Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted by
Ashutosh Baheti, Neha
Baheti, Shilpa Sarawagi,
Vaibhav Mehta
Table1
S = l1*l2
Figure1
Figure 2
From the above figures 1 & 2, we can gauge the difference in magnetic field intensity levels near the
Switched-Mode-Power Supply (SMPS) of the oscilloscope.
Circuit Diagram
Figure3
Place
Max. ac voltage
Min ac voltage
Input
+200mV
-200mV
Near SMPS(DSO)
2.4V
-2.6V
Away
1.6V
-400mV
Table2
Comments: The 100k resistor from pin3 to ground is necessary for providing a dc path for the induced
current. Also it was observed that on touching ones hand to the loop, the voltage increased to +13.2
Volts. This means that the loop is detecting electric field and that our body through our hand is
providing a path to ground.
1.4.2 LM358
Circuit Diagram
Figure 4
Place
Highest Voltage(AC)
Lowest Voltage(AC)
Normal position
20mV
-20mV
100mV
-24mV
254mV
-100mV
104mV
Table3
Comments: The results are consistent with the fact that due to a stronger magnetic field, a higher
voltage is induced.
1.4.3 AD708
A simple instrumentation amplifier is built using Analog Design AD708. The low offset voltage drift and
low noise allows the designer to amplify very small voltages without sacrificing the overall system
performance. [4]
Figure 5
Figure 6
The number of turns and the area enclosed by the coil are of utmost importance. The dual supply
needed for AD708 is achieved by using TC7660- a voltage inverter IC. Note that the voltage induced
across the coils end is in V and the output ripple of TC7660 is in mV. Thus the latter circuit has been
configured to lower the ripple.
V(ac)
Switchboard(lab entrance)
0.287
11
1st switchboard
1.735
21
2nd switchboard
2.114
21
Near AC
1.892
30
Table 4
Comments:
1. The first switchboard near the lab entrance is well shielded, resulting in lower voltage and mG
readings.
2. This circuit can measure variable magnetic field, not the DC fields from a magnetic, but if the
magnetic is suddenly moved, the ac multimeter will show an instantaneous reading and go back to
zero again.
1.4.4 Two possible configurations
1.4.4.1 Current inducing configuration
Circuit Diagram
Figure 7
The Figure 7 shown above depicts a current induced configuration of the sensing coil. The first stage
opamp is a voltage follower circuit, followed by a non-inverting configuration. AC voltage variation
from 0.448-1.111V was observed.
Figure 8
Place
R2
V(ac)
V(dc)
Normal Position
330k
2.1 mV
Near Supply
330k
0.154V
105.6mV
Normal Position
1M
0V
0V
Near Supply
1M
0.3V
0.5V
Table 5
Comments: The readings perfectly comply with the expected results. The output of the 2nd opamp
connected to the multimeter shows that considerable magnetic field is induced at the ends of the
sensing coil. We note from Table 5 that when R2 is replaced by 1M, the gain is increased, thus
justifying the higher values of the reading compared to the case when R2=330k.
References
[1] Ahlbom, A., 2001. Neurodegenerative diseases, suicide and depressive symptoms in elation to
emf.bioelectromagnetics supplement. Stockholm, Sweden, 5: 132-143.
[2] http://www.who.int/peh-emf/about/WhatisEMF/en/index3.html
[3] http://www.ndt-ed.org/ EducationResources/CommunityCollege/
MagParticle/Physics/CoilField.htm
[4] Datasheet of AD708
an extra need of being careful as these radiations in one or the other way is harming us to a great
extent and one of the major impacts of these radiations is Cancer. This device will help us to know at
what places we have to be for what duration of time as excessive exposure to ELF fields may cause
harmful effects to body so we have to be
very careful for that. This device is used to know where we should keep our resources or where
we should not.
AIM:
The aim of this device is to measure the electric field near by 50 Hz transmission lines,
near our switchboards and near our surroundings.
PRINCIPLE:
The principle behind this gadget is to take the very small voltages which are induced in helical
antenna structure and this voltage is then amplified using LM324 IC where 50 Hz frequencies are
filtered and amplified through two stages of amplifier.
This antenna basically receives only electric field in the near field zone as it induces voltage more
than current while loop antenna when both ends used with a resistance will induce more current in
it. Though the strength received is not high so we have to take care of high amplification using
LM324.
Then the output of Op-Amp is passed on to LM3914 which is a dot/ bar display
IC which shows the strength of the signal using the set of 10 LEDs.
So in this way we can come to know the strength of the field nearby us in our houses, offices and
many other places. The higher the strength of field nearby the more the LEDs will glow and more
will be the sound of a buzzer.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
LM324
LM3914
10 LEDs
Figure-1
These two amplifier stages are connected by a capacitor of 1uf.The figure-2 shows the first and
second Order Operational amplifier Design circuit. The second Order amplifier stage has rectifier
circuit in it as it has one Diode as well connected in the feedback Loop.
This is then connected with the peak detector circuit to give the constant DC
output by a capactior of 10uf and Resistor of 4.3k.
Figure-2
3). This output is then passed into two circuits a). To drive
a Buzzer
b). To drive dot/bar display LM3914 IC
a).To drive a buzzer using this output I have again used a amplifier stage which circuit I have shown
in figure-3 . This amplifier is Non inverting Amplifier using
a gain of 1+R2/R1.When the Output of operational Amplifier is high then the Buzzer sound is very
good. More close to 50 Hz field more will be the sound of a Buzzer.
Figure-3
b). The output of LM324 is also passed into an Indicator circuit which is a linear voltage display IC.
This IC is LM3914 which is a dot/bar display driver which glows LEDs according to increase in the
voltage as my antenna move close to
50Hz field. This IC has some calculations in order to set reference for voltage for respective LED
glowing and current for LED which is shown in figure-4.
The values of R1= 3.5k and for R2= 1k.
So the value for ILED= 12.5/ R1=12.5/3.5= 3.57mA
and the value for Ref out V = 1.25 *(1+ R2/R1) = 1.25*(1+1/3.5) = 1.607 V
Figure-4
These all circuits I have simulated on software MultiSim and Proteus but I do not have any antenna
option in them so I prepared real time hardware.
4). The most important part is choosing of system Switch which makes it a device.
We have used a four button switch which has long side internally short and opposite sides are used
to pass 3.7V from battery to the system. If we keep it pressed then the system is on otherwise the
complete system is off and we have connected an LED with the output of this switch. When this
switch is pressed LED indicates the system is on or off. If LED glows on pressing Switch
then system has 3.7V and intensity of LED shows how much battery is charged. Figure-5 shows
the circuit diagram of button.
Figure-5