ARCHAEOLOGICAL PLANT REMAINS FROM THE CENTRAL COAST OF PERU

Author(s): Mark Nathan Cohen

Reviewed work(s):
Source: awpa Pacha: Journal of Andean Archaeology, No. 16 (1978), pp. 23-50
Published by: Left Coast Press, Inc.
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27977675 .
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23

ARCHAEOLOGICALPLANT REMAINS PROM THE CENTRAL COAST OP PERU

Mark

Betveen
Thomas

University,
then of Harvard,

of the archaeology

I96I

Cohen

Nathan

and 1971, Edward P. Laiming,

then of Columbia

then
of Tale,
Michael
E.
C. Patterson,
in a systematic
and their
students
engaged

of the Chill?n

of the lower portion

Moseley,
study

and

Valley

Ancon region
of the central
As a
coast
of Peru.
adjoining
a
was
of their
result
sequence
complete
archaeological
studies,
a period
of about
out for the area,
worked
years
spanning
12,000
the

to the Spanish

10,500 B.C.

in the 16th century A.B.

conquest

from

The

the arrival
with
of early
and gathering
hunting
the
the
and
of agriculture
region
spanned
populations
beginning
life
in the region,
the development
of irrigation
settled
faming,
the growth
of large?scale
centers.1
population
sequence

began
in

Between

I969 and 1971, working under the guidance

I undertook
an
of Harvard,
Towle
from the
middens
the prehistoric
in the subsistence
changes
describing

A.
of

related

to

the

in

tion

this
paper
from these
excavations
occurrence
prehistoric
the
elucidate
their
utilization
In
it

is

necessary

early

is

on

study have been published

the

archaeological
of the Chill?n
a total
of
covering

delta

and

list

describe

the

and to provide
dates
of various
vegetable
of certain
wild
history
the

to

order
to

to

Peruvian

elsewhere.2

and
taxa
and

and

material

plant

My inten

recovered
on the
data

comparative
will
which
help
domestic
plants

to
and

coast.

the
understand
significance
a brief
of
overview

provide
sequence.
River

of Margaret

of the vegetable
analysis
portion
the intention
of
with
sequence
as
the
of
these
economy
region
of social
and the evolution
forms.

of population

growth

of this

The results

and
and

The
an

the

Ancon-Chillon
area
of coastal
km.

sq.

36O

approximately

of the plant
area
studied

material,
and

the
includes
region
desert
to the north
zone
The
is located

by
just to the northwest of Lima (11 581 to 11 40* south latitude
The area is predominantly an
77 13* to 77 03r west longitude).
dry

extremely

desert

prevent
precipitation
As a result,
much of
the resources
available
There

are

three

for resources
itself

indigenous

the

to

the
area

the

for

supported
fauna

rich

marine

and

flora

ocean

offshore

at low altitudes
no natural
plant
are
exploitation

human

communities

biological

a naturally

cold

coast
has

by prehistoric

provided

valley

major

due
on

populations
fauna

and

irrigated

and

later

which

1).

(fig.

flora.

strip

currents
which
near
the sea.
In fact,
cover.
limited.
very
were
exploited

Second,

of forest

supported

the ocean

First,

cultivated

the

river

with a rich
fields.

And third, low altitude

winter fog supported patches of lomas vege
on the upper slopes of hills
tation outside the river valley
facing
the sea (Weberbauer, 1936, pp. 16-21; Goodspeed and Stork, 1955, PP?
102-111).
Of the

three

resource

zones,

the

ocean

has

probably

been

24

zone
the most
stable
and the most
constant
ecologically
potential
source
of food.
of the littoral
Periodic
resul
disruptions
ecosystem
are
in ocean
from changes
currents
but
known to occur,
those
ting

have been of short duration

documented historically
(Murphy, 1923,
pp. 68-71 ; 1926) suggesting that such events are far too brief to

be

in the archaeological
discernible
from such
Aside
record.
fluctuations
in ocean
in the
the only
currents,
changes
zone during
of the littoral
the period
of human occupa
productivity
seem to have
tion
in the configura
resulted
from minor
local
changes
tion
of the coast.
Shell
mounds
of the Early
Intermediate
Period
along
a portion
are now stranded
at Ventanilla,
of the coast,
well
inland
on a sandy beach,
of the coast
that
risen
this
has
suggesting
portion
easily
occasional

The

seems
the
to have
configuration
destroyed
of the coast,
this
portion
because,
although
as an important
economic
activity
throughout
zone
in other
of the survey
and along
period
parts
the coast,
or
there
of later
is no evidence
fishing

altered
beds
along
continues

slightly.
shellfishing

shellfishing
the prehistoric
of
other
parts

shellfishing

activity
The

which
tural
zone.
sites,
tural
is

occurs

become

repeated

in

change

beach.

the

archaeological
than altered
rather
resources
are
which

choice
Marine
and

major
in the

this

along

increasingly

agricultural
in many

only

coastal
to

through
-?

100-116;

resources
re fleet
cul
of the littoral

from early
reported
the late
preagricul
an economic
trend
which

sparsely

region
in South

locations

of the world (Cohen 1975a, pp.

1978, pp. 112-129).

of

sequence
appears
natural
productivity

significant
of the

sites

other

utilization

and

America

1977a,

ch.

in

other

1977b, pp.

6;

parts

156-172;

A third
in the use
of cultural
resources
variation
may
or human agency.
The bones
natural
of marine
mammals,
in importance
the early
increase
of the archaeolo
through
part
a
manner
in
the
economic
sequence
increasing
paralleling
gical
on
fish
from
the middens
and
emphasis
shellfish,
disappear
altogether
of this
after
the
Intermediate
These
mammals
Period.
Early
region
been
have
to
hunted
extinction
local
this
time.
may
by
They may have
as
a
the
in
result
of
the
of the
disappeared
changes
configuration
or
have
been
coastal
hunters
may
coast;
they
simply
disregarded
by
In any case
it is worthy
thereafter.
of note
their
that
disappearance
either

reflect
which

corresponds

tion

roughly

of domestic

with

the

first

evidence

land mammals in the region

1977b, p, 167; 1978, p. 122).

The

coast

that

6,000
veyed.
because

and

Chill?n

River

is

one

of

of

large

(Cohen,

scale

manipula

1975a, p.

111;

on the Peruvian
few rivers
At present,
it
between
supports
the zone
cultivation
within
sur*

the

flows
the year.
throughout
hectares
under
annual
7,000
The annual
double
but
temperature
permits
regime
cropping,
of seasonal
in the river,
in the flow
of water
fluctuation
area
of this
can be irrigated
for a second
crop
only a fraction
during
the winter
season
of reduced
flow.
scale
Large
irrigation
reaching
to its modern
can be traced
at least
to the
limits
back
substantially

Early
that

Intermediate

time

is

obscure.

Period,

The

but the history

use

of

the

river

of irrigation
valley

for

prior
floodplain

to

25

and

farming

ological

of

regions
irrigated
excavated

scale

small

site

distribution

the
river
down

of crop plants

Peruvian
valley
from the

can

irrigation

and refuse

could reach

ground water

my knowledge,
surveys
provide

prehistorically

in

Reconstruction
is
interference

archae

In other

below)*

is possible
the
outside
agriculture
or sunken
of -puquios
basis
gardens
to a depth
at which
the roots
surface
ground

neither
published
that
any evidence

human

(see

from

coast,
on the

To

the

"be inferred

only

content

Ancon-Chillon
of

the

(j.

Parsons,

region,

however.

wild
river
valley
Ramon Perreyra

I968;

Rowe,

in width.3

kilometers
As

In this

equal
would

substantially
the valley
such,

in

case,

area

have

to

been

to

prior
community
of the Museo
de

problem.
in the form of modern
has
cited
evidence
Historia
Natural,
Lima,
of primary
and fossilized
nants
which
that
forest
seeds
suggests
river
forest
in a band
several
may once have
supported
vegetation
been

1969)?

nor Banning
reviews
and Patterson^
was practiced
this
method
of farming

rem
the

the primary forest would have

of the modern
that
zone.
cultivated
a rich
resource
for prehistoric
base

populations.
The

tude)
this

lomas

is
vegetation
is
dependent
vegetation
in locations
today
(hillsides

zones.
occurs

The

and at

seasons

period,
in the

a highly
region.
annual

sides
of herbaceous

(midwinter)

the

most problematic
of the three
on fog moisture
and as
such
only
near
the sea above
300 m. alti

when the fog is densest.

visible
green
patch
The lomas
vegetation
a number
plants
plus

occurs
is a

of

on

isolated
knit
loosely

Luring
hill

community

and
tuber-,
bulb-,
some
of
which
could
have
species
rhizome-bearing
plants,
provided
for early
food
in the region,
as well
as
inhabitants
gra
supporting
be exploited.
which
are
could
At present
these
zing fauna
regions
for grazing
herds
and there
used
domestic
is evidence
that
sup
they
in
the
herds
late
but
there
is no evidence,
sequence,
ported
prehistoric
areas
ever
in this
at least,
the lomas
that
have
farmed
been
region
or contributed
which have
become
domesticated.
any plant
species
In

the lomas
cLuring my visit,
I97O,
vegetation
one
or
in
two restricted
locations
only
tiny patches
gone.
of the edible
These
contained
tubers
vey
patches
in great
I estimated
Solanum
tuberiferum
abundance.
10
of

consisted
in the sur
species
such
tubers

per square meter (or a total

(not to be confused with true potatoes)
of about 150,000 tubers in one patch) which, along with other edible

even
of plants
and small
a
would
have
species
today
fauna,
provided
resource
rich
for exploitation
base
human population.
by a small
resources
not
in the winter
season
These
would
be available
only
but
the
when the lomas
since
the
tubers
would
year
throughout
blooms,

remain

available

the plants,
color,

had

past,

harvest

long

after

the

superficial

the lomas vegetation

parts

of

times

in

with its bright

green

disappeared.
The

the

for

which provide
extent

however,

is

of the lomas
in dispute.

