhi,
Bengaluru and Mumbai are also examples of PEB applications.
A PEB system in totality consists of a structural system, sandwich panels, roofing,
exterior facade and accessories. The PEB concept based on a proper design usually
involves a thorough project information data including complete details like building
parameters, grade of steel, secondary member details, paint coat on steel members,
welding, anchor bolts steel grade, roof & wall liner / panel, insulation, sky light, gutters,
facia, mezzanine, ridge ventilation to name a few. Following this input, the drawings for
General Arrangement, Anchor Bolt & Template Fabrication & Erection are prepared.
Conventional Building
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CHAPTER - III
COMPLETE HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF
PEB STRUCTURE SYSTEM
3.1 HISTORY OF PEB STRUCTURE SYSTEM:
In early 1900s - Concept of metal buildings originated in U.S.
- Simple industrial structures using truss rafters, straight columns, sectional roofs
& wall.
- Wedge pins for connections.
In 1940s - Mass production of Nissen and Quonset housing and storage
Modules for:
- US army during world war II.
- Metal building system recognized as a favourable method of construction over
conventional methods.
Late 1950s & early 1960s
- Computerized design allowed buildings to be tailored to individual Customer
requirements.
- Roll forming lines allowed continuous span cold rolled Z-purlins.
- Colour coated panels and factory insulated panels improved Architectural
appearance.
- Major increase in design possibilities contributed to the boom in metal buildings.
-
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covered shed for housing aircrafts, specialist vehicles, equipments etc but as
Architectural Marvels as well. This conceptual change could be seen in almost all the air
ports, workshops and factory projects. Modern hangars are large sized with respect to
span and height and require most modern facilities to suit the modern days aircrafts.
Hangar project at Bangalore was also conceived with state-of-the-art concept of PreEngineered Building using all modern materials and techniques which no doubt makes
this an idle project standing in the category of A Complex Architectural and
Engineering Marvel. The project demanded use of modern techniques and materials
with high degree of construction precision, excellent quality control, constant
supervision through experienced executives and regular monitoring up to the highest
level. In this project executives have had varied and unique experiences and challenges
during execution of work which have been documented in this report.
Pre-engineered buildings are the state-of-the-art steel solution to developing an efficient
and cost-effective infrastructure. PEBs offer ultimate design flexibility and an extremely
short construction time (right from initial design to completion). They are supplied as a
fully finished product along with steel structure, building accessories and roof cladding.
They require no onsite fabrication or welding they can simply be bolted together as
per specifications. PEBs are best suited for warehouses, sports halls, factories,
workshops, distribution centers, cold storages, supermarkets, aircraft hangars or any
ground + two-storey construction.
3.3
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requirement of steel in such structures was as high as 100 kg/m2 to 150 kg/m2
depending upon the span and spacing of trusses. The modern trends for covering large
spaces with much reduced requirement of steel are Pre-Engineered Rigid Frame
Structures, Space Structures and Tensile Structures.
A Gallery of hangar structures constructed at Bengaluru since inception of the base can
be seen in Photographs P1 to P8 for understanding the evolution of Steel Hangar
Structures over last five decades. Due to revolutionary change in concept of design,
construction techniques and materials it could be possible now to provide large span
hangars at considerably faster rate and lighter in weight. Requirement of users have
also changed during this period from simple, small sized hangar for housing small
aircrafts usually conceived as industrial sheds to considerably large sized hangars with
all modern facilities like repair shops, office accommodations for the technical staff,
testing labs, etc in the form of side annex.
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P-2: LATTICE FRAME TYPE HANGAR (1965) SPAN 28.25m, HEIGHT 8.5m
P-3 : TRADITIONAL TRUSS TYPE HANGAR (1998) SPAN 70m, HEIGHT -11m
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P-4, P-5:BOWSTRING GIRDER TYPE HANGAR (1993) SPAN 60m HEIGHT- 11m
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P-8 : PRE ENGINEERED BLDG HANGAR (2003) SPAN 60m, HEIGHT - 10m
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CHAPTER-IV
CONCEPT & METHODOLOGY OF
PEB STRUCTURE SYSTEM
4.1 METHODOLOGY OF PEB SYSTEM:
Pre-Engineered Steel Buildings use a combination of built-up sections, hot rolled
sections, cold formed elements and profiled steel sheets which provide the basic steel
frame work with a choice of single skin sheeting with added insulation or insulated
sandwich panels for roofing and wall cladding or brick wall. The concept is designed to
provide a complete building envelope system which is air tight, energy efficient,
optimum in weight and cost, and above all, designed to fit user requirement like a well
fitted glove.
These Pre-Engineered Steel Buildings can be fitted with different structural accessories
including mezzanine floors, canopies, fascias, interior partitions etc. The building is
made water-tight by use of special mastic beads, filler strips and trims. This is a very
versatile building system and can be finished internally to serve any required function
and accessorized externally to achieve attractive and distinctive architectural styles. It is
most suitable for any low-rise building and offers numerous benefits over conventional
buildings.
