Mechatronics Lab Manual MultSim PLC Ladder Simulation Circuits Diploma Mechanical Karnataka

MECHATRONICS LAB MANUAL
INTRODUCTION TO MECHATRONICS
Mechatronics is defined as the interdisciplinary field of engineering and design methodology. It deals
with the design of products whose function relies on the integration of mechanical, electrical and electronics
components connected by a control scheme. Mechatronics is a systemlevel approach to designing electromechanical systems that merges mechanical, electrical, control system and embedded software design.
Mechatronics plays an important role in the design manufacturing and maintenance of a wide range of
engineering products and process. Mechatronics provides solutions that are efficient and reliable systems.
Introduction to the Multisim Interface
Multisim is the schematic capture and simulation application of National Instruments Circuit Design Suite, a
suite of EDA (Electronics Design Automation) tools that assists you in carrying out the major steps in the
circuit design flow. Multisim is designed for schematic entry, simulation, and feeding to downstage steps,
such as PCB layout.
Multisims user interface consists of the following basic elements:
Menus are where you find commands for all functions.

The Standard toolbarcontains buttons for commonly-performed functions
The Simulation toolbar contains buttons for starting, stopping , and other simulation functions
The Instruments toolbar contains buttons for each instrument.
The Component toolbarcontains buttons that let you select components from the Mutisim databases
for placement in your schematic.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG, MSRP
Page 1
The Circuit Window (or workspace) is where you build your circuit designs.
The Design Toolbox lets you navigate through the different types of files in a project (schematics,
PCBs, reports), view a schematics hierarchy and show or hide different layers.
Standard Toolbar
The Standard toolbar contains buttons for commonly performed functions. Its buttons are described below:
New: Creates a new circuit file.
Open: Opens an existing circuit file.
Open Sample: Opens a folder containing sample and getting started files.
Save: Saves the active circuit.
Print Circuit: Prints the active circuit.
Print Preview: Previews the circuit as it will be printed.
Cut: Removes the selected elements and places them on the Windows clipboard.
Copy: Copies the selected elements and places them on the Windows clipboard.
Paste: Inserts the contents of the Windows clipboard at the cursor location.
Undo: Undoes the most recently performed action.
Redo: Redoes the most recently performed undo.
Simulation Toolbar
The Simulation toolbar contains buttons used during simulation.
Run/resume simulation: Starts/resumes simulation of the active circuit.
Pause simulation: Pauses simulation.
Stop simulation: Stops the simulation.
Pause at Next MCU Instruction Boundary: For use with the Multisim MCU Module.
Step Into: For use with the Multisim MCU Module.
Step Over button: For use with the Multisim MCU Module.
Step Out button: For use with the Multisim MCU Module.
Run to Cursor: For use with the Multisim MCU Module.
Toggle Breakpoint: For use with the Multisim MCU Module.
Remove All Breakpoints: For use with the Multisim MCU Module.
View Toolbar
The buttons in the View toolbar are described below:
Toggle Full Screen: Displays only the workspace, with no toolbars or menu items.
Increase Zoom: Magnifies the active circuit.
Page 2
Decrease Zoom: Decreases the magnification of the active circuit.
Zoom Area: Drag the cursor to select an area on the workspace to magnify.
Zoom Fit to Page: Shows the entire circuit in the workspace.
Components Toolbar
The buttons in the Components toolbar are described below. Each button will launch the place component
browser (Select a Component browser) with the group specified on the button pre-selected.
Source: Selects the Source components group in the browser.
Basic: Selects the Basic components group in the browser.
Diode: Selects the Diode components group in the browser.
Transistor: Selects the Transistor components group in the browser.
Analog: Selects the Analog components group in the browser.
TTL(Transistor Transistor logic): Selects the TTL components group in the browser.
CMOS: Selects the CMOS component group in the browser.
Miscellaneous Digital: Selects the Miscellaneous Digital component group in the browser.
Mixed: Selects the Mixed component group in the browser.
Power Components: Selects the Power component group in the browser.
Indicator: Selects the Indicator component group in the browser.
Miscellaneous: Selects the Miscellaneous component group in the browser.
Electromechanical: Selects the Electromechanical component group in the browser.
RF: Selects the RF component group in the browser.
Place Advanced Peripherals: Selects the Advanced Peripherals component group in the browser.
Place MCU Module:Selects the MCU Module component group in the browser.
INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL LOGIC GATES

