Bi 1: H thng in mt chiu

1. Nhim v, yu cu ca h thng in mt chiu

- H thng in mt chiu trong trm bin p lm nhim v cung cp in cho
cc thit b th cp: o lng, bo v r le, t ng ho, iu khin, tn hiu, chiu
sng s c
- Ngun mt chiu trong trm bin p phi c tin cy cao, cng sut ln
m bo s lm vic chc chn ca cc thit b th cp khi c s c nng n
nht v in p trn thanh ci mt chiu cn c n nh ln.
- T hp cc t np, c quy v ph ti ni vo n to thnh mt h thng in
mt chiu.

Hnh 1.1: S h thng in mt chiu

- c quy c dng lm ngun mt chiu rng ri trong cc trm bin p. S
lm vic ca c quy khng ph thuc vo cc iu kin bn ngoi v m bo cho
cc thit b th cp lm vic tt ngay c khi mt in li ton b trm bin p.
- c quy cn mt u im quan trng na l kh nng cho php qu ti ngn
hn kh ln, iu ny c bit cn thit khi ng cc my ct ln c s nhy vt v
dng in.
- Cc loi c quy thng dng trong trm bin p l c quy a xt ch hoc c
quy kim. c quy a xt ch c cc c tnh k thut tt hn c quy kim: in p
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phng in l 2.1-2.2V so vi 1.2-1.3V; ng c tnh phng in (quan h gia

in p vi thi gian phng) phng hn; Hiu sut ln hn; Gii hn thay i in
p cho php ca c quy kim khi phng nh hn; Bi s cho php qu ti ngn hn
ca c quy kim nh hn. Tuy nhin c quy kim cng c mt s u im: Gi
thnh r hn, tui th cao hn, dng t phng nh, khng gy c, nguy him vi
mi trng.
2. Cu to, c im vic ca c quy axit - ch
V cu to c quy a xt ch gm 3 b phn chnh l bnh in phn, cc in
cc v dung dch in phn
Bnh in phn c lm bng thu tinh, nha ho hc hoc g c x l
ho hc.
in cc dng l cc tm xt ch PbO2, in cc m l tm ch xp Pb.
Dung dch in phn l dung dch a xt sunphuaric H2SO4.

Hnh 1.1: M phng bn cc c quy a-xt

Trong hnh ny v i din hai bn cc ca mt c quy, trong cc c hai
cc c lm bng Ch (Pb) v oxt Ch (PbO2). in y gia cc bn cc l dung
dch axt sulfuric (H2SO4) long, v tt nhin l dung dch long nh vy th cha
Nc (H2O) l chim phn ln th tch.
trng thi c np y, cc bn cc c quy trng thi ha hc nu trn
(nh hnh, tc l cc dng l PbO2, cc m l Pb), trong cc qu trnh phng in
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v np in cho c quy, trng thi ha hc ca cc cc b thay i. C th xem v

trng thi ha hc trong cc qu trnh phng - np nh hnh di y:

Hnh 1.2: Trng thi ha hc trong cc qu trnh phng - np

Qu trnh phng in din ra nu nh gia hai cc c quy c mt thit b tiu
th in, khi ny xy ra phn ng ha hc sau:
Ti cc dng: 2PbO2 + 2H2SO4 = 2PbSO4 + 2H2O + O2
Ti cc m: Pb + H2SO4 = PbSO4 + H2
Phn ng chung gp li trong ton bnh l: Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4 = 2PbSO4 +
2H2O
Qu trnh phng in kt thc khi m PbO2 cc dng v Pb cc m hon
ton chuyn thnh PbSO4.

Qu trnh np in cho c quy, do tc dng ca dng in np m bn trong c

quy s c phn ng ngc li so vi chiu phn ng trn, phn ng chung gp li
trong ton bnh s l:
2PbSO4 + 2H2O = Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4.
Kt thc qu trnh np th c quy tr li trng thi ban u: Cc dng gm:
PbO2, cc m l Pb.
Trong thc t, cc bn cc c quy khng ging nh trn, cc cc ca c quy
c s lng nhiu hn ( to ra dung lng bnh c quy ln) v mi bnh c quy
li bao gm nhiu ngn nh vy. Nhiu tm cc to ra tng din tch bn cc
c nhiu hn, gip cho qu trnh phn ng xy ra ng thi ti nhiu v tr v do
dng in cc i xut ra t c quy t tr s cao hn - v tt nhin l dung
lng c quy cng tng ln.
Do kt cu xp lp nhau gia cc tm cc ca c quy nn thng thng s
cc dng v cc m khng bng nhau bi s tn dng s lm vic ca hai mt
mt bn cc (nu s bn cc bng nhau th cc tm bn ra s c hai mt tri
chiu cch nhau qu xa, do phn ng ha hc s khng thun li). gia cc
bn cc ca c quy u c tm chn, cc tm chn ny khng dn in nhng c
thm thu ln thun tin cho qu trnh phn ng xy ra khi cc cation v anion
xuyn qua chng n cc in cc.