vegetation
There
is

at

various

abundant

historical

evidence that the distribution

of the lomas vegetation
responds
of wet and dry years (Goodspeed and Stork,
markedly to the alternation

26

1955, PP?
plants

and there

110-11t),

and

snails

coverings

that which supported

is extensive
much

active

evidence
area

larger

of fossil

the

of

in 1970 (see

vegetation

lomas
zone

survey

fig.

than

Lanning

t).

a
the expanse
of fossil
lomas
that
represents
argued
vegetation
of
in
the
to
conditions
wetter
period
corresponding
generally
region,
a period
of warmer
and
and
he
climate
between
argues
B.C?,
2,500
6,000
was
that
the lomas
utilized
by man only during
extensively
vegetation

has

that period

by Parsons
than the

lomas
these

claims
of occasional
remains

time period

represent
corresponding

vegetation
climate

hypothesis,
vegetation

where

pattern
that

51;

lomas

fossil
wet years

and

is

however,
exploited

vegetation
do not
which

1970, pp.

the

is

to

correspond

The

5OO-3OI).

particular
time periods.

questionable.
primarily
during

of agriculture).

more

nothing

of Lanning1
content
there
is no question
of the
portions

artifact
that
however,

It

Lanning*s
It
that
is clear
one prehistoric

is not clear

that
lomas
the
era

this

that

I have
shown else
change.
resources
of lomas
probably

reflects
climate
in the productivity

necessarily
the decline

He has been criticized

1967b).

of
exploitation
to particular

to the advent

prior

(just

use

was

p.

the

(M. Parsons,

determinations
I4 age
are
so consistent^
sites
sites

lomas

that

who

any particular
Carbon

1967a,

(Lanning,

reflects
by man (Cohen,
Overexploitation
pp.
PP. 157-161;
1978,
113-117).

pp.

1975a,

101-105;

1977b,

can be traced
in the region
The history
of human
occupation
in or near
each
sites
of archaeological
of the distribution
terms
zones
from
of organic
refuse
resource
three
and the appearance
of the
and
have
zone
in the archaeological
Patterson
record.
each
Lanning
in the
forty
archaeological
phases
separate
approximately
recognized
in

prehistory
been
have

of

the

zone.5
survey
from the area

mapped
can be approximated.

Three

so

hundred

sites

archaeological

for

all
patterns
to
appears
region
a
with
single
represented

that

settlement
of the

Occupation
periods
the timespan
been
continuous
throughout
to the earliest
in the
break
sequence
prior
(early
which
of
the
The
nature
changes
gradual
refuse).
are
we
with
that
fact
dealing
suggests
assemblage

organic
preserved
occur
in the arti
a continuous
process
are
of
influences
Outside
felt,
of
of wholesale
population
replacement

in loco.
cultural
development
no
evidence
but
there
is
course,
or culture
the
sequence.
during
of

follows:

to

prior

The

resources.

earliest

of sites

the distribution
coast

and

into

the

areas

6 all

Period

Preceramic

sent temporary camps of mobile

camps

populations
on

focus

expands

summarized as

may be briefly

of occupation

The history

have

the

sites

archaeological

utilizing
river

out of the river

primarily
valley,

The

of lomas
vegetation.
in the lomas
occur

valley

earliest

but

repre

wild
over

along

sites

outside

time

the
with
the

vegetation,
preservation
organic
good
refuse
river
contain
sites
but
river
these
valley
consistently
valley,
lomas
that
sites
these
as marine
as well
early
indicating
shells,
the
a portion
of a hunting
and gathering
economy
utilizing
represent
as
as
of
the
lomas
those
well
and river
resources
of the coast
valley

vegetation

itself.

hunter-gatherers,

domestic
exploiting

In the most recent

those

squash appears
economy.

of

the

Encanto

in what is

sites

Phase

otherwise

occupied
of

by these mobile

Preoeramic

clearly

a wild

Period

food

5,

27

on
villages
relying
6, settled
resources
marine
and
all
appear,
of the lomas
and exploitation
occupation

In

Period

Preceramic
foods
vegetable
of transhumant

domestic
evidence

and

The distribution
of the early settled
vegetation
abruptly ceases.
or
small city in the region,
villages
including the first large town
is based on flood
Chuquitanta
(PV46-35)* suggests that agriculture
It

plain
farming.
of river
valley
Chill?n

is

sites

River

suggests

tem in this portion

Intermediate

until

not

cultivated

valley

the movement
Horizon
that
Early
the natural
of the
floodplain
of an irrigation
sys
expansion

of the valley.

in the
Period,
of archaeological

distribution

the

from
outward
the gradual

suggests

By the middle

of the Early

first
two or three
centuries
on the margins
sites
of

that a valley-wide

the
A.B.,
the modern

irrigation

system

was
of today
in effect.
that
There
is an apparent
of sites
number
decline
the Middle
Horizon
occupied
during
a decline
in population.
which may reflect
But by the Late
Horizon,
of archaeological
the distribution
sites
that
the
indicates
again
about

to
the

equal
in

valley-wide

irrigation
Finally,

the

that
of

sequence

and

it

system was being

should be noted

domestic

animals
and guinea

llamas
coprolites
the Early
Intermediate
Period
Period
and Late
Horizon
that
lomas

is

regions

and

fully utilized.

that it is

assume
it

pigs
is

widespread

only very late

in

Bones
any importance.
occur
in
only beginning
in
Intermediate
the
Late
only
of herds
in the
grazing

indicated.

of

Analysis

the

Organic

Remains

The
preservation
with plant
with
ning

desert
conditions
of the coast
for the good
account
of organic
Good refuse
remains
encountered.
samples
are
remains
from sites
of all
available
begin
periods
the Arenal
and Luz complexes
of Preceramic
The
Period
4?

I dealt with (totaling

collections
came from 105 excavation units at

something over 50,000 specimens)

10 sites covering essentially
the

are
on
sequence*
My data
supplemented
by published
reports
are
from the sequence,
from which
collections
the data
incor
come
in this
the refuse
Since
described
porated
samples
paper.6
of different
from excavations
it
is
by a number
impos
individuals,
to make any simple
sible
which
summary of the techniques
employed,
the reader
in the evaluation
aid
would
of the plant
All
samples.
of the material
was passed
a
excavated
by the author
through
entire
other

screen.
inch
of dirt
the screen
quarter
Samples
passing
through
on
were
a
out
and
examined
spread
light-colored
background
by eye
or through
a low power
in search
lens
of organic
than
remains
smaller
one quarter
were
and water
inch.
Flotation
separation
techniques
not
to my know
excavators
by me or by any of the other
employed

It should be pointed out, however, that the samples we

ledge.
dealt with were substantially
different from those described by
Struever (1968) and others who have described flotation
techniques.

The

Peruvian

matter
flotation

coastal

with
is

relatively
impractical

refuse

is

small
because

usually
inorganic
of the

very
solidly
fraction.
quantity

packed
On the
of

floating

organic
one hand
refuse

28

would
result.
which
so minor
relatively

is

which

flotation,
sediment"
of coca

is
fraction
fine-grained
be sampled
hand
without
by
of quantities
of
for mass
separation
as
as
the
seeds
sorted
small
Items
hand.
by
as
one quarter
in length,
inch
less
than

On the
it
that
a process

other
hand,
can reasonably

the

to be
great
(Erythroxylon
sp.)f
were
as
from several
sites
the seeds
of wild
recovered
well
grasses
as
as
those
excavated
and
well
excavated
Patterson
by the
by Lanning
care
in
exercised
sufficient
all
that
excavators
suggesting
author,
so
or
fine
in
dirt
and hand
that
screening
saving
samples
sorting
debris
could
be recovered.
The failure
flotation
to use
may have
a
in
the
seeds
small
biased
quantitative
sample
against
slightly
sense
list
but probably
effect
the qualitative
does
not materially
of

too

identified.

plants

remains
the list
of plant
out that
A
of
the
identification.
by
strongly
potential
in
nonflower
struc
is
involved
deal
of
work
preserved
good
relating
on which
structures
from archaeological
with
the flower
tures
sites
on
are
The work of Towle
botanical
classifications
based.
(196I)
her
in
this
but
work
been
Peruvian
invaluable
has
ethnobotany
regard,
was done prior
to
of archaeological
sites
to the discovery
relating
a
the
of
of
wild
lomas
As
details
plants
anatomy
vegetations.
result,
are
in general
in particular
known in com
of lomas
and
poorly
plants
iden
and as a result,
to that
of domestic
proper
crop
parison
plants,
should

It

recovered

on

possible

from

such

the

amencaes.

callis

basis

A total
in the

sites

Caesalpinia

pointed

affected

of

tification

be

also

is

plants
of

in

present

of forty
taxa
Ancon-Chillon
Jusseia

refuse

archaeological

is

of

were

plants

Of

identified
thirteen
these,

addition,

to the area

because

from

they are

by Macbride

listed

refuse

(Hymeno

region.
peruviana.
Inga
feuillei.
Sapindus
Schinus
Asclepias
molle.
sp.,
sp.,

sp.,
Typha
and Grajnineae
to the area.