Pre-engineered buildings are generally low rise buildings, however the maximum eave
heights can go up to 25 to 30 meters. Low rise buildings are ideal for offices, houses,
showrooms, shop fronts etc. The application of pre-engineered concept to low rise
buildings is very economical and speedy. Buildings can be constructed in less than half
the normal time especially when complimented with other engineered sub-systems. The
most common and economical type of low-rise building is a building with ground floor
and two intermediate floors plus roof. The roof of a low rise building may be flat or
sloped. Intermediate floors of low rise buildings are made of mezzanine systems. Single
storied houses for living take minimum time for construction and can be built in any type
of geographic location like extreme cold hilly areas, high rain prone areas, plain land,
extreme hot climatic zones etc.
There are basically eight major components in a pre-engineered residential building
such as :
Main framing or vertical columns.
Purlins, girts and eave struts.
Sheeting and insulation or prefab panels.
Brick & Cement Board Walls.
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Flooring.
Paints and finishes.
False Ceiling.
Miscellaneous services.
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from the ceiling and false ceiling of rigid boards are either bolted or placed over the
frame work.
4.1.8 FLOORING
Flooring is usually of conventional nature consisting of cement concrete. For
intermediate floors metal decking sheet is fixed to purlins and concrete poured over it.
4.2 ERECTION:
Steel framing members are delivered at site in pre-cut sizes, which eliminates cutting
and welding at site. Being lighter in weight, the small members can be very easily
assembled, bolted and raised with the help of cranes. This system allows very fast
construction and reduces wastage and labour requirement. These buildings can then be
provided with roof decking and wall cladding with metal profile sheets and proper
insulation. The framing are so designed that electrical and plumbing services are part of
it and can be very easily concealed.
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For the latest developed technology on pre-fab residential house construction without
steel columns & purlins, the construction method begins with grouting of C channels to
the floor on the periphery of the building. Thereafter placing 1.2mm GI profiled sheets
(of high depth crest) over the C channel and fixed with screws. Fixing of high density
Rockwool or Polyurethane Foam or Expanded Polystyrene with adhesive on the crests
on both sides. Then providing and fixing 8mm cement particle boards on inner side and
10mm cement particle boards on outer side of the profiled GI sheet, with screws,
followed by fixing of a C channel on top of the GI profiled sheet. Then trusses are
placed over the top C channel and purlins fixed to it at 1500mm distance. Colour
coated profile steel sheets are fixed to the purlins. GI T frame work making a grid of
600 x 600mm hung from the trusses with GI rods for false ceiling frame work and 68mm E boards are placed over it.
Floors are constructed of cement concrete at a raised level for special requirements
tiles can be fixed as the final finish. For kitchen and toilets, the floor and walls up to 2-3
feet is constructed or in tradition houses or normal cement finish or with tiles.
For fixing of electrical accessories, grills, shelves and other miscellaneous services
wooden supports are pre-fixed to the GI profiled sheet ceiling fan support is taken from
the trusses.
Doors & windows frames are made of steel and fixed to the profiled GI sheet with
proper flashings.
Rain guard covers over windows made of steel are fixed to the profiled GI sheet of
walls.
The gaps between the cement particle boards are filled with a putty and finally painting
is done on both sides of the walls.
4.3 MAINTENANCE:
In Pre-engineered Pre-fabricated steel houses the maintenance area is the roofing &
cladding.
Steel roofing & side wall cladding requires minimum maintenance. The roof should be
inspected immediately after installation to check if cleaning of the roof has been carried
out fully. It is very often seen that the drilled out metal and debris are not swept away.
These can act as initiators of corrosion and lead to premature failures.
In case of cement particle board walls painting required every 3-4 years.
Installed roofing must be inspected atleast once a year. Any exposed metal that can
rust or has rusted should be painted. Leaves, branches, and trash should be removed
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from gutters, at ridge caps and in corners. Also watch out for discharge from industrial
stacks, and particulate matter and high sulphur exhaust from space heaters which could
get piled up.
Roof top ancillaries and air conditioning supports, drains and housing should be
checked. Particular attention should be paid to add-on roof ancillaries that create new
roof penetrations. Roof-top air conditioners should be installed on curbs designed to
avoid pounding water. Condensate from air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
should never be allowed to drain directly on to the roof panels. The drainage contains
ions from condenser coils that accelerate corrosion.
In the event of a roof leak, do not indiscriminately plaster the suspected leak area with
tar or asphalt or use repair tape. Water can collect under the repair material causing
corrosion. Instead, have an experienced roofing foreman locate the leak, identify its
cause and properly repair the roof.
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Z sections acting as longitudinal roof purlins and longitudinal wall girts that connect
to columns & rafters and support exterior roof and wall panels.
"C sections used primarily in framed openings and as a transition member between
partial block walls and wall panels.
Steel Deck used to support concrete slabs in second level flooring.
