QLVH Tram Bien AP - Tap II

Chng I
QUN L VN HNH TRM BIN P

I.1- Cc trm bin p thng dng:
Trm bin p ng vai tr quan trng trong vic truyn ti v phn phi in nng.
Nhng trm bin p phn phi h th thng c cng sut t 100kVA n
1000kVA, in p ti 35kV/ 0,4kV chim mt s lng rt ln trn li in.
Tu theo yu cu x dng v c tnh ca ph ti m cc trm bin p c kt cu,
kiu dng khc nhau.
Hin nay trn li in c 3 kiu trm bin p thng dng l: Trm bin p kiu
trong nh, trm bin p kiu ngoi tri, trm bin p kiu hp b.
I.1-1 Trm bin p kiu trong nh:
Trm bin p kiu trong nh l loi trm c cc my bin p, cc thit b in
trung th v t in h th t trong nh. Trm c tng xy, mi bng b tng ca
bng thp, c ca thng gi t nhin lm bng li thp kt hp vi cc tm nan
chp lm bng b tng hoc c thng gi cng bc bng qut gi lm mt bng
iu ho nhit . Cc my bin p c t trn nn b tng trong nhng ngn
ring, thit b in c lp trn tng trm. Cc thit b in u dng loi trong
nh c kch thc nh gn, nh nhng. Vic thao tc cu dao c thc hin bng
tay qua b truyn ng. Gia ngi vn hnh v thit b mang in c ro ngn c
nh bng ro chn, m bo khong cch an ton cho ngi. Mt s trm bin p
cn lp thm dm b tng trn trn mc pa lng phc v cho vic nng h my
bin p khi cn thit. Cc thanh ci trung th c lp trn cc s cch in rt
thun tin cho vic u ni. Cc u cp trung th n v i u lp cu dao cch
ly, mt s trm cn lp my ct in trung th phc v cho phn on ng dy
trung p khi xy ra s c. Cc thit b ng ct in h th v cc ng h o m
in c lp trn t in. T in h th thng lp ptmt. H thng tip a
ca trm bin p lm ngoi tng trm, cc dy tip a c hn ni lin h vi
nhau thng qua mt vnh ai tip a chung nm st chn tng bn trong trm.
Thit b chng st ca trm thng c b tr trn nc trm hoc trn thanh ci
pha trung p. Trm bin p kiu trong nh an ton cho ngi, d lp t, qun l
vn hnh v sa cha nhng chim nhiu din tch, cn phi c ng di chuyn
my bin p khi lp t hoc i tu sa cha. Xung quanh tng trm phi c hnh
lang m bo thng gi t nhin. Vi nhng trm nm trong khu vc nh xng
hoc c quan phi c v tr t trm ph hp vi yu cu qun l vn hnh hoc i
tu sa cha. Trong trm bin p phi lm h du chng chy v thu gom du s
c.
I.1-2 Trm bin p kiu ngoi tri:
Trm bin p kiu ngoi tri c my bin p v cc thit b in t ngoi tri.
Hu ht cc trm u lp cu ch t ri. Cc trm bin p ny thng tn dng ti
G1
a mt bng lp t, hoc c t cc vng t trng tri t ngi qua li, c kt

cu n gin rt thch hp vi cc vng ngoi vi thnh ph.
C 3 kiu trm bin p ngoi tri:
1. Trm bin p ngoi tri kiu trm treo:
Tt c thit b in bao gm: My bin p, t
in h th, thit b ng ct trung th, chng st,
gh thao tc, thang tro ct u c lp trn cc
gi lm bng thp m kp trn 2 ct in ly tm
10m chn su 1,2m. Cc thit b in trung p phi
t tiu chun lm vic ngoi tri, v t in h th
c lm bng tn trng km sn tnh in, cc
my bin dng p t mt v cc ng h o m
phi t trong t in h th. T in h th c
giong chng nc. Cc t in h th c treo
trn ct ca trm cao 2,5m. Khi thao tc hoc
kim tra ngi vn hnh phi ng ln sn gh
thao tc. Nhng trm bin p nu khng c gh
thao tc treo trn ct th phi lm gh thao tc di
t hoc dng xe t thao tc bng so cch in.
Hnh nh trm treo
2. Trm bin p ngoi tri kiu 2 ct khng c bung h th:

My bin p v t in h th t trn b xy bng gch hoc bng b tng. Cc
v t in h th c ch to bng tn trng km sn tnh in. Cc my bin
dng, p t mt v cc ng h o m c t trong t in. Cnh ca t in c
giong chng nc ma. T in h th treo trn ct trm hoc treo trn gi ring.
Cc thit b in c lp trn cc gi lm bng thp kp trn ct. Hai ct in lm
bng b tng ct thp cao t 6,8- 8,8m, khong cch gia 2 ct l 2,6m. Mi trm
c mt gh thao tc cch in t trn b b tng xy, xung quanh trm c xy
tng ro cao 2m.
3. Trm bin p kiu 2 ct, c bung h th:
My bin p t trn b b tng ngoi tri, thit b in trung th cn li c lp
trn cc gi bng thp kp trn ct. Hai ct in b tng ct thp cao t 6,5- 8m,
khong cch gia 2 ct l 2,6m. Xung quanh trm c xy tng ro cao 2m. Trm
c ca ra vo, bung h th c ca ring lm bng vt liu chng chy. Mi trm c
mt gh thao tc t trn b b tng xy. Cc my bin dng, cc thit b ng ct
in h th v cc ng h o m in c lp trong t in, T in h th t
trong nh xy bng gch, mi b tng c ca thng gi t nhin bng li thp kt
hp vi cc tm nan chp lm bng b tng. H thng tip a ca trm bin p
c lm trong tng ro trm, dy tip a c hn ni vi nhau thng qua mt
vnh ai tip a chung nm st chn tng ro. Chng st st van kiu khng tip
im (MO, hoc Zno) bt ngay cnh my bin p. Tip a chng st thng c
hn vo h thng tip a chung ca trm.
I.1-3 Trm bin p kiu hp b:

1. Trm bin p hp b th h mi:
Cn gi l trm kit, v trm c khung chu lc, bc ngoi bng thp tm dy
1,5mm- 2mm. Ton b phn st c m km, sn tnh in. Trm kit c ch
to thnh 3 khoang ring r:
Khoang trung th.
Khoang my bin p.
Khoang h th.
Cc trm bin p kit c hnh khi hp ch nht, c kch thc ca cc khoang
ph hp vi kch thc ca my bin p v thit b in trung th, h th. Cc
khoang u lm ca ring thun tin v an ton cho kim tra sa cha v th
nghim.
Cc khoang u trang b kho lin ng ngn nga nhng sai st ca ngi
vn hnh c nguy c dn n tai nn cht ngi. Cc thit b in trung th v my
bin p c lp t v u ni hon chnh trong t hp b. Cp in n cc trm
bin p kit l cc ng cp ngm trung th, sau khi u cc u cp trung th, h
th vo th trm c th vn hnh ngay. Cc trm bin p hp b thng x dng
cng ngh cao. Thit b c cht lng tt, c kt cu gn nh, nhng v gi thnh
cao nn hin nay cha c dng ph bin trn li in.
2. Trm bin p ngoi tri hp b kiu 1 ct:
L loi trm bin p c my bin p t trn 1 tr b tng c ch to c bit.
My bin p ca trm c ch to theo tiu chun ring, s trung th ca my
bin p l loi s c chng ph hp vi chp u cp an ton kiu Elbow(cn gi
l chp u s kiu L), c loi s trung th my bin p c lp lin cu ch t
ng bn trong.
ng cp trung p, h p u c i trong hp c ch to bng kim loi.
a im gn trm bin p t mt t in trung th "ring main unit" cn gi l t
in mch vng.
Tng lai trm bin

p hp b s c
dng rng ri p ng
c yu cu v nhiu
mt: An ton, k thut,
m thut, hin i.
Hnh nh trm bin p kit
Cu ch
u chp Elbow
Tn hiu
S c
Bo v
qu
dng
S my bin p
Lin kt trc tip
in cc v cu ch
Tip im
ng ct
cu ch
V bc cch in
c chc nng ct
tch mi pha
Hnh nh s trung th my bin p

I.2- Cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca my bin p:
I.2-1 Cu to:
Cu to: Xem hnh nh
I.2-2 Nguyn l lm vic:
My bin p c ch to theo nguyn l cm ng in t. Khi c in p xoay
chiu t vo cun s cp W1, trong cun dy s cp s c 1 dng in i1 chy qua,
dng in i1 cm ng trong li thp 1 t thng 1. T thng 1 mc vng qua cun
dy th cp W2 sinh ra trong cun dy th cp 1 sc in ng cm ng. Do cun
dy th cp ca my bin p c tr khng nn ti cun dy th cp xut hin 1
in p ging U0 lc ny sc in ng:
E2 = i2 (Z0 + Z2) = i2Z0 x i2Z2 = U0 + U2
Trong
:
- U0 l in p ging trn ni b cun dy W2.
- U2 l in p ging trn ph ti mch ngoi Z2.
Mi my bin p lc u c mt dung lng nh mc lm nhim v cung cp
in trc tip cho ph ti ng vai tr l ngun in trung gian phn phi nng
lng in ca ngun in. Trong vn hnh mi my bin p lc s tiu th mt
lng cng sut khng ti P0 v cng sut ngn mch PN.
U1~
W2
Cu to my bin p
1. Thng du ph
2. ng ch th mc du
3. ng ni thng du chnh v thng
du ph
4. Thng du chnh
5. S MBA
6. Cnh tn nhit
7. Li thp MBA
8. Cun dy s cp v cun dy th
cp
9. Du my bin p ( trong thng du )
7
8
U 2~
1 l t thng.
U1 l in p s cp
U2 l in p th cp
w1 l cun dy s cp
W2 l cun dy th cp
W1
G5
Hnh nh my bin p phn phi h th

THNG S K THUT CA MY BIN P DO VIT NAM SN XUT
sut
(kvA)
Cp in p
(kV)
Ko ti
(Po)
25
30
(31,5)
50
63
(75)
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
15/0.4;
22/0.4
35/0.4
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
15/0.4;
Kch thc bao

in
Tm
Trng lng
Dng
p ngn mch Uk% (mm)
bnh xe (mm) D
in khng ti lo%
C ti
Di
Rng Cao
Du
Ton
b (Kg)
(Pk)
A
B
C
(lt)
120
500
600
560
1050
450
110
390
120
500
610
610
1050
450
130
390
140
510
4.5
680
620
1080
450
180
500
125
600
930
580
1080
450
120
390
125
600
950
620
1110
450
140
450
150
610
1090
640
1600
450
260
610
185
850
1.8
1180
600
1280
450
140
560
15/0.4;
22/0.4
185
850
1.8
1240
650
1480
450
180
660
35/0.4
215
880
1.8
1260
830
1560
450
304
810
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
235
1200
1.8
1110
680
1300
550
260
680
15/0.4;
22/0.4
235
1250
1.8
1200
680
1300
550
270
730
22/0.4
35/0.4
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
35/0.4
270
1300
1.8
1300
720
1400
550
310
840
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
310
1700
1.8
1290
700
1350
550
290
750
(125)
15/0.4;
22/0.4
325
1700
1.8
1370
720
1490
550
300
790
35/0.4
350
1750
1.8
1560
750
1700
550
320
910
160
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
15/0.4;
450
2100
1.7
1400
800
1500
600
300
1020
22/0.4
450
2150
1.7
1400
800
1520
600
330
1080
35/0.4
510
2250
1.7
1480
850
1780
600
420
1350
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
640
3000
1.7
1440
820
1580
600
370
1220
15/0.4;
22/0.4
650
3050
1.7
1440
820
1700
600
380
1250
35/0.4
720
3200
1.7
1600
850
1800
660
400
1580
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
700
3670
1.6
1540
860
1720
660
390
1480
100
(180)
250
320
G6
400
500
(560)
630
750
1000
1250
1600
1800
2000
2500
15/0.4;
22/0.4
700
3670
1.6
1590
880
1750
660
400
1600
35/0.4
720
3880
1.6
1640
900
1910
660
460
1890
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
840
4460
1.5
1590
920
1760
660
410
1800
15/0.4;
22/0.4
850
4500
1.5
1610
930
1800
660
460
2110
35/0.4
920
4600
1.5
1710
960
2010
660
520
2650
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
940
5210
1.5
1690
950
1940
660
560
2400
15/0.4;
22/0.4
960
5270
1.5
1720
960
1950
660
630
2600
35/0.4
1060
5470
1.5
1800
1000
2160
820
710
2960
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
1100
6010
1.4
4.5
1790
980
2010
820
680
2510
15/0.4;
22/0.4
1150
6040
1.4
4.5
1810
990
2020
820
690
2720
35/0.4
1250
6210
1.4
5.5
1900
1080
2160
820
900
3020
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
1200
6590
1.4
4.5
1820
1040
2030
820
800
3310
15/0.4;
22/0.4
1220
6680
1.4
4.5
1830
1080
2060
820
840
3360
35/0.4
1350
7100
1.4
5.5
1920
1140
2120
820
940
3570
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
1550
9000
1.3
1850
1120
2090
820
1040
4040
15/0.4;
22/0.4
1570
9500
1.3
1910
1150
2130
820
1100
4110
35/0.4
1680
10000
1.3
2200
1400
2410
1070
1440
4750
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
1710
12800
1.2
5.5
2110
1200
2170
1070
1300
4650
15/0.4;
22/0.4
1720
12910
1.2
5.5
2150
1230
2210
1070
1340
4980
35/0.4
1810
13900
1.2
6.5
2280
1310
2370
1070
1480
5110
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
2100
15500
1.0
5.5
2290
1780
2410
1070
1550
5100
15/0.4;
22/0.4
2100
15700
1.0
5.5
2350
1810
2470
1070
1650
5320
35/0.4
2400
16000
1.0
6.5
2410
1950
2810
1070
1750
5910
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
2400
18020
0.9
2360
1910
2510
1070
1680
5820
15/0.4;
22/0.4
2420
18110
0.9
2380
1960
2610
1070
1720
6100
35/0.4
2500
18900
0.9
6.5
2460
2070
2920
1070
2150
6350
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
2700
18400
0.9
2390
1970
2690
1070
2010
6210
15/0.4;
22/0.4
2720
18800
0.9
2410
1980
2740
1070
2230
6540
35/0.4
2850
19400
0.9
6.5
2590
2160
2980
1070
2470
6820
6.3/0.4;
10/0.4
3250
20000
0.8
2420
1980
2740
1070
2360
6710
15/0.4;
22/0.4
3300
20410
0.8
2460
2030
2810
1070
2480
6940
35/0.4
3400
21000
0.8
6.5
2610
2210
2990
1070
2570
7800
I.3- Cc ph kin ca my bin p:

I.3-1 Thng du ph:
Thng du ph t trn thng du chnh lin h vi thng du chnh qua mt ng
dn du c nhim v b xung thng xuyn du cho thng du chnh bo m cho
my bin p lun c ngp trong du. Khi vn hnh du b nng s dn n ln
xung t do trong thng du ph. Mt thong ca du c lin h vi mi trng
khng kh qua thng du ph. Dung tch du cha trong thng du ph bng 10%
dung tch du cha trong thng du chnh. Nhng my bin p c dung lng <
100kVA khng cn lm thng du ph.
I.3-2 Ci ch mc du:
Ci ch mc du c nhim v bo cho ngi vn hnh bit lng du cha trong
my bin c khng. Ci ch mc du thng c lm bng ng tup thu tinh
trong sut c lp ngang thng du ph v c t t th vung gc vi vi
mt t lm vic theo nguyn tc bnh thng nhau. y ca ch mc du c lin
h vi thng du ph u trn h thong c lin h vi mi trng khng kh
v c np dy kn pha trn ngn nc ma. Ti ch lp "ci ch th mc du"
0
0
trn vch thng du ph c vch mc bo du theo nhit t 25 n 40 . Nhit
ca mi trng l bao nhiu th mc du bo n y. Khi du b xung vo
my bin p phi cn c vo nhit mi trng ti thi im du xc nh
mc du cha. Khi vn hnh nu pht hin c hin tng thiu du th phi
0
c chng trnh b xung kp thi, Nu mc du vt qu mc vch 40 th phi rt
bt du trong iu kin nhit mc cao nht. Nu b xung du m mc du
khng thay i cn phi kim tra xem "ci ch mc du" c b tc ng ng dn
khng.
I.3-3 y x bn:
C nhim v x du bn b lng ng trong y thng du ph. Cng vic x bn
s c lm trong khi th nghim nh k.
Ch thch:
1 - ng ch mc
du
2- Ch ni vi
thng du my
bin p
3- Ch ni vi
bnh ht
m.
4- y x bn.
5- L np
du.
G9
3
4
10
0
25
50
Cu to thng du ph
6- Ch ni ng lin
thng vi ng
phng n
7- Ni mc cu.
G
10
I.3-4 Bnh ht m:
Thng du c lin h vi mi trng khng kh bn ngoi qua bnh ht m
cn bng p sut. Nu khng lin h thng qua bnh ht m th du s b nhim m
v nhim bn . Bnh ht m c vai tr ngn khng cho hi m v cht bn xm
nhp vo du. Bnh ht m c cu to bng thu tinh hnh tr, bn trong cha y
ht silicazen. Mc du di y bnh ht m phi thp di ht ht m. Khng kh
qua bnh ht m s c lc sch. Vi nhng my bin p c cng sut ln in p
cao nh my 110kV cn c thm bnh lc du ti ch cho my bin p va lc m
va lc axit ho tan thng xuyn c trong du. Lng Silicazen cha trong bnh >
100kG. Silicazen c mu xanh nht hoc mu trng c, khi b chuyn mu sang
mu hng hoc trong sut l phi thay v lc Silicazen b bo ho. Nu khng
c bnh ht m hoc bnh lc du th du b ho gi rt nhanh, cch in b suy
gim dn n s c my bin p.
ln thng du chnh
Bnh ht m
Ht ht
m du
bin p
I.3-5 ng phng n:
ng phng n c lm bng kim loi hnh ng trn c ng knh 150200mm, mt u lin h vi thng du chnh, mt u lin h vi mi trng
khng kh qua mt np y bng knh trn c lp giong chng ma. ng phng
n cao hn thng du chnh mt cht. Khi p lc bn trong thng du chnh thay
i t ngt khi s c my bin p nh trng hp ngn mch cun dy my bin
p, hoc khi rt kh trong my bin p th kn, knh phng n s v cn
bng p sut bn trong v bn ngoi my bin p.
2
p > 0, 5kG/cm hoc p < 0, 5kG/cm .