Logic gates are the basic elements that make up a digital system. The electronic gate is a circuit that
is able to operate on a number of binary inputs in order to perform a particular logical function. The types of
basic gates available are the OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR, EXCLUSIVE-OR, EXCLUSIVE- NOR.
Except for the exclusive-NOR gate, other gates are available in monolithic integrated circuit form.
The gate is a digital circuit with one or more input voltages but only one output voltage.By
connecting the different gates in differentways, we can build circuits that perform arithmetic and other
functions associated with the human brain because they simulate mental process.The operation of a logic
gate can be easily understood with the help of TRUTH TABLE.A truth table is a table that shows all the
input-output possibilities of a logic circuit .i.e, the truth table indicates the outputs for different possibilities
of the inputs.
Page 3
1.BASIC LOGIC GATES

1(a)OR GATE
Aim: Design &Simulate a logic circuit of OR gate
Components used:OR gate(7432N),2 clock voltage,2dig probe bulb,1dig probe green bulb,2DGND
Theory: The OR gate performs logical addition,more commonly known as the OR function. An OR gate has two or more inputs
and one output as indicated by the standard logic symbol as shown in fig
Procedure:
Open Multisim,click on file, select new-schematic capture.
Click on Place,click Component, select aComponent window opens & select the following
Select TTL,74STD,OR gate(74s32) & click ok.
Pick and place the OR gate on the screen.
Select Sources, Signal Sources,Clock voltage & click ok.
Place 2 clock voltages on the screen(for 2 inputs).
Select Sources, Power source,DGND( ground)& click ok.
Place 2 DGND on the screen(for 2 inputs).
Select Indicators,Probe, Dig Probe, Red indicator bulb & click ok.
Place 2 Dig Probe Red bulb on the screen.(for 2 inputs).
Select Indicators, Probe,Dig probe Green indicator bulb & click ok.
Place 1 Dig Probe Green bulb on the screen.(for 1 output).
Now join the circuit as shown in fig.
Run/Simulate the circuit using simulation bar.
Result:Design of logic circuit of OR gate is completed.Simulation of logic circuit OR gate satisfies the truth table.
LOGIC CIRCUIT - OR
Y
2.5 V
2.5 V
2.5 V
U1A
2
7432N
V1
V2
4 Hz
5V
3 Hz
5V
GND
GND
GND
GND
BOOLEAN EQUATION
A+B=Y
LOGIC SYMBOL
TRUTH TABLE
INPUTS
7432N
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
OUTPUT
Y
0
1
1
1
Page 4
1(b) AND GATE

Aim: Design &simulate a logic circuit of OR gate
Components used: ANDgate (7408J), 2 clock voltage, 2dig probe red bulbs, 1dig probe green bulb, 2DGND
Theory:
The AND gate performs logical multiplication, more commonly known as the AND function. The AND gate may have two or
more inputs and a single output, as indicated by the standard logic symbols shown in the fig.
Procedure:
Click on Place,click Component, select aComponent window opens & select the following
Select TTL,74STD,ANDgate(7408J) & click ok.
Place the AND gate on the screen.
Select Sources, Signal, sources, Clock voltage & click ok.
Place 2 Clock voltages on the screen(for 2 inputs).
Select Sources, Power source,DGND & click ok.
Select Indicators,Probe,Dig probe red bulb & click ok.
Place 2 dig probe red bulb on the screen.(for 2 inputs).
Select Indicators, Probe, Dig probe green bulb & click ok.
Place 1 dig probe green bulb on the screen.(for 1 output).
Result:Design of logic circuit of AND gate is completed.Simulation of logic circuitAND gate satisfies the truth table.
LOGIC CIRCUIT - AND
Y
2.5 V
2.5 V
2.5 V
U1A
3
7408J
1
2
V1
V2
4 Hz
5V
3 Hz
5V
GND
GND
GND
GND
BOOLEAN EQUATION
A.B=Y
LOGIC SYMBOL
7408N
TRUTH TABLE
INPUTS
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
OUTPUT
Y
0
0
0
1
Page 5
1(c) NOT GATE

