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Hills Potential

Sheldon Imaoka
Memo Number: STI0808A
ANSYS Release: 11.0
August 30, 2008
1

Introduction

Anisotropic plasticity using Hills yield criterion was introduced in ANSYS 5.7,
and the extensions to anisotropic creep and viscoplasticity were added in ANSYS
6.0. While Hills stress potential is most commonly used for rolled sheets, it can
be used for other situations where three orthogonal planes of symmetry are
preserved. This memo will introduce details of the usage of Hills potential in
ANSYS.

Background on Hills Criterion

Hills criterion relates yield strength in different directions to a reference yield


stress 0 . If one considers behavior in the element coordinate system, the yield
stress ratios are defined as follows:
xY
0
yY
=
0
zY
=
0

Y
xy
3
0
Y
yz
= 3
0
Y
xz
= 3
0

Rxx =

Rxy =

Ryy

Ryz

Rzz

Rxz

These six constants are input in ANSYS via the TB,HILL command, and
temperature-dependency of the constants may be included. TB,HILL simply
describes the yield criterion, so this option must be used in conjunction with a
plasticity (and/or creep) model that defines the stress-strain relationship and
hardening rule.
The effective stress eff when using the Hill stress potential is given by the
following:
eff =

2 + 2M 2 + 2N 2
F (y z )2 + G(z x )2 + H(x y )2 + 2Lyz
xz
xy
(1)

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Hills Potential

where the constants F , G, H, L, M , and N are defined in terms of the yield


stress ratios:
1
F =
2

1
1
1
2 + 2 + 2
Rxx
Ryy
Rzz


1
1
1
1
2 + 2
G=
2
2 Rxx
Ryy
Rzz


1
1
1
1
H=
+

2
2
2
2 Rxx
Ryy
Rzz

3
L=
2
3
M=
2
N=

3
2

1
2
Ryz

1
2
Rxy

1
2
Rxz

From Equation (1), it is clear that when the six yield stress ratios equal to
unity, the effective stress reduces to the von Mises stress.

Plasticity

The yield function for Hills criterion is given by the following:


f = eff 0

(2)

eff is defined by Equation (1), and 0 is the current reference yield stress, which
is a function of plastic strain and, optionally, strain rate and/or temperature.
Isotropic, kinematic, and combined hardening laws are supported.
The user defines TB,HILL and the six stress ratio constants per temperature
for a given material number, in conjunction with any rate-independent plasticity
law, such as TB,MISO or TB,CHAB. Since Hills anisotropy only defines the yield
surface, the associated plasticity model provides the hardening rule as well as
stress-strain description. Note that yield strengths in tension and compression
are assumed to be the same with this model, as there is no initial shift in the
location of the yield surface. Also, the strain hardening behavior is based on the
effective stress and equivalent plastic strain, so the ability to specify independent
stress-strain curves for different directions is not present.
For rate-dependent plasticity, the TB,RATE command can also added to provide the relationship of yield stress with strain rate, although the user should
remember that the strain-rate dependency is only applicable for isotropic hardening models.

3.1

Effective Stress

In Table 1, a fictitious set of stress ratios is given with a uniaxial state of stress.
If one were to take these stress values, the von Mises or equivalent stress eqv
would be 100 since the stress state is in uniaxial tension.

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x
y
z
xy
yz
xz

Hills Potential

100
0
0
0
0
0

2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

Rxx
Ryy
Rzz
Rxy
Ryz
Rxz

H
F
G
N
L
M

0.125
0.875
0.125
1.5
1.5
1.5

Table 1: Coefficients for Example


1
2 + 6 2 + 6 2
(y z )2 + (z x )2 + (x y )2 + 6yz
xz
xy
2
r
1
(1002 + 1002 )
=
2
= 100

eqv =

On the other hand, the Hill effective stress eff is 50, or half of the equivalent
stress value, due to the stress ratio in the x-direction being 2.

eff =
=

2 + 2M 2 + 2N 2
F (y z )2 + G(z x )2 + H(x y )2 + 2Lyz
xy
xz

0.125(100)2 + 0.125(100)2

= 50

Consequently, one may view the six Hill stress ratio constants as providing scaling factors to the stress components in the calculation of the scalar
effective stress value. If the stress ratio is larger than the reference stress in
a given direction, that stress component is scaled down in the effective stress
calculation, as illustrated with the earlier simple example. Hence, to obtain an
effective stress of 100 when Rxx = 2, the uniaxial stress state must be 200, or
twice the von Mises value (which is in agrement with the definition of the stress
ratio Rxx ).
It should be emphasized that the stress ratios describe how a particular
reference yield stress is scaled when the associated component of stress is the
only non-zero value. In other words, if y was non-zero as well, the ratio between
eqv and eff would no longer be equal to Rxx .
Another important point worth mentioning is that the seqv output from
ANSYS is the von Mises stress, not the Hill stress value. Since the plasticity calculations use eff , the user should not use seqv for output, as the von
Mises stress will not match the stress vs. plastic strain behavior in the ANSYS
calculations. The user should use Equation (1) to determine eff instead.