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Varieties of Sheets
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CHAPTER-V
IMPORTANCE OF PEB
STRUCTURE SYSTEM
5.1 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY:
Pre-Engineered Building system is computer assisted, and design to create a
building for a specific use.
The complete Building system is Pre-Engineered to facilitate easy production &
assembly on site.
In PEB system, a superior protection of a thin coating of resin applied on the top
of the Aluminium Zinc coating make Galvalume sheet.
A colour coating is given on the top surface for a bright appearance with a colour
of the customers choice.
A clear organic acrylic resin coating is then applied & thermally cured. At the present
time the use of pre-engineered buildings become a widespread trend. These buildings
are constructed keeping in mind the aesthetic value cost, effectiveness, durability and
fast construction.Pre-engineered buildings has been very successfully implemented all
around the country; this is one of the most cost effective, speedy and inexpensive way
to set up a strong building. Therefore this are best for use of residential homes,
Industrial areas, offices, showrooms, etc since they offer speedy construction at the
lowest cost.
As per the requirements of the customers, pre-engineered steel buildings can be
designed and manufactured speedily. The major reason for the spurt in construction
events of these pre-engineered buildings is the low cost, comparatively lesser time of
construction and environment friendly construction etc. The cost is low due to the reality
that the labor charges have been minimized by manufacturing different parts in the
factories. The key factor is the time because of simple construction techniques Involved.
Good structural design of the building necessitates integration of the structure into a
whole physical system. It is necessary to understand the influence of structural design
on the architectural design and also vice versa for the development of the subsystems
for power, lighting, thermal control, ventilation, water supply, waste handling, firefighting etc. The steel structural systems have come out more popular largely because
of their ability to provide flexibility in accommodating these subsystems in the building
while allowing architectural form
.
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Apart from the state of the art technology used for fabrication of pre-engineered
buildings, the other main difference is in the assembling of PEB. The varied
components of the PEB are joined to each other based on the nut and bolt methodology
as against the welding and riveting methodology used for conventional steel buildings.
Metal building technologies permit almost complete freedom to the designer and the
architect in incorporating whatever features may be needed in the building-structural,
thermal, ventilation or acoustical, to name a few.
5.2
PEB Accessories:
Trims and Flashing include eave trim, eave gutters, downspouts, gable trim, curved
eave panels, flashing around building accessories, etc. which are produced from
prepainted aluzinc coated steel or aluminum sheets that are bent to the required shape.
Building Accessories include sliding doors, rollup doors, personnel doors, fiberglass
insulation, sandtrap louvers, windows, ridges ventilators.
Girt Joint
5.3
Recent Innovations:
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trend will continue. Engineers will need to develop suitable Codes and specifications for
the purpose to meet the requirements of future generations. There is increased invest
more for research and development for innovative material and construction
methodologies.
One has to use the PEB products, with a word of caution, and frame the contract
provisions accordingly. We are fairly close to a day when steel buildings should be the
rule, rather than being the exception, if we work together to give the Client, best value
for his money.
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CHAPTER-VI
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
OF PEB STRUCTURE SYSTEM
6.1 ADVANATGES:
Pre-engineered building systems provide real value to clients without sacrificing
durability, seismic and wind resistance, or aesthetic appearance. Cost savings begin
right at the drawing preparation stage. Systems engineering and fabrication methods
help reduce interim financing costs through faster construction and minimised field
erection expense. An added benefit is earlier occupancy of the facility and a head start
on day-to-day operations by the client.
.
Apart from costs, there is an assurance of factory-built quality and uniformity in design
and fabrication. These systems are also energy efficient; incorporate watertight roofing
systems; enable easy disassembly or future expansion and have the lowest life cycle
maintenance costs.
.
Adding to these; there is no mess of sand and cement; power savings; walkable
ceilings; progressive and non-progressive panel systems for walls. A poor man can be
provided with a home created under strict quality control and having a longer life span,
with greater safety against natural disasters like earthquakes and cyclones.
Moreover, It is possible to create the building in required form and shape. And the
'system approach' renders a holistic way of thinking at one platform for consultants,
designers, architects, and builders. Thus it tends to achieve a perfect harmony among
various stringent specifications and aesthetic requirements in a most economic way.
In nutshell, the benefits may be summarized as under:
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In pre-engineered building concept the complete designing is done at the factory and
the building components are brought to the site in knock down condition. These
components are then fixed / jointed at the site and raised with the help of cranes.
The pre-engineered building calls for very fast construction of buildings and with
good aesthetic looks and quality construction. Pre-engineered Buildings can be used
extensively for construction of industrial and residential buildings. The buildings can
be multi storeyed (4-6 floors). These buildings are suitable to various environmental
hazards. PEB concept has been very successful and well established in North
America, Australia and is presently expanding in U.K and European countries. PEB
construction is 30 to 40% faster than masonary construction. PEB buildings provides
good insulation effect and would be highly suitable for a tropical country like India.