Prosopis
sp.,
Tillandsia
latifolia?
Cyperaceae
spp.,
sp.,
wild
species
probably
represent
indigenous
are
to have
five
considered
likely
species

Equisetum
all
spp.)

rarely

only

knowledge.

been

sp.,
In

indigenous

(1936-1971)

or other

or because
area
found
to the general
they are
indigenous
are
these
the
in
and
sequence;
early
consistently
archaeological
Galactia
Canna
Psidium
striata.
siceraria,
gua.iava.
Lagenaria
sp.,
barbadense
One other
and Cucurbita
ecuadorensis.
Gossypium
taxon,
to this
considered
not
region
indigenous
although
originally
(cotton)
or
as
near
in
this
been
to have
domesticated
may prove
suggested
region
as

authors

by

recent

Moseley

morphological

of

local

cotton

done

by

and

Stephens

(1973).
In

which

studies

were

contrast,

apparently

Zea mays (maize)

Cucurbita ficifolia
Cucurbita

moschata

Cucurbita

maxima

Phaseolus

lunatus

twenty-one
introduced

taxa
into

are
the

Phaseolus

(squash)
(squash)
Tsquash)

(lima beans)

as

identifiable
area

from

domesticates

outside:

vulgaris

(common

Canavalia
sp. (Jack beans)
Arachis hypogaea (peanuts)
Erythrina

beans)

sp.

Ipomoea batatas

(sweet

potatoes)

29

b?fera
L?cuma
(l?cuma)
americana
Persea
(avocado
baccatum
Capsicum
(pepper

Manihot

escalenta
(manioc)
tuberosus
Pachyrrhizus
(jicama)

Solanum spp.

(potatoes)

Polymnia

Qhinense (pepper
fifffifllcmn
Erythroxylon sp. (coca)

sp.
armeniaca
Bunchosia
(ciruela)
lineatifolia
Campomanesia
The

are

taxa

Taxa

in

discussed
or

indigenous

below.

detail

greater

to

indigenous

probably

the

region

for
lomas
plant
contemporary
to
is
and
indigenous
probably
region,
The
in
collected
1970*
plant
by the author
onions.
resemble
small
bulbs
which
edible
Frag
superficially
produces
this
sized
ments
of comparably
species
representing
bulbs,
possibly
lomas
from a temporary
in the refuse
been
encountered
have
camp

of the Encanto

(PV45-26)

not

of
by

in

encountered

of

sites

recorded

only

(pacay)
to
indigenous

presumed

the

to

these

are
fruits
is
and there

The

valleys
identified
occur
in

common

this

in

the

encountered
to
nothing
This
of

river

coastal

This

habitat.

species

of the

not

utilization.
occurrence

shade and for the edible pulp

as well as for fodder (Towle,

as a cultigen for its

to 40 cm.) seed pods,

river

fruits,
Lima,

Natural,

archaeological

is

feuillei

Inga
is

Fragments
Historia

5)?
sites,
subsequent

(Preceramic
later
agricultural
or
domestication
the

of

area.

the

native

fruit

edible
de

in

period

Period

Encanto
Complex
in middens
from
their
suggest
my knowledge,
in Peru.
fruit

other

any

They are

5)?

from a temporary lomas camp (PV45-26)

in refuse

quantity

Period

Complex (Preceramic

Jusseia
is an
peruviana
the central
Peruvian
coast.
of the Museo
members
staff

fair

in

occurs

amencaes
Hymenocallis
of the Ancon-Chillon
mations
were
area.
this
Specimens

to

is,
this

and

valleys

is

grown

today

of its
196 ,

large (20
? 47)?

occur
time
in the
for the first
and pod fragments
seeds
survey
The
in
Period
Site
Preceramic
at the Pampa
6.
early
(PV45?13^),
occur
in
small
remains
throughout
though
consistently,
quantities,
Period
Intermediate
the sequence.
At one site
of the Early
(Cerro
occur
in great
leaves
concentrated
Inga
profusion
Campana,
PT46-I6)
were being
that
the leaves
of llama
with
quantities
dung,
suggesting
as fodder
the
in the
of
residential
within
llamas
used
stall?feeding
are not
of this
and domestic
of the
Wild
forms
site.
species
portion
in
the
record.
archaeological
distinguishable
Inga
zone

to

Prosopls
the river

widely

valleys
distributed

the wild

for

I96I,

flora

remains

p.

56).

of

Intermediate

of
in

the

the

coastal

the

sweetish

This plant
region,

Period

valleys

plants
coast.
and

The vood

is

seeds

be
is
to

presumed

is used

and

pods

to
presumed
taxon
This

indigenous
presently
of
be part

for charcoal,

are

edible

the gum

(Towle,

is not found among the archaeological

however,

(ca.

the

central

of the region.
and

gum arabic,

of

another

is

sp.

the

until

I3OO A.B.)

at

latter

portion

the Ancon Necropolis

of

the

Late

(PV45-1)

30

then

and

only

single

one

of

fragment

seed

occurs.

pod

occurs
in the coastal
is another
taxon
which
Sapindus
sp.
widely
"be
and
to
the
of the
which
to
is
presumed
valleys
indigenous
valleys
a
It is
central
coast.
for
"beads and
seeds
used
small
tree,
producing
a soap
the fruit
while
contains
substitute
buttons,
saponin,
(Towle,

1961, p.

region

the

Conchas

at PV45-IO4

1900 B.C.)

are

The seeds

62).

during

The
textile.
Towle
reports

are

seeds
them

for the first

identified
of

Phase

Period

Preceramic

where they are perforated

found

from

only very
Intermediate

Late

time in the survey

and

2100

(between

to a

and attached

sporadically
thereafter,
Period
at the
burials

but
?nc

Sapindus seeds are reported

Necropolis
1961, p. 63).
(PY45-1 )(Towle,
from the Chihua Complex (ca. 4300-2800 B.C.)
in the Ayacucho region
of

the

Peruvian

I97O, p.

highlands

and

Nelken-^Terner,

(MacNeish,

Garcia

Cook,

38).

Caesalpinia

is

sp.

the indigenous

another

the

of

of the river

flora

taxa

to

presumed

Towle

valleys.

be

of

part

p. 44)

(196I,

iden

the
is probably
that
species
suggests
C.. spinosa
as
from this
the
manufacture
economic
lists
use,
dye
region.
major
I was
in Lima
but
that
informed
the beans
at a market
possessed
(unspeci
medicinal
zone
occur
in
in the
The beans
first
survey
fied)
properties.
tifies

two

Late
and

Intermediate

Period

are

rare.

they

quite

river
Rowe

valley.
indicates
The
chicha.7
in

ticated
The

and it is probable

pod

occur

fragments

survey region

beginning

Period

Preceramic

6.

is a
evidence

that

this

is

plant

with the Pampa Site

to

the

The

area.

stems,

leaves,

quantities
Period 6.

is

inedible

and

edible

rhizomes

and

beginning

Equisetum
valley regions
plant

stems

are

leaves

(Towle,

occur

are

used

to the region.
in

sequence

(PY45-156)

for

throughout

with the Pampa Site

of the
ever
domes

early

in

the

common to the swampy regions

and very probably indigenous
p.

I96I,

areas
was

it

indigenous
the

in

(PT45~136)

moist
that

throughout

is another plant
Typha sp. (cattail)
of the central coast
of the river valleys
and the rhizomes

consistently

fairly

shrub
of the
to suggest

occasionally

at Ancon,

to the
indigenous
as edible,
tree
and
Peru
for
today
making

6.

sp.
(milkweed)
There
is no

valleys.

(PY45~1)

with the Pampa Site

beginning

Period

Preceramic

Asclepias
river

from the Necropolis

another
considered
species
of this
the fruit
lists
Lanning
in
it
is
used
that
widely
quite
occur
in
numbers
small
seeds
tiny

in the region

sites

early

refuse

is

molle

Schinus

all

and
She

species

construction

16).

the

purposes

Fragments
sequence

(PY45""156)

early

in

of the
small

in Preceramic

are another plant of the moist river

sp. (horsetails)
The
which is undoubtedly indigenous to the region.
and

was

presumably

collected

for

industrial

purposes.

Fragments of the stems of this plant are found very rarely in the col
lections
beginning with the refuse from the Yacht Club Site (PY45-5) of
the Playa Hermosa Phase of Preceramic Period 6 (ca. 2300-2100 B.C.).