Aim: Design & Simulate a logic circuit of NOT gate
Components used: NOTgate (7404N),2 clock voltage,2Dig probe red bulbs,1Dig probe green bulb,2DGND
Theory:
A NOT gate produces an output that is a complement of the input. It has only one input signal and one output signal as indicated
by the logic symbol as shown in fig.
Procedure:
Open Multisim, click on file, select new-schematic capture.
Click on Place, clickComponent, selecta Component window opens & select the following
Select TTL, 74STD, NOT gate(7404N) & click ok.
Place the NOT gate on the screen.
Select Sources, Signal Sources,Clock voltage & click ok.
Place 1 clock voltages on the screen(for 1inputs).
Place 1 DGND on the screen (for 1 input).
Place 1 dig probe red bulb on the screen. (for 1 inputs).
Result:Design of logic circuit of NOT gate is completed.Simulation of logic circuitNOT gate satisfies the truth table.
LOGIC CIRCUIT -NOT
Y
2.5 V
2.5 V
U2A
1
4
7405N
V2
3 Hz
5V
GND
GND
BOOLEAN EQUATION
=Y
LOGIC SYMBOL
7404N
TRUTH TABLE
INPUTS
A
0
1
OUTPUT
Y
1
0
Page 6
1(d) NOR GATE

Aim: Design &Simulate a logic circuit of NOR gate
Components used:NOR gate(7402N),2 clock voltage,2dig probe red bulbs,1dig probe green bulb,2DGND
Theory:
The term NOR is a contraction of NOT-OR and implies an OR function with an inverted (compliment) output.A standard logic
symbol for two inputs NOR gate is as shown in fig.
Procedure:
Click on Place, click Component, select a Component window opens & select the following
Select TTL,74STD,NOR gate(7402N) & click ok.
Place the NOR gate on the screen.
Select Sources, Signal sources, Clock voltage & click ok.
Place 2 dig probe red bulb on the screen (for 2 inputs).
Select Indicators,probe, Dig probe green bulb & click ok.
Result:
Design of logic circuit of NOR gate is completed.Simulation of logic circuitNOR gate satisfiesthe truth table.
LOGIC CIRCUIT -NOR
2.5 V
2.5 V
2.5 V
U1A
3
7402N
2
V1
V2
4 Hz
5V
3 Hz
5V
GND
GND
GND
BOOLEAN EQUATION
+ =Y
LOGIC SYMBOL
7402N
GND
TRUTH TABLE
INPUTS
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
OUTPUT
Y
1
0
0
0
Page 7
1(e) NAND GATE

Aim: Design & Simulate a logic circuit of NAND gate
Components used:NANDgate(7400N),2 Clock voltage, 2Dig probe red bulbs,1Dig probe green bulb,2DGND
Theory:
The term NAND is a contraction of NOT-AND and implies an AND function with a complement (inverted) output. A standard
logic symbol for 2-input NAND gate is as shown in fig.
Procedure:
Open Multisim, Click on file, select new-schematic capture.
Click on Place, click Component, select a Component window opens & select the following
Select TTL,74STD,NANDgate(7400N) & click ok.
Place the NAND gate on the screen.
Result:
Design of logic circuit of NAND gate is completed.Simulation of logic circuitNAND gate satisfies the truth table.
LOGIC CIRCUIT
Y
2.5 V
2.5 V
2.5 V
U1A
3
7400N
1
2
V1
V2
4 Hz
5V
3 Hz
5V
GND
GND
BOOLEAN EQUATION
. =Y
LOGIC SYMBOL
7400N
GND
GND
TRUTH TABLE
INPUTS
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
OUTPUT
Y
1
1
1
0
Page 8
1(f) X-OR GATE

