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17.5.9.TurbulentDispersionForce

17.5.9.TurbulentDispersionForce
FormultiphaseturbulentflowsusingtheEulerianmodel,ANSYSFLUENTcanincludetheeffectsof
turbulentdispersionforceswhichaccountfortheinterphaseturbulentmomentumtransfer.The
turbulentdispersionforceactsasaturbulentdiffusionindispersedflows.Forexampleforaboiling
flowinaheatedverticalpipe,vaporisgeneratedonheatedwallsurfaces.Theturbulentdispersion
forceplaysacrucialroleindrivingthevaporawayfromthevicinityofthewalltowardsthecenterof
thepipe.
Theturbulentdispersionforcearisesfromaveragingtheinterphasedragterm.Foradispersedphase,
,andacontinuousphase, ,theturbulentdragismodeledas:
(17
255)
Thetermontheleftsideistheinstantaneousdrag.Thefirsttermontherighthandside,
,appearsinEquation17154andrepresentsthemeanmomentumexchangebetween
thetwophases.
Coefficients,and

istheinterphaseexchangecoefficient,describedinInterphaseExchange
and

arethemeanphasevelocityvectors.Thesecondterm,

,is

commonlyreferredtoastheturbulentdispersionforce:
(17
256)
where

isthedriftvelocityandaccountsforthedispersionofthesecondaryphasesdueto

transportbyturbulentfluidmotion.

isafactorthatcanbeusedtoimposealimiting

functionontheturbulentdispersionforce.Forclarity,thelimitingfactorisomittedfromthe
descriptionsoftheturbulentdispersionmodelsthatfollow.SeeLimitingFunctionsfortheTurbulent
DispersionForcefordetailsabouttheimplementationofthelimitingfactor.

17.5.9.1.ModelsforTurbulentDispersionForce
ThefollowingsectionsdescribethemodelsforturbulentdispersionforcethatareavailableinANSYS
FLUENT:
LopezdeBertodanoModel
SimoninModel
Burnsetal.Model
DiffusioninVOFModel
YoucanalsospecifytheturbulentdispersionforcewithaUserDefinedFunction.Forinformationon
enablingturbulentdispersionforceinyourmodel,seeIncludingtheTurbulentDispersionForcein
theUsersGuide.

17.5.9.1.1.LopezdeBertodanoModel
InsteadoffollowingEquation17256andmodelingthedriftvelocity,LopezdeBertodanoproposed
thefollowingformulation[243]:
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17.5.9.TurbulentDispersionForce

(17
257)
where isthecontinuousphasedensity,
and

istheturbulentkineticenergyinthecontinuousphase,

isthegradientofdispersedphasevolumefraction,and

Bydefault,

isausermodifiableconstant.

17.5.9.1.2.SimoninModel
SimoninandViollet[371]proposedthatthedriftvelocity,

,iscalculatedfrom:

(17
258)
InEquation17258,

isthefluidparticulatedispersiontensor.

Forthedispersedtwoequationturbulencemodel(kDispersedTurbulenceModel),ANSYS
FLUENTusesTchentheoryandassumesthat
isascalar,expressedasgivenby
in
Equation17351withadispersionPrandtlnumber,

bydefault).Theturbulent

dispersionforceisthengivenby:
(17
259)
Here,

isausermodifiableconstantwhichissetto1bydefault.

Forthemixtureturbulencemodel(kMixtureTurbulenceModel),thedispersionscalarisequalto
themixtureturbulentkinematicviscosity.

17.5.9.1.3.Burnsetal.Model
Burnsetal.[50]derivedaformulationbasedonFavreaveragingofthedragterm.Thefinal
expressionissimilartoSimoninsmodel.FortheBurnsmodel,thedispersionscalarisestimatedby
theturbulentviscosityofthecontinuousphase:
(17
260)
and
(17
261)

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Bydefault,

17.5.9.TurbulentDispersionForce

and

.AsintheSimoninmodel,whenusingthemixtureturbulence

modelthedispersionscalarisequaltothemixtureturbulentkineticviscosity.

17.5.9.1.4.DiffusioninVOFModel
Insteadoftreatingtheturbulentdispersionasaninterfacialmomentumforceinthephasemomentum
equations,youcanmodelitasaturbulentdiffusionterminthegoverningequationsofphasevolume
fractions[495].Withtheturbulentdispersionterm,thegoverningequationforthevolumefractionin
phase ,Equation17151,becomes:

(17
262)

where isthediffusioncoefficientinthe

phase,andtheterm

istheturbulent

dispersiontermwhichmustsatisfytheconstraint:
(17
263)
InordertosatisfyEquation17263thediffusioncoefficientsforthesecondaryphasesareestimated
fromthephaseturbulentviscosities,
as
(17
264)
where

bydefault.

Fortheprimaryphase,

,thediffusiontermis
(17
265)

17.5.9.2.LimitingFunctionsfortheTurbulentDispersionForce
Insomeapplicationsitisdesirabletoapplytheturbulentdispersionforceonlyinparticularflow
regimesorconditions.Forexample,ausermaywanttoincludetheturbulentdispersionforceonlyin
abubblyflowregime.Toaccommodatethis,alimitingfunctioncanbeappliedthroughthefactor,
,inEquation17256.
ANSYSFLUENTprovidesthreeoptionsfordetermining

None

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17.5.9.TurbulentDispersionForce

Bydefault,nolimitingisperformedontheturbulentdispersionforce(

).

Standard
ANSYSFLUENTincludesastandardlimitingfunctionthatvarieslinearlyfrom0to1based
onthevolumefractionofthedispersedphase(s), :
(17
266)
Bydefault,

Ifnecessary,thevaluesof
schemecommands:

and

canbechangedusingthefollowingdomainsetvar

(domainsetvar<phaseid>mp/td/voflowerlimit<

value>)

(domainsetvar<phaseid>mp/td/voflowerlimit<

value>)

withappropriatevaluessubstitutedfor<phaseid>and<
value>.Notethatthevaluefor
<phaseid>foragivenphasecanbefoundfromthePhasesTaskPageintheGUI.
UserDefined
YoucanspecifyyourownlimitingfunctionbycreatingaUserDefinedFunction(UDF)using
theDEFINE_PROPERTYmacro(DEFINE_PROPERTYUDFs).Notethat
must
haveavaluebetween0and1,andshouldvarycontinuouslytoensurenumericalstabilityand
physicalsolutions.
Release14.5SASIP,Inc.Allrightsreserved.

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