31

Tillandsia
whose

latlfolia

plant
archaeological
The plants

are

cords finding
at

presence

Family
a number
of

to either

of epiphytic

desert-dwelling

of charred Tillandsia

quantities

large

for
been used
may have
of
in desert
portions
in
be
the
sites
may
region

and the plant

so ubiquitously

camps,
grows

is a speoies

occur
flowers
quite
consistently
refuse
of the region
where
sites
organic
known
uses.
industrial
inedible
and lack
and

leaves

many

Gramineae

is

(grasses)
and
species,

genera

the river

an

mpny

all

is

preserved.
re
Laiming

in the lomas
the

fuel.8
However,
zone
the survey
accidental.

Towle

plant
its

that

taxon
large
extremely
are
of which
presumably

or lomas vegetation.

valley

in

containing
indigenous

pp.

(19^1,

17-20)

of wild
in archaeological
at least
six genera
identified
has
grasses
from specimens
from the central
but
she was working
remains
coast,
Grass
their
in mummy bundles
floral
with
intact.
portions
preserved

culms

leaf
of

are preserved

(stems)
are

remains

sheaths.
leaf
sheaths

naked

in abundance

in all

sites

is

human modification.
represent
presumably
from
with
stones
seed
grass
along
grinding
the
he
that
lomas
and
indicates
occupations,

culms

described
various

where vegetable

are
and the culms
stripped
invariably
been
that
informed
by Lawrence
Kaplan
of preserved
not a common feature
grasses,

of

preserved,
I have

their

the absence
so these

has
Laiming
of the
sites
of

concentration

in the later preagricultural

sites* 9 I have found
grass seed increases
in sites of the
in
and
abundance
seed
grass
great
uncharred)
(charred
Encanto Complex (Preceramic Period 5) where it appears to represent a
portion
major
encountered

of

the

wild

food

Family Cyperaceae
(sedges,
tremely large family comprising

without
leaf

preserved

fragments)
is good

there

The

harvest.

are

however,

seeds,

not

thereafter.

floral
parts.
occur
throughout

organic

another ex
reeds, rushes) represents
a long list of species
indistinguishable
Like
the

the

grasses,
of
portions

the

the

remains

sequence

(stem
where

and

preservations.

to the deserts
is a small-seeded
Galactia
striata
legume
indigenous
form
The plant
the central
is a camp-following,
coast.
desert?loving
is one of the few plants
identified
and which
sand dunes
colonizes
which
of the
near
in the desert
been
have
sites
could
which
portion
growing
occurrence
in
these
area
the river
Its
outside
sites,
survey
valley.
recorded
been
has
This
accidental.
may be entirely
species
therefore,
of

as a fodder plant (White, 1920, p. 116) and as a medicinal plant

The
(Roys, 1951, P* 295) although neither use is reported from Peru.
Harvard
me
of
the
Thomas
Elias
for
seeds and pods (identified
by Dr.
in the survey region at the Pampa
occur
time
first
the
for
Herbarium)
Site (PV45-I36)
early in Preceramic Period 6 and are found sporadically
in sites in the desert portion of
the
thereafter
sequence
throughout
used

the

survey

area.

Psidium gua.iava
wild
edible
shaped.

canals

(guava)

is

the fruit

of a small

tree

occurring

The tree
small
from Peru
to Mexico.
cultivated
produces
or
in
cm.
round
10
and
fruits
between
pear
2.5
diameter,
can be observed
The trees
irrigation
today
along
growing

and

in the survey region,

their

fruit

ripening

in August or

32

September.
of

bution
suggests-

Ruehle

Pickersgill

the
that

sea

This

distribution

to

level

Ruehle
however.
disturbed
habitats
even
state
today.
early
sequence.

5,000
would

that

it

eastern

and

6 and

Period

distri

and
region,
the Andes.

of the group as

the

regions
its
being
the tree

American

tropics.
to the coast,
indigenous
is a good
colonizer
of
a
in
untended
quasi-wild
largely
are
in small
found
quantities

persists
and
seeds

fruits

coast
of
slopes

of

preclude
that
indicates

The

central

the distribution

dry

not

also
and

Precerajnic

Peruvian

with the Pampa Site

extending

the

throughout

(PV45-136)

prehistoric

is grown as a food
and ornamental
(achira)
crop
m. altitude.
A variety
up to approximately
2,000
are
are
cultivated
known and the tubers
edible.
species
sp.
coast

on

the
of
Towle

that the tubers are fibrous and not very

4O8-409) suggests that achira is not a very

pp. 33~35) indicates

and Gade (1966, pp.

(1961,
tasty,

in

feet

the

from the survey zone beginning

in

Canna
wild

included
from the

characterizes

P* 306)

(1948,

from

in refuse

P# 57) doubts whether the wild

(1969,

have
would
guava
it arrived
here

On the other
food
both
John Rowe and Patricia
good
producer.
hand,
commented
to me that
is not
achira
but
Lyon have
only reasonably
tasty
is also
Gade
Peruvians.
among
relatively
popular
contemporary
places
the center
of cultivation
of this
in the upper
of the
genus
portions
altitude
and argues
that
its
distribution
range
although
prehistoric
is unknown,
the crop
on the central
been
could
not have
found wild
coast

1966,

(Gade,

occur

group

in

p.

407)*

the

lower

Fragments of the tubers

6) among the earliest

Period
to

the
leave
Achira
gen.
be significant.

of

levels

the

and leaves

Site

Pampa

(early

and I am inclined

in the region,

cultigens

of this

Preceramic

the place
of this
of origin
culti
question
regarding
is one
food plants
for which
data
quantitative
may
the unfavorable
of the root
Considering
description
and Gade,
Towle
the quantity
and consistency
of achira
given
by both
the
remains
It
is
is
the
dominant
sequence
throughout
surprising.
tuber
of all
with Preceramic
Period
among the remains
samples
beginning
it must be pointed
However
out that
are
rare
in general
tubers
and that
the preservation
and recognition
of achira
be favored
may both
by the
of
skin
the
tuber
with
its
characteristic
annular
heavy
design.
open
of the

siceraria

Lagenaria
plant

both

many parts
to

World

of the world

various

so that

its wild

to
or

from

tell

cultivated

time in lomas
seeds

and

sequence.

of Mexico
region

Cook,
in

the

of

gourd)
(bottle
occurs
very
early

it

because

archaeological
The
forms.

the

I97O, p.

New World

of
is

specimens
occurs
gourd

the

37)?

Ancon-Chillon
here
there
antiquity
at
this
gourds
early

one

whether
in

the

of man,

migrations

is

survey

it is

impossible

with
dealing
zone
for the

throughout
from
early

Tamaulipas

(MacNeish,

the

the

wild
first

6) and the

archaeological
region

and from the Ayacucho

Nelken-Terner,

and

of whether the gourd occurred

still
chance

valleys
is a good
date
certainly

the

and because

1961, p. 482)

highlands

is

transported

before

in

from the Old

Period

equally

The question

problematic
sequences

particularly

Complex (Preceramic
occur

shells

known

and Whitaker,

Peruvian

archaeological

is unclear)

of the Arenal

fragments
The gourd

(Cutler

the

distribution

sites

in

(it was apparently

of

parts

is

but
its
open,
considering
it did.
that
The presence
as
cannot
be taken
evidence

Garcia

wild
great
of
of

6.

33

the earliest
in the Ancon
remains
Although
gourd
agriculture.
are
in
found
Chillon
the
water
lomas
camps,
region
requirements
of this
the possibility
of its having
in the
crop preclude
grown
are
in
The
found
the
lomas
evidence
lomas
camps
gourds
vegetation.
of

their

from

transport

ecuadorensis

Cucurbita
identified

the

among

river

valley.

(squash)
from
remains

squash

a wild

is
the

of

species
levels

lower

of

cucurbit
the

Pampa

Site ( 45-136) early in Preceramic Period 6. According to Cutler

and Whitaker, this is the only truly wild species of cucurbit native
to South America (Cutler and Whitaker, 1969, p# 396).
This conclu
and Whitaker (1971, P# 219)
sion has been questioned by Hurd, Linsley,

who

that

claim

ecuadorensis

were

there

and

at

least

andreana.

ancient

two

"Pickersgill
The same

wild
species,
?.
the
and Heiser
accept
sources
seem to differ

?.
as
for two wild
species.
argument
be
from the Pampa
to whether
Site
the archaeological
should
specimens
to one or both
of these
Either
may have
species.
assigned
species
area
been
in the general
wild
of the survey
zone,
growing
although
and Heiser
to have
been
that
argue
Pickersgill
they are
unlikely
growing
or in the Chill?n
neither
of which
at Ancon
itself
Valley,
provides
a moisture
of their
to that
wild
habitats.
regime
present
comparable
The fact
the remains
occur
of wild
here
that
squash
only after
of other,
of squash
the occurrence
clearly
species
domestic,
supports
were

the

that
assumption
they
them as
to
view
possible
stimulus

diffusion.
of the
refuse
logical
Period
Preceramic
6.
by

local
Wild

survey

to the region,
it is
imported
although
use
was
the
of
which
discovered
plants
in the archaeo
is not
encountered
squash
area
the end of the first
after
of
phase

is one of two domesticated

forms
barbadense
Gossvpium
(cotton)
the
to
cotton
New
found
hirsutum
G.
is
World.
indigenous
primarily
occurs
in tropical
and North
Central
while
G. barbadense
America,

of
in

South America (Towle, I96I, pp. 63-65; Stephens,

1970, p. 368).
Barbadense cotton appears in raw form at the Pampa Site (PV45-136)
in

early

Preceramic

in raw form (seeds,

in

dance

somewhat
between

all

6 and

bolls,

and fiber)

subsequent
from
earlier

43OO

I97O, pp.

