Ex.

A conductor is 8 in long and carries a current of 140 ampere when placed perpendicularly to a magnetic field the
intensity of which is 58,000 lines per sq. in. Calculate the force exerted by the conductor.
Solution:
F= (58,000)(140)(8)sin(90)
11,300,000
F= 5.749 lbf
Parts of a Generator
1. Magnetic frame or yoke
2. Pole cores and Pole shoes
3. Pole coils and field coils
4. Armature Core
5. Armature winding or conductors
6. Commutator
7. Brushes and Bearings
Yoke
-

Provider mechanical support for the pole and act as a protecting cover for the machine
Carries the magnetic flux produce by the poles

In small generators, yokes are made of the cast iron

In large generators, yokes are made of cast steel
Pole Cores and Pole shoes
Pole shoes serve two purposes
-

They spread out the flux in the air gap and reduce the reluctance of the magnetic path
Support the exciting coils

Pole Coils

Are former- wound for the correct dimension, then the former is removed and wound coil is put into place

over the core

When current is passed through these coils, they electro magnetize the poles when produce the necessary
flux that is cut by revolving angular conductor

Armature Core
-

Usually former wound

These are first wounds in the form of flat rectangular coils and are then pulled into their proper shape in a
coil poles

Commutator
-

Its function is to facilitate collection of current from the armature conductors

Converts the alternating current induced in armature conductors into unidirectional current in the external
circuit

Brushes and Bearings

-

Its function is to collect current from commutator

Usually made of carbon and graphite

Armature Windings
Pole Pitch
-

The periphery of the armature divided by the number of poles of the generator
Equal to the number of armature conductors per pole
Pole pitch = Z/P

Coil Span (coil pitch)

-

The distance between two sides of a coil Ys

Full Pitched
-

If the coil pitched is equal to the pole pitch

It means that coil span is 180 electrical degrees

If the coil span is less than the pole pitch, then the winding is fractional pitched. In this case, there is a
phase difference the electro motive force in the two sides of the coil.
Pitch of a winding
-

Defined as the distance round the armature between two successive conductors which are directly
connected together Y
Y = YS YF Lap winding
Y = YB + YF Wave winding

Back Pitch (YB)

The distance which a coil advances back of the armature

Front Pitch(YF)
-

The number of armature conductor spanned by a coil on the front

Lap Conditions

The back and front pitches are add of opposite sign. But they cannot be equal. They differ by 2 or some

multiple thereof
Both YB and YF should be nearly equal to pole pitch
The average pitch YA = YB + YF / 2. It equals to pole pitch = Z/P
YB = YF 2
Number of parallel paths is armature = mP
Where: m is the multiplicity winding
P is number of poles
a.) If YB> YF then YB=YF + 2 it is a progressive right winding
b.) If YB< YF then YB = YF 2 it is retrogressive left winding

Ex. Draw a develop diagram of a simple 2-layer lap-winding for a 4-pole generator within the coils.

Solution:
# ofcommutator segments = 16
# of conductors = 32
Pole pitch = Z/P = 32/4 = 8
YB = 8 + 1 = 9
Progressive winding
YF = 8 1 = -7

Back Pitch

Front Pitch

1 to (1+9) = 10

10 to (10-7) = 3

3 to (3+9) = 12

12 to (12-7) = 5

5 to (5+9) = 14

14 to (14-7) = 7

7 to (7+9) = 16

16 to (16-7) = 9

9 to (9+9) = 18

18 to (18-7) = 11

11 to (11+9) = 20

20 to (20-7) = 13