Hnh 1.3: Cc bn cc ca c quy c gn song song nhau

Mi mt ngn cc ca c quy a-xt ch cho mc in p khong 2 n 2,2 V
do t c cc mc 6, 12 V th c quy phi ghp nhiu ngn nh vi nhau,
v d ghp 3 ngn thnh c quy 6V, ghp 6 ngn thnh c quy 12V.
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Hnh 1.4: Cu to ca c quy

1. c im v c tnh ca c quy kim

c quy kim cn gi l bnh c quy ankalin, gm cc bn cc lm bng oxy
hydrat - kim, v cc bn cc m bng st thun ngm trong dung dch hyrxt
kali. Cc bn cc thng c cu trc phng, dt v lm bng hp kim thp c m
kn. Cc bn cc c ch to c cc quai trn c th dng bu lng xit dnh
li vi nhau, bn cc dng ni vi bn cc dng, bn cc m ni vi bn cc
m.
Chiu di, chiu ngang, chiu dy, s lng cc bn cc s xc nh dung
lng ca bnh c quy. in th danh nh ca bnh l 1,2 vn. in th thc s
ca bnh ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, nh ang h mch, hay ang phng, hay c
np bao nhiu. Thng thng, in th h mch bin thin t 1,25V n 1,35V, tu
thuc vo tnh trng np. Cht lng trong bnh ny l dung dch hydrxt kali, c
pha thm cht xc tc tu thuc vo nh ch to, thng l ixt liti.
Nng ca dung dch, biu trng bng t trng o c, khng tu thuc
vo loi bnh c quy, v cng khng tu thuc vo tnh trng phng np ca bnh,
do n khng tham gia vo phn ng ha hc. T trng 250C t 1,210 n 1,215
g/cm. Tr s ny thc t gim nh theo thi gian, do dung dch c khuynh hng b
cacbnt ho, do tip xc vi khng kh. Khi tr s ny gim xung ti 1,160
g/cm, n c th lm thay i dung lng ca bnh v cn phi thay th. Tnh trng
ny c th xy ra vi ln trong sut tui th ca bnh.
Ngoi ra, ch c mt l do duy nht c th lm thay i t trng ca bnh,
l khi bnh c quy phng qu gii hn bnh thng, ngha l ti in th gn
bng khng. Khi , cc phn t liti chuyn ra dung dch lm tng t trng ln, c
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th tng thm t 0,025 n 0,030 g/cm. Tc ng ny c th loi b khi np bnh

c quy tr li.

Bi 2: Qun l vn hnh h thng c quy

1. Cc thng s c bn ca c quy
- Loi c quy, hng sn xut:
V d:
GF 200 do Trung Quc sn xut ;
TS 2100; 2150; 2400 do cng ty Tia Sng Hi Phng sn xut.
4OPZS 200 do VARTA - Thy in sn xut.
- Dung lng (tng ng vi nhit , in p, thi gian phng): 100 Ah, 150
Ah, 200 Ah;.
- in p nh mc (mt bnh): 2V; 6V; 12V; 24 V
- Kch thc (mm): chiu di, chiu rng, chiu cao.
- Trng lng (kg/bnh).
- Cht in phn: H2SO4...;
- S lng bnh c quy trong mt t: ph thuc vo in p tng bnh v in
p ton t c quy.
* V d:
Cc thng s k thut ca t c quy 4 OPZS 200 - VARTA
- Loi c quy:
4 OPZS 200.
- Hng sn xut :
VARTA-Thy in.
- in p danh nh:
2 V.
- Dung lng:
200 Ah.
- in p ngng phng: 1,8 V.
- in p lm vic cao nht: 2,23 V.
- T trng dung dch:
1,24 kg/l.
- S lng bnh:
106 bnh.
Cc thng s k thut ca t c quy 6TE - 180
- Nh sn xut
: EU
- Chng loi
: 6TE-180
- in p nh mc mi bnh
:6V
- in p mi bnh 200C
: 6,84 V
- S lng bnh
: 36 bnh
2. Cc quy nh v an ton
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- c quy phi cch xa ngun nhit, trnh nh sng mt tri. Gi c quy