I.3-6 ng lin thng my bin p:
Lm nhim v lin h gia thng du chnh v thng du ph, on gia ng
c t mt r le ga.
G 10
Phn ng u vo thng du ph s c lm nh cao ln mt cht ngn

khng cho cn du chui qua ng lin thng vo my bin p chnh.
G 11
I.4- Thng s k thut ca my bin p:

I.4.1- M hiu ca my bin p:
Cch t m hiu ca my bin p tu thuc vo quy c ca nh ch to, ca mi
nc. Thng thng gm c hai phn: Ch v s
Th d: TM- 180. 22/0,4 my bin p 3 pha, lm mt bng du. Dung lng
180kVA, in p cun cao p l 22kV, cun h p l 0,4kV.
I.4.2- Dung lng nh mc:
Dung lng nh mc Sm ca my bin p c xc nh nhit tiu chun.
Th d: My bin p do Vit Nam ch to vi nhit mi trng tiu chun l
0
0
tmax = 40 C v ttb = 25 C.
Nu dng mi trng khc tiu chun th phi hiu chnh li dung lng theo
cng thc sau:
25)-x(ttb1+ 40 - tmax
)
S'm = Sm ( 1+
100
100
I.4.3- in p nh mc:
in p nh mc c ghi phn s ca nhn hiu my.
in p nh mc l in p quy nh trn u phn p chnh ca my bin p
cn gi l u phn p nh mc lc ny my bin p khng ti.
in p nh mc l in p dy, ngha l in p gia 2 dy pha.
Cc nc in p khc c ghi thnh mt chui s hoc c ghi thnh mt
bng s:
Th d:
Trn bng ca my bin p ghi 222,5% c 5 nc iu chnh:
Nc I: c in p l 22 +
5% 22kV.
Nc II: c in p l 22 + 2,55% 22kV.
Nc III: c in p l
22kV.
Nc IV: c in p l 22 + 2,55% 22kV.
Nc V: c in p l 22 + 5% 22kV.
I.4.4- Dng in nh mc:
Gm dng in nh mc ca cun dy s cp v cun dy th cp.
Dng in nh mc ca cc cun dy theo cc nc in p c tnh nh sau:
+ vi my bin p 1 pha:
Sm
Im =
Um
+ vi my bin p 1 pha:
Sm
Im =
U
m
Trong :
Im l dng in nh mc.
Sm l dung lng nh
mc. Um l in p nh
mc.
I.4.5- T u dy ca my bin p:
Cc cun dy ca my bin p 3 pha thng c mt trong ba cch u dy sau:
+ Y (sao)
+ (tam gic)
+ Z (zch zc) loi ny t dng.
Ty theo thit k cc cun dy s cp v th cp MBA thng c mt chiu qun
dy mt v mt kiu u dy nht nh. Khi vn hnh s xut hin gc lch pha
gia in p pha cao th v h th. Gc lch pha in p ph thuc vo cch u
dy ca cc cun dy v to ra t u dy nh: Y/- 5, Y/-11, Y/Yo - 6,
Y/Yo - 12.
Quy c t tn t u:
Dng kim ng h thi gian lm mu so snh. Quy c:
o
Nu trn mt ng h c 12 vch chia th khong chia ca mi vch l 30 .
Quy c vc t in p s cp U1 tng ng vi kim di ca ng h v tr
12 gi.
Quy c vc t in p th cp U2 tng ng vi kim ngn ca ng h, kim
ngn nm v tr tng ng vi gc lch pha ca in p th cp U2 vi in
0
0
0
p s cp U1 l 30 , 60 ... 360 .
0
0
0
Mt vng trn c 360 . Nu ly 360 chia cho 30 ta s c 12 vch, tn t u
dy ca my bin p s ly ln lt t 1 n 12.
Th d: T u dy
Y/Yo -12
Nu cun dy s cp
v th cp cng u sao
c trung im cun th
cp ni t (0) v c
cng chiu qun dy,
Khi vn hnh s xut
hin gc lch pha ca
in p pha s cp v
0
th cp l 360 , ly
0
0
360 chia cho 30 c
12 ta c t u dy
Y/Yo- 12.
Nu cun dy s cp v th cp cng u sao, trung im cun dy th cp ni
t (0) nhng c chiu qun dy ngc nhau khi vn hnh s xut hin gc lch
0
0
0
pha ca in p pha s cp v th cp l 180 , ly 180 chia cho 30 c 6 ta c
t u dy Y/Yo- 6.
T u dy l mt tiu chun quan trng dng cho ha song song cc MBA nu

ho hai my bin p khc t u dy s xut hin s lch pha in p ti u cc
my bin p dn n s c ngn mch.
Trc khi ho song song 2 my bin p phi kim tra li t u dy thc t bng
cch o in p gia 2 u cc cng pha ca 2 my bin p.
in p o c l:
Ua1- a2 =
0. Ub1- b2
= 0. Uc1c2 = 0.
I.4.6- Dng in khng ti v tn hao khng ti:
Khi my bin p c u vo ngun in, cun dy th cp my bin p h
mch trong cun dy s cp my bin p s c dng in khng ti chy qua. Dng
in khng ti c k hiu l Io.
Khi my bin p vn hnh khng ti s xut hin t thng khp kn chy trong li
thp, do c t tr nn li thp b pht nng gy ra tn hao khng ti. Tn hao
khng ti c xc nh gin tip qua s o ca dng in Io. Dng in khng ti
Io cho bit mc tn hao khng ti ca my bin p ln hay nh. Dng in
khng ti thng c tiu chun ho vi tng nh ch to.
ln ca dng in khng ti ph thuc vo.
- thm t ca thp si lch dng lm mch t.
- dy ca li thp si lch.
- Cht lng cch in ca l thp.
- Cng ngh ch to (t dp, lp ghp mch t ...).
Dng in khng ti cn c gi l dng in t ho c tnh theo phn trm
(%) dng in nh mc ca cun dy s cp I1m
I0
I% = 100
Thng I0 ch nh bng 10% I1m
I1m
Tn hao khng ti P0 chnh l cng sut hu cng tiu hao trn li thp. Tn hao
khng ti P0 o c thng qua th nghim khng ti.
MT S T U DY THNG DNG CA MY BIN P LC

s cun
T u dy dy cao p
s cun
dy h p
Biu vc t
Y/Y0
Nhm ni
dy khc
4; 8
Y/ Y6
10; 2
/
0
4;
8
/
6
10; 2
Y/
11
3;
7
Y/
5
9;
1
I.4.7in p ngn mch v tn hao ngn mch:

1- nghi ca in p ngn mch:
Trn bin nhn mc my bin p thng ghi UN % hoc UK %
in p ngn mch l in p xut hin trn ni b cun dy my bin p khi my

bin p mang ti nh mc
I2= I2m
in p ngn mch k hiu l UN hoc UK c n v tnh l (kV) hoc (V) c
gi l in p ngn mch tuyt i.
in p ngn mch ca mt my bin p c xc nh thng qua th nghim
ngn mch. Khi bit in p ngn mch tuyt i UN ta tnh c in p ngn
mch tng i. in p ngn mch tng i c tnh theo phn trm (%)
UN
UN% =
100
UN% l mt hng s
U m
in p ngn mch gy ra tn tht cng sut ngn mch, tn tht cng sut ngn
mch c tnh nh sau:
PN = UN. I 2m
Tn tht cng sut ngn mch thc t PN ph thuc vo mc mang ti ca
my bin p trong vn hnh. Dng in ph ti s quyt nh mc
tn tht ngn mch nhiu hay t v khi c ti mi xut hin tn tht in
p trong cun dy
Nu I2 = 0
th UN = 0, PN = 0
Nu I2 = I 2m th UN = UNm , PN =
Pm
Nh vy
in p ngn mch UN % cho bit tn tht in nng trong ni b cun dy
my bin p.
Tn tht cng sut ngn mch PN ph thuc vo tnh trng mang ti ca
my bin p. Do cun dy my bin p thng qun bng dy ng nn PN
cn c gi l tn tht ng.
U~
My bin p
o lng
My bin p
Th nghim
S NGUYN L TH NGHIM NGN MCH
2- Cch th nghim xc nh in p ngn mch UN %
(xem s nguyn l).

Lm ngn mch cun dy th cp qua mt ng h am pe
Cun dy s cp ca my bin p c u vo my bin p o lng, tng dn

in p cho n khi kim ng h am pe (A) ch tr s dng in nh mc ca
cun dy th cp lc in p ch th trn ng h vn (V) chnh l in p
ngn mch. Ta k hiu l UN hoc UK. in p ngn mch c tnh
bng UN% hoc UK%.
Trong thc t th nghim ngn mch c lm bng phng php quy i:
+ Khng cn tng dng in ngn mch n tr s nh mc.
+ Sau khi c kt qu o in p v dng in ta quy i li theo biu thc
sau:
U Ntn
UN
U Ntn I2m
=
UN=
INtn
I2m
INtn
UN
UN% =
100
U m
Trong :
U Ntn in p ngn mch th nghim.
INtn Dng in ngn mch th nghim.
UN
in p ngn mch ng vi dng in nh mc ca cun dy th
cp.
I 2m Dng in ngn mch nh mc ca cun dy th cp.
I.4.8- Trng lng my bin p:
Bit trng lng my bin p s ch ng b tr phng tin cu v vn chuyn
my bin p.Trng lng my bin p bao gm:
Trng lng ton b my bin p.
Trng lng du bin p c ghi trn bin nhn mc my bin p
I.5- iu chnh in p my bin p:
I.5.1- iu chnh in p khng ti:
Cc b iu chnh in p trong nhng my bin p c dung lng nh thng c
cu to n gin nn khng c kh nng iu chnh in p ca my bin p khi c
ti, vic iu chnh in p ch c thc hin khi khng in. Mi khi thay i nc
phn p phi ct in my bin p v o tip xc cc nc phn p bng ng h o
in tr 1 chiu v ng h m gm mt.
z2
z3
z1
x3
x2
x1
y3
y2
y1
x3
x2 x1
z3
z2
z1
y3
y2 y1
z3
z2 z1
y1
y2
x3
y3
x2
x1
Cch u dy ca b iu chnh in p
my bin p rt ra im trung tnh
A6
a
A6
A4
B6
B4
a
C6
A6
A4 A2 A3 A5 A7
A2
B2
A3 A5 AB
7 3 B 5 B 7 C4
C
A5
A7
A4
A2
A3
z 3
C
5
C
7
Cch u dy ca b iu chnh in p
my bin p rt ra t gia cun dy mi pha.
I.5.2- iu chnh in p c ti:
Tt c cc my bin p c yu cu n nh in p u phi lp b iu chnh in
p di ti.
B iu chnh in p di ti 3 pha thng c 19 nc c cu to c bit cho
php iu chnh in p ngay c khi ang mang ti.
Nu iu chnh s vng dy cun dy cao th ph hp c vi in p ca
ngun in cp n th s:
+ Gi c in p pha u ra ca my bin p t nh mc.
+ Hn ch c qu in p my bin p.
+ Gim c tn tht in nng cho li in.
B iu chnh in p di ti lm nhim v iu chnh in p ca my bin p
trong iu kin c ti thng p dng trong nhng my bin p cng sut ln, in
p cao.
B iu chnh in p di ti gm 2 phn:
B cng tc P cn gi l "dao la chn" lm nhim v chn trc phn nc bin
p my bin p. B cng tc P nm trong thng du chnh.
B cng tc K cn gi l b "cng tc dp la" nm trong mt thng du ring

gi l thng du cng tc K. B cng tc K c vai tr gn ging nh mt my
ct in, c tc chuyn ng t 45miligiy n 50miligiy, chu c dng
in ngn mch tm thi t 200 n 600A trong thi gian 0,1 n 6 miligiy.
Thi gian chu ngn mch l thi gian m hai tip im la chn P cng ng
chp tt vo cng tc K to ra s ngn mch vng dy ca mt nc iu chnh
phn p.
Khi dao la chn P chn xong, b tc K mi chuyn.
Thng thng my bin p ch to "cun dy iu chnh" ring. Nu dng s
o chiu "cun dy iu chnh" th phi c thm mt b dao o chiu. Dao
o chiu lm nhim v o cc tnh cun dy iu chnh lm cho t thng ca
cun dy iu chnh ngc vi chiu t thng ca cun dy chnh c tc dng tng
gp i s nc iu chnh phn in.
Tip im ca cng tc K c hnh khi ch nht, tip im lm vic ng thng
theo kiu tip xc mt. Cng tc K chuyn ng theo kiu c cu cu lt ngha l
bin chuyn ng quay thnh chuyn ng thng. Mi pha ca b cng tc K c 4
cp tip im, tng i cp tip im ca cng tc K c lp in tr hn ch dng
in c cng sut 200A (600A) cn gi l in tr ngn mch.
Cc nc iu chnh ca cun dy iu chnh in p u vo dao la chn theo
h chn (2,4,6,8,10) & l (1,3,5,7,9). u cc chung ca dao la chn P u vo
hai cc chnh 31 thuc h l, 32 thuc h chn ca cng tc K. Vi pha A s c tn
l 31A, 32A, vi pha B c tn l 31B, 32B vi pha C c tn l 31C, 32C. u cc
chung 3 pha ca cng tc K ni ra s trung tnh 110kV MBA.
Gi s my bin p ang lm vic nc c l nc 3, nh vy tip im s 3 ang
ni vo cc 31 A, nc s 2 ang ni vo cc 32A. Mun chuyn v nc 4 th dao
chn P l phi chuyn t nc 2 v nc 4 trc, sau cng tc K bt v 32A. Ton
b thi gian lm vic ca cng tc K ch l 45-50ms.
Mi pha ca cng tc K c 2 in tr R ging nhau dng hn ch dng in
ngn mch ti thi im m nc 3 v nc 2 b chp tt, lc ny in tr R c dng
in ngn mch i qua trong thi gian l 0,6-12ms. Mi pha c 4 cp tip im, ba
pha c 12 cp tip im, c 1 cp tip im ni chung ra s trung tnh. Phia trn b
cng tc K c 6 in tr c ngm trong du. Nhit lng sinh ra khi ngn mch
cun dy iu chnh s tn nhanh trong thng du cng tc K. Tt c cc chuyn
ng trn u thc hin bng c cu c kh v dng nng lng l xo th nng ca
b cng tc K.
C mt s b CA kiu hnh V, tip im ca b CADT lm vic theo kiu
chuyn ng lt qua lt li mang theo in tr ngn mch. Nguyn tc lm vic ca
cc b CA di ti u tng t ging nhau, trong qu trnh chuyn ng cc
im tip xc b CA di ti khng c php h mch, nu b h mch s
chy my bin p.
k
+
A
0
10
97
4
5
32- a
R2
R1
31-a
G 18
10
S nguyn l b iu chnh in p di ti
Nc 3
Nc 4
Gin chp sng cng tc K
I.6- Du my bin p.
I.6.1- nht ca du:
Du my bin p c nht thp lu thng d c tc dng lm mt cho my
bin p. Khi du b ho gi th nht tng ln gim kh nng lm mt cho my
bin p.
I.6.2- im chp chy:
im chp chy cn gi l nhit chp chy. Khi nhit ca du tng ln ti
nhit no y th s t bc chy ta gi nhit l im chp chy. Trong
vn hnh nu trong du xut hin tia la phng in th du s bng chy nu nh
nhit chp chy ca du thp.
0
Quy nh tiu chun chp chy ca du bin th l 135 C, khi du km cht
0
lng hoc du b ho gi th chp chy suy gim di 135 C khng cho php
vn hnh my bin p.
G 19
I.6.3- Hm lng a xt v kim ho tan trong du:

Du bn hoc du b xy ho trong vn hnh s c mt lmg a xt v kim "KOH"
ho tan trong du. Thnh phn ny xut hin trong du s lm cho du ho gi
nhanh Th d: Nu trong du c Axt cc bua si lic:
+ Lm tng tr s axit.
+ n mn kim loi v vt liu cch in.
+ Tng nhanh s gi ci ca cch in.
+ Cc bua thp phn t:
+ Lm gim nhit chp chy.
Quy nh trong quy trnh:
+ Du mi khng c c a xt v kim ho tan.
+ Du trong vn hnh cho php khng vt qu 0,1mgKOH.
Trong nhng my bin p ln khc phc tnh trng tng dn hm lng a xt v
kim ho tan trong du ngi ta lp thm mt b bnh lc xiphng.
I.6.4- Tr s a xt:
Tr s a xt trong du tng trong khi cc c tnh khc ca du cha bin i cho
php ta nh gi mc ho gi ca du.
Tr s axit tiu chun:
+ Du mi khng qu 0,02 mgKOH.
+ Du trong vn hnh: Khng qu 0,25 mgKOH.
I.6.5- Tp cht c gii:
Tp cht c gii bao gm:
Mui than sinh ra do c hin tng du b t sinh ra, do du b cc cht cn,
bi bn ri vo.
Cc lp tp cht c gii bm ph trn b mt cun dy my bin p lm suy
gim kh nng cch in, to ra s phn cc, ni cu in to nn hin tng
phn cc trong du lm suy gim cng cch in ca du v lm suy gim
nhit chp chy ca du.
Trong vn hnh hoc i tu cn phi lc du kh b tp cht c gii.
I.6.6- Cng cch in:
Cng cch in cn gi l in p chc thng cho bit kh nng cch in ca
du my bin p.
BNG TIU CHUN DU CCH IN MY BIN P
Cp in p
Du mi trong vn hnh
Du trong vn hnh
kV
kV/mm
kV/mm
Di 15
30
25
15 n 35
35
30
Di 110
45
40
110 n 220
60
55
500
70
60
G 20
I.6.7- Hm lng nc trong du:

Nc c trong du lm suy gim cch in ca du. Nc nm di y thng
du khng gy nguy him cho du, nhng cc ht nc nm l lng trong du d b
ni cu in tch gy phng in trong du. Nc cn kt hp vi mt s thnh
phn ho cht khc to nn kh nng n mn ph hng v thng du.
Quy nh tiu chun:
+ Du mi, hm lng nc khng c vt qu 0,001%.
+ Du trong vn hnh hm lng nc khng c vt qu 0,025%.
I.6.8- Mu sc ca du v kh thot ra t du:
1. Mu du:
+ Du mi c mu vng chanh, trong sut.
+ Du mu trng xm chng t c giy cc tng trong my bin p b
chy.
+ Du mu vng chng t c g trong my bin p b chy.
+ Du mu en chng t c du trong my bin p b chy.
2. Mi kh:
Quan st ti r le hi
+ Kh khng mu, khng mi, khng chy c ch c mi du l
"khng kh" cn phi x ra ht. Trng hp ny thng xy ra khi
mi np du vo my bin p.
+ Dng "ci bong bng" thu kh thu kh v th xem c kh Hyr
hoc kh Mtan khng. Nu kh chy c th phi ct in ngay my
bin p. Trng hp ny l biu hin c phng in trong my bin p.
Ch : Khng c a ngn la n gn v tr quan st phng ho hon chy
n.
I.6.9- Phng php bo v cht lng du trong vn hnh:
1- a vo du cht khng xy ho:
Cht khng xy ho c cho vo du mi c tc dng ko di tui th ca du.
T l cht khng xy ha cho vo du l 0,3% n 0,5% trng lng du.
Th d: C 1000kG du th cho vo 3 n 5kG cht khng xy ho.
2- Cch ly du vi khng kh:
Dng giong bt kn thng du ph.
1
3
Dng ti kh thng vi bn ngoi.
2
1. Ti kh
2. Thng du ph.
3. ng thng vi kh tri
G 21
Thng duph
n thng
my
3- Lc du bng bnh xi - phng nhit c ht hp th Silicazen:

Du lu thng tun hon lin tc trong my bin p theo nguyn tc i lu. B xi
- phng c lp vo my bin p tng t nh lp cnh tn nhit. Bnh Xiphng
hnh tr cao gn bng cao ca my bin p cha khong hn 200kG ht chng
m Silicazen, chim 0,75 n 1,25 trng lng du trong my bin p. Cc cht
bn v axit ho tan c lc sch qua bnh xi phng. Sau mt nm vn hnh u
tin ngi ta thay ht Silicazen mi, v sau ch phi thay ht Silicazen nu thy tr
s axit ca du ln hn 0,014mgKOH.
Ch : Phi sy ht Silicazen trc khi np vo bnh Xi - phng.
Thi gian sy l:
0
+ 2 gi vi nhit l 300 C. Ch thch:
0
+ 8 gi vi nhit 140 C.
1/ Thng du my bin p
0
5
+ 10 gi vi nhit 100 C.
2/ Van du.
4
2
Sau khi sy xong phi sng lc 3/ ng dn du.
3
ht bi bn c trong cc ht 4/ Mt bch lin kt.
8
Silicazen ri ngay cc 5/ L x kh.
1
Silicazen sch vo bnh xi 6/ L x du.
phng.
7/ lui ngn.
3
8/
Ht hp th
-Trc khi ht Silicazen vo
phi kho 2 van du bnh xi
7
phng, sau khi xong phi
2
m nh van du di v m
6
van x kh bn trn bnh
Xiphng cho n khi du trn
Cu to thng lc xi phng nhit
qua van x kh l xong.
4- Dng kh ni t np vo thng du:
Ni t l cht kh c t trng ln hn khng kh nn lun nm di khng
kh, c kh nng ngn chn khng cho khng kh tip xc vi du.
Nit l cht kh c kh nng cch in, khng chy, khng phn ng vi du
nn np vo thng du rt an ton.
5 6
Ch thch:
7
1- Bnh Ni t.
2- V bnh Ni t.
n
8
3- ng h o p lc Ni t.
4- Van.
9
5- Phn np kh Ni t.
3
6- ng lin thng.
4
7- Thng du ph.
2
Thng du chnh
8. Du ng phng n.
n
9- Du trong bnh du
chnh.
1
a. Trnh t np kh Ni t:
G 22
+ Ni lng cc bu lng trn thng du ph v ng phng n khng kh thot ra

ngoi.
+ Np du vo my bin p cho y n nh thng du ph v ng phng n.
+ Vn cht cc bu lng x kh sau khi thy du trn qua.
+ M nh van (4) cho ni t np vo thng du ph kt hp vi vic rt du ra ti
mc cn thit.
+ Kho van (4) v van x du.
b. Ch :
+ Ni t c sach l 99,7% n 99,8%. Sau khi np xong sch ca Ni t l
94%.
+ Trong qu trnh np phi m bo kn v bn ca b np Ni t.
2
2
+ p lc ch ca ng h lun tr s 0,1kG/cm n 0,2kG/cm .
I.7- Cch tnh ton dy chy ca cu ch my bin p:
I.7.1- Tnh ton dy chy dng cho ng in xung kch:
Khi ng in khng ti my bin p, dng in tng ln t ngt ngay ti thi
im ng in. Quan st trn ng h am pe thy kim ng h tng vt ln sau
li tr li v tr dng in khng ti. Ta gi dng in tng vt l dng in xung
kch. Dng in xung kch cn gi l dng in kch t ca my bin p.
Nu ta ch c cn c vo dng in nh
mc ca my bin p la chn dng in
ca dy chy bng 1,44 Im th cu ch n
ngay v bin dng in xung kch ln gp
6 n 8 ln dng in nh mc. Dy chy
Qu trnh bin i ca dng in
cu ch phi tnh ton sao cho khi ng in
khi ng in khng ti
xung kch cu ch khng n c.
I.7.2- Tnh ton dy chy dng trong vn hnh:
Cu ch ch lm nhim v bo v ngn mch m khng lm nhim v bo v qu
ti my bin p.
Trong vn hnh phi chn dy chy cu ch tng i ln:
Icc = 2,5 Im.
Th d: Vi my bin p 180kVA 10kV/ 0,4kV dng in nh mc l 10,4A.
Im = 180/1,73. 10 = 10,4A.
dng in dy chy l 26A.
Icc = 2,5 Im = 2,5. 10,4 = 26A.
BNG TNH SN DNG IN NH MC CA DY
CHY
THEO NG KNH DY CHY CU CH
Dng in nh mc
Vt liu
ng
knh dy
chy (mm)
0,2
Ch
ng
Nhm
0,5
0.3
1,2
12
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
1,5
1,8
2,6
3,2
4,3
6,0
9,0
11,5
14
17
20
25
30
35
14
16
21
28
36
48
69
81
100
120
145
175
-
10
14
18
18
20
32
40
50
60
70
80
97
115
125
BNG TNH SN DNG IN NH MC CA DY CHY CU CH

CHO MY BIN P PHN PHI H TH
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
cng
sut
MBA
(kVA)
30
50
75
100
160
200
250
320
400
560
630
1000
1600
6kV
dng
chng
in
loi
nh
dy
mc
dn
(A)
2,89
6k
4,82
8k
7,23
12k
9,63
15k
15,41
25K
19,27
25K
24,08
30K
30,83
40K
38,54
50K
53,95
80K
60,69
100K
96,34
154,14
10kV
dng
chng
in
loi
nh
dy
mc
dn
(A)
1,73
3k
2,98
6k
4,34
6k
5,78
8k
9,25
12K
11,56
15K
14,45
20K
18,50
25K
23,12
30K
32,37
50K
36,42
65K
57,80
80K
92,49
15kV
dng
chng
in
loi
nh
dy
mc (A)
dn
1,16
1,93
2,89
3,85
6,17
7,71
9,63
12,33
15,41
21,58
24,28
38,54
61,66
2k
3k
6k
6k
10K
10K
15K
20K
25K
30K
40K
65K
100K
24kV
dng
chng
in
loi
nh
dy
mc
dn
(A)
0,79
2k
1,31
2k
1,97
3k
2,63
6k
4,20
6K
5,25
8K
6,57
10K
8,41
12K
10,51
15K
14,71
25K
16,55
30K
26,27
40K
42,04
65K
35kV
dng chng
in
loi
nh
dy
mc
dn
(A)
0,5
1k
0,83
2k
1,24
2k
1,65
3k
2,64
6K
3,3
6K
4,13
6K
5,28
8K
6,61
10K
9,25
15K
10,4
20K
16,52 25K
26,42 40K
14
15
16
2500
3200
4000
240,85
308,29
385,36
144,51
184,79
231,21
96,34
123,31
154,14
65,69
84,08
105,10
100K
41,29
52,85
61,06
65K
80K
100K
I.8- Qun l vn hnh my bin p:

I.8.1- Phi theo di thc hin nhng quy nh v ch vn hnh cho php
ca my bin p v:
Nhit .
in p.
Cng sut mang ti.
H thng lm mt.
in tr cch in.
Cht lng du bin p.
I.8.2- Ch vn hnh cho php ca my bin p c quy nh rt cht ch
nhm bo m cho my bin p cung cp in lin tc, an ton:
Phi cng sut theo yu cu ca cc ph ti.
Phi in p cho ph ti.
a. Nhit :
Nhit ca my phi lun phi c duy tr di hoc bng nhit cho php.
Khi nhit my bin p cng cao th:
Tui th ca my bin p cng gim .
Du my bin p cng b ho gi nhanh.
Cch in ca my bin p cng b suy gim nhanh.
Nhng nguyn nhn lm cho nhit ca my bin p tng ln l do :
My bin p vn hnh qu ti.
iu kin lm mt km.
C hin tng chm chp nh bn trong mch t hoc vng dy my bin p.
b. Cng sut mang ti:
Mi my bin p ch cho php mang ti mt tr s nh mc. Nu vt qu gii
hn nh mc s lm cho my bin p nng ln, tui th my bin p cng gim.
Theo di tnh trng mang ti ca my bin p l vic lm quan trng trong vn
hnh. Tuy vy my bin p cng c php qu ti v my bin p c ngm
trong du, iu kin lm mt m bo c s h tr ca qut gi s lm cho nhit
lp du trn cng
gim xung.
c. Ch qu ti bnh thng:
c p dng thng xuyn i vi my bin p. Thi gian qu ti cho php c
quy nh theo bng hng dn
d. Ch qu ti s c:
c p dng trong trng hp s c. Trong mt trm bin p c 2 my bin p
vn hnh song song, nu my T1 b s c th my s T2 phi mang ti ton b.
Nh vy my bin p s T2 s b qu ti. Thi gian qu ti cho php c quy nh
theo bng
MY BIN P DU
Qu ti theo dng in (%) 30 45 60 75 100
Thi gian qu ti
(pht) 60 80 45 20 10
MY BIN P KH
Qu ti theo dng in (%) 20 30 40 50 60
Thi gian qu ti
(pht) 60 45 32 18 5
THI GIAN QU TI CHO PHP VI MY BIN P

LM MT BNG DU V LM MT BNG QUT GI
Thi gian qu ti (Gi, pht) i vi mc tng nhit ca lp du
Bi s
0
trn cng so vi nhit khng kh trc khi qu ti C
qu ti
theo nh
13,5
18
22,5
27
31,5
36
mc
1,05
Lu di
1,10
3,50
3,25
2,50
2,10
1,25
0,10
1,15
2,50
2,25
1,50
1,20
0,35
1.20
2,05
1,40
1,15
0,45
1,25
1,35
1,15
0,50
0,25
1,30
1,10
0,50
0,30
1,35
0,55
0,35
0,15
1,40
1,40
0,25
1,45
1,25
0,10
1,50
0,10
THI GIAN QU TI CHO PHP VI MY BIN P
LM MT BNG KHNG KH V BNG NC
LM MT BNG NC V BNG DU TUN HON CNG BC
Bi s
qu ti
theo
nh
mc
1,05
1,10
1,15
1.2
1,25
1,30
1,35
1,40
1,45
1,50
Thi gian qu ti( Gi, pht) i vi mc tng nhit ca lp du trn

0
cng so vi nhit khng kh trc khi qu ti C
18
24
30
36
42
48
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
3,50
2,50
2,05
1,35
1,10
0,55
1,40
1,25
0,10
3,25
2,25
1,40
1,15
0,50
0,35
0,25
0,10
Lu di
1,50
1,15
0,50
0,30
0,15
2,10
1,20
0,45
0,25
1,25
0,35
0,10
e. Tun th nhng quy nh theo hng dn ca nh ch to:

Cc nh ch to my bin p thng a ra nhng thng s k thut v hng dn
vn hnh. My bin p c ch to theo cc tiu chun ca tng vng kh hu
khc nhau. Vic tun th hng dn l vic lm rt cn thit gip cho ngi vn
hnh phng trnh nhng sai st khng cn thit.
Th d: Mt my bin p sn xut dng cho vng bc cc th cc tiu chun v
my bin p s hon ton khc vi vng nhit i.
f. Kim tra my bin p bng mt, khng ct in my bin p:
y l cng vic u tin v thng xuyn phi lm khi kim tra tnh trng vn
hnh my bin p:
1. Thng du c b r r khng. Du c chy khng.
2. S cch in c b m hoc v, nt, phng in mt s khng.
3. S thay i mu sc ht ht m Silicazen trong cc bnh th hoc bnh
xi -phng.
4. Cht lng sn, r ca v my bin p.
5. Tnh trng tt hay xu ca cc im ni tip a v my bin p.
6. Tnh trng tip xc ca cc cc my bin p.
7. Tnh trng cch in ca cc ng cp u vo my bin p.
8. Nhit ca my bin p trn ng h o nhit .
9. Tnh trng chy du cc giong cch in chn s, u s, v my bin
p, ci ch mc du, van x du.
I.8.3- Nhng trng thi khng bnh thng
ca my bin p v bin php x l:
1. C ting ku khc thng:
Ting ku o,o... u n l bnh thng. S dao ng ca mt s l thp trong
mch t khi c t thng i qua hoc s dao ng ca v my bin p khi c t
thng khp mch qua v my bin p l nguyn nhn gy ra ting o,o... y l tc
dng ca lc in t tc dng vo li thp. Lc ny sinh ra khi c dng in i qua
cun dy nn khi dng in cng ln th ting o,o... cng to.
Ting ku khc thng bo hiu tnh trng khng bnh thng ca my bin
p.
2. Trng hp c ting ku u n nhng to hn:
L do qu in p:
Th d khi chm t 1 pha trung im khng ni t in p 2 pha cn li tng ln
1,73 ln cc l thp b dao ng mnh ln.
Do qu ti:
Dng in tng t bin lm cho li thp rung mnh ln hn mc bnh thng.
Theo di kim ng h lc ny s thy dng in tng vt.
Do li thp b lng: L thp mch t vnh, bu lng bt li thp b lng l
nguyn nhn gy ra ting o,o... to hn, theo di kim ng h lc ny s thy dng
in khng tng vt.
3. Trng hp c ting ku lch cch bn trong my bin p:
Trng hp ny l do c hin tng phng in trong ni b my bin p

Phng in b mt cun dy .
phng in nh 1 s vng.
im tip t ca li thp bn trong my b tut hoc t.
Tip xc u phn p my bin p khng tt ang c hin tng phng in nht
l khi my bin p ang mang ti ln.
Khi theo di vn hnh my bin p m thy c cc hin tng phng in nu trn
phi x l kp thi.
4. in p ngun thng xuyn khng ng tr s nh mc:
in p ca ngun in cp n thp qu ti my bin p.
Nu c biu hin in p ca ngun in cp n b thp th phi theo di qua
ng h von mt mt thi gian nu tnh trng ny vn khng thay i phi ct
in thay i u phn nc, tng in p u vo cho my bin p.
Qu ti my bin p.
Khi mang ti nng in p u ngun cng b gim. Phi theo di tm cch iu
chnh ch mang ti ca my bin p.
5. Nhit my bin p tng cao:
Nhit my bin p o c trn ng h o nhit l tng nhit ca lp
du trn cng vi nhit mi trng
Nhit my bin p tng cao l biu hin khng bnh thng, thng do nhng
nguyn nhn:
My bin p qu ti.
Cht lng du xu.
H thng lm mt t nhin hoc cng bc bng qut gi hot ng km
hiu qu.
Nhit mi trng tng cao trong khi my bin p vn hnh non ti.
6. My bin p vn hnh qu ti:
My bin th vn hnh qu ti s lm cho tui th ca my gim i. So snh vi
vn hnh nh mc th my bin th s b gim th theo ngy nh sau:
S NGY GIM TH TNG NG CA MY BIN P
S c
Dung
lng
nh
mc
Bi s qu ti K
Thi gian qu
ti
Khi nhit
khng kh
0
KK = 35 C
0
KK = 15 C
1,3
120'
1,6
30'
1,72
15'
2
7,5'
3
1,5'
8,3 ngy
1,5 ngy
14 ngy
1,2 ngy
7,5 ngy
0,8 ngy
9,6 ngy
1,1 ngy
2,6 ngy
0,42 ngy
7. My bin p vn hnh ch khng i xng:

G 28
H thng in 3 pha khng i xng l h thng in khng c in p 3 pha,

in p 3 pha khng cn bng nhau, dng in ph ti 3 pha khng bng nhau.
Trng hp ph ti 3 pha khng cn bng nhau:
+ Khi vn hnh lch pha: Cc ph ti 1 pha trn li in h th thng khng
cn bng nhau dn n in p ging trn cc ph ti tng pha khng bng nhau.
in p 3 pha u cun dy th cp ca my bin p khng i xng. Trong dy
trung tnh c dng in chy qua:
IN = IA + IB + IC 0
Khi in p 3 pha u cun dy th cp ca my bin p khng i xng th
khng c hi g ln nhng rt bt li cho cc ph ti 3 pha l cc ng c in
v n chiu sng. in p thp hn nh mc 5% th m men ca ng c in
gim 10%, quang thng ca bng n gim 18%
Trong li in h th 220/380V nu vn hnh lch pha th tn tht in p, tn
tht in nng tng ln v:
Khi vn hnh lch pha trn dy trung tnh xut hin mt dng in khng cn
bng Io chy qua v bng tng hnh hc dng in trong cc pha.
I0 = IA + IB + IC
(k hiu mi tn biu din i lng vct)
Dng in ny gy ra trong dy trung tnh mt tn tht in p:

U0 = IAro + IBro + ICro (Cng vct)
ro l in tr ca dy trung tnh.
Dng in i trong dy pha gy ra tn tht in p trong cc dy pha l:
UPA = IAr
UPB = IBr
UPC = ICr (Cng
vct) Trong r l in tr ca dy pha.

Tn tht in p ton phn ca 1 pha s bao gm c tn tht in p trong
dy pha v trong dy trung tnh :
1
1
L
PAL
UA =
(
+
) ( PB + PC )
Um
F
F0
2.Fo . Um
UB =
UC =
P BL
1
(
1
+
) -
Um
F0
P CL
L
( PA + PC )
2.Fo. Um
L
) -
( PA + PB )
Um
F0
2.Fo. Um
Trong
- P [ kW]
- U [ kV]
2
- [m/. mm ]
48)
2
- Fo, F [ mm ]
Pm Cng sut tc dng.

