Capacitors PDF

Engr.
M Abdul Rehman
Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)
The elements are capable to amplify the signal are

called "Active Elements", i.e. resistors, capacitors,
diodes, inductors, and switches.
The elements which will receive the energy and

dissipate or store it are called "Passive Elements
i.e. transistors, triacs, varistors, vacuum tubes,
relays, and op-amps.
Unlike the resistor, Capacitors display their total

Characteristics only when a change in voltage or
current is made in the circuit in which it exist.
In addition, if we consider the ideal situation, they

do not Dissipate Energy as does the resistor but
store it in a form that can be returned to the circuit
whenever required by the circuit design.
A force of attraction or repulsion exists between

two charged bodies.
This electric field is represented by electric flux
lines, which are drawn to indicate the strength of
the electric field at any point around the charged
body; that is, the denser the lines of flux, the
stronger the electric field.
The flux per unit area (flux density) is represented
by the capital letter D and is determined by
Electric flux lines always extend from a positively

charged body to a negatively charged body
The Electric Field Strength that a point is the
force acting on a unit positive charge at that point
If Q2=1, then?
Capacitance is a measure of a capacitors ability to

store charge on its plates, in other words its storage
capacity.
Two parallel plates of a conducting material separated
by an air gap have been connected through a switch
and a resistor to a battery.
If the parallel plates are initially uncharged and the
switch is left open, no net positive or negative charge
will exist on either plate.
The instant the switch is closed, however, electrons
are drawn from the upper plate through the resistor to
the positive terminal of the battery.
Electrons are being repelled by the negative

terminal through the lower conductor to the
bottom plate at the same rate they are being
drawn to the positive terminal.
This transfer of electrons continues until the
potential difference across the parallel plates is
exactly equal to the battery voltage.
At the edges, the flux lines extend outside the

common surface area of the plates, producing an
effect known as fringing.
This effect reduces capacitance somewhat, can be
neglected for most practical applications.
The purpose of the dielectric is to create an

electric field to oppose the electric field set up by
free charges on the parallel plates.
If a potential difference of V volts is applied across

the two plates separated by a distance of d, the
electric field strength between the plates is
determined by
10
The ratio of the permittivity of any dielectric to

that of a vacuum is called the relative permittivity
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12
Determine the capacitance of each capacitor
13
For the following capacitor

a. Determine the capacitance.
b. Determine the electric field strength between the plates
if 450 V are applied across the plates.
c. Find the resulting charge on each plate.
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15
A sheet of mica 1.5 mm thick having the same

area as the plates is inserted between the plates of
a Capacitor
a. Find the electric field strength between the plates.
b. Find the charge on each plate.
c. Find the capacitance.
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There are free electrons in every dielectric due in

part to impurities in the dielectric and forces
within the material itself.
When a voltage is applied across the plates of a
capacitor, a leakage current due to the free
electrons flows from one plate to the other.
The current is usually so small, however, that it
can be neglected for most practical applications.
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Polarized, Fixed and Variable.
The symbol of polarized capacitor
The symbol for a fixed capacitor is
The symbol for a variable capacitor is
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Electrolytic Capacitor
It is a type of capacitor that uses an electrolyte as one of
its plates to achieve a larger capacitance per unit volume
than other types.
All capacitors conduct AC and block DC and can be
used, amongst other applications, to couple circuit blocks
allowing AC signals to be transferred while blocking DC
power, to store energy, and to filter signals according to
their frequency.
Electrolytic capacitors are polarized; hence, they can only
be operated with DC.
20
Fixed Capacitors
Many types of fixed capacitors are available today. Some
of the most common are the mica, ceramic, electrolytic,
tantalum, and polyester-film capacitors.
The typical flat mica capacitor consists basically of mica
sheets separated by sheets of metal foil.
Data such as capacitance and working voltage are
printed on the outer wrapping if the polyester capacitor
is large enough.
Color coding is used on smaller devices
21
Variable Capacitors
Usually the dielectric for variable capacitors is air.
Capacitance is changed by turning the shaft at one end to
vary the common area of the movable and fixed plates.
The greater the common area, the larger the capacitance
22
Due to the small size of some capacitors, various