and

3800

in

the
B.C.

occurs

in

in great

the

assumed

both

quantity

great

and in textiles

Cotton
region.
in
of Peru
Ayacucho
region
Nelken-Terner,
(MacNeish,

sites

I originally

37-38).

then

Period

in consequence

abun

is reported
the Chihua
and Garcia

Complex
Cook,

that cotton had

as a domesticate
the Ancon-Chillon
into
imported
region.
Recently,
on seed morphology
and Moseley
have
data
Stephens
presented
however,
their
that
late
date
of occurrence,
the earliest
demonstrating
despite
are
to the wild
from the Ancon-Chillon
closer
than
seeds
state
region
been

any yet encountered

1973, PP* 186-187).
was

plant
Bomestic

domesticated

imports

into

Zea mays (maize)

considered
is

unknown.

to

be

The

elsewhere in the New World (Stephens and Moseley,

This finding suggests the possibility
that the
from

the

is

imports
earliest

a wild

form

in

this

region.

region

clearly
into

the

evidence

the most important

region.
of maize

Its

is

place
from

of the species
of

origin

Tehuacan,

Mexico,

34

where it occurs in levels

dated between 5200 and 3800 B.C. (Mangelsdorf,
MacNeish, and Galinat,
1967)* Maize does not occur in the Ancon-Chlllon
Period at the
region until the middle of the Colinas Phase of the Initial
On the other hand, it is known from
Tank Site (PV45-2) ca. 1200 B.C.
the

in

coast

Peruvian

context

preceramic

at

between

Huarmey

and

1900

1700 B.C.
(Kelley and Bonavia Berber,
1963), and it has been identified
from the Chihua Complex (4300-2800 B.C.)
in the Ayacucho region of Peru
Garcia
Cook, 1970, p. 38).
According to my
(MacNeish, Nelken-Terner,
own measurements

of

cob

the

size,
on

8-10 mm.)11 seven largely

Horizon

at

Tank

the

the

on

maize

early
scale

the

the
between
already
markedly
and the late
in
maize
In
contrast
Peru.
prehistoric
and diameter
of the earliest
from Tehuac?n
corncobs
advanced

is

at Tehuac?n
maize
early
to the average
length
mm. by
(19-25

cobs from the Initial

complete

Site

coast

central

? in

Period

and Early

16 mm. in diameter;
average
53
length
cobs
from
in
two
Intermediate
Period
sites
the region
thirty
average
Early
mm.
12
Period
the
cobs
from
Late
at
Intermediate
42
mm.; twenty-five
by
It
that
the Ancon
clear
maize
is
mm.
average
46
.Necropolis
by 18 mm.
zone as a well
in the survey
arrived
and there
is no evi
crop,
developed
dence

to

maize

plant

its

the

to

in terms of cob size)

region.

apparent
importance,
occurrence
in
its

culture

date

contacts

(Cohen,

with

It

was

these

should

not

other

p.

1975a,

in

changes

significant

(at least

introduction
after

that

indicate

and

can

regions

1977b, p.

114;

in
of

noted

the

the

to its

subsequent

that

despite
maize,
zone until
well
the fact
that
at an earlier

survey

Peru,
despite
be demonstrated

1978, pp.

170;

of

productivity

occurred
be

also

utilized

regions

the

The

125-127).

of maize
at least
the
with
appearance
corresponds
roughly
of
in
it
the
and
be that
may
beginnings
irrigation
agriculture
region,
was grown here
One
under
other
maize
is worth
only
irrigation.
pattern
In
to
all
of
sites
those
the
Intermediate
prior
Early
Period,
noting.
of cobs.
In the Early
Intermediate
maize
consist
Period
remains
mostly
are
in the sites
of subsequent
and
the
cobs
remains
primarily
periods,
are
at
but
inland
loose
coastal
at
kernels
agricultural
primarily
sites,
the valley
been
It may be
sites
where maize
outside
must have
imported.
a
are
we
Period
that
with
the
Intermediate
beginning
Early
witnessing
belated

of
reorganization
scale
transportation

prehistoric
from all
known

lima

(py45-2)

appear
however,

Peru,
so

sporadically
been
have

their

early

as

appearance

Phaseolus
origin.

at levels

Period

as

They

first

its

makes

Preceramic

process

various

anywhere

6,

and

5500 to 8500^B.C.
in
the

of

pods

may have

this

(Kaplan,

beans)
from

the

been
at

region

domesti

is

Tamaulipas

Tank

of
to

continue
Lima
de

beans,

Huaylas,

Lynch, and Smith,

again

The

the

at the middle

species
sequence.

Callejon

region

are

1967, P* 202).

19&7, P* 202).

survey

prehistoric
in the

Ancon-Chillon

(common
recovered

of

the

(Kaplan,

(Kaplan,

the

sites.

major
cultigens
samples
Archaeological
and there
is no direct

to the Conchas Phase

beans

the
throughout
found
domesticated

vulgaris
been

have

in

appearance

dated

and

races

domestic

in a number of regions

separately

the large
involving
to nonagricultural

patterns
maize
processed

partially

the

that

suggests

bean

Site

distribution

of the domestication

evidence
cated

of

are
another
lunatus
(lima
beans)
are
Peru
whose
uncertain.
origins
are
domestic
sites
clearly
already

Phaseolus
of

Kaplan

economic

Ancash,

1973, p.

strikingly

late.

of

unknown

crop

region

of Mexico

77)

55

in the period 4200-2300 B.C. (Kaplan,

1967?
dated about 4900 B.C. (Smith, I967, p. 258).
fully

found,

in

domesticated,

the

? 205) and from Tehuacan,

They have recently been

de

Callejon

Huaylas,

Ancash,

Peru,

in layers dated between 5500 and 8500 B.C.

(Kaplan, Lynch, and Smith,
have
been
and
identified
at
P#
they
1973,
Ayacucho in the Peruvian
77)
in
the
Chihua
Phase
highlands tentatively
(4300-2800 B.C.) and defi
in
the
Cachi
Phase
nitely
Nelken-Terner,
(2800-17OO B.C.)(MacNeish,
and Garcia Cook, 1970, pp. 37-38).
In contrast,
they are not found in
the Anc n-Chillon region until the early part of the Early Horizon
rom the Tank
when they are identified
in refuse
(ca. 9OO-6OO B.C.)
Site (PV45-2).
Like maize and lima beans, commonbeans are strikingly
in

late

occurrence

their

ance

corresponds

gation

agriculture
under
irrigation.

only

roughly
in the

Canavalia

region
of

in

sp.

Period
Preceramic
are known
beans

late

Canavalia

the same time (Towle,

Peruvian

the

and

area,

I7OO B.C.)(MacNeish,

(PT45-2)

that

dated

45) *

p.

reported

grown

Ancon-Chillon

to the Gaviota

fully
of the

the

Cachi

Phase

of the

(2800

1970, pp.

Cook,

Phase

domesticated.
at about
coast

In the Ayacucho region

from

Garcia

Nelken-Terner,

appear
to irri

were

they

the

in

appear

they appear
other
regions

from

are

may be

in layers

6 where

I96I,

they

highlands

it

first

(jackbeans)

at the Tank Site

Like
their
region.
maize,
from floodplain
transition

this

with

38-39)*

are
Arachis
hypogaea
another
important
leguminous
(peanuts)
of prehistoric
Peru
are
whose
somewhat
unclear.
crop
They
origins
are
to be native
to the humid,
of South
lowland
presumed
tropics

America,

occur
Peanuts
Tank Site
in

Period

6 (ca.

in

the

in the foothills

Ancon-Chillon
dated

levels

occurrence

dated

perhaps

originating

to

the

the

for

late

Phase

time

first
in

Peru.

and ornamental
is a shade
Ervthrina
sp.
the American
Its
exact
tropics.
origins
common
which
resemble
superficially
beans,
as well
as for medicine,
for ornament
used

tree

and

are

to

at

the

Preceramic

which is to my knowledge

I9OO-I75O B.C.)
in

region
Gaviota

Andes. ^

of the Bolivian
their

native

shrub

are

unknown.
inedible

for

divination,

earliest

The
but

seeds,
they are
and as

? 43)*
amulets (Towle, I96I, pp. 45~46; Tacovleff and Herrera,
1935.
The seeds occur in the Anc n-Chill n
for the first time in
region
the Late Intermediate
Period at the Ancon Necropolis
(PV45~1)?
Bunchosia

armeniaca

is

(ciruela)

fruit

tree

to

native

Peru

and

Brazil producing edible double-seeded

drupes (Towle, I96I, p. 60).
The seeds of this fruit occur in the Ancon-Chill n region for the first
time at the Tank Site in levels
dated to the early portion of the Early
they are
sequence
prehistoric
from preceramic
levels

Horizon

(Towle,

and

1961, p.