Um in p nh mc.
l in dn sut ( ca ng l 53, ca nhm l
Fo, F l Tit din ca dy dn trung tnh v dy pha.
Nh vy khi vn hnh lch pha tn tht in nng trn ng dy s tng ln v

ngoi tn tht in p trn dy pha cn c thm tn tht in p trn dy trung
tnh.
Trng hp t dy chm t 1 pha cp in vo my bin p vi li in 3
pha trung im khng ni t:
Khi in p 3 pha cp vo my bin p s khng i xng v tng tr ca t
khc vi tng tr ca 2 dy dn. in p ging trn 3 pha khng bng nhau dn n
in p u ra ca my bin p khng i xng.
35kV
c
6kV
6kV
Cho php vn hnh tm thi nu tnh trng khng i xng ln th phi gim bt
ph ti khng quan trng. Khng cho php p dng trong li in c trung im
trc tip ni t. Khi xy ra chm t th bo v s ct in ngay.
Trng hp t dy 1 pha cp in vo my bin p vi li in 3 pha
trung im ni t:
Cho php vn hnh nh vi my bin p 2 pha. Lc ny in p 3 pha khng i
xng nh hng n my bin p khng ln nhng nh hng n ph ti. Trng
hp ny phi gim ti
Sm = 0,58 Sm
BNG S C TH VN HNH MY BIN P 2 PHA
Th
T u
t dy
1
iu
S ni dy
kin vn hnh vn
hnh
Cun hnh
Y b t
mt pha
G 30
Mt pha
I.9- Tn tht in nng trong my bin p:

I.9.1- Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht in p v tn tht in nng:
1. Trong cc cun dy dn in c in tr R() v in khng X().
2. Do cc my bin p c tn tht cng sut trong cun dy v tn tht khng ti
trong li thp
3. Do tiu th nhiu cng sut v cng trn li in, ch yu do cc ph ti c
thnh phn in cm nh cun dy my bin p, cun dy ng c in, cun
cm c li thp... lm gim cosca li in.
4. Do ch vn hnh ca li in:
Tn tht cng ln khi cng sut tiu th in ca ph ti cng ln.
Tn tht cng ln khi thi gian s dng cng sut cc i cng ko di (thi
gian s dng cng sut cc i k hiu l TMax).
Do my bin p thng xuyn vn hnh trong tnh trng non ti hoc khng
ti.
Do tnh trng lch ti cc pha, tnh trng ny thng xy ra trong li in
phn phi h th.
I.9.2- Tn tht in p lin quan trc tip n tn tht in nng:
1. Khi li in khng ti ch tn ti in p khng c dng in i qua th s
khng c tn tht in p v tn tht in nng
U=0, A=0.
Khi li in c ti, trong dy dn s c dng in I chy qua. Do dy dn c
in tr R v in khng X nn trn dy dn xut hin tn tht in p
U 0
2. Tn tht in p:
G 31
U%xx =
P.R + Q.X
x
Um
100
1000
3. Tn tht in nng c tnh bng:

A= P.t
gi thit nu ph ti ca mng in khng thay i ta c
A = 3I
max
Trong
Imax l dng in cc i,
R l in tr ca ng dy,
l thi gian tn tht cng sut ln nht, l thi gian m mng in lin
tc chuyn ch cng sut ln nht Pmax (hay Imax) s gy ra mt tn tht
in nng trong mng in ng bng tn tht in nng thc t ca mng
in sau 1 nm vn hnh.
Tn tht in nng v tn tht in p c lin quan trc tip n nhau, chng
u ph thuc vo in tr ng dy (R) v tnh trng mang ti ca mng in.
I.9.3- Cc phng php gim tn tht in p v tn tht in nng trong
vn hnh my bin p:
1. Nng cao h s cng sut cos cc h dng in ch yu l cc x nghip c
th l la chn cng sut ca ng c hoc loi ng c cho ph hp, nng cao
h s ph ti kB...hn ch lm vic khng ti.
cosl h s cng sut c tnh bng:
P
cos =
P l cng sut tc dng

S l cng sut biu kin
S
2. Phn phi cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng trong mng in theo
mt phng thc hp l nht.
3. Gim cng sut phn khng chuyn ti trong mng in.
4. B v cng bng my b ng b hoc bng t in tnh.
5. My bin p vn hnh theo phng thc tn tht in nng t nht, vn hnh
kinh t trm bin p bng cch ha ng b my bin p.
6. Nng cao mc in p vn hnh ca mng in.
7. Nng cao cp in p nh mc ca mng in.
8. La chn s ni dy hp l nht cho mng in
Th d:
Nn dng mng in kn thay cho mng in h.

Bn knh cung cp in ph hp theo tiu chun cho php.
Kim tra thng xuyn tnh trng tn tht in p, tn tht in nng
Thc hin cn o pha thng xuyn trong li in phn phi h th
220/380V.
Trong li in 110kV c 200km li c 1 ln hon v pha gim in
khng ca ng dy.
I.10- Ho song song my bin p:
Cc tiu chun ha song song hai my bin p l:
1. phi c cng sut tng ng, khng chnh lch nhau qu 3 ln.
2. Phi c cng cp in p.
3. Phi c cng t s bin (KU1= KU1)
4. Phi c cng cc tnh (cn gi l th t pha)
5. Phi c cng UK% hoc UN% (in p ngn mch tnh theo phn trm)
6. Phi c cng t u dy.
7. cp in p 380/220V cn thm yu cu: Dy trung tnh 2 MBA ni chung.
I.11- B v cng bng t in cho trm bin p:
I.11.1- T b c vai tr tch cc trong vic gim tn tht in nng trn li
in:
Trong thc t ph ti in l cc ng c in khng ng b c cosrt thp,
ngoi ra cc ph ti khc nh cc my bin th phn xng, cc l in kiu cm
ng, my bin th hn, qut in, n tup, cc loi n hunh qung co cng tiu
th kh nhiu cng sut phn khng v cng c costhp. ng nhin khi ng
dy chuyn ti thm mt lng cng sut phn khng Q ln s lm hn ch nhiu
n kh nng dn in ca dy dn, lm cho dy dn b pht nng v lm cho tn
tht in nng tng ln.
Th d: Mng in c ph ti l P- jQ th tn tht cng sut trong mng l:
P2 + Q2
P1 =
R v Q1 =
P2 + Q2
P- jQ l cch biu din P v Q di dng phc

P l cng sut tc dng.
kW
Q l cng sut phn khng.
kVAr
X l in khng ng dy.
R l in tr ng dy.
U l in p ca im t t b. V(kV).
Nu ta t t b ngay ti h dng in, t b s a vo li mt dng in

mang tnh cht in dung IC v pht ra 1 cng sut phn khng gi l Qb. Cng
sut phn khng cn chuyn ti trn ng dy s gim xung cn l Q - Qb
P2 =
P2 + (Q - Qb)2
2
P2 + (Q - Qb)2
R v Q2 =
X
2
U
U
Nh vy t b c tc dng hn ch cng sut v cng pht sinh trn li in ci
thin c cosv gim c tn tht in nng.
I.11.2- V tr t t b:
1. t t b pha cao th:
a. C li:
+ Gi thnh u t tnh theo kVAr/ng r hn pha h th v khi b pha
cao th thng t dng thit b iu chnh dung lng b.
+ B c c dung lng Qpt ca ph ti pha h th v dung lng Qo
trong ni b MBT
b. Khng c li:
+ T in cao th thng lp cp in p trung p nn yu cu lp t s
phc tp hn, chim nhiu din tch v khng gian hn.
+ Do dung lng t khng cao lm nn ch dng cc thit b ng ct v
bo v n gin nh cu dao cu ch, trm bin p 110kV u cp cp
n nhm t thng t 1 my ct khng t thit b iu chnh dung
lng b v gi thnh u t s cao ln rt nhiu. Trong li in ch c
cc trm pht b c dung lng ln ngi ta mi a vo h thng iu
chnh dung lng b, trong trng hp ny ngi ta dng nhiu my ct
in v cc t hp b r le iu khin t ng.
2. t t b pha h th:
a. C li:
+ Qun l vn hnh v sa cha n gin v in p thp s d lp t,
chim t din tch v khng gian.
+ Thng c t cc thit b ng ct, iu khin v bo v. D dng iu
chnh c dung lng b theo ch cng sut, in p, cos.
b. Khng c li:
+ Gi thnh u t tnh theo kVAr/ ng t hn pha cao th mt t v c
thm cc thit b iu chnh dung lng b.
+ Ch b c trong phm vi cng sut ph ti h th ca mt my bin p.
I.11.3- Tnh ton t b:
Dung lng t b c xc nh theo cng thc:
Qb = P( tg1 - tg2).
Qb = P.tg..
(1)
Trong :
P l ph ti tnh ton ca cc h tiu th in kw,

1 l gc ng vi h s cng sut cng sut trung bnh cos1 trc khi b .
1 l gc ng vi h s cng sut cng sut trung bnh cos2 sau khi b .
Thng cos2 ly bng 0,8- 0,95.
h s iu chnh dung lng b thc t khi c thm gii php nng cao
coskhng cn lp thit b b.
C th dng bng tnh sn (1-1) kt hp vi cng thc (1):
khi bit cos1 v cos2 tra bng (1-1) bng cch ging 2 tr s cos1 v cos2 v
mt to ta c tr s
tg= ( tg1 - tg2)
Dung lng t b Qb = P. tg.
I.11.4- Tc dng ca in tr phng in trong mch in t b:

in tr phng in trong mch in t b c tc dng trit tiu in p d trn t
ngay sau khi ct in t b. Nu trn t cn lu in tch d s nguy him cho
ngi vn hnh khi chm vo in cc ca t in.
Quy nh:
Sau 30 pht in p d ch c php tn ti trn cc t in di 65V
in tr phng in khng c php tiu hao cng sut tc dng qa
1W/1kVAr tnh theo dung lng t.
tin cho vic theo di qu trnh phng in ca t ngi ta dng bng n lm
R phng in.
Thng dng bng n c cng sut 40W/230V hoc 60W/230V ni tr ca
1 bng n l:
2
V
V
U
220 .220
R=
=
= 1210
P
40w
2
U
R=
=
P
220 .220
= 807
60w
Do in p ngun in l 220V nn hay u cc bng n theo s hnh Y.

Cch u ny tin cho thi cng nhng khng c li cho vn hnh v nu c 1
nhm bng n ca mt pha b chy th s c mt nhm t khng c dp in
tch d.
u bng n theo s tam gic dng in p dy tt hn v nu xy ra
trng hp mt nhm bng n b chy in tch d trn cc pha t vn c
trit tiu qua 2 nhm bng n cn li. V in p ca ngun l 380V m bng
n chu in p nh mc 220V nn mt vai ca s u tam gic phi dng

ti thiu l 2 bng n.
Cc t in h th hin nay thng lp sn in tr dp in tch d bn
trong.
I.11.5- u dy t b:
V cu to: Cc t in cao th thng c ch to 1 pha, c in p dy Ud
do khi u vo li phi u t theo s tam gic. Cc t in h th
thng c ch to kiu 3 pha c u sn theo s tam gic chu in p
dy.
V mt vn hnh: nu u t theo s tam gic c li hn, so vi cch u t
theo s Y cng tr s in dung C [Fara] nh nhau th dung lng ca t
tng c ln gp 3.
2
2
Q = Ud C = (3 Uf ) C = 3 QY
V cc ph ti 1 pha thng nm trong li in phn phi tiu ph cng sut
v cng nh nn khng b cho 1 pha.
I.11.6- Tn hao ca t b:
Trong qu trnh vn hnh t in no cng sinh s ra 1 t nhit lng lm
nng nh v t in. Nu cht in mi ca t b km cht lng t s rt
nng gy ra tn hao in nng ln.
T thng c u song song thm in tr phng in, t b cao th
thng c in tr phng in bng 2Mcho dng in phng in i qua khi
ct in t. y cng l nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht in nng do t b gy
ra.
Vi dung lng 100 kVA th sut tn tht ln nht do t b gy ra l 0,1
W/kVAr.
I.11.7- Cch gim tn hao ca t:
Cn phi la chn dung lng t hp l.
Chn im t t b ti ni c Q ln, costhp.
La chn tr s in tr phng in ph hp vi dung lng b nm trong
phm vi quy nh: 1W / 1kVAR.
Nu qu b Qb > Q rt d gy nn qu in p ph hng t. chng hin
tng qu b trong vn hnh cn phi thng xuyn iu chnh dung lng t bng
cch phn chia t b thnh cc nhm nh v t thit b t ng iu chnh dung
lng b.
Cc loi t b
380/220Vthanhcitinhth
AB-500V
biukhin
cos
p lc
k1k2k3
khingt
K1K2K3
MT S U DY T B TRONG TRM BIN P
BNG TNH CNG SUT T B
B bng t b cho trm bin p

G 38
I.12- Th nghim nh k trm bin p:

I.12.1- Quy nh thi hn lm th nghim nh k:
Th nghim nh k trm bin p nhm mc ch kim tra cht lng thit b in
trong vn hnh. Sau mt thi gian ng in mang ti cc thit b in s b xung
cp, cch in b suy gim.
Cc my bin p phn phi h p: Quy nh mi nm phi lm th nghim
nh k mt ln.
Cc my bin p 110kV: Quy nh ba nm phi lm th nghim nh k mt
ln.
I.12.2- Ni dung th nghim nh k:
1. Th nghim my bin p:
1. 1- o in tr cch in ca cc cun dy:
1 Mc ch: kim tra s b tnh trng cch in ca cc phn cch in gia
cc cun dy vi nhau, gia cc cun dy vi v
my.
2 Dng c o: Mgmmt c in p 500v v 2500V.
3 Cng vic chun b:
0
Phi dng xng khng pha ch hoc cn 90 lm v sinh mt s cch in trc
khi o.
4 S o:
K hiu
C, T, H l cc cun dy c in p nh mc cao, trung, h p.
V l v my.
Du " - " l tch ring.
Du " + " l ni cun dy khc nhau.
BNG MU SO SO SNH
S bt buc
My bin p 2 cun dy
C-H+V
H-C+V
G 39
My bin p 3 cun dy
C-T+H+V
T-C+h+V
H-C+T+V
C-T
C-H
C-V
H-V
S bt buc
T-H
H-C
C-V
T-V
H-V
BNG GI TR NH NHT CHO PHP CA IN TR CUN DY

MY BIN P C IN P N 35kV, CUN DY NGM TRONG DU
Cng sut
my bin
p (kVA)
6.300
10.000
10
450
900
Gi tr R60" ( M) khi nhit cun dy ( C )

20
30
40
50
300
600
200
400
130
260
60
90
180
60
120
BNG H S QUY I R60 THEO NHIT

CUN DY MY BIN P C CUN DY NGM TRONG DU
Hiu nhit
T2- T1
1
2
3
4
5
H s K
Hiu nhit
T2- T1
10
15
20
25
30
1,04
1,08
1,13
1,17
1,22
H s K
1,5
1,84
2,25
2,75
3,4
1. 2- o in tr cc cun dy tt c cc u phn nc phn p bng dng

in mt chiu (o in tr 1 chiu):
1. Mc ch: Kim tra tnh trng cc mi ni, tip xc ca cc tip im trong cun
dy my bin p.
2. Dng c o: Cu o in tr 1 chiu hoc dng von am pe 1 chiu c cp chnh
xc 0,5
3. Cng vic chun b: Lm sch tip xc cc im t que o, ni v tt c cc
cun dy my bin p, chp tt cc pha ca mi cun dy vi nhau.
4. S o:
G 40
S von mt trong
I IV
Rx =
IX
IV
Rx
Ua
AI
Rx
V
UX
S von mt ngoi
U
Rx =
Ra I
1- U/
RV
Dng o Rx nh hn 1
Dng o Rx ln hn 1
R1
R3
Rd1
G
R2
Rd2
Rx
S o in tr mt chiu theo phng php hai dy o
S o in tr mt chiu theo phng php hai dy o cn gi l phng php

cu n ch dng cho o in tr ln c 1nh in tr 1 chiu cun dy cao p.
R2x R3
Rx =
- ( Rd1 + Rd2 )
R1
G 41
S o in tr mt chiu theo phng php bn dy o cn gi l phng

php cu kp ch dng cho o in tr nh c di 1nh in tr 1 chiu cun
dy h p
G 42
R2 + Rd2
Rx =
( R3 + Rd3 )
R1
R1
P
R2
R3
Rd1
Rd2
Rd3
Rx
Rd4
S o in tr mt chiu theo phng php bn dy o

Trong : R1, R2, R3 l cc in tr mu thay i c
G l ng h Gavanmt chh khng.
Rd1, Rd2, Rd3, Rd4 l in tr ni cu vi i tng o.
Rx l in tr cn o.
P l ngun in mt chiu.
Khi o in tr mt chiu ca cc cun dy my bin p 3 pha u bng cu o
in tr s khng xc nh c tr s in tr thun ca tng pha ca cun dy v
lc ny s o ca cu o ch cho bit tr s tng tr ca cc cun dy
S thay th 1
S thay th 2
S thay th 3
Th d: Tng tr ca RAB nu tnh ton theo s thay th 1 s l
( Rca + Rbc). Rab
Rca Rab + Rbc Rbc
RAB =
=
( Rca + Rbc) + Rab
Rca + Rbc + Rab
Mun tm c tr s in tr thun ca tng pha cun dy ta phi tnh ton li
theo cng thc di y:
Rab =
RAB
( RAB + RBC - RCA )( RAB - RBC + RCA)

2( - RAB + RBC + RCA )
Rbc =
( RAB + RBC - RCA )( - RAB + RBC + RCA)

2( RAB - RBC + RCA )
RBC
Rca =
( RAB + RBC - RCA )( - RAB + RBC + RCA)

2( RAB + RBC - RCA )
RCA
1. 3- o tgs, v tgca cc cun dy my bin p 110kV:

1. Mc ch: nh gi cht lng cch in ca my bin p i vi in p
xoay chiu.
Tt c cc vt liu cch in u c cng chung mt c tnh c tn gi l in
mi nm trong vt liu cch in. Khi t vo hai u vt cch in mt in p th
nghim U th s c mt dng in ~ i qua. Dng in ny gm 2 thnh phn:
Dng in in tr v dng in in dung.
T s ca 2 thnh phn dng in ny chnh l tg. Nu tgln c ngha l thnh
phn dng in tc dng ln dn n vic lm nng vt liu cch in gy ra tn
hao ln, nh vy cht lng cch in km. Qua tr s tgc th nh gi vt liu
cch in c tiu chun a vo vn hnh hay khng. Cc nh ch to thit b
in cho bit tr s tgtiu chun ca vt liu cch in, da vo ta so snh vi
kt qu o tg nh gi v tnh trng thit b trong vn hnh. tgc tnh theo
% . Cc vt liu cch in mang in p 20kV u phi o tg. y l phng
php gin tip dng in p thp kim tra vt liu cch in chu in p
xoay chiu tng cao.
AB
T2
A
Ir
Tg=
I
Ir
Ic
Z0
Zx
Utn
B
T1
R3
G
R4
D
C
C4
G 43
S nguyn l cu o Watson
2. Dng c o: C 3 loi
Cu o Watson, cu bin th,V- A- W. Phng php V - A- W sai s ln nn
t dng.
Cu o Watson: Dng o Tg
AB l p t mt.
T1 My bin p iu chnh v cp.
T My bin p nng in p.
Zx i tng o.
Zo T mu.
R3, R4 in tr mu iu chnh c.
ABCD l cc nh cu.
Khi cu cn bng ta c c tr s tg.
tgx = C4. R4
BNG MU SO SNH KT QU O Tg
Cng sut
my bin
p(kVA)
6300
10.000
Gi tr ln nht cho php ca tg(%)