Aim: Design &Simulate a logic circuit of X-OR gate
Components used:X-OR gate(7432N), 2 Clock voltage, 2Dig probe red bulbs, 1Dig probe green bulb,2DGND
Theory:
The X-OR is an abbreviation for Exclusive-OR gate. An X-OR gate has two or more inputs and one output as indicated by the
standard logic symbol as shown in fig.
Procedure:
Click on Place,click Component, select a Component window opens & select the following
Select TTL,74STD,X-OR gate(7486N) & click ok.
Place the OR gate on the screen.
Select Sources,signal sources, Clock voltage & click ok.
Select Indicators,probe,dig probe green bulb & click ok.
Result:
Design of logic circuit of X-OR gate is completed.Simulation of logic circuitX-OR gate satisfies the truth table.
LOGIC CIRCUIT
2.5 V
2.5 V
2.5 V
U1A
3
7486N
2
V1
V2
4 Hz
5V
3 Hz
5V
GND
GND
GND
GND
BOOLEAN EQUATION
=Y
LOGIC SYMBOL
TRUTH TABLE
INPUTS
7486N
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
OUTPUT
Y
0
1
1
0
Page 9
1(g)X-NOR GATE
Aim: Design &Simulate a logic circuit of X-NOR gate
Components used:XOR gate(7486N),NOT gate(7405N),2 clock voltage,2dig probe red bulbs,1dig probe green bulb,2DGND
Theory:
An Exclusive-NOR(X-NOR) gate is a coincidence gate. It produces one output only when its two inputs are equal, i.e., when
both inputs are either zero or one.
Procedure:
Click on Place,click Component, select a component window opens & select the following
Select TTL,74STD,X-OR gate(7486N),NOT(7405N)& click ok.
Place the X-OR gate, NOT gate on the screen.
Select Indicators,probe, Dig probe green bulb & click ok.
Result:
Design of logic circuit of X-NOR gate is completed.Simulation of logic circuit X-NOR satisfies the truth table.
LOGIC CIRCUIT
2.5 V
2.5 V
2.5 V
U1A
U2A
3
4
7405N
7486N
2
V1
V2
4 Hz
5V
3 Hz
5V
GND
GND
GND
GND
BOOLEAN EQUATION
=Y
LOGIC SYMBOL
7486N
7404N
TRUTH TABLE
INPUTS
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
OUTPUT
Y
1
0
0
1
Page 10
2.DEMORGANS THEOREM
2(a) DEMORGANS FIRST THEOREM
Aim: Design & Simulate a logic circuit of Demorgans first theorem.
Components used: One NOR gate(7402N), two NOT gate(7404N),one AND gate(7408J),4 clock voltage,4 dig probe red bulb,2
dig probe green bulb,4DGND
Theory:
Demorgans first theorem states that The compliment of a sum is equal to the product of individual compliments.
Procedure:
Click on Place, click Component, select a Component window opens & perform the following
Place NOR gate(7402N),2 clock voltage voltages,2 DGND,2 dig probe red bulb & one dig probe green bulb
on the screen.
Join the circuit as according to the equation

+ .
Place 2 NOTgates(7404N),one AND gate(7408J),2 clock voltages,2DGND,2 dig probe red bulbs & one dig
probe green bulb on the screen.
.
.
Run/Simulate the circuit.
Result:
Design of logic circuit of

+ =.is completed.Simulation of logic circuit satisfies the truth table shown.
LOGIC CIRCUIT
X1
X2
2.5 V
X3
2.5 V
2.5 V
U1
X5
NOT
2.5 V
NOR2
V1
V2
2 Hz
5V
3 Hz
5V
GND
GND
X6
U2
2.5 V
2.5 V
6
7
U3
U4
8
AND2
5
V3
V4
2 Hz
5V
3 Hz
5V
NOT
GND
GND
GND
GND
GND
GND
BOOLEAN EQUATION
+ =.
LOGIC SYMBOL
NOT
U5
=
NOR2
U7
TRUTH TABLE
9
10
U8
AND2
NOT
INPUTS
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
OUTPUT
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Page 11
2(b) DEMORGANS SECOND THEOREM

Aim: Design & Simulate a logic circuit of Demorgans second theorem.
Components used: One NAND gate(7400N), two NOT gate(7404N),one OR gate(7432N),4 clock voltage,4 dig probe red bulb,2
dig probe green bulb,4DGND
Theory:
Demorgans second theorem states that The compliment of a product is equal to the sum of individual compliments.
Procedure:
Place One NAND gate(7400N), 2 clock voltage voltages, 2 DGND, 2 dig probe red bulb & one dig probe
green bulb on the screen.
Join the circuit as according to the equation .