Campomanesia

61).
lineatifolia

in the Andes from Chile

fruits

which

in the
if sparsely,
continuously,
been
identified
They have,
however,
on the north
de Chicama
Prieta
coast

represented
thereafter.
at Huaca

resemble

is

South

American

plant

to Colombia and now cultivated

those

of

the

guava

and

are

used

occurring

for its
in

edible

similar

36

The earliest
remains
fashion (Towle, I96I, p. 72),
which I uncovered came from Early Horizon levels at
Towle

records

Valley
large

which

period

her

to

town occupied
during
the name was used
however,
of various
sites
periods.

are derived

specimens
b?fera

L?cuma

(PV45-2),

in the Chill?n
from a site
this
species
a
name
now
as
to a
applied
"Chuquitanta,"
At the time
Period
she wrote,
Preceramic
6,
of
to refer
to a poorly
defined
cluster
or from which
from which
It
site
is not
clear

of

specimens
she refers

of this fruit
the Tank Site

an

is

(l?cuma)

p, 72),

I96I,

(Towle,

tree

evergreen

native

species

to

Peru

for its large (7-IO cm. diameter) fruits

and cultivated
(Towle, 1961,
p. 76) 0 The seeds occur in the Anc?n-Chill?n
region for the first time

to late
Site
the Tank
(middle
so
and
durable
very
preserve
well,
6).
if they had
undiscovered
remained
it is unlikely
that
have
they would
on this
of the coast
this
earlier
than
occurred
They are,
period.
portion
the
Chihua
in
the
of
the
from
Ayacucho
highlands
region
however,
reported
in

or

Conchas

Preceramic

Phase

Phase
The

Gaviota

Period

(4300-2800

of

levels

are

seeds

arrival

throughout

America.

tropical

from Early

fied
and

600

region

but

they

between

prehistoric

The

(avocado)
of
seeds

Horizon

but

B.C.,
until

deposits
generally

the

americana

Persea

Late

reported

deposits

the

8000 and 7OOO B.C.

Capsicum

sp.

(chili

fruit

tree

bearing
been
have

at

the Tank Site

do

not

they
Intermediate

in

is

avocados

occur

it

the
they

in

state

(Smith,

p.

I967,

Barbara

peppers).

900
in

are reported
(Smith, I968,

Tehuacan

the

identi

between

Anc?n-Chill?n
are
encountered

Avocados
(PV45""l)*
in the Early Horizon

wild

to

native

tentatively

(PV45-2)

in

when

Period,

from the Anc?n Necropolis

from the Peruvian coast

are

1970,

Cook,

in large
numbers
and
consistency
and
the Anc?n?Chill?n
sequence,
item from the time of their
food

period.

otherwise

the

and Garcia

Nelken-Terner,

B.C.)(MacNeish,

occur
The seeds
with
great
38)
of
the
portion
remaining
throughout
a
were
that
would
appear
major
they
p.

p.

of Mexico

region

240).
Pickersgill

(1969?

? 54)

on the
occur
which
peppers
prehistorically
species
distinguishes
of
The
as
earlier
a
there
domestic
each
of Peru,
coast
crop.
arriving
in pre
found
from fruits
which
she identifies
the two is C?> bacoatum.
Phase
levels
and from Conchas
de Chicama
Prieta
levels
at Huaca
ceramic
two

of Preceramic

Chillon
arriving

Period

The

region.
on the

coast

known from fruits

the
out

I have
have

all

studied
been

6 at the Punta Grande Site

the
region.
of the

from sites

of

at the Tank Site

the

earliest

Capsicum

after

baccatum

several
examples have lacked
so this pattern
two species,
Erythroxylon

novogranatense.
The
Bolivia*

sp.
(coca)
occur
which
latter
species

'
) in the Anc?n

45-

(P745~2)#

occurrences
occur
peppers

dated

prehistoric

as
she describes
J3. ch?nense,
or Early
Horizon
when it
Period

second
species,
in the Initial

excavated

describes

represent
Anc?n-Chill?n
the remainder

of

sequence

the Early

Horizon

However,

variety.

in

of

The samples

the

(after

the

in
species
through
The peppers

two

sporadically
the region.

ca.

sample

200 B.C.)

is

small

the diagnostic
parts which distinguish
is probably not significant.
is
in
is

one

coca
two species,
E.
in the Andes
altitudes
altitudes
at lower
distributed

medium

of

is

she

and

the

or

E.
of Peru
and

and
is

258)

37

sites
probably the species found in coastal
(Towle, 1961, p. 58).
Period levels
Chewed quids have been found in early Initial
1750
(ca.
n
These
in
n-Chill
the
the
Site
Anc
Tank
at
region.
(PV45-2)
B.C.)
been

have

Intermediate
Solanum
vated

of Harvard
Schultes
R. E.
by Br.
can now be detected.
of cocaine
from the
in refuse
identified

identified
tentatively
no chemical
traces
are
sp.
definitely

coca,
although
of Ervthroxvlon

at the Ancon Necropolis

Period

(potatoes)
originating

species

actually
altitudes
high

at

Seeds
Late

(PV45-1)*
a

are

spp.

as

complex
in the

of

culti

several

centering

Andes,

in the Andes, centering in Peru and Bolivia

at high altitudes
(Hawkes,
They are grown today in the Chill?n Valley.
1967, PP. 211, 294-296).
occur for the first time in the Ancon-Chillon region
Potatoes
(tubers)
in

from

refuse

Site

the

Phase

Colinas

(PV45-2).

of

continue

Potatoes

the

Period

Initial

at

to be found sporadically

the

Tank

throughout

are
cases
in all
but the identifications
sequence,
are
One
of
not
since
starch
preserved.
species
grains
tentative,
occurs
in
wild
Solanum.
S. tuberiferum.
today
profusion
great
(see
n region.
in the Anc n-Chill
in remnants
of lomas
vegetation
above)
to the domestic
it is not a species
contributes
which
However,
the

prehistoric

complex.
Polymnla
Andean

is

sp.

valleys.
sweet

resembling

I96I, p. 96).
Colinas levels

The

a minor
small

esculenta

temperate

herbaceous
produce
plants
are
identified
commonly

Towle has tentatively

of the Initial
Period

tuber.
Polymnia
However,
it impossible
made
content

of

crop

and

potates

Manihot

food

the
for

one specimen from

identified
at the Tank Site (PV45-2) as

destruction
us
to confirm

(manioc)

is

of the
regions
edible
tubers
as
such
(Towle,

the

of

her

tropical

original
identification.

lowland

shrub

starch

plant

It is currently grown
with tuberous roots (Rogers, 1965, p. 569).
in Peru at altitudes
from sea level to about 2000 m. (Towle, I96I,
Manioc tubers occur in the Anc n-Chill n region for the
p. 61).
at the Tank Site
first time in the Early Horizon (ca. 9OO-6OO B.C.)
are
in
found
and
small
quantities
through
consistently,
they
(PV45-2)

of the prehistoric
and
with
achira
sequence.
Along
to
be
the
of
root
manioc
crop
any
appears
dietary
only
potatoes,
in the region.
It
of all
to note,
is
that
significance
interesting
in the case
of
is consistently
the tuber
starch
crops,
only
preserved
in
the
identification.
aiding
manioc,
out

the

remainder

sweet

batatas
Ppomoea
root
American
crop

(sweet
presumably

is
potato)
originating

lowland
another
tropical
areas
in moist
tropical

Sweet potatoes are grown today in the Chill?n

(Smith, 1968, p. 262).
in July and August
I
the
tubers being harvested
observed
where
Valley
were
I
was
that
other
informed
tubers
being left in the
(although
tubers themselves)
Sweet potatoes
ground for later harvest).
occur for the first time in the Anc n-Chillon?theregion in Gaviota Phase
levels
of Preceramic Period 6 (I9OO-I75O B.C.)
at the Tank Site
the
occur
in
and
tubers
the
the region sporadically
of
refuse
(FV45-2)
and

in

sequence.

small

quantities

throughout

the

remainder

of

the

prehistoric

38

tub ero sus

Pachyrrhizus
root

to

native

the

eastern

(jicama)

of

slopes

is an herb with an edible

tuberous

the

cultiva

and

Andes

under

grown

tion prehistorically
in Peru (Towle, 196I, pp. 51-52).
Tubers of this
? 62) from Gaviota Phase levels
species are recorded by Engel (I967,
at Chuquitanta
The tubers are not known,
(I9OO-I75O B.C.)
(FV46-35)*

from other
however,
encountered
at later

of

sites

the

in

period

sites.

this

nor

region,

are

they

In addition
Cucurbita spp. (squash).
to the wild C!. ecuadorensis
and C. andreana (?) identified
from collections
at the Pampa Site,
three
domestic species
of squash are identified
from the Anc?n-Chill?n
region
and

from

other

Mexico to Chile
I96I, p. 469).
Huaca

Peru.

prehistoric

ficifolia

C.

is

from

known

but its place of origin is unknown (Cutler and Whitaker,

According to Towle (196I, pp. 89-92) it is known from

de

Prieta

of

regions

in

Chicama

Seeds

levels.

preceramic

identi

tentatively

fied as (5. ficifolia

domestic squash) occur
(but clearly representing
in remains from an Encanto site (PV45-26) during Preceramic Period 5>

in what
where
the first
domestic
is
crop plant
clearly
they represent
a wild-food
occur
a
the
otherwise
oriented
in
seeds
economy.
Although
in a region
of lomas
site
to
have
is
occurred
squash
unlikely
vegetation,
or to have
in the lomas
been
its water
wild
since
cultivated
there,

by the dense
C.