0
cun dy cng s u vo theo nhit ( C )
10
1,2
0,8
20
1,5
1,0
30
2.0
1,3
40
2,5
1,7
50
3,4
2,3
60
4,5
3,0
Nu nhit khc nhit cho trong bng th phi tnh i theo nhit tiu chun
BNG QUY I NHIT THEO H S K
Hiu nhit
1
2
3
4
5
K
1,03
1,06
1,09
1,12
1,15
Hiu nhit
10
15
20
25
30
K
1,31
1,51
1,75
2,00
2,30
Th d:
0
0
Tgo nhit 25 C l 1,73%, mun quy i v nhit 20 C. Bit hiu nhit
0
0
l 5 C h s quy i l K= 1,15. Vy tg 20 C l
tg = 1,73/1,15 = 1,5%.
G 44
Cu bin th: Dng o in dung v tgca cc thit b cao p, s u

vo, cc vt liu cch in cao p, my ct in, my bin p, ng c in
cao p, my pht in cao p, t in, chng st, du cch in...
A
IN
Ix
CN
Zx
WN
Wx
tg DF)
Khi c in p trong hai nhnh s xut hin IN

v Ix, t thng sinh ra trn hai cun dy WN v
Wx ngc nhau. T thng cm ng trn cun
dy W l lng t thng d. Khi cu cn bng
kim ch th ch v tr khng tho mn iu kin
Cx
WN
=
CN
Wx
Tr s tg% c t ng hin th trn ng h
tg(%DF).
S nguyn l cu bin th BIDLLE

TR S LN NHT CHO PHP CA tgS U VO MY BIN P
Dng cch
in
Giy - Baklit
Giy - pci
Np du
Giy - du
Tr s ln nht cho php ca tgs u vo my bin p,

s c in p nh mc (kV)
3- 15kV
20- 35kV
66- 110kV
Khi a
Trong
Khi a
Trong
Khi a Trong vn
hnh
vo vn vn hnh vo vn vn hnh vo vn
hnh
hnh
hnh
3
12
3
7
2
5
0,9
1,5
2
5
0,8
1,5
TR S IN P TN S CNG NGHIP I VI S U VO MY
BIN P
Cp in p (kV)
3
6
10
15
20
24
27
in p th nghim (kV)
24
32
42
15
65
75
80
1. 4- Th nghim b iu chnh in p:
35
95
Vi cc my bin p phn phi c cng sut n 1000kVA, in p n 35kV

th ch lm th nghim kim tra in tr tip xc ca cc u phn nc bng m
gm mt v cu o in tr mt chiu sau khi chuyn nc khng in.
Cc my bin p c U 110kV v cc my bin p c bit c lp b iu chnh
in p di ti th cn phi lm th nghim:
Ly th vng kim tra trnh t ng m ca cc dao la chn v dao dp
la theo ng yu cu ca nh ch to. th vng chnh l s vng quay ca
b iu chnh in p di ti hon thnh mt chu trnh chuyn nc phn
p. Mun ly th vng cn phi u dy theo s , dng tay quay quay t
t nh du cc im c s thay i trng thi ca n hoc ng h von mt,
ting ng ca b dp la khi chuyn ng. S vng quay c m theo s
vng ca tay quay sau so snh vi s vng quy nh ca nh ch to.
Chp sng b dao dp la kim tra n nh ng v kim tra thi gian
hot ng ca dao dp la. Thi gian dp la l thi gian chp tt cc vng dy
nm gia 2 u phn nc ang iu chnh ca my bin p. Kt qu chp sng
in ti my ngay sau khi chp sng .
Cc nh ch to u quy nh cc tiu chun k ca b iu chnh in p di ti.
Th d:
Hng Sphia ca Bungari ch to b iu chnh in p di ti PC- 9 c th
vng l 33 vng.
Bng s liu v th vng b PC - 9
T nc - sang nc
M dao
la chn
4- 12
Tiu chun
dp la
lm vic
21- 28
ng dao
la chn
12- 21
Hon thnh
chu trnh
331
B dao dp la c tng thi gian lm vic l 45- 50ms, trong thi gian dp la
l 0,1 n 6ms.
U
x
K1
D1
D2
K2
R1
P1
R2
P2
L1 1
3
5
7
9
G 46
2
4
6
8
L2
10 _
+
Cun dy chnh
L3
Cun dy iu chnh
S NGUYN L KIM TRA TH VNG
K1
K2
R1
K1
R1
R2
P1
K2
P2
P1
P1
K1
R2
P2
K2
R1
P1
P2
R2
P2
P3
Start
Sun 3 pha
TM-1600
19
20
K3
S CHP SNG B IU CHNH IN P DI TI PC

BNG MY CHP SNG TM-1600
1. 5- Th nghim in p xoay chiu tng cao:
1. Mc ch: Kim tra cch in chnh ca cc cun dy my bin p so vi cun
dy cn li hoc vi v my bin p.
2. S th nghim: Trc khi th nghim phi u s kim tra in p cao vi
khe h phng in kim tra nhy ca bo v r le. Chn in p ca khe
h phng in P bng 1,05 ln in p cn th nghim. Phi th 3 ln phng in
cho khe h phng in P. Khi phng in P th r le bo v khi ng i tc
ng AB ct in th nghim.
AB
220V/ AC
TN
V
kV
G 47
S KIM TRA IN P CAO VI KHE H PHNG IN P.

Ghi ch:
- T l my bin p iu chnh in p v cp.
- TN l my bin p nng p.
- RL l r le qu dng in.
- CC l cun ct ca p t mt.
- P l cu phng in.
- V l ng h von mt.
- A l ng h am pe mt.
- kV l ng h ki l von mt.
AB
220V/ AC
TN
Ttn
V
kV
B
C
RL
CC
RL
S TH NGHIM CHNH CA MY BIN P(Ttn)

BNG IN P CHIU TNG CAO TN S CNG
NGHIP
Ghi ch:
- T l my bin p iu chnh in p v cp.
- TN l my bin p nng p.
- RL l r le qu dng in.
- CC l cun ct ca p t mt.
- P l cu phng in.
- V l ng h von mt.
- A l ng h am pe mt.
G 48
a
b
c
- kV l ng h ki l von mt.
- Ttn l my bin p cn th nghim.
G 49
BNG TIU CHUN TH NGHIM

IN P CAO TN S CNG NGHIP VI MY BIN P
LC
in p nh mc
cun dy (kV)
0,4
3
6
10
15
20
35
Loi cch in
nh mc (tiu chun)
Gim nh
4,0
3,0
16,0
9.0
22,0
15,0
32,0
22,0
40
33,0
49,0
76,0
-
1. 6- o t s bin:
1.Mc ch: Kim tra vic u ng thit k ca cc u dy trong my bin p v
t s vng dy cun dy chnh v cc phn nc my bin p.
2.S th nghim: C th dng s th nghim o t s bin 1 pha dng cho s
th nghim 3 pha
- Phi th nghim xc nh t u dy trc
AB T
khi o t s bin.
Ttn
- trnh nguy him ta a in p thp vo
cun dy s cp.
- o in p c hai pha ca my bin p khi
khng ti.
V
- Vi cc my bin p c t u dy c cun
dy u , khi o phi u tt theo u tt
v phi tnh quy i tnh t s bin K
S S O T S BIN
1. 7- Kim tra t u dy:

1. Kim tra t u dy ng ca my bin p
2. S u dy:
Khi hai cun dy my bin p qun chung mt li thp c cng chiu qun dy,
nu c t thng i qua li thp th cm ng trn hai cun dy 2 sc in ng
cng
A UAB
Xa
A
a
A a
A
a
c
UCA
C
Xx
X x
B
UBC
a
th vc t ca t u dy Y/1
chiu. Nu 2 cun dy ngc chiu qun th cm ng trn hai cun dy 2 sc in
ng ngc chiu nhau.
i vi my bin p 3 pha quy c t cc h vc t in p ca cc cun dy
my bin p vo mt vng trn c tm trng vi tm ca cc h vc t. Nu gc
0
lch pha ca cc vc t in p tng ng pha nht th v nh th l n x 30 ta
c tn t u dy ca my bin p l n. T u dy ca my bin p c th t t
1 n 12.
C 2 cch tm t u dy:
Phng php xung 1 chiu v phng php xoay chiu.
Phng php xung 1 chiu: Dng ng h 1 chiu Gavanmt. Quy c nu
nhn K ng h Gavanmet gt sang phi l dng (+), sang tri l m (-).
A a
X
P K
x
G
B b
K
Kim tra cc tnh bng

phng php mt chiu
G
C c
Kim tra t u dy ca nhm

my bin p u Y/Y - /
BNG MU SO SNH TM T U DY NHM Y/Y - /

G 50
Cch u
Gavanmt
+a, b+b, c+c, aT
Kt qu
+
0
0 v 12
0
+
2
+
0
4
A a
+
0
6
0
+
10
B b
P
0
+
8
G
G
C c
KIM TRA T U DY CA
NHM MY BIN P U /Y
BNG MU SO SNH TM T U DY NHM
/Y
Cch u
Gavanmt
+A, B+B, C+C, AT
Kt qu
+
+
1
+
3
+
+
5
+
7
+
+
9
+
11
Phng php xung 1 chiu ch dng kim tra xem t u dy c ng vi l

lch khng cha khng xc nh c t u dy l bao nhiu. Nu t u dy l
Zch Zc th khng dng phng php ny.
phng php xoay chiu:
A
V
V1
X x
V2
Vi my bin p 1 pha dng s bn

- Ni tt cc X v x.
- t U~ tiu chun ( hnh sin, n nh...)vo AX
- o UAX, UAx, Uax.
Nu UAx = UAX + Uax th A v a cng cc tnh.
Nukh
UA xv
=U
U th
A v
cng p
cc3 tnh.
i vi my bin p 3 pha s g kh
nAuX-gp
ng
hpx in
pha
p
n
khng i xng hoc khng n nh s sai sa xdn n vic xc nh sai t u dy.
t r p 3 pha dng s bn
Vi my bin
A a
- Cho in p ~ tiu chun vo ABC.
- o in p U(AB, BC, CA, Bb, Cc, ab, bc, ca).
G 5 1
U~
b
B
- Cc h v s vc t tm t u dy:
V
Tr
giy k mt on thng c t l quy c l

BC.
T B quay mt cung bn knh c t l quy c l AB.

Hai cung CA v AB ct nhau ti A sao cho vc t ABC quay thun chiu kim
ng h.
T C quay mt cung c bn knh bng in p quy c Cb v t B quay mt
mt cung c bn knh bng in p quy c Bbct nhau ti b.
T C quay mt cung c bn knh bng in p quy c Cc v t B quay mt mt
cung c bn knh bng in p quy c Bc ct nhau ti c. Ch phi chn cc
im b, c sao cho h vc t quay thun chiu kim ng h.
Xc nh t u dy bng cch so snh cc vc t in p tng ng.
1. 8- Th nghim khng ti:
1. Mc ch: Xc nh cht lng ca li thp, h hng ca cch in cun dy
pha vi pha, cun dy pha vi v.
AB
TN
U~
V
220V
AC
S TH NGHIM KHNG TI MY BIN P MT PHA

AB
U~
3x 380V
AC
AT
TN
w1 A 1
V1
w2
V2 A2
My bin p
iu chnh
tng in p
h
mch
My bin p th nghim
S TH NGHIM KHNG TI MY BIN P MT PHA

2. S th nghim:
G 52
C th dng ngun in xoay chiu 1 pha o dng in khng ti my bin

p ba pha bng cch a in 1 pha vo ln lt cc cun dy nhng phi ni tt
cc cn li vi t loi b tn tht cu tr li thp khng c kch thch.
G 53
Vi my bin p 3 pha th bao gi dng in khng ti ca hai pha cnh cng

ln hn pha gia v c hin tng dit t ti pha gia nhng khng c ln
hn 1,3 ln, nu ln hn th cht lng li thp c vn .
Dng in khng ti trung bnh c tnh l:
I0 =
Iab + Ibc +
Ica 3
Dng in khng ti c tnh theo phn trm
I0
Im
1. 9- Th nghim du my bin p:
1- Mc ch: kim tra cht lng du my bin p trong vn hnh.
2- Cc thit b th nghim:
My so mu.
My m ht.
My th cch in kiu kn.
(DTA - 100E)
My o chp chy kiu kn.
(KOELER K 16270
Cu o Tg.
(DTL)
My o hm lng nc trong du. (KFM 2000)
3- Ni dung th nghim:
I0% =
BNG MU KT QU TH NGHIM DU MY BIN P

TT
1
2
3
4
4
6
7
8
Hng mc th nghim
Mu sc trong sut
Tp cht c hc
cch in trung bnh(kV/2,5mm)
Hm lng Axit ho tan
Tr s Axit( mgKOH/g du)
Nhit chp chy kn
Hm lng axit t do(%)
0
20 C
Tr s T% nhit
0
90 C
Kt qu
Tiu chun
Ghi ch
2. Th nghim h thng tip a trm bin p:

2.1- Mc ch: Kim tra tnh trng tip a ca trm bin p.
Trong trm bin p c nhiu v tr lm tip a:
Tip a trung im cun dy 110kV my bin p.
Tip a trung im cun dy h th (u sao).
Tip a v my bin p chnh, my bin in p, my bin p t dng.
Tip a cc gi thit b in.
Trp a ct thu li.
Tip a cc v t bng in.
Tip a trung im cun dy cao th ca my bin in p.

Tip a cun dy pha b h th ca my bin in p.
Tip a cun khng in ca MBA chnh.
Tip a cun dy trung p (22kV, 35kV)ca my bin p chnh.
Tip a trung im ca h thng t b trung p.
Tip a c cp cao th.
H thng tip a trong trm c chia lm 3 loi:
H thng tip a an ton c vai tr m bo an ton cho
con ngi khi lm vic gn cc thit b mang in c in
p cao, ngn nga tai nn in git khi cch in b h
hng. Dy tip a c ni vo cc gi thit b in,
v t bng in, v my bin th...
H thng tip a lm vic c vai tr m bo tnh trng
lm vic bnh thng ca cc thit b in. Dy tip a
c ni vo s trung im my bin p,
im cui chung cun dy th cp TI, im cui chung
cun dy s cp &
im cui cun dy th cp h ( ) ca my bin in p
TU...
H thng tip a chng st lm nhim v ngn nga nh
hng ca in p kh quyn do st gy ra nh thng
vo trm hoc nh lan truyn qua ng dy vo trm.
Dy tip a c ni vo im cui ca kim thu li hoc
im cui ca cc thit b chng st.
in tr sut ca t: (c l r)
in tr sut ca t () c xc nh bng in tr sut
ca t, hnh dng kch thc ca in cc v chn su
cc cc tip a trong t. ph thuc vo thnh phn, mt
, m v nhit ca t. in tr sut ca t l
mt tr s khng c nh trong nm m lun thay i do
nh hng ca m, nhit ca t.
Cc tr s gn ng ca in tr sut ca t t nh sau:
t st, t st ln si - dy ca lp t st t 1 n
3m :
1.104
cm
t vn, t rung:
0,4.104
cm
t bn:
0,2.104
cm
Ct:
(7 n 10).104
cm
t ln ct:
(3 n 5).104
cm
in tr ni t ca cc trang b ni t khng c ln
hn cc tr s quy nh trong quy phm k thut in.
Trong cc mng in c trung im trc tip ni t hoc
ni t qua in tr nh. li in 110kV tr ln khi xy ra
ngn mch cc bo v r le tng ng s khi ng ct in
loi b cc s c ra khi mng in. S xut hin in
th trn cc trang b ni t khi ngn mch chm t ch c
tnh cht tm thi. Khi c ngn mch chm t v thit b
in thng mang in p, xc sut khi c ngi tip xc vi v
xy ra t nn trong quy phm khng quy nh in p ln
nht cho php m ch i hi bt k thi gian no trong
nm, trang b ni
t cng phi tho mn duy nht mt iu kin:
Rt 0,5
Trong li in c in p ln hn 1000V trung tnh khng

trc tip ni t hoc ni t qua cun dp h quang, khi
c chm t 1 pha cc bo v rle thng khng tc ng
dn n tnh trng chm t ko di lm tng xc xut khi
c ngi tip xc vi thit b c in p.
2.2- Quy phm k thut quy nh:
Khi dng trang b ni t chung cho mng in in
p trn v di 1000V:
125
Rt
10
I
Khi dng ring trang b ni t cho mng in in p
trn 1000V:
250
Rt
10
I
S 125 v 250 l h s cho php ca trang
b ni t. I l dng in tnh ton
chm t 1 pha.
Khi dng ring trang b ni t cho mng in in
p di 1000V: Rt 4
Khi dng ring trang b ni t lp li trong mng in
220/ 380V:
Rt 10
H thng ni t chng st v h thng ni t an ton
phi t ring r nhau
chng in p ngc khi c st nh vo trm. im gn
nht ca hai h thng ny phi t cch nhau 6m
in tr ni t ca h thng ni t chng st :
Rt 1 (Tr s mong
mun). Rt 10 ( Tr
s cho php).
2.3- Phng php o in tr tip a.
Dng Termt l mt ng h o chuyn dng o in tr tip a ca trm
bin p, ng dy v h thng ni t chng st.
Kim bo 0
1 2 34
Nm xoay in tr
Nt nhn ngun in
Control 5
20 X50
Cc cc u dy
ng h Te r mt M- 416T
ct in
ct in
1 2 34
1 2 3 4
Rx
Rx
cc
tip a
R3
RB
2
0
cc
d
cc
S 4 dy, Rt ln
cc
ph
tip a
2
0
R3
cc
RB
cc
ph
S 3 dy, Rt nh
Phng php s dng ng h nh sau:

Lp 1 b pin 4,5V vo ng h.
S dng mt trong hai s u dy trn o in tr tip t.
S 3 dy ng vi trng hp in tr tip t nh.
S 4 dy ( cc 1 v 2 ni tt ) ng vi trng hp in tr tip t ln.
Phi ng thm hai cc lm bng thp trn 10 12 di 0,7 1m theo
nh khong cch quy nh trn s :
1 cc d (3) cn gi l cc in p.
1 cc ph (B) cn gi l cc dng in.
ng h Te r mt phi t cn bng trn mt t sau dng dy in mm
c bc cch in u dy theo mt trong 2 s trn.
Kim tra ng h Te r mt trc khi o theo trnh t:
Vn cng tc chuyn i v v tr Control 5. Lc kim ch th lch khi v
tr cn bng.
Nhn nt n K( mu ), lc kim ch th lch khi v tr cn bng.
Xoay nm xoay in tr.
Nu tr s in tr bo trn vnh nm xoay in tr l 5, kim ch th tr
li ng v tr cn bng th ng h Te r mt lm vic tt.
o in tr tip a theo trnh t:
Vn cng tc chuyn i v v tr m c gii hn o ln nht hoc v tr c
on m Rx nm trong khong gi tr .
Nhn nt n K( mu ), lc kim ch th lch khi v tr cn bng. Nt
nhn K phi c nhn v gi nguyn nh vy cho n khi kim ch th tr
li v v tr cn bng.
Xoay nm xoay in tr.
Nu tr s in tr bo trn vnh nm xoay in tr ph hp vi vic kim
ch th tr li ng v tr cn bng th dng li.
Kt qu o ca in tr tip t c c trn nm xoay in tr.
2.4- Quy nh v cc tr s in tr tip a tiu chun trong trm bin p:
Tip a an ton
Trong trm bin p Rtip a 4(vi trm bin p h p)

Rtip a 10(vi trm bin p cao p 6,10,35kV)
Rtip a 0,5(vi trm bin p cao p 110kV)
Tip a lm
vic
Rtip a 0,5.
Tip a chng
st
Rtip a 0,5.
3. Th nghim cu ch t ri:
3.1- Cng dng ca cu ch t ri:
Cu ch t ric dng ph bin trn li in phn phi h th c hai chc
nng va ng ct va bo v. Cng ging nh cc cu dao trung p khc cu ch
t ri ch c php ng khng ti my bin p. Khi s c ngn mch cu ch t
ri ng vai tr cu ch, t ng ct in v tch khi v tr tip xc. Dy ch nm
trong ng ch c 1 im n t trong bung dp h quang do s khng xy ra
chy n khi cu ch tc ng. Dng in ca dy chy ln nht i vi cu ch
trung p (6, 10, 22, 35kV) l 100A c ch to theo tiu chun, khng cn th
nghim.
3.2- Mc ch th nghim:
Mc ch chnh l kim tra bn cch in ca cu ch t ri.
3.3- Ni dung th nghim:
o in tr cch in bng mgmmt:
Kt qu o c so snh vi tr s cch in tiu chun ca cp in p vn
hnh.
Phng php ny cng p dng i vi cc s cch in.
Th nghim bng in p tng cao tn s cng nghip:
Tiu chun in p th phi theo cp in p vn hnh. Thi gian th l 1 pht.
Kt qu khng thy cch in ca s b bc khi, pht nng l c. Phng
php ny cng p dng i vi cc s cch in.
o in tr tip xc ca li dao:
Tr s in tr tip xc phi nm trong gii hn quy nh ca nh ch to, thng
thng tr s Rtx nh ch bng vi micr m.
o lc p ca cu dao:
o lc p ca cu ch t ri bng lc k. Phng php ny cng p dng cho c
cc cu dao trung p.
F
F
+
_
Hnh nh cu ch t ri
CU CH T RI
S TH NGHIM
O LC P TIP
IM
THNG S K THUT CA CU CH T RI
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Thng s k thut
n v
24kV
35kV
in p nh mc
kV
22
35
in p ln nht
kV
24
38,5
iu kin mi trng lm vic
Nhit i ho
iu kin lp t
Ngoi tri
Nhit mi trng lm vic
o
5- 45
C
Tn s nh mc
Hz
50
in p chu ng tn s ngun n t v v gia cc cc
kVrms
50
60
t ( 10 sec)
kVrms
60
70
Kh ( 1 pht )
125
170
in p chu ng xung st 2.2/50s kV (peak)
(BIL) n t v gia cc cc
Dng in nh mc
A
100
Dng in ngn mch nh mc ( 1s)
kA
12
10
Dng ng, ct MBA khng ti
A
2,5
Dng ng, ct ng dy khng ti
A
10
Chiu di ng r
mm/kV
25
IEC 265,282
Tiu chun ch to
ASNIC 37,41
ANSIC37,42
4. Th nghim chng st:

4.1- Cng dng ca chng st:
Cc thit b in ch c kh nng chu in p ti hn, trong khi in p xung
ca st c bin cao n hng triu vn, dng in ln n 100 kA. Nu st
nh vo trm bin p v ng dy ti in s gy nn qu in p, ta gi l
qu in p kh quyn. V vy thit b chng st ng vai tr quan trng trong vic
ngn nga nh hng ca in p kh quyn nh vo li in v trm bin p.
4.2- Mc ch th nghim chng st:
kim tra cng cch in ca chng st.
Kim tra dng in r ca chng st.
1. o in tr cch in:
Dng c o:
o bng Mgmmt in p 2500V i vi chng st c cp in p ln hn v
bng 1000V.
o bng Mgmmt in p 2500V i vi chng st c cp in p ln hn
1000V n 3000V.
o bng Mgmmt in p 500V i vi chng st c cp in p ln hn 50V
n 1000V.
o bng Mgmmt in p 100V i vi chng st c cp in p n 50V n.
Tiu chun:
Khng quy nh tiu chun Rc m phi so snh kt qu vi in tr cch in vi
chng st tng t.
Tr s o tham kho l 5000M.
2. o dng in r in p mt chiu tng cao:
a. Mc ch:
nh gi tnh trng lm vic ca chng st in p cao.
Chng st van c dng ph bin cc trm bin p, c cu to nh sau:
Cc u dy
L so nn
khe h phng in
in tr phi tuyn
(lm bng vi lt)
Thn bng s
kim loi c tip a
Cu to
chng st van
Khe h phng in v in tr lm vic l 2 thnh phn chnh ca chng st van.

Khi c sng qu in p chc thng cc khe h phng in th dng in st s i
t u cc mang in xung t. in tr lm vic cn gi l in tr phi tuyn c
tr s ln lm nhim v hn ch dng in ngn mch v c in tr nh hn ch
in p d ,bo v cch in. c tnh phi tuyn ny thng c cht liu "Vi lt".
Khi chng st lm vic p lc bn trong tng ln t ngt do phi hn ch dng

in st i qua chng st van 10kA chng n bnh chng st.
CT
AB
T1
T2
Utn
Chng st van
E
S O DNG IN R IN P MT CHIU TNG CAO

b. S th nghim:
in p 1 chiu tng cao c to ra bng phng php chnh lu qua i t.
san phng nhp nh ca c tuyn in p chnh lu phi dng thm 1 t in
gi l t san in p. Nt nhn bo v CT c tc dng bo v ng h A. Ch khi
cn o dng in r th mi nhn nt CT. C mt s chng st van nh PBC ca
Nga, LGA ca Vit Nam, Fz ca Trung Quc, Gz ca Ba Lan c tiu chun dng
in r. E l vng mn chn.
3. o in p hoc o dng in xoay chiu in p cao:
a. Mc ch: nh gi tnh trng lm vic ca chng st in p cao hn in
p nh mc.
hnh nh
Hnh nh
chng st trung th v chng st h
chng
th st cao th t 36kV n 500
Hin nay cc chng st van dn c thay th bng chng st kiu oxt k
c c tnh VN - AM PE hon ton phi tuyn, c kh nng hp th nng lng
cao. Vi in p nh mc ca li in chng st van hon ton "khng phng
G 60
in". Nhng khi in p t bin tng ln n in p ti hn, lp tc van chng

st chuyn ngay t tr s in tr ln sang tr s in tr nh theo c tnh V- A ca
chng v cho dng in st i qua. Khi ht st in p tr li bnh thng th van
chng st s tr li trng thi c tnh dn in km. Lc ny ba bnh chng st
khng khc g ba qu s cch in.
C TNH IN P CA
IN TR XT KIM LOI
b. S th nghim:
Tu theo yu c ca nh ch to m in p v dng in xoay chiu qua chng
st phi mt mc no cao hn nh mc nhng phi nm trong phm vi tiu
chun cho php ca nh ch to.
Cc chng st thuc loi ny thng ca M, Chu u nh VariCAP,
VariSTAR, AZLP...
CT
AB
T1
T2
R
A
U tn
E
V
S O IN P HOC DNG IN XOAY CHIU

CA CHNG ST IN P XOAY CHIU TNG CAO
5. Th nghim my bin in p:
5.1- Cng dng ca my bin in p:
My bin in p l my bin p chuyn dng bin i in p t cao thnh
100V~ dng :
Cung cp in p 100V~ cho ng h vonmt o in p pha cao th.

Cung cp in p 100V~ cho cc cun dy in p ca cng t in 3 pha 3 phn
t.
Cung cp in p 3U0 cho r le bo chm t khi li in c chm t.
My bin in p c nhiu im ging my bin p lc. V cu to c hai u
c cun dy v li thp, cng c ch to da trn nguyn l cm ng in t
ngha l nng lng in c truyn dn t cun dy s cp sang cun dy th
cp thng qua qu trnh cm ng in t. Nhng chng cng c nhiu im khc
nhau nh cng sut my bin in p thng c dung lng nh S 250VA,
trong khi my bin p lc c dung lng rt ln S 50kVA. Kch thc hnh
hc ca my bin in p thng nh hn my bin p lc rt nhiu. in p ca
cun dy th cp my bin p lc c ch to c nhiu cp khc nhau, nhng
my bin in p ch c duy nht mt cp in p th cp l 100 V~. My
bin p 3 pha thng c nhiu t u dy khc nhau nhng my bin in p 3
pha thng ch c hai t u dy Yo/ Yo hoc Yo/Yo/h. (nh trong s u
dy).
Cc my bin in p d cp in p cao th 10kV, 22kV, 35kV, 110kV
hay 220kV... chng u c vai tr nh nhau. Nu khng c my bin in p
th h thng o lng v bo v rle phi ngng hot ng, my bin th phi
ngng vn hnh. c c kt qu o m chnh xc cc my bin in p
phi c cp chnh xc cao. Cp chnh xc cho bit php o c sai s ln hay
nh. Cc my bin in p c cp chnh xc cho php l o,5 v 1.
Do ph ti pha th cp ca my bin in p l cc cun dy
in t c tit din rt nh, s vng dy rt ln nn c tng tr
z rt ln, cng dng in i qua cun dy th cp rt b I2
0.
( Z = x2 + R2 )
Do c th ni "my bin in p lm vic trong ch
khng ti".
Quy nh v cch u mt my bin in p vo mch
in:
Cun dy s cp my bin in p phi u song song vi
ngun in cn cc dng c o lng phi u song song vi
cun dy th cp ca my bin in p. tuyt i khng c
u Ampemt hoc cc cun dy dng in ca cc dng
c o khc vo my bin in p.
Nu cun dy cao th ca my bin in p c u vo
mch in th tuyt
i khng c chm vo my, ch n khong cch an
ton trnh nguy him. Mun thc hin cng vic ngay
trn my bin in p, bt buc phi ct
in cao th, cch ly vi ngun in cao th trong phm vi
cng tc v lm tip
t an ton.
Phi t cu ch 3 pha pha cao th, pha h th ch c

php t cu ch cc cc khng ni t phng
tnh trng h mch dy ni t.
Phi ni t mt trong cc cc ca mi mch th cp cng nh
phi ni tip a v my. Dy ni t lm bng dy ng
nhiu si, tit din ca dy ni t F 25 mm2 bo v
an ton cho ngi vn hnh.
CunGt6h2 cp
u tam gic h
R3U0
cu
ch
U1
~
r le bo
chm t
v my
bin in p
U2=100
V~
S NGUYN L MY BIN IN P
BNG TRA CP CHNH XC V PHM VI NG DNG
CA MY BIN DNG V MY BIN IN P
Cp chnh
xc
0,2
0,5
1
My bin dng
Sai s ln nht
I1
I1m
V gc
V dng
[pht]
in [%]
100120
0,2
10
20
0,35
15
10
0,5
20
100120
0,5
40
20
0,75
50
10
1,0
60
100120
1,0
180
20
1,5
100
10
2,0
120
My bin in p
Sai s ln nht
V in
V gc
p[%]
[pht]
0,2
0,2
0,5
20
40
Phm vi ng dng
Dng trong o lng
chnh xc, trong th
nghim...vv
Dng trong cc dng
c o v r le trong
cc nh my in v
trm bin p, ring
o m in nng
dng cp 0,5.
Hnh nh my bin in p
22kV- 3 pha 5 tr
S Y DY
1. o in tr cch in:
Dng c o
Dng mgmmt 1000V o cun dy h p,
G 64
Dng mgmmt 2500V o cun dy cao p,

Chn gii o ln hn 5000M.
i tng o
o cch in ca cc cun dy vi v, gia cc cun dy vi nhau. Cc cun dy
khng o phi ni v.
2. o in tr mt chiu cc cun dy:
Phng php o ging nh o my bin p lc.
Vi my bin in p 3 pha in tr mt chiu cc cun dy khng c lch
nhau qu 2%.
Vi my bin in p 1 pha cng loi th khng quy nh tr s in tr mt
chiu l bao nhiu m ch quy nh in tr mt chiu ca cc cun dy khng
c lch nhau qu 5%.
3. Kim tra cc tnh ca cc cun dy:
Cch kim tra cng ging nh vi my bin p. dng phng php xung mt
chiu.
Nu l my bin in p kiu t ch c th p dng phng php dng in
xoay chiu.
Vi cun dy h phi p dng s u dy s 1:
Ch
Phi u cc tnh ca ng h milivon (mV) ch khng v cc tnh ca ngun
in 1 chiu ng s .
Nu ng cc tnh kim ca ng h milivon (mV) ch khng lch v bn phi.
Nu ngc cc tnh th lch v bn tri.
Lm ln lt vi cc cc AO, BO, CO.
C th p dng vi cc cc ao, bo, co.

A
+
_
C
0
a
ad
S s 1
Kim tra cc tnh cun tam gic h
bng phng php xung 1 chiu
b
c
0
xd
Nu dng phng php xoay chiu th phi dng s s 2.

Nu UABC- o UABC- ad th ABC v ad cng cc tnh.
Nu UABC- o UABC- ad th ABC v ad ngc cc tnh.
V2
S s 2
kim tra cc tnh cun tam gic h
bng phng php xung xoay
chiu
B
V1
C
0
ad
a
b
c
xd
AT
AB
4. o t s bin:
Cch kim tra nh my bin p lc.
220V ~
V3
T1
Khi o t s bin ca cun tam gic h bng in p xoay chiu mt pha phi
dng s s 3
AB
ad
AT
220V ~
T1
A
B
V1
C
O
V2
xd
S s 3
o t s bin ca cun tam gic h
bng in p xoay chiu mt pha
in p UA t c vo 3 pha cao p, t s bin ca cun dy cao p so vi cun dy
tam gic h l in p dy so vi in trn cun dy tam gic h khi cun dy tam
gic h chm t mt pha.
5.Th cch in cc vng dy bng phng php cm ng:
Phng php o cng tng t nh o my bin p.

6.Th nghim bng in p xoay chiu tng cao:
Cch lm nh i vi my bin p.
IN P TH NGHIM TN S CNG NGHIP (kV)
I VI MY BIN IN P
in p nh mc
Loi cch in
cun dy (kV)
nh mc( tiu chun)
Gim nh
3
22
12
6
29
19
10
38
29
15
49
43
20
58
35
85
6. Th nghim my bin dng in:
1. o in tr cch in:
Dng c o
Dng mgmmt 1000V o cun dy h p,
Dng mgmmt 2500V o cun dy cao p,
Chn gii o ln hn 5000M.
i tng o
o cch in ca cc cun dy vi v, gia cc cun dy vi nhau. Cc cun dy
khng o phi ni v.
- Cun dy dng cho bo v r le c in tr mt chiu ln hn cun dy dng cho
o lng.
- Cun dy nh th ca my bin dng no c t s bin ln th c in tr mt
chiu ln hn.
TTm
TTt
2. Kim tra cc tnh ca cc cun dy:
- Cch kim tra cng ging nh vi my bin p.
- Dng phng php xung mt chiu.
S o t s bin ca my bin dng
in bng phng php so snh
Trong s :
TTm l my bin dng mu.
TTt l my bin dng cn th.
Am, At l Am pe mt.
Am
At
My
todng
3. o t s bin:
Cch kim tra nh my bin p lc.
Phi o t s bin tt c cc cun dy.
C th o bng phng php so snh.
4. o tgca cun dy cao p:
Cch o tgca cun dy cao p myG b66in dng ging nh cch o tgca
cun
dy my bin p.
TR S tgLN NHT CHO PHP CA MY BIN DNG

Loi my bin dng
Cch in giy
cch in Baklt
Tr s tgln nht cho php (%)

in p nh mc ca my bin dng (kV)
35kV
110kV
2,5
2
5- Th nghim in p xoay chiu tng cao tn s cng nghip:

Cch th nghim in p xoay chiu tng cao tn s cng nghip ca cun dy
cao p my bin dng ging nh cun dy my bin p.
Cun nh th th in p tng cao 1kV thi gian duy tr 1 pht.
Cun nht th in p th in p tng cao theo bng, thi gian duy tr 5 pht.
TR S IN P XOAY CHIU TNG CAO TN S CNG NGHIP

in p nh mc
cun dy (kV)
3
6
10
15
20
35
Loi cch in
nh mc (tiu chun)
22
29
38
49
58
85
G 67
Gim nh
12
19
29
43
Chng II
O LNG IN TRONG TRM BIN P
II.1-My bin dng in:
II.1.1- Cng dng:
Cp dng in cho mch dng in ca ampe mt, watt mt, cng t in.
Trong h thng in my bin dng ( TI ) lm nhim v bin i dng in t tr s
ln thnh tr s nh, dng in th cp ca my bin dng c ly quy chun l
5A hoc 1A.
Th d:
Nu dng in i qua cun dy s cp ca TI l 500A, dng in nh mc ca
cun dy th cp ca TI l 5A th TI c t s bin i
l:
kI= 500A/5A = 100
Nu dng in i qua cun dy s cp ca TI l 500A dng in nh mc ca
cun dy th cp ca TI l 1A th TI c t s bin i
l:
kI= 500A/1A = 500
Trong cc trm bin p 110kV mi TI c ch to 2 cun dy th cp, 1 cun
dng cho o lng v 1 cun dng cho r le bo v. Trong li in h th
220/380V thng dng 2 b TI ring mt b dng cho ng h am pe mt b dng
cho cng t in cho cng t in lm vic c chnh xc.
II.1.2- S u dy cn bn:
S u dy
My bin dng in
My bin dng in c u ni tip trong mch in, dng in ca ph ti cn

gi l dng in nht th "Ia, Ib, Ic" i qua cun dy s cp ca my bin dng.
Nu cun dy th cp c ni vo ng h o dng in, cng t in, Watt mt,
r le th cun dy th cp c dng in i qua. Dng in ny cn gi l dng in
nh th.
" Ia', Ib', Ic' ". My bin dng cao th dng o cc dng in
xoay chiu ln li in cao th c in p t 6 kV tr ln. My
bin dng cao th thng c c nha poxy bao gm:
- Cun s cp: c u ni tip trong mch in cao th.
- Cun th cp.
- Cc c vt u mch nht th v nh th.
Cc s u dy:
a- S 1 t s bin:
K v L l k hiu u u ca cun s cp
u vo mch nht th.
k v L l k hiu u u ca mch nh th.
b- S nhiu t s bin kiu t ngu:
K v L l k hiu u u ca cun
s cp
u vo mch
nht th.
K
L
- 1k, 1L1, 1L2 l cc k hiu u ra
ca cc
cun nh th tng
ng vi cc t s bin khc nhau ca
cun o lng u
1k 1l1 1l2
h thng o m.
2l 2l
2k
1 2
- 2k, 2L1, 2L2 l cc k hiu u ra
ca cc
cun o lng cun bo v
cun nh th tng ng.
ng vi cc t s bin khc nhau ca
cun bo v u vo h thng
bo v.
c- S nhiu t s bin kiu c lp:
K
1k
1l 2k
2l 3k
4k
4l
3l
cun o lng
cun bo v
II.1.3- Qun l vn hnh:

1. Cch kim tra cun dy nh th ca my bin dng
cao th trc khi u dy:
Mc ch l kim tra v xc nh TI nhiu t s bin l kiu t
ngu hay c lp
- Dng c dng xc nh kiu TI l ng h vn nng.
- Trc khi xc nh kiu TI cn phi nghin cu k ti liu hng dn

ca nh sn xut hoc s v trn bng hng dn ca TI.
- M np bo v cc u u, xem xt k cc k hiu xc
nh cun o lng v cun bo v cng nh cc u dy 1k,
1L1, 1L2 ... v cc u u tng ng c
c t s bin thch hp.
- S dng ng h vn nng thang o 1 k, t 01 que o c
nh u 1k, que
o cn li t vo cc u 1L1, 1L2. Nu ng h ch 0 l
thng mch, c ngha l cc u dy u c ni vi nhau, TI
c th iu kin vn hnh. Nu ng h mmt ch v cng
c ngha l u 1k khng thng mch vi 1L1 hoc 1L2,
trng hp ny phi kim tra li xem xc nh ng u 1k

cha? nu xc nh
ng u 1k m ng h vn ch khng thng mch gia 1k
v 1L1 hoc 1L2 th phi tr li cho nh sn xut i li.
- Sau t 02 que o vo 2 u 1L1, 1L2 nu thng mch
th c th kt lun l TI t ngu, nu khng thng mch th c
th kt lun y l TI c cc cun c lp.
2. Cc lu khi qun l x dng my bin dng cao th:
a-Khi vn chuyn trnh rung xc v p mnh.
b-Bo qun lp t ni kh ro, trnh bi, hi ho cht n mn
kim loi, ni c cht d chy n, ni sinh nhit hay chn ng
mnh.
c- Khi lp t my bin dng phi kim tra thng mch. Vi TI c
nhiu t s bin, phi u ng s nh th, ng t s
bin.
d-Yu cu chn ng tit din dy dn nh th. Cc u dy
cp nhiu si phi xon cht v m thic. Cc u dy phi
bt cht vi u ct my bin dng gim in tr tip
xc.
e-Khi lp t trn li in, phn v ca TI cao th phi c tip
t m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b.
f- Trong thc t cc k hiu trn c th c sai khc nn khi thc hin
nht thit phi tham kho ti liu hng dn ca nh cung cp
u cho ng.
- Vi cun dy bo v :
+ Nu cun bo v khng s dng th phi u tt.
+ Nu s dng 02 u ra 2k v 2L1 th khng c u tt
u 2L2.
u 2L1.
- Vi cun o lng :
u 1L2.
u 1L1.
Ch :
Vi loi TI nhiu t s bin kiu c lp, cun no khng dng
phi u tt.
3. Trong vn hnh khng c h mch cun dy th cp ca TI, nu
h s gy ra chy hng v:
Nguyn nhn 1: Gy t ha li thp lm nng mch t dn n cch in
MBD chng b gi ci.
G 70
Bnh thng trong cun dy s cp v th cp ca TI u c dng in chy qua

i1~ sinh ra lc t ha F1 = i1 w1
i2 ~ sinh ra lc t ha F2 = i2 w2
Ta c
F = F1 - F2 = i1w1 - i2w2 0
Khi h mch th cp i2~ = 0
F2 = i2w2 = 0
F = F1 - F2 = F1
F = i1w1.
F1 gy t ha li thp TI dn n TI thng xuyn b nung nng dn n cch
in ca cun dy TI b ha gi rt nhanh.
Nguyn nhn 2: Lm xut hin in p nh nhn E2 trong cun dy, chc
thng cch in ca TI.
G 71
Khi cun dy s cp v th cp ca TI u c dng in chy qua, dng in ph

ti I1~ s c c tuyn hnh sin, dng in I1~ sinh ra t thng 1~c dng hnh sin
t thng ny cm ng trong cun dy th cp mt dng in I2~ c dng hnh sin .
Khi cun dy th cp ca TI b h mch trong li thp xut hin t thng 1~ tn
s 50Hz c dng hnh thang, ti im i chiu (im 0) tc bin i ca t
thng d/ dt l ln nht s sinh ra sc in ng e2 c dng nh nhn trn cun
dy th cp ca TI (xem hnh v c tuyn ca TI).
Trong biu thc (1)
d1 /dt l tc bin i ca t thng.
k l h s t l.
e2 (kV) l sc in ng.
e2 = k
d1
(1)
dt
II.2-My bin in p:
II.2.1- Cng dng:
My bin in p o lng k hiu l TU l thit b o lng dng
bin in p cao thnh in p thp hn ph hp vi in p
ca cng t.
1. TU c 02 cun dy :
- Cun s cp c s vng l W1 u vo mch in c in p
cao cn o.
- Cun th cp c s vng l W2 u vo cun p ca cng t.
- Mi quan h gia in p a vo cun s cp v th cp
c th hin qua
cng thc:
U1
W1
=
U2 W2
2. c tnh k thut:
a-T s bin ca TU: l t s gia in p s cp v in p
th cp hoc s vng ca cun th cp so vi s vng ca cun
s cp.
b-Sai s ca TU: ging nh cc thit b o khc, TU cng c sai

s v phi nh hn ca cng t, thng thng sai s TU l 0,5%.
II.2.2- S u dy:
G 71
s cp
th cp
Ni dy s
cp
UV
Ni dy th cp
Cun dy o lng
Cun dy bo v
uv
u 1 v1
a- TU cao th 1 pha:
TU loi ny u vo in p pha.
b-TU cao th 2 pha:

TU loi ny u vo in p dy, thng c
p dng cho mch o m 3 pha 2 phn t.
c- TU cao th 3 pha :
TU 3 pha c trung tnh thng c p
dng cho mch o m 3 pha 3 phn
t. Cc u a, b, c, n phc v o m
Z1 v Z2 l cun h.
II.2.3- Qun l vn hnh:

Trong qu trnh lm vic TU khng c php ngn mch v
khi trong TU s c dng in ngn mch ph hu thit b
v gy nguy him cho ngi vn hnh. Cun s cp ca TU c
lp vo in p cao, v vy v TU nht thit phi ni t
m bo an ton.
II.2.4- ng dng thc t:
1-H thng o m gm TU- TI- Cng t v nhng s

vc t in hnh:
G 72
1.1- S u dy cng t 3 pha 2 phn t:

Dng o m in nng trong mch cao p s dng TU 2
pha u vo in p dy UAB v UCB
t2
Cng thc: Ap=
{UABIAcos(300+)+UCBIC(300-)}dt
t1
ph
th
vc t:
ti
Vc t UAB hng t B n A vt trc vc t

UA mt gc 300 Vc t UCB hng t C n
B chm sau vc t UC mt gc 300.
UAB
UA
IA
UCB
UB
UC
1.2- S u dy cng t 3 pha 3 phn t :

C th s dng 3 TU u sao hoc TU 3 pha lp vo in p pha
t2
Cng thc: Ap =
(UAIAcosA + UBIBcosB + UCICcosC)dt
t1
G 73
UA
th vc t:
IA
IC
UB
UC
IB
2- Lu khi lp t :
- Nghin cu k s mch u ca TU, TI v Cng t.
- Khng c ngn mch TU.
- Khng h mch TI.
- Phi tip t y .
II.3-Cc dng c o lng thng dng trong trm bin p:
3.1- Von mt:
Von mt l ng h dng o in p ca my bin p.
1- Nu cp in p 220/380V~ th von mt dng loi trc tip, in p t vo
von mt l in p ca ngun in, c th dng mt von mt o c in p
pha 220V v c in p dy 380V. Nu my bin p vn hnh khng ti ngha
l ptmt tng cha ng th in p o c trn von mt chnh l in p
G 74
u ra ca cun dy th cp my bin p c k hiu l U2, gi tr o c

bng sc in ng E2, in p khng ti ca my bin p l 400V.
Von mt trc tip c cp in p 450V~, cp chnh xc l 1,5.
2- Nu Von mt lp pha cao th th phi u qua my bin in p. Von mt
dng trong li in cao th c cp in p tiu chun l 100V ~.
3- Kch thc mt trc ca von mt l:
110x 110mm vi von mt loi ch th bng kim.
96x 96mm vi von mt loi ch th bng s.
3.2- Am pe mt:
Am pe mt l ng h dng o dng in ca ph ti.
Loi am pe mt dng o dng in trc tip ch c ch to cao nht l
40A.
Nu dng in ph ti ln hn 50A th phi u qua my bin dng in,y l
cch o gin tip. Dng in nh mc i qua cun dy ca am pe mt c
quy nh tiu chun l 5A, hoc 1A.
Nu o dng in cao th th phi dng my bin dng cao th.
Mi am pe mt ch c th o c mt dng in ca mt pha. Khng o dng
in ca dy trung tnh. Trong mt trm bin p ch c 3 ng h am pe mt.
3.3- Tn s k:
Tn s k dng o tn s ca ngun in xoay chiu 1 pha. Vi h thng in
c cht lng tt th tn s lun gi n nh l 50Hz.
Tn s k c ch to theo nguyn tc cm bin theo tn s, cc thanh kim loi
c ch to rung theo cc tn s ring. Hin nay ch to c tn s k ch
th s.
Tn s k thng lp nhng trm bin p quan trng hoc cc trm bin p
u ngun 110kV, 220kV, 500kV...
Cp chnh xc ca Tn s k ph thuc vo di tn s o:
0,1Hz cho di o 0,5 99,99Hz.
1Hz cho di o 100 999,9Hz.
3.4- Watt mt:
Watt mt dng o cng sut tiu th in in ti mt thi im.
Nguyn l cu to ca Watt mt gn ging nh cng t in nhng ch o in
nng ch khng m in nng tiu th.
Watt mt thng lp nhng trm bin p quan trng hoc cc trm bin p u
ngun 110kV, 220kV, 500kV...
Cp chnh xc ca Watt mt l 1.
3.5- Cng t in:
1. nh ngha:
Cng t l dng c o lng dng o in nng pht ra ca
ngun in hoc
in nng tiu th in ca cc ph ti dng in.
2.Phn loi:
a- Theo s pha :
- Cng t 1 pha.
- Cng t 3 pha.
b- Theo tnh
nng:
- Cng t tc dng: Dng o in nng tc dng.
- Cng t phn khng: Dng o in nng
phn khng. c- Theo phm vi o:
- Cng t trc tip: Dng o m trc tip, khng s
dng TU, TI khi o.
- Cng t gin tip : S dng TU, TI
o m. d- Theo cu to:
- Cng t c kh: S dng cc c cu c kh nh cun dy,
bnh rng... bin
i tn hiu u vo thnh kt qu u ra l in nng.
- Cng t in t: S dng cc mch in t thc
hin php o. e- Theo s u dy:
Ch c cng t 3 pha mi c cch phn loi ny
- Cng t 3 pha 2 phn t: Dng o in nng trong mch 3
pha nhng ch c 02 phn t o thng hay p dng o m
cao th 3 pha khng c trung tnh. Phng php o ny p dng
cng thc:
t2
0
0
Ap= {UABIAcos(30 +)+UCBIC(30 -)}dt
t1
- Cng t 3 pha 3 phn t: Dng o in nng trong mch 3

pha v c 03 phn t o. Phng php o ny p dng cng thc:
t2
Ap = (UA IA cosA + UBIBcosB + UC IC cosC)dt
t1
3-Cc c tnh k thut ca cng t

in c kh:
a- in p nh mc : l mc in p quy nh cung cp
cho cng t khi lm vic. Trong thc t, in p c th
khc vi in p nh mc nhng khng
c qu 20 % v khi cng t khng m bo c cp
chnh xc. Hin nay, cng t thng c 3 cp in p :
- Cng t h th : 220V/380V.
- Cng t cao th: 110 V hoc 100 V.
b- 2- Dng in nh mc : thng l di dng in cng t
c th o m chnh xc. V d: cng t 5A thng c di
lm vic l : 5A n 20A.
c- 3- Cp chnh xc (sai s): Phn nh sai s ca cng t. i

vi cng t thng phm dng bn in cho khch
hng phi t cp chnh xc 1, ngha l sai s tng i
ca cng t l 1%.
d- Hng s cng t: Th hin s vng quay ca a nhm khi
cng t o c 1 kWh, v d: hng s cng t l 420
vng/kWh c ngha l o c 1 kWh (vi cng t c h
s nhn l 1) a nhm phi quay 420 vng v cng t ln
thm c 1 s.
e- Dng khi chuyn ca cng t ( nhy ca cng t): l
dng in nh nht cng t c th o m c.
f- H s nhn ca cng t: L h s tnh lng in nng
m cng t o
m c.
- Cng t c kh c h s nhn bng 1, i vi cng t ny

th lng in nng
o m c trong 1 khong thi gian bng hiu s ca ch
s cui v ch s
u ca cng t.
- Cng t c h s nhn khc 1, i vi cng t ny th lng in nng o
m c trong 1 khong thi gian bng tch gia h s
nhn vi hiu s ca ch s cui v ch s u cu cng
t.
g- Cc loi cng t thng
gp:
- Cng t trc tip h th: Dng o m li h th, di
o m ca cng t thng t 5A 40 A vi in p 220V/
380V.
- Cng t gin tip h th: Dng o m li h th cho
nhng ph ti c dng tiu th ln v c lp vi TI. Di o
m ca cng t thng l 1A hoc 5 A, in p 220V /
380V.
- Cng cao th: Dng o m li cao th v c lp vi
TU v TI, di
o m c th l: 1A hoc 5A vi in p 100V hoc 110V.
4- Cng t in hu cng:
Cng t in hu cng l ng h chuyn dng m in nng tiu th ca trm
bin p. y l 1 thit b in quan trng nht trong vic kinh doanh bn in.
Cng t in 1 pha c dng li in 220kV, 380kV thng c treo cc
h t gia.
Cng t in hu cng 3 pha c dng li in 220kV, 380kV l loi
cng t trc tip ti trm bin p hoc cc h dng in 3 pha.
Cng t in 3 pha c dng li in cao th l loi cng t gin tip ti
trm bin p c u qua my bin in p v my bin dng in.
+ in p nh mc l 100V~.
+ Dng in nh mc l 5A hoc 1A.
5- Cng t in v cng:
Cng t in v cng l ng h chuyn dng m in nng phn khng ca trm
bin p. y l cng 1 thit b in quan trng ca trm bin p.
Khng ch to cng t in 1 pha v cng. Cng t in 3 pha v cng c
dng li in 220kV, 380kV l loi cng t trc tip ti trm bin p. Cc
h t gia hin nay khng lp cng t in 3 pha v cng.
Cng t in 3 pha v cng c dng li in cao th l loi cng t gin
tip Ti trm bin p cng t in 3 pha v cng c u qua my bin in p
v my bin dng in.
+ in p nh mc l 100V~.
+ Dng in nh mc l 5A hoc 1A.
II.4-Nhng s u dy c bn:
4.1- S o in p:
o in p dy Uab, Ubc, Uca v in p

pha Uao, Ubo, Uco cn phi lp thm mt b
b chuyn mch von mt. B chuyn mch c
cu to hnh tang trng gm nhiu a tip im
gn trn vt liu cch in xp chng ln nhau
cng chung mt trc xoay. Cc cp tip im
ca b chnh mch nm trn cc a
khGc77nhau
c u vo cc cc in th Va, Vb, Vc,
0.
Khi o in p ta ch vic xoay kho chnh
Ao
A B C 0
CA
IN
PXOAYCHI
U
BC
Bo
AB
Co
KHOCHUYN
MCHVONMT
Hnh nh von mt
in t ch th s
S u dy
von mt in t ch th s.
S o dng in:
IcIbIc
Khi dng s u dy gin tip phi

ch u ng cc tnh, cn phi ni
t my bin dng bo m an
ton.
a
b
c
o
A A A
phti
A A A
PH TI
S
o dng in gin tip
qua my bin dng in.
PH TI
PHTI
trc tip.
o dngS
in
G 78
S u dy
am pe mt in t ch th s
Hnh nh
am pe mt in t ch th s
4.2- S o cng sut:
a
b
c
o
Ph
ti
S o trc tip
cng sut in 3 pha 220/ 380V
ph
ti
S
o cng sut in xoay chiu 3 pha cao th
gin tip qua my bin in p v my bin dng
Ch :
S khc nhau c bn gia cng t in v Watt mt l:
Watt mt l ng h o in nng cn cng t l ng h m in nng.
S o ch th trn Watt mt cho bit cng sut tiu th in ti thi im o, cn
s o ch th trn cng t in cho bit in nng tiu th sau khong thi gian
dng in.
4.3- Cc s o in nng hu cng v v cng:
Cng t hu cng v v cng lp pha cao th phi u sau my bin dng in
v my bin in p c s u dy tng t nh s u dy ng h cng
sut.
G
829
Khng dng dy trung tnh.