.
Place 2 NOT gates(7404N), one OR gate(7432N), 2 clock voltages, 2DGND,2 dig probe red bulb,& one dig
probe green bulb on the screen.
+
.
Result:
+
. is completed .Simulation of logic circuit satisfies the truth table shown.
Design of logic circuit of .
=
LOGIC CIRCUIT
X2
X1
2.5 V
X3
2.5 V
U1
X5
2 Hz
5V
3 Hz
5V
GND
GND
NAND2
U6
OR2
U3
V3
V4
2 Hz
5V
3 Hz
5V
GND
GND
NOT
GND
GND
TRUTH TABLE
LOGIC SYMBOL
GND
BOOLEAN EQUATION
. =+
NOT
U9
GND
U4
6
7
2.5 V
NAND2
V2
2.5 V
NOT
2
V1
X6
U2
2.5 V
2.5 V
INPUTS
11
12
U7
OR2
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
OUTPUT
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
NOT
Page 12
3.COMBINATION OF GATES
3(a) HALF ADDER
Aim: Design & Simulate a logic circuit of half adder.
Components used: One XOR gate(7486N), one AND gate(7408J),2 clock voltage,2 dig probe red bulb,2 dig probe green bulb,2
DGND
Theory:
The half adder circuit adds two binary digits & produces a sum() & a carry output(Co).In other words, the binary arithmetic
operation (A+B) produces() .
Procedure:
Click on Place, click Component, select a component window opens & perform the following
Place XOR gate(7486N), one AND gate(7408J),2 clock voltage,2 dig probe red bulb,2 dig probe green bulb,2
DGND on the screen.
Join the circuit as shown in fig.
Result:
Design of logic circuit of half adder is completed & is as shown in fig.Simulation of logic circuit satisfies the truth table.
LOGIC CIRCUIT
2.5 V
2.5 V
2.5 V
U1A
X4
7486N
2.5 V
V1
V2
2 Hz
5V
3 Hz
5V
GND
GND
U2A
4
7408J
GND
GND
BOOLEAN EQUATION:
Sum()=B+A=
Carry output(Co)=A.B
LOGIC SYMBOL
TRUTH TABLE
INPUTS
HALF
ADDER
(Sum)
B
CO(Carry
Output)
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
OUTPUT
CO
SUM
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
Page 13
3(b) FULL ADDER

Aim: Design & Simulate a logic circuit of full adder.
Components used: 2 XOR gate(7486N), 2 AND gate(7408J),one OR gate(7132N),3 clock voltage,3 dig probe red bulb,2 dig
probe green bulb,3 DGND
Theory:
The full adder adds the bits A & B &Carry(Ci) from the previous column.It generates a sum () and a Carry output(CO).The basic
difference between a full adder & a half adder is that the full adder accepts an additional input.
Procedure:
Place X-OR gate(7486N), one AND gate(7408J),2 clock voltage,2 dig probe red bulbs,2 dig probe green
bulbs,2 DGND on the screen.
Result:
Design of logic circuit of full adder is completed & is as shown in fig.Simulation of logic circuit satisfies the truth table.
LOGIC CIRCUIT
2.5 V
2.5 V
2.5 V
2.5 V
U1B
4
7486N
U1A
2
3
U2B
7486N
CO
7408N
5
2.5 V
U2A
6
U3A
8
7408N
7432N
V3
V1
6 Hz
5V
2 Hz
5V
GND
GND
GND
GND
BOOLEAN EQUATION:
Sum()= ( )
Carry output(Co)=( ) + AB
TRUTH TABLE
INPUTS
OUTPUT
A
B
Ci
CO
SUM
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
V2
4 Hz
5V
GND
GND
LOGIC SYMBOL
Ci
A
B
(Sum)
FULL
ADDER
CO(Carry
Output)
Page 14
3(c) HALF SUBTRACTOR

