CE5350Geosynthetics&ReinforcedSoil

y
Structures

NPTELVideo:GeosyntheticsandReinforcedSoilStructures

http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/105106052/

What is a geosynthetic ?
Natural
Naturalorartificialproductthatisusedalong
or artificial product that is used along
withsoilingeotechnicalconstructions.
Natural:coir,jute,hemp,etc.
Artificial:polymericormetallic
p y

TYPES OF GEOSYNTHETICS

Geotextiles
Geogrids
Geonets
Geomembranes
Pre-fabricated vertical drains (PVD)
(
)
Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)
Geocells (3
(3-d
d confinement)
Geocomposites & Geo-others

Graphical symbols proposed by IGS

letter
Symbol symbol
product

Letter Symbols for

Different Functions of Geosynthetics
B
D
E
F
P
R
S

Barrier (fluid)
Drainage
Surficial Erosion Control
Filtration
Protection (of geomembranes)
Reinforcement
Separation

FlexibleBreakwaterunitmadeof
geosynthetics
th ti
b h
beachsandfilledbags
d fill d b
inropenetgabions

REINFORCED SOIL
Soil+reinforcement=reinforcedsoil
Reinforcement:
Ancient: Treebranches,grassreeds,straw,rootsof
vegetation bamboo tree trunks
vegetation,bamboo,treetrunks
Modern: Steel,polymeric,naturalmaterials
Soilisstrongincompression&reinforcementisstrongin
Soil is strong in compression & reinforcement is strong in
tension
Combinedproducthasmuchbetterengineeringproperties
than the individual constituents
thantheindividualconstituents
Reinforcedsoilconceptissimilartothatofreinforced
concrete

Need for Retaining Walls

S
Soilil h
has hi
high
h compressive
i strength
hb
but lilimited
i d
tensile and shear strengths
Can stand on its own only up to its own angle of
repose
Steepe
Steeper slopes
s opes require
equ e lateral
ate a suppo
supportt
Purpose of the retaining walls is to provide lateral
support to the soil to make it stand at steep angles
Initialsoilposition
withsteepslope
Finalslopeat
angleofrepose

cv

Unreinforced
Embankments

Shallowunreinforced
Shallow
unreinforced
slope

Reinforced Soil
E b k
Embankments
t

Shallowunreinforced
Shallow
unreinforced
slope
Extraroad
Extra
road
spacegained
Steepreinforced
p
slope

10

ConventionalRetainingWalls
g

Masonrygravityretainingwall

Reinforcedconcretesemigravityretaining
wall
11

Componentsofreinforcedsoilretainingwalls
Reinforcement
layers

Facing
F
i
panels
Levelling pad

Reinforced soil block

B kfill soilil
Backfill

Foundation soil

Thin, flexible facing panels - about 180 mm thick

Levelling pad is usually 150 mm thick and 300-400 mm wide
Backfill soil is select non-plastic fgranular fill
Horizontal reinforcement layers
12

Constructionofairportat
Gangtok Sikkim by
Gangtok,Sikkimby
Ms/Maccaferri India
13

Constructionof33mhighembankmentatShillongbypassRoad

14

Brief history of MSE Walls in India

FirstMSEwallinmid1980satLudhiana
MostRoBs onNHAIprojectsbuiltusingthistechniques
VerycommontoseeMSEwallheightsmorethan10m
Geosyntheticsandsteelladders,steelstrips,plymeric
strips,anchorsystemsusedasREmaterials
ti
h
t
d RE t i l
Soilandflyashusedasbackfillmaterial
TilldatemaximumheightofREwallinIndia45m
Till date maximum height of RE wall in India 45 m
OneprojectcurrentlyunderwayinSikkimwithheight
more than 100 m
morethan100m

15

DifferentTypesofREWallsbuiltinIndia

Fullheightwalls

Steelmeshreinforcement

Modularblockwalls

Steelstripswithanchor

Geogridreinforcement

Panelwalls

Gabionfacings

Polymericstripreinforcement16

View of 2-tier Wall from Krishna River

17

Topviewofthecompleted4tierwall
18

Viewoftheadditionalparkingspace
gainedatthetopofthehill

19

Flexible Pavements
FlexiblePavements

Flexible Pavements
FlexiblePavements
Bituminous wearing course
Base course

T
Sub-base course
Subgrade soil
Thickness of the pavement (T) depends on the
strength
t
th off subgrade
b d soil,
il ttraffic
ffi loading,
l di
d
design
i lif
life,
properties of layers

