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Fluid Statics:

Submerged Surfaces

2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

Moments of Area
Area:
A

1 a

First Moment of Area about the y axis


A

Sy

xa a
0

Position of centroid
A

Cx

0 xa a
A

0 1 a
A

Cx

Cx

0 xa a
A
Sy
A

Second Moment of Area about the y axis


Jyy x2 y x
A

Jyy

x2a a

Parallel Axis Theorem

Parallel
Jyy A h2
c + Jcc

Axis
Theorem

Product Moment of Area

Jxy x y x y
A

Jxy

xa ya a
0

Various lists of moments of area have been compiled, e.g. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_area


_moments _of _inertia

2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

Pressure on Submerged Surfaces


Fig 4.1 shows examples of forces on sumberged areas in engineering systems

Example of pressure exceeding design limits (video).

2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

Resultant Force
Pressure varies over the surface depending on depth (elevation)

ha

hc

hR

pc
FR
pa

We want to calculate:
Resultant Force, FR
location of Centre of Pressure
The net force is the integral of the pressure over the area
FR 0A pa a

5.31

We can substitute for pressure using the hydrostatic relationships


pa h a
FR 0A ha a

5.32

We note that is constant and the remaining integral is the first moment of area
FR S y

Substituting for the first moment of area in terms of the centroid

5.33

2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

Sy A h c
FR A h c

Thrust

We note that Cy is merely the hydrostatic pressure at the centroid


hc pc
FR A p c

5.35

2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

Centre of Pressure
The Resultant Force does not act through the centroid!
This is because the pressure distribution is not constant with elevation.
It acts through the Centre of Pressure, which is at an elevation hR
Taking moments for elements of A, and summing over the entire area
FR hR 0A ha pa a

7.1

We can replace pressure by hydrostatic head:


pa h a
FR hR 0A h2
a a

7.2

The specific weight is constant so can come out of the integral


FR hR 0A h2
a a

7.3

We note the integral is just the second moment of area


A

2
ha a Jyy
0

FR hR Jyy

7.4

We have an expression for resultant (thrust) force:


FR A h c
A hc hR Jyy

7.5

Solving this for the height to the resultant, hR

hR

Jyy
A hc

Centre of
Pressure

We can substitute for JYY using the parallel axis theorem to write this in terms of the second moment
of area about the centroid

2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

Jyy A h2c + Jcc


hR

A h2c + Jcc
A hc

hR hc + Jcc
A hc

which is the result in eq 4-5

Centre of
Pressure
2

2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

Moments of Area: Summary


nth Moment of Area
0th

Common Name
Area

1st

First Moment of Area (about y)

Sy

1
x A

2nd

Second Moment of Area (about y)

J y , Iy

2
x A

Common Symbol Integral Definition


0
A
x A

Key Relationships
Distance of Centroid from y axis
Cx

Sy
A

First Moment of Area about an axis, y, offset from a parallel axis through the centroid
Sy SC + A Cx
Second Moments of Area about an axis, y, offset from a parallel axis through the centroid
(Parallel Axis Theorem)
Jy JC + A Cx 2

Application to Fluid Statics


Resultant force on submerged, plane surface
FR pC A
Centre of Pressure on submerged, plane surface, measured from the surface
LR

J
A hC

LR L C +

JC
A LC

2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

Exercise: Vertical Dam

First calculate the resultant force


FR A h c

The centroid is halfway down the wall


hc

d
2

FR A d
2

8.1

Substituting known values:


{A b d, b 6.1, d 3.7, 9810.}

8.2

FR 409 612.

8.3

Now calculate the centre of pressure

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2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

hR

Jyy
A hc
b d3

Jyy

, A b d, hc

d
2

hR 2 d

8.4

Substituting known vales from (8.2)


hR 2.46667

8.5

Alternatively, using the formula involving the second moment about the centroid
hR h c +

JCC

Jcc
A hc

b d3
12

, hc

d
2

, A b d

hR d + 2 Jcc
2

b d2

Which is the same result as (8.4)

8.6

2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

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Inclined Plan
For an inclined plane, the calculation of magnitude of the resultant force is the same.
However, we introduce an additional coordinate system for calculation of centre of pressure.
Fig 4-4

Taking moments about S, which is the intersection of the plane through the surface and the fluid
surface
FR Lp 0A La pa a

9.1

The pressure can be written as a function of head


pa h a
FR Lp 0A ha La a

9.2

We can write the distance ha in terms of distance along the plane containing the surface
ha Sin[] La
FR Lp 0A Sin[] L2
a a