Aim: Design & Simulate a logic circuit of half subractor.
Components used: One X-OR gate(7486N), one AND gate(7408J),one NOT gate(7404N),2 clock voltage,2 dig probe red bulb,2
dig probe green bulb,2 DGND
Theory:
A half Subtractor is an arithmetic circuit that subtracts one bit from another bit, producing a difference bit(D) and borrow bit(Bo).
Procedure:
Place one X-OR gate(7486N), one AND gate(7408J), one NOT gate(7404N),2 clock voltage,2 dig probe red
bulb,2 dig probe green bulb,2 DGND on the screen.
Result:
Design of logic circuit of half subtractor is completed. Simulation of logic circuit satisfies the truth table shown.
LOGIC CIRCUIT
D
2.5 V
2.5 V
2.5 V
U1A
2
7486N
2.5 V
U3A
3
V1
V2
2 Hz
5V
3 Hz
5V
GND
U2A
5
7408N
GND
GND
GND
BOOLEAN EQUATION:
Difference(D)=B+A=
Borrow(Bo)=.B
LOGIC SYMBOL
A
B
INPUTS
A
0
0
1
1
7404N
BO
D(DIFF)
HALF
SUBRACTOR
Bo(BORROW)
TRUTH TABLE
OUTPUT
B
D
BO
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
Page 15
3(d) FULL SUBTRACTOR

Aim: Design & Simulate a logic circuit of full subtractor.
Components used: One X-OR gate(7486N), one AND gate(7408J),one NOT gate(7404N),2 clock voltage,2 dig probe red bulb,2
dig probe green bulb,2 DGND
Theory:
It is an arithmetic circuit that subtracts one bit (subtrahend) from another bit(minuend) taking into consideration the borrow(Bo)
from the column. It produces a difference bit (D) and a borrow bit (Bo) required for the next higher column.
Procedure:
Click on Place, clickComponent, select a Component window opens & perform the following
Place one X-OR gate(7486N), one AND gate(7408J), one NOT gate(7404N),2 clock voltage,2 dig probe red
bulb,2 dig probe green bulb,2 DGND on the screen.
Result:
Design of logic circuit of fullsubtractor is completed.Simulation of logic circuit satisfies the truth table shown.
LOGIC CIRCUIT
D
2.5 V
2.5 V
2.5 V
2.5 V
11
U4A
7
6
7486N
U5A
U6A
U1A
Bo
7408N
7404N
7486N
8
2.5 V
U7A
10
U3A
3
7404N
V3
V1
3 Hz
5V
5 Hz
5V
GND
GND
BOOLEAN EQUATION:
Difference(D)=( )
Borrow out(Bo)=
( ) +
A
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
GND
GND
U2A
9
7432N
7408N
V2
4 Hz
5V
GND
GND
LOGIC SYMBOL
Bi
FULL
A
SUBTRACTOR
TRUTH TABLE
B
INPUTS
OUTPUT
B
Bi
D
Bo
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
Bo
Page 16
4.DECODERS & ENCODERS

4(a) 2-4 DECODER
Aim: Design & Simulate a logic circuit of 2-4 decoders.
Components used: Four AND gate(7408J), two NOT gate(7404N),2 clock voltage, 2 dig probe red bulb,4 dig probe green bulb,2
DGND
Theory:
A decoder is a logic circuit that looks at its inputs, determines which number is there and activates the one output that corresponds
to that number.2-4 decoders are used where a decoder has two input lines and four output lines. It takes a two bit binary number
and activates any one of the four outputs corresponding to that number.
Procedure:
Click on Place, clickComponent,select a Component window opens & perform the following
Place Four AND gate(7408J), two NOT gate(7404N), 2 clock voltage, 2 dig probe red bulb,4 dig probe green
bulb, 2 DGND on the screen.
Result:
Design of logic circuit of 2-4 decoder is completed. Simulation of logic circuit satisfies the truth table shown.
LOGIC CIRCUIT
A
2.5 V
1
2.5 V
U2A
5
3
7408J
D2
U1A
2.5 V
U2B
7404N
D1
7408J
2.5 V
2.5 V
U1B
U2C
7
7408J
7404N
D0
2.5 V
V1
V2
2 Hz
5V
3 Hz
5V
GND
GND
U2D
8
7408J
GND
GND
INPUTS
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
1
1
TRUTH TABLE
OUTPUTS
D0
D1
D2
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
D3
0
0
0
1
Page 17
4(b) 3-8 DECODER

