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319
INTRODUCTION
VEHICLE engines have made remarkable progress
since they first appeared and the operating range of
engines in terms of rpm (revolutions per minute)
and torque have expanded significantly. However,
optimum engine design becomes difficult if the
operation timing of the engine valves is fixed. For
this reason, variable valve actuation has been used to
optimize the valve timing in response to the operating
Trends in fuel
economy
regulations
Europe CO2
USA CAFE
Idling stop
Direct injection
Cam
Lifter
Valve
Hybrids
Downsizing, supercharging
Exhaust Intake
Two-stage VVL
Variable phase
(VTC)
On/off VTC
From 1986
(commercialization)
Continuous
operation
2000
HCCI combustion
Faster response
Wider variable range
Electric operation
From 2007
Enhancement Integration with
other systems, etc.
VEL
Improvement
From 1998
Continuous
operation
Combination technologies
Continuous VTC
Both for intake
and exhaust
2005
Year
Electrically
operated
2010
VTC: valve timing control VVL: variable valve lift VEL: variable valve event and lift control HCCI: homogeneous charge compression ignition
CAFE: Corporate Average Fuel Economy mpg: miles per gallon
320
Performance items
Torque
output
Charging
efficiency
Charging
response
Indicated
Fuel
consumption thermal
(CO2)
efficiency
(net thermal
efficiency)
Mechanical
efficiency
Exhaust
(HC, NOx)
Engine
outlet
Valve TDC
overlap
Main improvement
factors
Valve timing
Valve lift
Throttle-less
Compression
(expansion) ratio
Gas motion
Internal EGR
Fuel atomization
Lower residual gas
Pumping loss
Low valve lift,
deactivation
Fuel atomization
Suppression of
fuel adhesion
Internal EGR (NOx)
Catalytic
Catalytic converter
converter outlet warm-up
Exhaust
close
100
Atmospheric Reduced negative
pressure
intake pressure
Effective intake stroke
Early close
Late close
Standard
10
10
(8.2%)*
Intake
TDC
late
21
close 99
(5.7%)*
Standard
0
Intake
close
Crank
angle
: Possible
Variable valve
actuation functions
Type
Valve
timing
control
(VTC)
BDC: bottom dead center TDC: top dead center HC: hydrocarbon
EGR: exhaust gas recirculation
TDC
BDC
TDC
58
100
1,000
Stroke volume V(cm3)
* Improvement in fuel economy due to lower pumping loss (standard ratio)
Intake valve
BDC
64
Pumping losses
Lift
BDC
Intake
open
Exhaust
Intake
With cam
Exhaust valve
Exhaust
open
(Valve timing)
4-cylinder, in-line 2.4 L, DOHC 1,200 rpm39.2 Nm Intake
TDC
early 28
Reduced negative intake pressure
close
TDC
BDC
1,000
: Partially possible
: Not possible
Event
Engine
ContiValve lift
Deacti- nuous perform- Install- Cost
characteristics Phase Lift Event vation control
ance ation
Cam
switching
(VVL)
Variable
valve event
and
lift control
(VEL)
Without cam
Valve lift
Cylinder pressure
P(kPa)
Hydraulic
or
electromagnetic
drive
321
Cam angle
Solenoid valve sensor
VTC
Valve lift
VEL
control
shaft angle
VEL
VTC
Engine and
vehicle data
Lock pin
Exhaust Intake
Angle sensor
Actuator
VEL
ECM
Vane
Hydraulic
Crank angle sensor
chamber Sprocket
Crank angle
Exhaust Intake
12.5 mm
(Maximum)
VEL
0.7 mm
BDC
(Minimum)
VTC control
ECM
Link B
Oscillating
cam
Ball screw
Link A
Drive
cam
Actuator arm
Lifter
Valve
Control shaft
Link
Low lift
Drive shaft
322
VTC/solenoid valve
Control shaft
Drive shaft
Angle sensor
VEL cylinder head (V6)
Rocker arm
Valve lift
Oscillating cam
adjustment Link B
mechanism
VEL-ECU
Valve lifter
(DLC coating)
DC motor
(Rated output: 60W) Angle sensor
Low lift
High lift
Ball screw mechanism
Fig. 9VEL Actuator.
Features such as the highly efficient ball screw reduction
mechanism allow a smaller electric motor to be used.
Feedforward compensator*1
P 1(S)R(S)
Filter location after optimization
Reference Feedback
model
compensator Filter VEL
VEL angle signal
+
+ +
K(S)
F(S)
P(S)
R(S)F(S)
F(S)
Target
VEL
angle
High
80
Target VEL
angle
VEL angle
signal
Lift
60
40
Low
20
0
1.5
2.5
3.5
220 ms*2
80
60
Target VEL
angle
VEL angle
signal
40
20
0
4.5 1.5
180 ms*2
2.5
3.5
4.5
Amplitude of
Amplitude of
manipulated variable is high. anipulated variable is low.
20
10
0
10
20
1.5
Manipulated
variable (V)
2.5
3.5
Time (s)
20
10
0
10
20
1.5
4.5
2.5
3.5
Time (s)
4.5
323
324
Seiji Suga
Satoru Watanabe
Makoto Nakamura