Hnh dng bn ngoi ca cng t v cng v hu cng ging nhau, ch khc
nhau cch u dy bn trong.
K hiu:
+ Cng t hu cng l kWh.
+ Cng t v cng l kVArh.
Hnh nh
cng t in 3 pha hu cng v v cng
BNG TNG HP S U DY CNG T IN

TT
H1
H2
H3
H4
K hiu
MV3E4
MV3E4R
MV3E4/3C-PT
MV3E4R/3C-PT
(MV3E4-3Tb)
(MV3E4R-3Tb)
(MV3E4-3Tb/3CT-PT)
(MV3E4R-3Tb/3CT-PT)
M t
3 pha 3 dy hu cng u dy trc tip
3 pha 3 dy v cng u dy trc tip
3 pha 4 dy hu cng u dy qua 3CT v PT
3 pha 4 dy v cng u dy qua 3CT v PT
G 80
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9
H10
H11
H12
H13
H14
H15
H16
MV3E4/3CT
(MV3E4-3Tb/3CT)
MV3E4R/3CT
(MV3E4R-3Tb/3CT)
MV3E4/2CT-PT (MV3E4-3Tb/2CT-PT)
MV3E4R/2CT-PT (MV3E4R-3Tb/2CT-PT)
MV2E3/2CT-PT (MV2E3-3Tb/2CT-PT)
MV2E3/2CT-2PT (MV2E3-3Tb/2CT-2PT)
MV2E3/2CT
(MV3E3-3Tb/2CT)
MV3E3R/2CT
(MV3E3R-3Tb/2CT)
MV3E4/3CT-2PT (MV3E4-3Tb/3CT-2PT)
MV3E4R/3CT-2PT(MV3E4R-3Tb/3CT-2PT)
MV2E3
(MV2E3-3Tb)
MV3E4R/2CT-2PT(MV3E4R-3Tb/3CT-2PT)
3 pha 4 dy hu cng u dy qua 3CT

3 pha 4 dy v cng u dy qua 3CT
3 pha 3 dy hu cng u dy qua 2CT
3 pha 4 dy v cng u dy qua 2CT
3 pha 4 dy hu cng u dy qua 3CT v 2ct
3 pha 4 dy v cng u dy qua 3CT v 2pt
3 pha 4 dy hu cng u dy trc tip
3 pha 4 dy v cng u dy qua 2CT v 2pt
G 81
h.2
h.1
1234567
891011
123456
a
bc0
a
bc0
78
9 1011
G 82
Hnh nh
cng t in 1 pha
Hnh nh
cng t in t 1 pha
Hnh nh
cng t in t 3 pha
4.4- S o cos:
S u dy
ng h o cos
Hnh nh
ng h o cosch th s
4.5- S o tn s:
S u dy
ng h o Tn s
G 85
Hnh nh
ng h o Tn s
Chng III
THIT B O LNG THNG DNG
III.1- o in tr tip t bng ng h Termt M-416T:
Te r mt l mt ng h chuyn dng o in tr tip a ca trm bin p,
ng dy v h thng ni t chng st.
ct in
1 2 3 4
Rx
R3
20
RB
ct in
1 2 34
Rx
R3
20
cc
tip a
RB
cc
tip a
cc
ph
cc
d
S 4 dy, Rt ln
Kim bo 0
Nm xoay in tr
Nt nhn ngun in
cc
d
S 3 dy, Rt nh
1324
K
Cc cc u dy
1 X5 X20
X50
X
Control 5
ng h Te r mt M- 416T
Phng php s dng ng h nh sau:
1. Lp 1 b pin 4,5V vo ng h.
2. S dng mt trong hai s u dy trn o in tr tip t.
G 86
cc
ph
S 3 dy ng vi trng hp in tr tip t nh.

S 4 dy ( cc 1 v 2 ni tt ) ng vi trng hp in tr tip t ln.
3. Phi ng thm hai cc lm bng thp trn 10 12 di 0,7 1m theo nh
khong cch quy nh trn s :
1 cc d (3) cn gi l cc in p.
1 cc ph (B) cn gi l cc dng in.
4. ng h Te r mt phi t cn bng trn mt t sau dng dy in mm c
bc cch in u dy theo mt trong 2 s trn.
5. Kim tra ng h Te r mt trc khi o theo trnh t:
G 87
Vn cng tc chuyn i v v tr Control 5. Lc kim ch th lch khi v tr

cn bng.
Nhn nt n K( mu ), lc kim ch th lch khi v tr cn bng.
Xoay nm xoay in tr.
Nu tr s in tr bo trn vnh nm xoay in tr l 5, kim ch th tr li
ng v tr cn bng th ng h Te r mt lm vic tt.
6. o in tr tip a theo trnh t:
Vn cng tc chuyn i v v tr m c gii hn o ln nht hoc v tr c
on m Rx nm trong khong gi tr .
Nhn nt n K( mu ), lc kim ch th lch khi v tr cn bng. Nt nhn K
phi c nhn v gi nguyn nh vy cho n khi kim ch th tr li v v tr cn
bng.
Xoay nm xoay in tr.
Nu tr s in tr bo trn vnh nm xoay in tr ph hp vi vic kim ch
th tr li ng v tr cn bng th dng li.
Kt qu o ca in tr tip t c c trn nm xoay in tr.
III.2- ng h Mgmmt:
M gm mt l mt ng h chuyn dng o in tr cch in.
1- Cu to: bao gm 1 my pht in 1 chiu
quay tay c cng sut nh, c kh nng to ra in
p 1 chiu in p l 500V, 1000V, 2500V dng lm
ngun in cung cp cho c cu o l loi t l k
in t. in tr cn o c u song song hoc ni
tip vo m gm mt qua mt cng tc chuyn i.
Nu mun o in tr nh c kth gt sang phi, lc
ny Rx u song song vi cun dy ca c cu o.
Nu mun o in tr ln Mth gt sang tri, lc
ny Rx u ni tip vi cun dy ca c cu o. Rx l
in tr cn o.
M gm mt c 3 cc u dy c k hiu l:
Cc L cn gi l cc ng dy c u vo i tng o.
Cc G cn gi l cc bo v c dng khi o in tr cch in ca cp
in, c u vo phn cch in gia li cp v v ngai ca cp.
Cc E cn gi l cc ni t c ni vi v my ca i tng o.
C loi m gm mt ghi k hiu theo n v o khay M.
Nu dng m gm mt kiu tay quay th tc quay ca m gm mt s l
80V/pht n 120V/pht Phi quay vi tc n nh cho n khi kim ch th
ng yn mi c c kt qu o. Khi dng o xong phi kh in tch d trn
vt o bng cch tch cc L ra khi i tng o v ch c chm vo i tng
o khi tip t vt o.
M gm mt loi mi khng dng my pht in quay tay m dng pin hoc c quy
qua b kch hot tng c in p ln cao ti 2500V 1 chiu. Cch s dng loi
m gm mt ny vn nh loi c ch khc l thay vic quay tay bng vic nhn nt
ngun in c quy.
Vo i tng o
Vo i tng o
n v o l M
n v o l k
H s hp th:
Kht =
R15
R60
H s hp th l t s gia tr s in tr m gm mt o c sau 15 giy v tr
s in tr m gm mt o c sau 60 giy. Nu h s hp th Kht 1 ngha l
vt liu cch in b m.
Tr s: Kht 1,3.
III.3- ng h vn nng:
- Thang o
- Vt chnh cn bng
- Nt chnh 0.
- Chuyn mch chn thang o
- L cm dy o (+)
- L cm dy o (-)
1.
MT NGOI NG H VN NNG
ng h vn nng c 4 cng dng sau:
o in p 1 chiu DCV t vi von n vi trm vn.

o in p xoay chiu ACV t vi von n vi trm vn.
o in tr 1 chiu t vi n vi trm k.
o dng in 1 chiu t vi mA n vi A.
2. Phng php s dng ng h:
Trc khi s dng ng h phi chnh kim ng h v v tr 0 bng vt chnh
khng.
o in p mt chiu DCV:
+ Chn thang o thch hp trn thang o
DCV bng cch chuyn mch thang o v
v tr DCV, tr s trn chuyn mch l
tr s ln nht ca thang o.
+ Cm hai si dy o vo hai l cm trn
vn nng k, dy cm vo l P, dy en
cm vo l N. Ni hai u dy vo hai u
cn o in p 1 chiu, ch n cc tnh
(+, -) nu thy kim ch ngc th phi o
cc tnh ca que o.
+ c s ch trn mt ng h ri nhn vi
h s nhn cho kt qu ng.
o in p xoay chiu ACV:
+ Chn thang o thch hp trn thang o
ACV bng cch chuyn mch thang o v
v tr ACV, tr s trn chuyn mch l tr
s ln nht ca thang o.
+ Tin hnh php o ging nh o in p
1 chiu.
o in tr 1 chiu :
+ Lp thm pin bn trong.
+ Ct in vo in tr trc khi o.
+ Tch 1 u in tr cn o trnh sai s.
O IN P MT CHIU
O IN P XOAY CHIU
+ Ch phi t que o vo nt +, t que o en vo nt -.

+ Chp tt que o v chnh 0.
+ Ni hai u que o vo in tr cn o.
+ c tr s o trn ng h ri nhn vi h s nhn.
o dng in 1 chiu:
+ Mun o dng in xoay chiu i qua mt tr khng cn phi gi in p
1 chiu t vo mch in.
+ Tch ri mch u sau chnh mch ng h vn nng sang v tr o
dng in c tr s thch hp.
+ u que o dng in vo hai u ca mch in va tch ra.
+ c tr s trn thang o tng ng.
+ Ch : Khi o dng in mt chiu d b nhm ln vi php o in p 1

chiu, nu chc 2 u que o vo hai cc in p m khng c in tr rt
d hng ng h.
III.4- ng h BA85-M1:
ng h BA85-M1 lm nhim v chuyn dng kim tra vic u dy
cho cng t in 3 pha. BA85-M1 lun chn vc t gc l vc t
in p UAB. in p, dng in v gc pha l cc tham s nh hng
n chiu quay ca ng h.
1- nguyn tc chung xy dng th vc t:
Nh chng ta bit, sai s ca php o ph thuc vo 02 yu t:
- Sai s ca thit b o bao gm: cng t, TU, TI.
- S u cng t, TU, TI trn li.
Nu ta u sai s , php o s cho kt qu khng chnh
xc d sai s thit b vn m bo. kim tra s u ta
phi xy dng th vc t ca im o
m.
Cc quy c :
- xy dng th vc t, trn cng t ngi ta thng quy c
vc t in p pha tn cng bn tri l pha A.
- Chiu quay ca vc t l chiu thun kim ng h.
2-Xy dng th vc t bng BA85 M1 :
- Mch 3 pha 3 phn t:
+ Bc 1: Cc quy c
- Vc t gc: i vi thit b o BA85 M1 vc t gc l vc t
in p UAB.
- Gc c L ngha l chm sau, gc c C ngha l vt trc.
+ Bc 2: Xc nh chiu quay ca cng t
- Nu chiu quay thun (ngha l pha ngoi cng bn tri l
pha A, pha gia l pha B v pha ngoi cng bn phi l pha C)
th thc hin bc 2.
- Nu chiu quay ngc th quy c pha s l pha ngoi cng bn
tri l pha A, pha gia l pha C v pha ngoi cng bn phi l
pha B.
+ Bc 3: Xc nh gc pha ca vc t dng in tng pha so
vi vc t gc UAB.
- xc nh gc pha gia vc t UA v IA ta ly gc c c
trn BA85 M1 tr i 300.
G 90
- xc nh gc pha gia vc t UB v IB ta ly gc c c
- xc nh gc pha gia vc t UC v IC ta ly 900 tr i
gc c c trn BA85 M1.
V d:
G 91
UAB
UA
UAB
IA
UA
IA
IC
IC
UB
UC
UC
UB
IB
- Gc ca dng pha A l 550L ngha l: Gc gia UA v IA l 55 - 30 =

25 0.
- Gc ca dng pha B l 1740L ngha l: Gc gia UB v IB l 174 150 = 24 0.
- Gc ca dng pha C l 650C ngha l: Gc gia UC v IC l 90 - 65 =
25 0.
Mch 3 pha 2 phn t:
+ Bc 1: Cc quy c
- Vc t gc: i vi thit b o BA85 M1 vc t gc l vc t
in p UAB.
- Gc c L ngha l chm sau, gc c C ngha l vt trc.
+ Bc 2: Xc nh chiu quay ca cng t:
- Nu chiu quay thun (ngha l pha ngoi cng bn tri l
pha A, pha gia l pha B v pha ngoi cng bn phi l pha C)
th thc hin bc 2.
- Nu chiu quay ngc th quy c pha s l pha ngoi cng bn
tri l pha C, pha gia l pha B v pha ngoi cng bn phi l
pha A.
+ Bc 3: Xc nh gc pha ca vc t dng in tng pha
so vi vc t gc UAB.
- xc nh gc pha gia vc t UA v IA ta ly gc c c
- xc nh gc pha gia vc t UC v IC ta ly 900 tr i
gc c c trnACA
BA85 M1.
III.5- Am pe km:
dng:
ng h am pe km c 3 cng
Dy o
ACV
Chuyn mch
thang o
Nt kho kim
Vt chnh
cn bng
iu chnh
khng
o dng in xoay chiu AC t

vi am pe n vi nghn am pe.
o c in p xoay chiu AC
t vi chc von n vi trm von.
o c in tr mt chiu (in tr
thun R) t vi n vi chc k.
1. Phng php s dng ng h:

a- o dng in xoay chiu:
Chn thang o dng in thch hp trn mt ACA bng cch iu chnh chuyn
mch chn thang o trn mt ACA .
M nt kho kim.
M hng km kp lng dy dn c dng in chy qua.
ng nt kho kim c nh kim nu thy kh c tr s ngay lc o.
Ly kt qu o nhn vi h s nhn tm kt qu thc.
b- o in p xoay chiu:
Chn thang o dng in thch hp trn mt ACV bng cch iu chnh chuyn
mch chn thang o trn mt ACV.
Chc que o in p ca am pe km vo 2 im mang in cn o in p.
2. o in tr mt chiu:
Lp thm mt b pin ngoi c in p 1,5V hoc 9V.
Chn thang o ph hp vi mc in tr thch hp trn mt bng cch iu
chnh chuyn mch thang o trn mt .
Cm hai si dy o vo 2 l cm trn am pe km, dy mu vo cc dng
(+), dy mu en vo cc m (-)
iu chnh kim o v 0 bng cch chp tt que o sau chinh kim v tr s 0
bng cch vn nm iu chnh khng thn ng h.
V tr ng vi gi tr in tr v cng ln, tng ng vi trng thi h
mch.
Tch ring 2 dy dn
cm in
in tr thun
R
o dng in
o in p
o in tr mt chiu

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QLVH Tram Bien AP - Tap II

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Chng I

QUN L VN HNH TRM BIN P

a mt bng lp t, hoc c t cc vng t trng tri t ngi qua li, c kt

Hnh nh trm treo

2. Trm bin p ngoi tri kiu 2 ct khng c bung h th:

I.1-3 Trm bin p kiu hp b:

Tng lai trm bin

Hnh nh trm bin p kit

Hnh nh s trung th my bin p

Hnh nh my bin p phn phi h th

Kch thc bao

I.3- Cc ph kin ca my bin p:

p > 0, 5kG/cm hoc p < 0, 5kG/cm .

Phn ng u vo thng du ph s c lm nh cao ln mt cht ngn

I.4- Thng s k thut ca my bin p:

T u dy l mt tiu chun quan trng dng cho ha song song cc MBA nu

MT S T U DY THNG DNG CA MY BIN P LC

I.4.7in p ngn mch v tn hao ngn mch:

in p ngn mch l in p xut hin trn ni b cun dy my bin p khi my

S NGUYN L TH NGHIM NGN MCH

2- Cch th nghim xc nh in p ngn mch UN %

(xem s nguyn l).

Cun dy s cp ca my bin p c u vo my bin p o lng, tng dn

B cng tc K cn gi l b "cng tc dp la" nm trong mt thng du ring

Gin chp sng cng tc K

I.6.3- Hm lng a xt v kim ho tan trong du:

I.6.7- Hm lng nc trong du:

3- Lc du bng bnh xi - phng nhit c ht hp th Silicazen:

+ Ni lng cc bu lng trn thng du ph v ng phng n khng kh thot ra

BNG TNH SN DNG IN NH MC CA DY CHY CU CH

I.8- Qun l vn hnh my bin p:

THI GIAN QU TI CHO PHP VI MY BIN P

Thi gian qu ti( Gi, pht) i vi mc tng nhit ca lp du trn

e. Tun th nhng quy nh theo hng dn ca nh ch to:

Trng hp ny l do c hin tng phng in trong ni b my bin p

7. My bin p vn hnh ch khng i xng:

H thng in 3 pha khng i xng l h thng in khng c in p 3 pha,

(k hiu mi tn biu din i lng vct)

Dng in ny gy ra trong dy trung tnh mt tn tht in p:

UPC = ICr (Cng

vct) Trong r l in tr ca dy pha.

Pm Cng sut tc dng.

Nh vy khi vn hnh lch pha tn tht in nng trn ng dy s tng ln v

I.9- Tn tht in nng trong my bin p:

3. Tn tht in nng c tnh bng:

P l cng sut tc dng

Nn dng mng in kn thay cho mng in h.

P- jQ l cch biu din P v Q di dng phc

Nu ta t t b ngay ti h dng in, t b s a vo li mt dng in

P l ph ti tnh ton ca cc h tiu th in kw,

I.11.4- Tc dng ca in tr phng in trong mch in t b:

Do in p ngun in l 220V nn hay u cc bng n theo s hnh Y.

n chu in p nh mc 220V nn mt vai ca s u tam gic phi dng

MT S U DY T B TRONG TRM BIN P

BNG TNH CNG SUT T B

B bng t b cho trm bin p

I.12- Th nghim nh k trm bin p:

BNG GI TR NH NHT CHO PHP CA IN TR CUN DY

Gi tr R60" ( M) khi nhit cun dy ( C )

BNG H S QUY I R60 THEO NHIT

1. 2- o in tr cc cun dy tt c cc u phn nc phn p bng dng

S o in tr mt chiu theo phng php hai dy o

S o in tr mt chiu theo phng php hai dy o cn gi l phng php