Valley.

seeds,

is

ficifolia

C.

of the Pampa Site

throughout

sidered

considered

(Cutler
Heiser,
of

be

to

and Whitaker,
? 814;
1977>
to

appear

identified
is

between
in

in

Early

the

to

and

(PV45-1)#

(PV45-136)

in

the

at

Tehuacan
levels

lower

clearly

occur
sporadically
of squash
usually

to

wild

form,

con

is now

p# 90),

I96I,

(Towle,

American

it

region

6) where both are

continue
one species

ecuadorensis

C.

or to CJ.andreana (Pickersgill
and
It is, however, the last species

Elsewhere
Period

B.C.

3500

where

Ancon-Chill?n
region,
from Late
Intermediate

Intermediate

from

identified

squash

C. mo schat a
23OO B.C.
or Central
be of Mexican

abundance

Period

South

and

4900

great

species
maxima,

of

provided

in from the Chill?n

In the Anc?n-Chill?n

214).

? 392),
1969,
1978, p#
1^4)*
in the

tentatively

the Anc?n Necropolis

rence

two

to

moisture

of the Pampa Site

25OO
considered

"("early Preceramic
?.

limited

species

6 between

ficifolia

related

the

by

to be South American in origin

cucurbit

been

three

1961, p.

of the
Remains
the
sequence.

domestic.

of

squash
usually
and it occurs

with

along

met

must have been carried

in the levels

Period

Preceramic

and Whitaker,

occurs

been

one

and peduncles

of
species
American
origin,

(Cutler

have

The fruits

fog.

rinds,

in

early
is a

not

would

requirements

levels

in Peru,
in

Period

its

the

lea

it

has

deposits

earliest
Valley,

only
at

occur
about

In contrast to the first

600 A.D. (Cutler and Whitaker, I96I, p. 483).
in the Anc?n-Chillon
of squash (of any species)
appearance
region,
are
the
Piki
from
Cucurbita
reported
Complex in Ayacucho
(unspecified)
between 5500 and 4300 B.C.
1969, P# 38; MacNeish, Nelken
(MacNeish.
and
Garcia Cook, 1970, p. 37)* However this report is considered
Terner,
questionable

and

Among

has

been

the

vegetable

discounted

remains

by

some

authorities.

recorded,

the

squashes

show

One domestic
variation.
perhaps the most striking quantitative
occurs in an Encanto site of Preceramic Period 5 (36OO-25OO B.C.)
species
in small quantity.
In the early Preceramic Period 6 Pampa Site (25OO
to 23OO B.C.)
the remains of three species
of squash (two domestic and

39

occur
wild)
squash
gradually

one

enormous

in

of the Pampa Site,

diminishes

until

in the
abundance
as one progresses

near

the surface

lower

levels.
in the
upward

2300 B.C.)

(ca.

The
deposits

squash

occur
Prom this
with
time
on, although
squash
never
occur
in
abundance.
any
again
they
Squash
regularity,
of structures,
three
and rinds,
of
seeds
all
has
types
peduncles,
so
are
to
cannot
which
resistant
poor
fairly
preservation
decay,
It
for this
is possible
to account
for the
account
pattern
entirely.
on the basis
of squash
of some pattern
of utilization
absence
remains
these
of disap
which
eliminated
but because
of the pattern
remains,
the
Site
the
at
and
which
with
pearance
Pampa
great
consistency
or absent
I am inclined
to hypothesize
at later
is rare
squash
sites,
have

become

rare.

some

that this

cultigen

of
at least
diet,
traditional
reading

was in fact not as

this

particular
texts.

and

Summary

in

species

(Table

The early

2).

as

one

a plant

would

in the

from

suppose

Conclusion

occurrence
earliest
are
summarized
by

The dates
of the
area
the survey

by cultigen

significant

region,

of
period

preagriculturai

various

the

(Table

periods

plant
and

1)

are rep

and
and an occasional
grasses,
only by gourds,
sedges,
of
wild
taxon
such as Juss eia
This
peruviana.
sparsity
the
not reflect
does
of preservation
but rather
identified
taxa
lack
of
of anatomical
the
identification
lack
studies
permitting
fragments
of the region,
of the lomas
of the wild
those
plants
particularly

resented
identified

vegetation.

The first
in

another
in the

definite

domesticated

plants

(C.

ficifolia)

of Preceramic
the first
Period
Since
5?
can
in
it
domesticated
crop arrives
suddenly
fully
form,
been
have
from
learned
that
may
by "diffusion"
agriculture
no
we
have
what
way of knowing
experiments
although
region,
of indigenous
the arrival
control
plants
might have
preceded

appear
domestic
be argued

the

Encanto

Complex

in the river
It
is not
some sort
that
of squash
valleys.
impossible
but
in effect,
was already
of incipient
of indigenous
control
plants
no evidence
the case.
we have
There
is in particular
such was
that
was
the bottle
the possibility
that
siceraria)
(Lagenaria
gourd
as
in Arenal
at the time of its
sites
first
domesticated
appearance
as
from
to determine
but domestication
6000 B.C.,
is impossible
early
was
It
cotton
the archaeological
that
is also
remains.
possible
that
such
but
there
to suggest
is no evidence
domesticated
locally,
took

domestication

place

prior

to

the

arrival

of

domestic

squash.

cularly

population
intensive

had no immediate
domestic
squash
impact
the
of Preceramic
Period
Phase
Encanto
Luring
5>
a trans
in lomas
of what
is clearly
appears
camps
on wild
food
sources,
primarily
parti
relying
there
of
seeds.
wild
grass
Shortly
harvesting

after,

however,

beginning

The
on

the

domestic
humant

Period
and

arrival

economy.
squash

6) sedentary
a variety
of new

of

life

minor

with the Pampa Site

begins

based

cultigens

on

(early

Preceramic

large
quantities
seafoods.
with
along

of

squash,

Luring

40

Preceramic
and squash
prehistoric
until
the
associated

6 a variety
of new cultigens
gradually
accumulates,
as a major
Two major
of the
disappears
staple.
staples
maize
and common beans,
do not appear,
economy,
however,
and the Early
Initial
Period
when they are
Horizon,
perhaps
with
the beginnings
of irrigation
agriculture.
Period

Two very
almost
without
emerge.
striking
patterns
First,
the
the
which
of
formed
the
basis
exception,
cultigens
agricultural
are
not
but are
from other
derived
economy
indigenous,
regions.
and more
even
the most
many of these
Second,
important,
cultigens,
ones
common
as
were
such
maize
and
not
in the
utilized
important
beans,
until
were
after
in
Anc?n-Chill?n
available
other
region
long
they
regions
of Peru,
in many cases
with
can be demonstrated
which
culture
contacts
in even
earlier
Maize
occurs
after
its
first
periods.
700 years
appear
ance
on the coast
elsewhere
and at least
1200 years
after
its
first
in the highlands.
occur
Common beans
at least
after
appearance
4000 years
their
occurrence.
first
highland
in the arrivals
of crop plants
delays
from the
to emerge
most
significant
pattern
study.
behind
other
well
region
consistently
lags
culturally
the utilization
of major
This
domesticates.
suggests,
These

the

place,

that

represent
perhaps
The Ancon-Chillon
areas
in
related

in the first
and
diffusion
of crop
of diffusion
horizons
concepts
are
markers
It
invalid.
that
also
certainly
suggests
or diffuse
in an even manner,
but rather
simply
spread

old

chronological
do not
crops
that
they are

as

in particular
utilized
loca
by populations
selectively
in response
to specific
tions
I have
that
needs.
elsewhere
suggested
the pattern
of arrival
of certain
in
the
Anc?n-Chill?n
cultigens
region
on various
resources
is
related
to population
pressure
specifically

(Cohen, 1975a, 197Tb, 1978).

must be called
to certain
quantitative
that
can be
little
elsewhere
confidence
patterns.
in
of
remains
from
quantitative
analyses
placed
plant
archaeological
There
sites
certain
are,
however,
quantitative
peculi
1975b)#
(Cohen,
in the material
from the Ancon-Chillon
arities
may
which
region
if they are
encountered
workers
significant
patterns
by other
suggest
in other
as
after
Most
indicated
regions.
important,
above,
squash,
Finally,
I have

its

initial

period

attention
indicated

of use,

is

extremely

and it may be that this was simply a less

scarce

throughout

significant

the

sequence,

crop in the

coastal
than
is usually
Corn and beans
occur
about
assumed.
valleys
as
but
the
tuber
are
scarce.
Neither
crops
very
expected,
potatoes,
nor manioc
occur
in any quantity,
sweet
but achira,
usually
potatoes,
a minor
occurs
some frequency.
considered
with
Other highland
crop,
are
and oca,
such as arm and ullucu
absent.
totally
Equally
tubers^
abundance
of l?cuma,
is the great
which
like
is
surprising
achira,
a minor
considered
item in the diet
usually
today.