PEB is ideal for construction in remote & hilly areas.
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AISI, MBMA and use welds as per AWS. If they feel that the Steel Section is lighter as
per one code, they will adopt that clause of the code and select another clause of
another code of another country for the design of some other part of the same building.
Some PEB vendors select some clauses of previous versions of the Code and other
clauses of the Latest Versions! This style is not the same every time. PEB Design
teams are on constant research in the Selection of Codal provisions of various countries
and are on trials with different clauses.
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copying the Specifications given by the PEB Vendor. Just mention somewhere that the
Latest Revisions of Indian Standard Codes should be followed. Luckily, India has all the
codes available for the design of all the Parts of a PEB structure.
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6.4 ERECTION:
Steel framing members are delivered at site in pre-cut sizes, which eliminates cutting
and welding at site. Being lighter in weight, the small members can be very easily
assembled, bolted and raised with the help of cranes. This system allows very fast
construction and reduces wastage and labour requirement. These buildings can then be
provided with roof decking and wall cladding with metal profile sheets and proper
insulation. The framing are so designed that electrical and plumbing services are part of
it and can be very easily concealed
.
However, the erection process is highly technical and needs skilled and trained
manpower to handle heavy construction equipments. Proper training of erection
engineers for understanding of drawings and execution of work is necessary. A qualified
and experienced work agency should be employed for erection work.
Grey Areas: Points of Concern: What Glitters is not always GOLD????
The evolution of the application of steel in civil engineering practice gives rise to many
issues from the point of view of engineering design, research and development of steel
structures.
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Buckling:
Buckling and stability become more critical in Steel structures due to smaller
members and large stress levels.
Micro-Cracks:
The increasing yield stress, operating stress levels, emphasis on plastic and ultimate
capacity, and use of welded construction have resulted in increased frequency of
initiation of micro cracks and cause of fracture in bridges and industrial structures.
Further development of Micro Cracks and crack growth become a major concern in
areas of seismically vulnerable areas.
Corrosion:
Steel has great tendency to corrode when exposed to the environment, which leads
to deterioration, increased maintenance costs, and increased reconstruction costs.
Although Galvanization, paint, and coatings may provide protection against
corrosion, yet they increase the overall fabrication costs of the steel structure
appreciably. In hot and humid regions and industrially polluted severe environments
problem is more pronounced. Therefore, engineers have to continually seek
economically viable solutions to aim at reducing these costs.
Welding:
Presently welded constructions are more commonly used, for these provide stiffer,
stronger structures with reduced building weight. Increased steel yield strength
requires new innovative welding methods, because high strength steels pose more
difficulty to weld without affecting adversely the ductility and performance of the
structural system. Recently the use of fully automatic and semi-automatic
submerged arc welding results in increase in welding speed apart from the good
quality. The elimination of any fumes, smoke or any visible arc column gives an ease
of operation and efficiency; better quality & thus encourages its application in
welding industry.
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Seismic design is today a must requirement for almost all civil engineering
structures. Although steel is an ideally more suited material from point of view of
seismic design because of its property inherent material strength, stiffness, and
ductility. Weldability may affect the seismic performance and it follows that new
methods to improve inelastic seismic performance of steel structures need to be
investigated.
Meliorations:
Critics point to poor aesthetics with a typical 'industrial' or 'warehouse' look;
minimal flexibility regarding location, shape and size of structural members; the
need to utilise off the shelf building shapes and sizes in order to realise cost
savings; and a lighter structure which does not achieve the longevity of more
conventional structural systems
.
"The most basic prerequisite of PEB is 'single sourcing' of the entire building. Any
slight deviation from this can deprive the customers of the real advantages. Also,
as steel is prone to corrosion, it would require various protective coatings which
may sometimes make PEB unfeasible economically."
Maintenance:
In PEB the maintenance area is the steel roofing & cladding. Installed roofing
must be inspected at least once a year. Any exposed metal that can rust or has
rusted should be painted. Leaves, branches, and trash should be removed from
gutters, at ridge caps and in corners. Also watch out for discharge from industrial
stacks, and particulate matter and high sulphur exhaust from space heaters
which could get piled up.
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industry in view of their being ideally suited to the needs of modern Engineering
Industry. It would be the only solution for large industrial enclosures having thermal and
acoustical features. The major advantage of metal building is the high speed of design
and construction for buildings of various categories
.
The present construction methodology for buildings calls for the best aesthetic look,
high quality & fast construction, cost effective & innovative touch. One has to think for
alternative construction system like pre-engineered steel buildings. India has an
installed steel capacity of 35 to 40 million ton & apparent steel consumption is around
27 to 30 million ton. In pre-engineered building concept the complete designing is done
at the factory and the building components are brought to the site in knock down
condition. These components are then fixed / jointed at the site and raised with the help
of cranes.