Aim: Design & Simulate a logic circuit of 3-8 decoder.
Components used: Eight AND gate(7408J), three NOT gate(7404N), 3 clock voltage, 3 dig probe red bulb,8 dig probe green bulb,
3 DGND
Theory:
A decoder is a logic circuit that looks at its inputs, determines which number is there, and activates the output that corresponds to
that number.3-8 decoders are used where a decoder has three input lines and eight output lines. It takes a three bit binary number
and activates any one of the eight outputs corresponding to that number.
Procedure:
Click on Place, click Component,select aComponent window opens & perform the following
Place eight AND gate(7408J), three NOT gate(7404N), 3 clock voltage, 3 dig probe red bulb,8 dig probe green
bulb, 3 DGND on the screen.
Result:
Design of logic circuit of 3-8 decoder is completed.Simulation of logic circuit satisfies the truth table shown.
LOGIC CIRCUIT
TRUTH TABLE
X1
2.5 V
1
2.5 V
7404N
5X5
74S11D
U1B
U5A
V1
U1A
74S11D
13
X7
74S11D
2.5 V
GND
4
U5B
74S11D
3
4 Hz
5V
GND
12
X8
15
74S11D
2.5 V
U5C
GND
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
2.5 V
U2C
10
X10
7404N
6 Hz
5V
11
X9
GND
V3
2.5 V
U2B
X3
2.5 V
U2A
7404N
V2
2.5 V
U1C
2 Hz
X2
5V
GND
2.5 V
14
X6
74S11D
2.5 V
U3A
9
X11
74S11D
2.5 V
U4A
8
GND
74S11D
Page 18
4(c) 8-3 ENCODER

Aim: Design & Simulate a logic circuit of 8-3 encoder.
Components used: Nine OR gate(7432N), 8 clock voltage, 8 dig probe red bulb,3 dig probe green bulb, 8 DGND
Theory:
Encoder is a device or a circuit that converts information from one format or code to another.input=2n and output = n. They
combinational logic circuits that are exactly opposite to decoder Encoder perform exactly reverse of decoder. 8-3 encoders
used where aencoder has eight input lines and three output lines. It takes aneight bit binary number and activates any one of
three outputs corresponding to that number.
Procedure:
Place Nine OR gate(7432N), 8 clock voltage, 8 dig probe red bulb,3 dig probe green bulb, 8 DGND on
screen.
Result:
Design of logic circuit of 8-3 encoder is completed.Simulation of logic circuit satisfies the truth table shown.
are
are
the
the
LOGIC CIRCUIT
TRUTH TABLE
X2
1
V7
1 Hz
5V
GND
9
7432N
U2B
15
10 7432N
V3
GND
GND
GND GND
2 Hz
5V
X7
V6
X9
3 Hz
5V
GND
7432N
U5B
2.5 V
4 Hz
5V
2.5 V
GND
5 Hz
5V
GND
GND
6 Hz
5V
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
L7
A1
A2
A3
16
7432N
X11
2.5 V
17
14 7432N
2.5 V
X4
7432N
X5 2.5 V
V2
GND
12
13 U8D
7432N
U7D
X10
V1
L1
2.5 V
U9C
7432N
U6C
X6
L0
X1
11
2.5 V
3
V5
GND
7432N
U4B
OUTPUT
2.5 V
2.5 V
U3C
GND
INPUT
U1A
2.5 V
X3
2.5 V
V4
GND
7 Hz
5V
GND 6
V8
GND
GND
8 Hz
5V
7
8
EQUATION
A1=I1+I3+I5+I7
A2=I2+I3+I6+I7
A3=I4+I5+I6+I7
Page 19
5.OSCILLATOR
Aim: Design & Simulate a logic circuit of simple oscillator.
Components used: 2-NANDgate(7437),2-Resistor(300M )capacitor(120P),one Dig green bulb,Clock voltage,DGND.
Theory:
Oscillator is a circuit that produces repetitive electronic signal often sine or square wave used as clock signal to regulate computer
or quartz clock. Suppose the initial output at level 1 is (v2), then the input must therefore beat level 0 as which will be the output
from 1st NAND gate (v1) capacitor C is connected between the (v2) output and its input device timing resistor r2, capacitor now
charges up at a rate determined by the time constant r2 and capacitor c charges up the function between r2 and c decreases until the
lower threshold valve of v1 is reached.
Procedure:
Click on place, click Component, select a Componentwindow opens & perform the following
Place two NAND gate,two resistor,capacitor, one Dig green bulb, Clock voltage,DGND.
Result:
Design of logic circuit of Oscillator is completed.
CIRCUIT
Page 20
6.FLIP FLOP
6(a) S-R FLIP FLOP
Aim: Design & Simulate a logic circuit of S-R Flip flop.
Components used: Two NOT gate(7416N),two NAND gate(7402N), 2 clock voltage, 2 dig probe red bulb,2 dig probe green bulb,
2 DGND
Theory:
The S-R Flip Flop using two NAND gates as shown in fig. The two NAND gates are cross coupled, so that the output of
NAND gate 1 is connected to one of the inputs of NAND gate 2 and vice versa. The Flip Flop has two outputs Q and and two
inputs Set and Reset.
Procedure:
Click on Place, click Component, select aComponent window opens & perform the following
Place Two NOT gate(7416N),two NAND gate(7402N), 2 clock voltage, 2 dig probe red bulb,2 dig probe
green bulb, 2 DGND on the screen.
Result:
Design of logic circuit of S-R flip flop is completed & is as shown in fig.
Simulation of logic circuit is according to the truth table shown.
LOGIC CIRCUIT
TRUTH TABLE
2.5 V
2.5 V
V1
2 Hz
5V
GND
X4
X2
ACTION
LAST
VALUE
NO
CHANGE
RESET
SET
FORBIDDEN
2.5 V
2.5 V
U2B
2
V2
3
7402N
GND
U1A
4
7402N
5 Hz
5V
GND
GND
Page 21
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