lun sch s, lau sch c quy bng gi kh, hoc cn, khng c dng xng, du
hay cc ho cht khc lau.
- Khng c lp v s dng c quy trong t kn hon ton v nu s dng
trong t hoc phng kn hon ton s tch t nhiu kh sinh ra trong qu trnh np
d gy n, v p lc bn trong vt qu gii hn cho php ca bnh.
- Trong phng c quy tuyt i khng ht thuc, cm la. Khng c t cc
thit b gy tia la in nh cu dao, cng tc in, cu chCa phng c quy
phi t bin hiu Phng c quy.
- Phng c quy phi lun kha, ca s lun ng. Trong phng c quy phi t
h thng qut ht gi hoc iu ha nhit . Trc khi vo phng c quy phi cho
h thng qut ht gi lm vic trc t 3 n 5 pht.
- Khng cho php t ca ra vo phng c quy thng thng ra ca chnh ca
phng khc.
- Cc cu kin kim loi, gi , tng, trn, khung ca s, hp thng gi ca
phng c quy phi c sn bng loi sn chu axt. Ch hn dy dn vi u ct
khng c sn m phi c nh sch v bi m va d lin.
- ng c in ca h thng thng gi phi t ngoi hp thng gi. ng
thi kh phi xy dng ring bit.
- n dng trong phng c quy l loi c bo v chng n. Trong phng c
quy phi c h thng chiu sng s c. Dy dn v cc thit b in phi m bo
khng b nh hng lu di ca hi axt. Khng s dng dy nhm trong phng c
quy.
- Nhit np: c quy nn c np mi trng xung quanh trong phm vi
0
(0 C 400C) khng c np in nhit di (00C) hoc hn (+ 400C).
3. Cc ch vn hnh c quy
3.1 Vn hnh c quy ch ph np thng xuyn
Trong ch vn hnh bnh thng, c quy c u vo thanh ci mt chiu
song song vi h thng thit b np - Vn hnh ch ph np thng xuyn.
Ch vn hnh ny nng cao c tui th v tin cy ng thi gim c chi
ph bo dng vn hnh c quy

Trc khi a vo ch ph np thng xuyn, c quy cn phi c

phng np tp dt 3 ln. Sau phi nh k phng np hng nm theo quy nh
nh cc iu nu ca quy trnh ny.
ch ph np thng xuyn, cn duy tr in p trn mi ngn c quy l
2,20 0,05V b tr li s t phng v duy tr c quy trng thi np hon ton.
in p trn 2 cc c quy phi c duy tr n nh t ng trong gii hn 2%
4. Kim tra c quy trong khi vn hnh:
4.1. Kim tra c quy trong ca trc vn hnh:
Mi ca mt ln nhn vin vn hnh phi kim tra h thng c quy theo ni
dung sau:
- Kim tra v ghi s cc thng s in p, dng in ca h thng in 1
chiu, dng ph np, nhit ca phng c quy, cch in thanh ci mt chiu.
- Kim tra s lm vic ca h thng thit b ph np v thit b chuyn mch,
h thng thng gi, h thng chiu sng lm vic v s c.
- Kim tra tnh trng lm vic ca cc bnh c quy. V bnh kh ro, sch s,
cc ch tip xc khng b xy ho, gi sch s kh ro
- Kim tra in tr cch in ca b c quy.
- Kim tra bn ngoi bnh c quy xem c phng, rp, kim tra cc u bn cc
c quy xem c b han g hay axit bm vo hay khng.
- Phng t c quy phi sch s ngn np, kh ro. Nn nh v gi c quy
phi c v sinh thng xuyn
Trng hp pht hin c h hng trm trng m nhn vin vn hnh khng x
l c, nhn vin vn hnh cn ghi c th vo s nht k vn hnh v bo co
ngay cho iu , trm trng v ngi c trch nhim c bin php sa cha
kp thi.
4.2. Kim tra nh k c quy:
nh k 1 thng mt ln, trm trng tin hnh kim tra c quy kt hp vi
nhn vin vn hnh. Ni dung kim tra gm:
- o in p ton b h thng v in p ca tng bnh pht hin cc bnh
c in p gim st qu quy nh.
- Kim tra in tr cch in ca h thng c quy, h thng in 1 chiu.
- Kim tra tnh trng lm vic ca thit b ph np, h thng thng gi, h
thng chiu sng.
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- Kim tra tnh trng cc thanh ni, cn thit th bi thm m vadlin trn
thanh dn.
- Kim tra trang thit b v dng c an ton phc v c quy: n xch tay, dy
cp mm, nhit k , t trng k, gng tay, ng cao su, knh bo h...
- Kim tra dng c v thit bi d phng.
- Kim tra bn ngoi bnh c quy, kim tra cc u bn cc ca tng bnh.
Ngy thng v kt qu kim tra phi ghi y vo s theo di c quy.
nh k 3 thng 1 ln, tin hnh kim tra o dung lng c quy, kim tra tnh
trng lm vic ca h thng c quy, lm bin bn kim tra v ghi cc thng s o
c ca c quy vo bin bn v s ghi thng s vn hnh c quy.

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