PEB concept has been very successful and well established in North America, Australia
and is presently expanding in U.K and European countries. PEB construction is 30 to
40% faster than masonry construction. PEB buildings provide good insulation effect and
would be highly suitable for a tropical country like India. PEB is ideal for construction in
remote & hilly areas
.
They are the only answer to the backlog of 33 million houses required in India alone,
provided that the system offers quality, economy, and speed together. The building
system is developed considering all aspects of building requirements and
simultaneously offers technological advancement to all sections of society.
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CHAPTER-VII
CASE STUDY WITH
APPLICATION OF PEB SYSTEM
CASE STUDY OF A 70 METER CLEAR SPAN HANGAR
CONSTRUCTED UNDER MODERNISATION OF
AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT
7.1 SUMMARY:
A large number of technical accommodations including hangars of varying sizes have
been constructed at different air ports and air force bases since the invention of Aircraft.
The oldest of these hangars were constructed during 1955 to1965 for small sized
aircrafts operating from this air strips at that time. Over a period of time the type and
size of hangars have grown from simple steel trussed structure to complex 70m span
bowstring girder type and light weight steel tubular section structure to the modern trend
of PEB structure. Requirement of hangars as covered exhibition space for aviation
companies in aero shows being held at different locations near airports has also
increased many fold since 1996 when first Aero India Exposition was held in India. The
participation level of national and international companies has also increased from 10
numbers to 24 numbers during this period. A work initiated by authorities Construction
of Hangars with Annex for parking of aircrafts and facilitating additional covered
space for exhibition and other allied facilities.
Approval to go ahead with the work was issued under fast track procedure wherein
tender action was completed based on go-ahead sanction The work commenced on 30
Mar 13 and was successfully completed on 18 Jan 2014.
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Room etc. The plinth area of the Hangar and annexes put together was about 9000
Sq.m. State-of-the-art Hangar with Rigid Frame construction and maintenance free
Galvalume colour coated steel profiled sheets along with FRP sheets having minimum
light transmission of 60% for receiving the natural light was planned. The work being of
specialized nature and keeping in view the availability of reputed manufacturers in the
field, the design and fabrication was assigned to the tenders. The design check and
certificate for structural stability with respect to the Indian Standards was specified to be
obtained from any IIT or IISc Bangalore or SERC Chennai. Steel PEB structure for the
Hangar and rear side annex has been designed by one of the leading manufacturers of
pre-engineered, pre -fabricated Buildings in the country. The two side annexes,
foundation for pre-engineered structure including steel gate are designed by private
consultant (Structural Designers). Both the designs were checked at Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore and certified correct. Detailed scope of work for the Project was
as given below:(A)Hangar:
(i) A single span hangar was proposed to be constructed north of existing hangar. The
dimensions of the proposed hangar were 60m x 70m with a clear height of 10m inside
the hangar to cater for servicing and maintenance of aircrafts. The physical dimensions
of an aircraft were taken into consideration while planning the clear height required. It
was decided that the new hangar would be pre-engineered pre-fabricated structure. The
floor of the hangar was planned for PCN 36 with Pavement Quality Concrete(PQC).
(ii) The hangar was planned to be provided with sliding doors at the front. The hangar
doors were proposed to be provided with motor mechanism for opening and closing of
the doors.
(B) Annexes to the Hangar:
Two double storey annexes were proposed to be constructed on the Northern and
southern sides of the hangar.
(C) Media Centre:
(i) It was proposed to provide PEB Media Centre in the Eastern side annexe catering for
two air conditioned briefing halls with a seating capacity of 200 and 50 seats
respectively along with communication centre, cafeteria, VIP Lounge, class room and
sanitary annexe etc.
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(ii) The briefing halls was planned to be acoustically treated. PA system was catered in
both the halls. Provision of control room out side the briefing rooms was catered for
controlling the light and sound systems.
(iii) Communication Centre being the nodal communication point during Air Show, it was
proposed to house facilities for Computers, Internet facilities, Telephones, Fax,
Photocopying machines, etc.
(iv) The cafeteria was required to meet the catering requirement of ground crew during
the intervening period between air shows. The cafeteria could also be used by the
organisers and personnel during the preparatory and conduct phases of the air show.
(v) Class room of 50 seating capacity was planned with sound proofing of noise level
within 60 db.
(vi) All toilets in Media Centre and Officers toilets were planned to be equipped with
Hand Dryers, soap dispensers, wash hand basins with Granite top and designer tiles
with borders and motifs. The urinals in Media Centre were to have sensors. All the
toilets were to have stainless steel doors. These special requirements were worked out
keeping in view the fact that these toilets would be used during the actual conduct of the
air show.
(vii) The roof of annex on the Northern side was proposed to be viewing area for the air
show. The terrace was therefore planned with PCC tiles.
(viii) The flooring in verandahs, Officers rooms, Tech Library, Computer room, Dining
Hall, Communication Centre, Class room and toilets were proposed to be of granite
slabs, vitrified tiles and rectified ceramic tiles. The flooring of entrance foyer, lobbies,
stage and Media centre were proposed to be of granite slabs.