WBM material

WBM

GSB
WBM & GSB Layers in a flexible pavement

Typical Granular sub-base

sub base (GSB) layer in a flexible pavement

aggregatelayer

geotextileseparator

subgrade
soil

Prevents the intermixing,

prevents piping, strength of
aggregate is preserved

Separation Function in a pavement layer

Drainagefunctionofageotextilelayer

ingressofwaterintopavementlayers
g
p
y
flowofwater

flowofwater

drain

d i
drain

Thick geotextile with good drainage properties is

used at interface

FiltrationFunction
Watercomingoutleavingbehind
thefinesoilparticlesintact

Geotextilelayeractingas
afilter

Conceptual representation of filtration phenomenon

Larger particles have

l
larger
iinter-particle
t
ti l
space

Filter layer(s)

Base soil
Flow
direction
Pore pressure dissipation through soil

Simpleexplanationofthefilter
concept
Tea
ea filter
te sshould
ou d aallow
o
tthee
passage of liquid tea while
retaining the tea powder
If the openings in the filter are
large, tea powder will flow
th
through,
h which
hi h is
i undesirable
d i bl
If the filter openings are too
small liquid may not strain
small,
through freely, which is also not
desirable

Geogrid reinforced pavement construction

Use suitable pins to hold down the geosynthetic no

wrinkles in the geosynthetic

BackDumpingAggregate

Minimum cover of 150 to 200 mm soil above geosynthetic

Geocell reinforcedflexiblepavement
spreading aggregate in geocell pockets
spreadingaggregateingeocell

Compact the Aggregate

using suitable compaction equipment.

Typical Crosssection
TypicalCross
sectionofalandfill
of a landfill
Cover system

GL

GL

Waste
W
t filled-up
fill d
i llayers
in
with alternate soil layers
Liner system

Barrier concept in landfills (Gartung 1996)

Cross sectionofatypicallandfillwithdifferent
Crosssection
of a typical landfill with different
typesofgeosynthetics

T i l
Typicalcrosssectionofalandfillwithdifferenttypesofgeosynthetics
ti
f l dfill ith diff
tt
f
th ti

Above ground landfill to store zerosite waste at

Hindustan Zinc Factory, Visakhapatnam

Embankment was constructed using the granules

off zerosite
it mixed
i d with
ith murum soilil

Embankment during construction geogrid

reinforcement used to maintain steep slopes

Lining
g of the surface with HDPE g
geomembrane

Spreading the geomembrane layer down the slope (notice

the joints along the slope and not across the slope)

Rolls of geomembranes ready to be rolled on the landfill slopes

Leak testing
g of g
geomembrane seams

Erosion control using geosynthetics

Erosioncontrolusinggeosynthetics

ATNSCBHouselostintoseaduetocoastalerosioninMay2012

Deepgulleys
p g y formedonhighwayslopesbyrainwater
g
y p
y
inducederosion noticethefinesilty soilwhichishighly
susceptibletoerosion

Vi
View
off th
the llandfill
dfill after
ft covering
i with
ith vegetation
t ti

Use of coir mat to

promote vegetation
growth to prevent
surface erosion
Geosynthetics - Introduction

54/48

UseofstonefilledropenetgabionsforshorelinestabilizationatSwami
N i Temple,Tithal,Gujarat
Narain
T
l Tith l G j t
Geosynthetics - Introduction

55/48

ComponentsoftheGrassPlant(Hall1992)

InnovativeuseofgeogridsforshoreprotectionatNavi Mumbai

Sl. N
Sl
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Topic
T
i
Introduction to course and different types
of geosynthetics & applications
Principles, concepts and reinforcement
Mechanism
Types of polymers and manufacture of
geosynthetics
Determination of pproperties
p
of
geosynthetics
Design of road bases and earth beds using
geosynthetics
Design of reinforced soil retaining walls
Design of reinforced soil embankments
Soft ground improvement using PVDs &
other geosynthetics
A li ti
Applications
off geosynthetics
th ti iin llandfills
dfill
Case studies & summary of course
Total

A
Approx.
no. off classes
l
3
4
2
7
5
8
6
3
1
2
41