9.3

Both and Sin[] are constant with respect to the integral:


FR Lp 0A L2
a a Sin[]

9.4

We note that the integral is merely the second moment of area about the intersection of the surface
plane and the fluid surface

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2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

2
La a Jyy
0

FR Lp Sin[] Jyy

9.5

We can expand the resultant thrust force FR as per the following:


FR A h c
A hc Lp Sin[] Jyy
hc Sin[] Lc
A Sin[] Lc Lp Sin[] Jyy

9.6

Solving this for the distance to the centre of pressure, Lp


Centre of

Jyy
A Lc

Lp

Pressure
3

We can also expand (Centre of Pressure 3) using parallel axis theorem


Jyy Jcc + A L2c
Lp

Jcc + A L2c
A Lc
Centre of

Lp Jcc + Lc

Pressure

A Lc

We can write this in terms of vertical heights:

Lc

hc
Sin[]

, Lp

hp
Sin[]

Csc[] hp Csc[] hc +
hp

Sin[] Jcc
A hc

A h2c + Sin[]2 Jcc


A hc

2
hp hc + Sin[] Jcc

A hc

Centre of
Pressure
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2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

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Exercise: Inclined Dam


Example 4.5: Figure 4.7 shows a dam 30.5 m long that retains 8 m of fresh water and is inclined at
an angle of 60. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force on the dam and the location of the
center of pressure.

Answer
First calculate magnitude
FR A h c
hc

h
2

, A L w

FR 1 h L w
2

10.1

We can write this in terms of vertical dimensions:


L h Csc[]
FR 1 h2 w Csc[]
2

10.2

Substituting known values


{h 8, w 30.5, 9810., 60 }

10.3

FR 1.10557 107

The calculate location of the effective thrust force, using the equation where Jyy is the second
moment of area about the surface line

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2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

Lp

Jyy
A Lc
L3 w

Jyy

, A L w, Lc

L
2

Lp 2 L
3

10.4

Writing this in terms of vertical heights, and substituting values from (10.3
L h Csc[]
Lp

2
3

h Csc[]

Lp 6.1584

10.4

2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

Exercise: Submerged Plane Area


Example 4.20: Calculate the resultant force and location of centre of pressure

Answer
First calculate the thrust force
FR A h c
2
A d , 1000 g sg, sg 1.1, g 9.81, hc 3, d 2.4

12.1

FR 146 452.

12.2

We now calculate the centre of pressure

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2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

Lp

Jcc
A Lc
d2
4

+ Lc
, JCC

1
4

d
2

, Lc

3
Cos[30 ]

2 Jcc

Lp 2

3 +

Lp 2

3 + 0.0638112 Jcc

3 d2

We can also write this in terms of a vertical distance


3 Lp

hp
hp

2
1
2

3 2

3 + 0.0638112 Jcc

which, as expected, is just below the centroid of the circle.

12.3

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Pressure Diagrams
Pressure diagrams show the pressure distribution over a submerged surface. They are most appropriate/helpful for rectangular submerged areas.

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2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

Pressure on Submerged Rectangular Plane


For a rectangular surface, write the free body diagram equations

h
FP

hc

hp

Lp
FH

FR
Fw

The forces are given by products of pressures and areas. Assume the rectangular surface has a
width (normal to the drawing) of y, and spans a distance x in the horizontal plane of the drawing.
Fp h x y
FH d d + h y
2

Fw 1 d x y
2

FR

2
F2
H + (Fp + Fw )

11.1

d
+ h hc
2

d2 + x2 y

We can eliminate FH , Fp , Fw , d, x, y from the equations and solve for the resultant force:
A2 2 h2c F2R
FR A h c

11.2

Note the relationship between the second moment for the plane area, and the second moment for
the vertical projection:

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2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

JC,A 1 d3 y Csc[]3
12
d3 y
JC,V
12

11.3

Csc[]3 JC,V JC,A

We can then solve for the centre of pressure by summing moments about the point on the surface
FR LP FH hP + FP xP + FW xW

11.4

We can make the following substitutions for the forces:


FR Csc[] FH
FP A h Cos[]
FH A Sin[] hC

11.5

FW 1 A d Cos[]
2

which gives:
A hC LP A Sin[] hC hP + A h Cos[] xP + 1 A d Cos[] xW

11.6

We can also substitute for the various displacements


xP Cot[] hC , xW

2d
3

+ h Cot[],

2d
3

+h

d
6

+ hC , hP hC +

Csc[] JC,V
A hC

A hC L P
A h Cos[] Cot[] hC +

1
2

A d Cos[] Cot[]

d
6

+ hC + A Sin[] hC hC +

Csc[] JC,V
A hC

hC Sin[] LC , JC,V Sin[]3 JC,A


A Sin[] LC LP

11.7

A h Cos[]2 LC + 1 A d Cos[] Cot[] d + Sin[] LC +


2
6
Sin[] JC,A
2
A Sin[] LC Sin[] LC +

A LC

Solving (11.7) for LP gives:


LP A d2 Cot[]2 + 6 A d Cos[] Cot[] LC + 12 A h Cos[] Cot[] LC +
2
12 A Sin[]2 L2
C + 12 Sin[] JC,A (12 A LC )

Simplifying, knowing that d>0, A>0, h>0, >0

11.8

2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

LP

1
2

(d + 2 h) Cos[] Cot[] + Sin[]2 LC +

1
12

d2 Cot[]2 +

Sin[]2 JC,A
A

LC

LP 1 d Cos[] Cot[] + h Cos[] Cot[] +

11.9

Sin[]2 JC,A
d2 Cot[]2
+ Sin[]2 LC +
12 LC
A LC

For a rectangle we know that


d2 Cot[]2
12 LC
LP

1
2

Cos[]2 JC,A
A LC

d Cos[] Cot[] + h Cos[] Cot[] + Sin[]2 LC +

J
LP 1 (d + 2 h) Cos[] Cot[] + Sin[]2 LC + C,A
A LC

Finally, we make the substitution


1
2

(d + 2 h) Sin[] LC

LP Cos[]2 LC + Sin[]2 LC +
LP L C +

JC,A
A LC

JC,A
A LC

which verifies the centre of pressure result from integration.

Cos[]2 JC,A
A LC

Sin[]2 JC,A
A LC
11.11

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Exercise (2013 Test)


An engineering student loses control of a car and runs off the road into an alpine river.

(a) If the car has a mass of 2200 kg and encloses a volume of 1.8 m3 , will it remain submerged?
(b) If no water has yet entered the passenger compartment, and given the dimensions shown
above, what is the force of water keeping the door closed?
(c) At what depth below the water surface does that force act?

Answer
If the car has a mass of 2200 kg and encloses a volume of 1.8 m 3, will it remain
submerged?
List our known parameters
Arect 0.9 1.1, Atri
ytri 0.1 +

1
3

1
2

(1.1 - 0.6) (0.9 - 0.45), yrect 0.1 +

0.9
2

(0.9 - 0.45), g 9.81, 1000, Vd 1.8, m 2200

{Arect 0.99, Atri 0.1125, yrect 0.55,

13.1

ytri 0.25, g 9.81, 1000, Vd 1.8, m 2200}

Buoyant force is equal to the weight of fluid displaced. Weight force is due to mass and gravity
eq[Buoyancy]
eq[Buoyancy]
eq[Buoyancy]

Weight force is given by:

13.2

2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

Fw g m
Fw 21 582.

13.3

The weight force is greater than the buoyant force, so it will remain submerged.

If no water has yet entered the passenger compartment, and given the
dimensions shown above, what is the force of water keeping the door closed?
Calculate the area of the door, substituting values using (13.1)
A Arect - Atri
A 0.8775

13.4

Calculate the depth of the centroid, substituting values using (13.1)


hc

Arect yrect - Atri ytri


Arect - Atri

hc 0.588462

13.5

Calculate the force at that depth, substituting values using (13.1), (13,4) and (13.5)
FR A g h c
FR 5065.64

13.6

At what depth below the water surface does that force act?
Calculate the second moment of area about the top of the door
(Note, hc is the depth beneath the water, which includes 0.1 m to the top of the door)
Jdoor Jrect - Jtri
Jrect

1.1 0.93
3

, Jtri

1
12

(1.1 - 0.6) (0.9 - 0.45)3

Jdoor 0.263503

13.7

Offset the second moment of area to the centroid, by rearranging the parallel axis theorem
Jdoor A (- 0.1 + hc )2 + Jcc
Jcc - 1. 1. A (- 0.1 + hc )2 - Jdoor

Substituting values from (13.1), (13.4), (13.5) and (13.7)

13.8

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2 Fluid Statics - Submerged Surfaces.nb

Jcc 0.0541363

13.9

Now use the formula to calculate the centre of pressure (substituting from (13.9), (13.5) and (13.4)
hR h c +

Jcc
A hc

hR 0.693301

13.11

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