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3.2

Hills Potential

Equivalent Plastic Strain

The flow rule when using the Hill potential is associative, and it is calculated in
a typical fashion:
Q
f
= d
(3)

where is the plastic multiplier and pl represents the six components of plastic
strain. With some additional manipulation, one can rewrite Equation (3) as
follows:

H(x y ) G(z x )
H(x y ) + F (y z )

d
F (y z ) + G(z x )
(4)
dpl =

2N xy
eff

2Lyz
2M xz
dpl = d

The important item worth noting from Equation (4) is that the plastic strain
increments are dependent on the Hill stress ratios, as one may expect. This also
implies that the equivalent plastic strain calculation is not the same as eppleqv,
as defined in Equation 19-171 in Reference [1].
To obtain the equivalent plastic strain, one may use the following relationship
when using Hills potential:
t

: pl
dt
(5)
eff
0
Although the definition of equivalent plastic strain changes when using TB,HILL,
the elastic strains are still calculated as normal.
pl
eqv =

3.3

Calibration

Since a common application of Hills criterion is defining the yield strength of


rolled sheets, Reference [2] provides details on relationships between Lankfords
anisotropy coefficient r0 and the Hill constants. For example, assuming the
material x-direction is the direction of rolling while the z-direction is through the
thickness, the Hill coefficients can be obtained from measuring the strains based
on a uniaxial test in the material x-direction through the help of Equation (4):
0 = x

(6)

Rxx = 1
r0 =

dpl
y
dpl
z

(7)
=

H
G

(8)

If the material
q is tranversely isotropic (i.e., Rxx = Ryy = 1), then one can
obtain Rzz = r021 with some algebraic manipulation of the above equation.
4

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Hills Potential

For the case of general planar anisotropy, additional tests are required in the
transverse direction (r90 ) and off-axis direction, the latter of which is typically
taken at 45 (r45 ).
r90 =
r45 =

dpl
x
dpl
z

H
F

(9)

pl
pl
0.5(dpl
x + dy ) dxy

dpl
z

N
1
= +
2 G+H

(10)

Rxx = 1
s

r90 (r0 + 1)
r0 (r90 + 1)

(12)

Rzz =

r90 (r0 + 1)
r0 + r90

(13)

Rxy =

3r90 (r0 + 1)
(2r45 + 1)(r0 + r90 )

(14)

Ryy =

(11)

Despite the fact that the above equations are actually derived from plastic
strains, if the elastic strains are small, total strain components may be used
instead.
Instead of using measured strains to determine the stress ratios, if a user
wishes to measure the yield stress in different directions directly, that can be
done as well, although additional test(s) would be required.

Creep

The Hill criterion can also be used in conjunction with creep (TB,CREEP) to
model anisotropic creep. A further extension of this is the combination of creep
and plasticity (any isotropic hardening or bilinear kinematic hardening) with
the Hill potential.
Creep equations typically have a dependency on equivalent stress eqv . When
defined with TB,HILL, however, the equivalent stress should be replaced by the
effective stress eff defined in Equation (1) earlier.
As with the case in anisotropic plasticity, the creep strains have a dependency
on the Hill stress ratios. Hence, the typical epcreqv equivalent creep strain
output should not be used. Equivalent creep strain can be determined from the
following relationship:
Z t
: cr
cr
eqv =
dt
(15)
eff
0
One can use APDL to calculate these output quantities or use a user-output
subroutine.1
1 Both

the documented USEROU.F and undocumented userOut.F routines are available for

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Hills Potential

Conclusion

This memo attempted to introduce the Hill potential and its use in plasticity
and creep. The evaluation of effective stress and equivalent inelastic strains
have been highlighted. Two very simple input files, hill plastic.inp and
hill creep.inp also accompany this memo as a possible aid to the user who
is unfamiliar with the required input and available output with TB,HILL.

Revisions to this Document


STI0808A (September 3, 2008): Corrected a few typos and did some rewording for clarity.

References
[1] ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for ANSYS and ANSYS Workbench 11.0,
2007.
[2] M.A. Crisfield. Non-linear Finite Element Analysis of Solids and Structures,
volume 2. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1997.
[3] Sheldon Imaoka. User Output Subroutine. ansys.net Tips and Tricks,
http://ansys.net/collection/1111, June 2008.

such a purpose. For details on userOut.F, see Reference [3]. Note, however, that userOut.F
does not currently support SHELL181/281.

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General Information

Sheldons ansys.net Tips and Tricks


Sheldons ansys.net Tips and Tricks are available at the following URL:
http://ansys.net/sheldon_tips/
Please remember that, with each release of ANSYS, new features and techniques
may be introduced, so please refer to the ANSYS documentation as well as your
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Disclaimer: the author has made attempts to ensure that the information
contained in this memo is accurate. However, the author assumes no liability
for any use (or misuse) of the information presented in this document or accompanying files. Please refer to ansys.net for the latest version of this document.
Also, this memo and any accompanying input files are not official ANSYS, Inc.
documentation.

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