(D) External Services:
Roads, Hard Standings, Water Supply, Electric supply, Stand by Power Supply DG set
with AMF panel of 250 KVA capacity etc were planned as external services.
An architectural plan and four side elevations of the Hangar are shown in Fig(1) and
Fig( 2) on next page:
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STAGE
GO AHEAD
DIT
DRT
ISSUE OF A/A
COMMENCEMENT
COMPLETION
DATE
REMARKS
28 OCT,2012
11 DEC,2012
27 JAN.2013
23 MAR, 2013
30 MAR, 2013
18 JAN, 2014
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In the above planning, it was important to design the interface of two buildings keeping
in view the requirement of movement joints and over lapping of roof projections so that
water ingress could be prevented. Details of such interface have been discussed
subsequently. All specifications with respect to finishes were frozen to the micro level by
specifying even catalogue numbers for avoiding delay in decision/changes during
execution. Important items where such detailed specifications were given in the tender
are:(a) Flooring tiles.
(b) External finishes
(c) Furniture items of Featherlite & Design.
(d) Acoustic Boards & wall & ceiling.
(e) PA Equipments.
In order to materialize the above innovative ideas of planning, tender document was
also framed suitably with relevant clauses to cater for out-sourcing of design of various
structures /items and their verification. It was decided to conclude only one tender for all
activities including PEB structure, RCC Buildings, Gate structure, Air conditioning,
Acoustics, Furniture and PA equipment. This was considered necessary for avoiding
non co-ordination among contractors, at the time of execution which usually causes
delay in such type of multidiscipline projects. A typical execution schedule in the form of
bar chart is shown in Figure (3) on next page.
PEB
PEB
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Jul-13
FOUNDATION
PEB
STRUCTURE
RCC ANNEXE
RCC ANNEXE
RCC ANNEXE
RCC ANNEXE
GATE
STRUCTURE
FINISHES
AIRCONDITIONIN
G
ACOUSTICS
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A
RIGID FRAME(RF)
B
LEAN-TO
WIDTH
164.00 m O/O
LENGTH
71.70 m O/O
C
LEAN-TO &
UNSYM RF
8.6m LEAN-TO +
1.9m O/O UNSYM
RF
35.0 m O/O
10.0 m CLEAR
1@6.895 + 2@6.890
+ 1@8.65 +
5@8.475m
5.50 m CLEAR
1@8.20 + 1@7.90
+ 2@6.20 +
1@6.30m
3.20 m CLEAR
Kr 26 Ga COLOUR
(KIRBY GALVALUME
ROOF SHEETS)
Kw 26 Ga Coloured
(KIRBY GALVALUME
WALL SHEETS)
Kr 26 Ga COLOUR
Kr 26 Ga
Kw 26 Ga COLOUR
BRICK WORK
INCL GABLES
BAY
SPACING
EAVE
HEIGHT
NO. OF MAIN
ENDS
ROOF
SLOPE
ROOF
COVERING
WALL
COVERING
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Design Criteria:
(a)
(IS:800-1984)
(b)
(IS:875-1987)
(c)
(IS:801-1975)
(d)
Welding Design
(AWS-D1.1)
(e)
(IS:1893-2002)
Material Specifications:
(a)
Built-up Sections
ASTM A 570/A572 Gr 50
(Fy = 50 Ksi)
(b)
Hot-Rolled Sections
ASTM A 36
(Fy = 36 Ksi)
(c)
Angle-Bracings
ASTM A 36
(Fy = 36 Ksi)
(d)
Tubes
ASTM A 500 Gr C
(Fy = 50 Ksi)
(e)
Cold-Formed Sections
ASTM A 570 Gr 50
(Fy = 50 Ksi)
(f)
ASTM A 325
(Fy = 92 Ksi)
(g)
Anchor Bolts
ASTM A 36
(Fy = 36 Ksi)
Loading:
Dead Load
Live Load
Wind Speed :
120 KMPH Applied on Main Frame Rafters as per IS: 875 (Part 3)
1987.
Seismic Load :
The design was carried out for all possible combinations of Dead Load + Live Load,
Dead Load + Wind Load and Dead Load + EQ Load.
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Design Assumptions:
(a) The main frame rafters and columns are moment connected to each other.
(b) The lateral stability of the building is provided through the frame action of the
main frame.
(c) The longitudinal stability of the building is provided through the braced action in
the braced bays of the building.
(d) The roof purlins are continuously supported beams supported at rafter location
and span the bay spacing of the building.
(e) The roof sheeting provides lateral support for purlins.
(f) The Main frame column base is pinned for building A & C. For building B, base is
assumed to be fixed.
(g) The Main frame rafter of lean-to frames are pin connected to wind columns.
Purlin Design:
All purlins were designed as per IS:801 using Cold Form light weight Z Sections. Purlins
of size 200 Z 2.0 with two 12 mm dia sag rods for buildings A & C and of size 200 Z 2.5
with two 12mm Dia sag rods for buildings B were used with a Lap of 706 mm. All purlins
were considered continuous over rafters.