marking schemes have been adopted to provide the
capacitance level, the tolerance, and, if possible, the
maximum working voltage.
In general the size of the capacitor is the first indicator
of its value.
The smaller units are typically in pico-farads (pF) and the
larger units in microfarads (mF).
On larger mF units, the value can usually be printed on the
jacket with the tolerance and maxi-mum working voltage.
However, smaller units need to use some form of abbreviation
23
Measurement is done using a digital reading

capacitance meter.
Simply place the capacitor between the provided
clips with the proper polarity, and the meter will
display the level of capacitance.
The longer leg is positive and shorter leg is
negative in Electrolytic Capacitors.
24
The instant the switch is closed,

electrons are drawn from the top
plate and deposited on the bottom
plate by the battery, resulting in a
net positive charge on the top plate
and a negative charge on the bottom
plate.
The transfer of electrons is very rapid at first, slowing down as
the potential across the capacitor approaches the applied
voltage of the battery.
When the voltage across the capacitor equals the battery
voltage, the transfer of electrons will cease and the plates will
have a net charge determined by
25
When the switch is closed at t =0, the current

jumps to a value limited only by the resistance of
the network and then decays to zero as the plates
are charged.
The rapid decay in current level, revealing that the
amount of charge deposited on the plates per unit
time is rapidly decaying also.
26
Since the voltage across the plates is directly

related to the charge on the plates by Vc, , the
rapid rate with which charge is initially deposited
on the plates will result in a rapid increase in Vc.
Eventually, the flow of charge will stop, the
current I will be zero, and the voltage will cease to
change in magnitude the charging phase has
passed.
At this point the capacitor takes on the
characteristics o.f an open circuit
27
A capacitor can be replaced by an open-circuit

equivalent once the charging phase has passed.
28
Charging Current ic
Factor RC is called the time constant of the system.
Its symbol is the Greek letter t (tau), and its unit of

measure is the second.
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30
The current iC of a capacitive network is

essentially zero after five time constants of the
charging phase have passed in a dc network.
31
Charging Voltage Vc
The factor
is a decaying function, the factor
will grow toward a maximum value of 1 with time.
As E is the multiplying factor, the voltage Vc is E volts
after five time constants of the charging phase.
If we keep R constant and reduce C, the product RC will
decrease, and the rise time of five time constants will
decrease and vice versa.
32
Voltage across Resistor VR
33
a)
b)
Find the mathematical expressions and plots the

curves for the transient behavior of Vc, ic, VR
when the switch is moved to position 1.
How much time must pass before it can be
assumed, for all practical purposes, that Vc =E,
ic=E volts?
34
Solutions
35
Will start when the switch is

moved to position 2.
Capacitor will begin to discharge
at a rate sensitive to the same time
constant.
The established voltage across
the capacitor will create a flow of
charge in the closed path that will eventually discharge the
capacitor completely.
The capacitor functions like a battery with a decreasing
terminal voltage.
36
Discharging Current
The current iC has reversed direction, changing the polarity of
the voltage across R.
During the discharge phase the current will also decrease with
time.
37
Discharging Voltage Vc
38
Voltage across Resistor VR

The voltage drop across resistor R will be same as that of
capacitor.
39
After Vc has reached its final value of 40 V, the switch is

thrown into position 2
Find the mathematical expressions for the transient
behavior of VC, iC, and VR after the closing of the
switch. Plot the curves for VC, iC, and VR using the
defined directions and polarities. Assume that t=0
when the switch is moved to position 2
40
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42
a. Find the mathematical expression for the transient behavior of

the
voltage across the capacitor if the switch is thrown into position 1
at t = 0 s.
b. Repeat part (a) for iC.
c. Find the mathematical expressions for the response of vC and
iC if the switch is thrown into position 2 at 30 ms (assuming that
the leakage resistance of the capacitor is infinite ohms).
d. Find the mathematical expressions for the voltage vC and
current iC if the switch is thrown into position 3 at t=48 ms.
e. Plot the waveforms obtained in parts (a) through (d) on the
same time axis for the voltage vC and the current iC using the
defined polarity and current direction.
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a. Find the mathematical expression for the transient

behavior of the voltage across the capacitor if the switch
is thrown into position 1 at t=0 s.
b. Repeat part (a) for iC.
c. Find the mathematical expression for the response of
vC and iC if the switch is thrown into position 2 at t
=1RC of the charging phase.
d. Plot the waveforms obtained in parts (a) through (c)
on the same time axis for the voltage vC and the current
iC using the defined polarity and current direction
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We will now examine the effect of a charge, and