41

Note

Author's
This
remains,
of Edward

their

and
P.

documents
identified
all
paper
vegetable
available,
from
those
the
excavations
which
resulted
only
remains,
and
Thomas
Michael
C.
E.
Moseley
Patterson,
Lanning,

in the Ancon-Chillon

students

addition
in the

to material
Chill?n
Valley.

taxa reported

earlier

described

by Margaret A. Towle

tani cal research

paleobo
in my own study.
Inclusion

of

taxa
identified
plant
but
not
would
graph
in the Ancon-Chillon
to Towle*s
monograph

wild
ized
plants
minor
cultigens

bundles)
of her

Towle!s
from this

reported
occurring

from

this

from

at

her

into

account

data

pertain

this

least

of

the

sequence

presented

comes
from
region
without
this
century

here

that

(Cohen,

vegetable

of

to

taxa

of util
full
range
of
the full
range
contexts
(mummy

and
region
in ceremonial

the

Unfortunately,

1975a,

the bulk

collections

evidently
or
controls
stratigraphie
affiliations
of most
cultural

In a previous
in which
I discussed
the
paper
of the Ancon-Chillon
I presented
sequence,
implications
of the botanical
in some details
evidence
differs
which
was

excavation

would
to
region

by the Late Horizon.

in
undertaken
early
so
modern
dating
techniques,
are
of her
unclear.
specimens

an

the list
of minor
expand
mono
of a full
the scope
the history
of cultivation
The reader
is referred
here.

data

alter
significantly
as
described
region
for an appreciation

in the region

data

as

except

from

in her compilation

(196I)

in

during the 1960!s

region

reported
by Frederic
Engel
The paper
does
not
take

1977b,

1978).

evolutionary
a summary
from the

Reference

of their
because
listed
poten
by Towle
cultigens
tial
and chirimoya
quinoa
(Chenopodium
quinoa)
(Annona
importance,
these
not been
Since
have
from the
taxa
identified
cherimolia).
of more recent
collections
in this
they are not listed
workers,
in the previous
two taxa
ch?nense
(Capsicum
paper.
paper,
Also,
and Pachyrrhizus
identified
workers
tuberosus)
recently
by other
in this
seen by the author
were
but not
omitted.
area,
They have
been
included
here.
made

to

two

oca
in the previous
(Oxalis
paper,
Finally,
tuberosa)
now omitted
it
and mistakenly
I have
identified.
tentatively
from the list
of cultigens
associated
the Ancon-Chillon
with
area.

was

revised

May 15, 1975

September 28, 1977

42

NOTES
Laiming,
1967a; 1967b; Patterson,
1966; 1967; Patterson and
are based
dates provided in this article
1969# All absolute
Moseley,
on

or extrapolations
from radio
authors
estimates
by these
provided
The date
of the sequence
carbon
for the beginning
determinations.
age
on an estimate
is based
and Patterson
which
is an
by Lanning
provided
from a single
from the Cerro
determination
radiocarbon
extrapolation
The date
been
Chivateros
and the estimate
have
site.
by
challenged

Fung

Cenzano

Pineda,
2

Cohen,

Z.,

1975a;

Personal

and

1978 (three

1977b;

to

communication
and

1967b,

banning,
Patterson.

1973?

Zavaleta,

the

publications

author.
from

communications

personal

of the same article).

and

Lanning

and Moseley,
Lanning, 1967a; 1967b; Patterson,
1966; Patterson
the
the
of
to
standard
For
these
modern
1969#
relationship
phases
of

subdivisions

Peruvian

see Table

by Lanning,

established

chronology

1 in Cohen,

1975a,

1967a and 1967b; Patterson

^Lanning,
I967.
1969; Engel,
1968; Pickersgill,
p.

15;

1967a,

Lanning,

field

notes

of

the

Ancon

survey;

field

notes

of

the

*
Ancon

survey.

1975, P.
9

modified

1969; Moseley,

from

Eowe.
and

Lechtman

Moseley,

137.

Lanning,

10
cations

communication

personal

and

Howe

and Moseley,

Lanning,
O

by

1977b or 1978.

Pickersgill
of

the

same

and Heiser,

1977,

* 814;

1978, p.

144 (two publi

article).

I967, p. 179?
11Mangelsdorf, MacNeish, and Galinat,
12
and Heiser,
Krapovickas,
1969, P* 427; Pickersgill
note
See
9?
pp.
142-143?
1978,
812-813;

1977,

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Lima.

I,

Piki
FIRST
IN
APPEARANCE
PERU sp#,

?(Cucurbita
sp.,
Piki

ita

Chihua

Chihua

in

Complex,

Ayacucho 5500-4300

Ayacucho

Complex,

or

Cachi

Complex,

4300-2800

5500-4300
B.C.)

43OO-I7OO

Ayacucho

B.C.U

Complex,

B.C.)
B.

C.

2800-1700
Ayacucho
Complex,
Cachi
B.C.

Ayacucho

Ancash
55OO-85OO
B.C.e

5500-8500
Ancash
B.C.
1800
B.C.
Huarmey

Late
Intermediate
Period lea
Early Intermediate
Period
Valley,
Economic TABLE
the
in
1

Ancon-Chillon

Region

by Cultigen

Plants

FIRST
REGION
IN
APPEARANCE
Period
Late
Initial
36OO-25OO
B.C.
Complex

1200
B.C.

CULTIGM
Zea
mays

Encanto

Gaviota
Phase(?)
25OO-23OO
B.C.
I9OO-I75O
B.C.
I9OO-I75O
B.C.
2IOO-I9OO
B.C.
2IOO-I9OO
B.C.
IOOO-I476
A.B.
Early
Early
Horizon
Horizon
B.C.
9OO-6OO
Phase
Gaviota
9OO-6OO
B.C.
Conchas
Phase
Phase
Pampa
Pampa
Phase

Cucurbita
ficifolia

Phaseolus
luna
tus
C.
maxima

C.
moschata

P.vulgaris

Canavalia
sp.

hypogaea
Ppomoea
Arachis batatas

Manihot
esculenta

1^

4500-2800
b?fera
L?cuma
Phase
Conchas
Chihua
B.C.^
Complex,
Ayacucho
Gossypium
Phase
Pampa
barbadense
Chihua
4300-2800
Complex,
Ayacucho
B.C.

Lagenaria

siceraria

^elley
1963;
^MacNeish,
and
0Bonavia
Berber,
1970;
Garcia
Nelken-Terner,
Cutler
Cook,
and
and

Arenal

and

Luz

Jaywa

Complex,

Complexes

Bunchosia
Early
armenlaca
Horizon
Huaca
Prieta,
Chicama
1900
B?C.d

900-600
B.C.

2100-1900
B.C.
900-600
B.C.

2300-2100
B.C.

I75O-I65O
B.C.

25OO-23OO
B.C.
25OO-23OO
B.C.
25OO-23OO
B.C.
25OO-23OO
B.C.
6OOO-5OOO
B.C.
I96I;
dTowle,
1961
Whitaker,
eKaplan,
;1973?
Lynch,
Smith,
and

1200
B.C.

Solanum
Initial
Late
Period
spp.

Erythroxylon
Initial
Early
Period
sp.
Capsicum
Playa
baccatum
Phase
Hermosa

Canna
Phase
Pampa
sp.

americana
Persea
Early
Horizon
feuillei
Inga
Pampa
Phase

Psidium
Phase
Pampa
guaiava

Ayacu

50

TABLE 2

Horizon

Late

Intermediate

Cucurbita
Period

maxima,
Prosopis
sp.

sp.,
No

Horizon

by

Region

Period

Caesalpinia

Erythrina

sp#,

sample

None

Intermediate

Early

Ancon-Chill?n

None

Late

Middle

the

in

Taxa

of Plant

Occurrence

First

Period
Horizon

Early

Late

No

Early

Phaseolus
Manihot

sample
vulgaris.
esculenta,
americana.

Persea

Period

Initial
Late

Zea mays. Solanum spp#(?),

Middle

None

Early

Erythroxylon

Preceramic

Polymnia

Arachis
batatasC?),

Conchas
Hermosa

chinense(?)

Capsicum

L?cuma
hypogaea.
Pachyrrhizus

Phaseolus

lunatus,

Capsicum

baccatum.

feuillel.

Inga

b?fera.
tuberosus

L?cuma

Galactla

Period
Preceramic
Encanto

Cucurbita
Hymenocallis
No

Period

Canna

sp#, Gossypium
Schlnus
molle.

ficlfolia.

Jusseia

peruviana.

ajnencaes

sample

4
None

Canario
Arenal

ecuadorensls.

striata.

sp.

Corbina

Sapindus

sp*

Cucurbita

Asclepias
guaiava.
Pflldlum
Canavalia
baifoadense.
sp#,
Typha

Ipomoea

bifera(?),

Equisetum

moschata.

Cucurbita

Pampa

Preceramic

sp#(?)

Period

Gaviota

Playa

sp#,

armeniaca.

Bunchosia

lineatifolia.
Campomanes?a
ch?nense
Capsicum

and

Luz

Lagenaria
Gramineae,

slcerarla.
Cyperaceae

Tillandsia

latlfolla.

sp#,

sp#

11?40f

Area

Plate

IX.

Fig#

1,

the

Ancon-Chillon

of

region.

river

valley

cultivated

today