It is worth mentioning here that with the use of cold form section purlins and Galvalume
sheets dead load over frame got reduced considerably as compared to traditional angle
or channel sections of mild steel. In the instance case a channel section ISMC 250
(weight 15KN/m2 ) would have been required for the span of 7.2m.
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Other new materials and important architectural features used in this work are:
(a) Alu-K-Bond Lining for Wall and Columns for improving aesthetics of the structure.
(b) Cold Formed Section for Purlins, Girts as light weight secondary members in lieu
of traditional open structural steel sections. Weight of CFS purlins of size 200Z2.0 used
in this work is 4.8 Kg/m2 as compared to ISMC 250 structural steel section of weight
15.6Kg/m2.
(c) Vitrified and Rectified tiles have been provided in various rooms and corridors in lieu
normal ceramic tiles as has been discussed subsequently.
(d) Structural Glass Faade in staircase mumty has been provided in lieu of PCC block
masonry panel wall with an aim to improve side elevations and increase lighting level in
staircase hall.
(e) Polycarbonate Double Walled Sheet Dome.
7.6 METHOD OF PHYSICAL EXECUTION:
Survey and Investigation:
Prior to commencement of work, proper and accurate survey and investigation of
existing soil and area of the plot was of paramount importance. Soil investigation was
carried out by Karnataka Test House Pvt Ltd, Bangalore. Five bore holes were explored
for this purpose and SBC reported was 13 T/m2. North-eastern edge of the rectangular
plot as shown in Fig(1) was appx 3.5m higher than the south-western corner. Total
Station survey equipment was used to take the initial and final levels.
The architectural drawings and specification were prepared by CE (AF) Bangalore and
the design drawings were supplied by the contractor. The Pre Engineered Building was
designed by M/S Kirby India, Hyderabad and other works by M/S Civil World,
Bangalore.
Site Clearance and Foundation Work:
Before commencement of excavation of earth all the existing buildings were
demolished. The ground was made level as hangar floor was required to be in level.
Existing water pipes and cables passing in the area were diverted. Cutting of appx
20,000 Cum earth was involved.
Foundation of the annexe was designed as raft foundation. The Main Hangar was
designed as Pre-Engineered structure with stanchions erected over RCC pedestals and
fixed with anchor bolts. The foundation for the pedestals was designed as strip footing.
SBC of soil being low, the soil was stabilized with sand cement (10:1) cushion 500mm
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thick. M 25 concrete was used for all RCC works and Ready Mix Concrete(RMC) with
cement content of 340 kg/cum, was supplied by M/S ACC Ltd.. Photographs P(13) to P(16) depict site clearance and foundation activities in the project.
PEB Structure:
Primary members called stanchions and rafters were fabricated in the factory of M/s
Kirby India Ltd in Hyderabad and were transported to site by road. The stanchions were
single piece and rafters were in six pieces assembled with nut and bolts at site. These
members were erected within a short span of 30 days. The erection was done with the
help of derricks & cranes. All stanchions were erected first on the top of pedestals. The
gap in pedestals and stanchions was filled with non shrinkable grouts. Thereafter rafters
were put on stanchions. The erection manual of manufacturer was followed for safe
erection. After erection of all members the roofing and cladding was done with
Galvalume sheet 0.5mm thick. The sheet was fixed to purlins etc with the help of self
driven screws. The roof of rear bay of the hangar was provided with polycarbonate
sheet dome of 10 m span and 12 m height for better elevation and natural lighting. The
polycarbonate sheet used was 6mm thick Multi wall marketed by M/S GE Corpn.
Various activities of PEB structures viz individual members, erection work, connection
and junction details, completed frames, fixing of Galvalume roof and
wall sheeting could be seen in Photograph P-(05) to P-(31).
Pavement Quality Concrete Floor:
Pavement Quality concrete designed for Flexural strength of 45 Kg/Cm2 with cement
content 395 Kg/Cum and water cement ratio of 0.38 with slump 25 to 30 mm
considering compaction factor 0.82 was designed by ACC (RMC).
The concrete was manufactured under strict quality control from ACC Ready Mix
Concrete plant brought in Transit Mixers to the site and discharged over WMM &
Polythene sheet. The concrete was initially leveled manually and vibrated with the help
of needle vibrators subsequently concrete was paved. Compacted and leveled with
Mechanical Paver (MULTI EQUIP).
The compacted and leveled concrete was allowed for its initial setting when concrete is
still green (Approximately after 20 to 35 minutes) the non metallic monolithic surface
hardening compound NITOFLOR Hard top of M/s FOSROC Chemicals was spread over
the concrete surface at the rate of 3 Kg per SM. If the concrete is designed with higher
water cement ratio for easy pouring of Ready Mix concrete from Transit Mixer it is
recommended to go for Vacuum-De-Watering.