therefore a voltage on the plates at the instant the
switching action takes place.
The voltage across the capacitor at this instant is called
the initial value.
Once the switch is thrown, the transient phase will
commence until a leveling off occurs after five time
constants.
This region of relatively fixed value that follows the
transient response is called the steady-state region,
and the resulting value is called the steady-state or
final value.
50
Using the transient equation developed in the

previous section, an equation for the voltage vC
can be written for the entire time interval
51
The capacitor in the following figure has an initial

voltage of 4V.
a. Find the mathematical expression for the voltage
across the capacitor once the switch is closed.
b. Find the mathematical expression for the current
during the transient period.
c. Sketch the waveform for each from initial value to final
value.
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53
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On occasion it will be necessary to determine the voltage

or current at a particular instant of time that is not an
integral multiple of t. For example, if
the voltage vC may be required at t=5 ms, which does
not correspond to a particular value of t.
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Occasions will arise in which the network does

not have the simple series form.
It will then be necessary first to find the Thvenin
equivalent circuit for the network external to the
capacitive element. Eth will then be the source
voltage E, and Rth will be the resistance R. The
time constant is then t=RthC.
59
a. Find the mathematical expression for the transient

behavior of the voltage vC and the current iC following
the closing of the switch (position 1 at t=0 s).
b. Find the mathematical expression for the voltage vC
and current iC as a function of time if the switch is
thrown into position 2 at t=9 ms.
c. Draw the resultant waveforms of parts (a) and (b) on
the same time axis.
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63
The capacitor of is initially charged to 40 V. Find

the mathematical expression for vC after the
closing of the switch.
64
65
For the network find the mathematical expression

for the voltage vC after the closing of the switch
(at t=0).
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Capacitors, like resistors, can be placed in series

and in parallel.
Increasing levels of capacitance can be obtained
by placing capacitors in parallel, while decreasing
levels can be obtained by placing capacitors in
series.
For capacitors in series, the charge is the same on
each capacitor
68
Applying Kirchhoffs voltage law around the

closed loop gives
69
70
a. Find the total capacitance.

b. Determine the charge on each plate.
c. Find the voltage across each capacitor.
71
72
a. Find the total capacitance.

b. Determine the charge on each plate.
c. Find the total charge.
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74
Find the voltage across and charge on each capacitor for the network.
75
76
Find the voltage across and charge on capacitor

C1 after it has charged up to its final value.
77
78
Find the voltage across and charge on each

capacitor of the network after each has charged up
to its final value.
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The ideal capacitor does not dissipate any of the

energy supplied to it.
It stores the energy in the form of an electric field
between the con-ducting surfaces.
The power curve can be obtained by finding the
product of the voltage and current at selected
instants of time and connecting the points
obtained.
The energy stored is represented by the shaded
area under the power curve.
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Determine the energy stored by each capacitor.
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Engr.

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

The elements are capable to amplify the signal are

The elements which will receive the energy and

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

Unlike the resistor, Capacitors display their total

In addition, if we consider the ideal situation, they

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

A force of attraction or repulsion exists between

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

Electric flux lines always extend from a positively

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

Capacitance is a measure of a capacitors ability to

Electrons are being repelled by the negative

At the edges, the flux lines extend outside the

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

The purpose of the dielectric is to create an

If a potential difference of V volts is applied across

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

The ratio of the permittivity of any dielectric to

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

Determine the capacitance of each capacitor

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

For the following capacitor

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

A sheet of mica 1.5 mm thick having the same

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

There are free electrons in every dielectric due in

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

Polarized, Fixed and Variable.

The symbol of polarized capacitor

The symbol for a fixed capacitor is

The symbol for a variable capacitor is

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

Due to the small size of some capacitors, various

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

Measurement is done using a digital reading

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

The instant the switch is closed,

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

When the switch is closed at t =0, the current

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

Since the voltage across the plates is directly

A capacitor can be replaced by an open-circuit

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

Factor RC is called the time constant of the system.

Its symbol is the Greek letter t (tau), and its unit of

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

The current iC of a capacitive network is

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

Voltage across Resistor VR

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)

Find the mathematical expressions and plots the

Abdul Rehman (Circuit Analysis)