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Vacuum-De-Watering was not required and not done at Yelahanka since W/C ration
was too low to perform this activity. If higher W/C ratio is adopted in mix design for
improving workability this activity can be performed prior to Floating and Trowelling.
After uniform spreading of hardner, the concrete surface was Floated with tremix skim
Floater for top layer. Subsequent two passes of floating was carried out with floater at a
interval of 1 to 11/2 hours. Once the Floating was completed, the surface was Troweled
with power trowel for three times at a interval of 2 to 2 to hours depending upon the
weather condition. The smooth finished surface was achieved in 10 hours of operation.
Electrically Operated Door Shutters:
The main hangar has been provided with electrically operated door shutters, twelve
numbers, each of size 10mx5m. These twelve doors were placed over guide rails at the
bottom and supported on guide channels fixed to steel wind girder at the top. The girder
& doors structures were designed by M/S Madhu Industries, Bangalore. The total steel
used was approx 45 MT. The gantry was fabricated at site in three parts. These three
parts were then shifted at location and assembled with welded joints. The gantry was
lifted en-block with two cranes of 100 Ton capacity and placed in position. The speed of
movement of doors is adjusted for 10m per minute.
Double Storey RCC Annexe:
The conventional annexes on South and North were designed as framed structure with
isolated footings. The panel walls were constructed with PCC Solid / hollow blocks. The
floor finishes were with rectified ceramic, vitrified tiles and granite slabs in stairs. The
railings on verandah were of stainless steel matt finish.
Media Center and Auditorium:
The rear annexe was designed as Pre-Engineered Building structure of approx plinth
area 2100Sqm to house two auditoriums of capacity 200 & 50, VIP lounge, class room,
communication room, dining hall with Kitchen, store and toilets. Auditoriums are
provided with Air conditioning, acoustically treated and provided with state-of the-art
Public Address system centrally controlled from control room. The media centres were
provided with modern furniture manufactured by M/S Featherlite Industries and M/S
Durian Ltd. Air conditioning was designed and erected by M/S Blue Star Ltd. The
acoustic treatment was designed by a renowned consultant, Prof B Ramakrishna. All
toilets were provided with designer tiles, stainless steel doors and urinals with sensors.
The PEB stanchions and Columns are clad with ALUCOBOND cladding material for
aesthetics.
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P-22 : ROOF SLAB OF ANNEXE BEING CAST WITH PUMPED READY MIX CONCRETE
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P-24 : WMM IN RAMP PORTION BEING LAID WITH PAVER & VOBROMAX
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Important technical parameters of the completed hangar are given in Table (3)
Table: ( 3 ) Parameter of the Hangar
PEB
RCC
TOTAL
PLINTH AREA
7061 SQ.M.
3250 SQ.M.
8992 SQ.M.
COST
820 LACS
180 LACS
900 LACS
PA RATE
RS.11613/SQ.M.
RS.5540/SQ.M.
RS.10008/SQ.M.
910 MT
129 KG/S.M.
310 MT
57 MT
264 MT
244 MT
10 MT
BIRD PROOFING:
55 MT
DOORS
138 MT
TOTAL
1098 MT
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CHAPTER-VIII
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
8.1 SUMMARY/FINDINGS/DISCUSSION ON IMPORTANT
TECHNICAL ISSUES:
Smooth Concrete Floor:
As per specifications given in the specifications, hangar floor was to be of Pavement
Quality Concrete designed for Flexural strength of 45 Kg/cm2 with rough broomed
surface finish. This practice has been followed in almost all the hangars constructed in
the past. During visit to the project, Pilots/Aircraft maintenance engineers pointed out
that the rough surfaces in hangar floors cause maintenance problems with reference to
cleaning of floor off grease / oil etc. They brought out that all over the world, hangar
floors are now being provided with smooth floor which attract less dust and are easy to
clean. It was desired by them that hangar floor in this project should also be finished
smooth for avoiding such problems. A detailed survey was carried out for ascertaining
suitable techniques and material which could provide smooth finished floor without
causing any shrinkage cracks. Subsequently trials were carried out over floor of existing
hangars by M/S Fosroc Chemicals, M/S Sika chemicals and M/S Berger Paints for self
levelling epoxy floor coatings. All these products were appearing technically suitable but
economically unviable. It was finally decided to obtain smooth surface by using power
floats and trowels in combination with floor hardener NITOFLOR STANDARD of M/S
Fosroc Chemicals Ltd. applied @ 2.5 kg/sqm. This technique was found effective in
achieving an excellent, smooth, high wear resistance floor finish without any shrinkage
cracks.
Photographs P-(32) to P(35) show various activities of hangar floor which are shown on
upcoming pages:
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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Various websites from internet.
2. PEB project Vigyan Ashram, Pabal.
3. Master Builder Construction Magazine, July 2008.
4. PEB Coolsway.
5. PEB Bharat Trading Co.
6. NBM Media.
7. Construction world magazine.
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