INTRODUCTION:
The first programmable logic controller (PLC) was developed by a group of engineers at general Motors in 1968,when the
companies were looking for an alternative to replace the complex relay controlled system.
A programmable logic controller, also called a PLCor programmable controller, is a computer-type microprocessor based
circuit used to conduct multiple and complex control operations. The term programmable logic controller is defined as a digitally
operating electronic system, designed for use in an industrial environment, which uses a programmable memory for the internal
storage of user oriented instructions for implementing specific functions such as logic sequencing timing,counting,and arithmetic.
It monitors crucial processes, parameters and controls the process operation accordingly. PLC replaces much complicated wiring
by a single circuit. It allows selection of ON/OFF states of output devices. PLC has tremendous computing capacity at the same
time is compact.
A programmable logic controller is therefore nothing more than a computer, tailored specifically for certain control tasks.
The kinds of equipment that PLCs can control are as varied like food processing machinery to auto assembly lines.
PROGRAMMING THE PLC
Most of the programming methods in use today for PLCs are based on the Ladder logic program.Ladder logic is a
programming languagethat represents a program by a graphical diagram based on the circuit diagrams of relay-based logic
hardware and converted into machine code by use of PLC.The program takes one or more inputs called Contacts and produces an
output called Coils. The name is based on the observation that programs in this language resemble ladders, with two vertical rails
and a series of horizontal rungs between then. When a PLC is set to run condition, it goes through the entire ladder in descending
order starting from top in steps until last rung END.
ADDRESSING THE INPUT AND OUTPUTS:
Addressing inputs and output are COMPULSORY and they may be suitably named. However, the numbers 0 to 16
available are not to be repeated as they refer to the indicators/ switches provided on the PLC unit.
Inputs asI:0.0/0 to 16
outputs as O:0.0/0 to16
Timers are addressed as below and suitably named
When used at output T4:01to16
When it is used at inputT4:01to16/DN
LATCH(Self Maintaining circuit):To hold a coil energized even when input switch is
closed and opened, like a push button switch pushed and released.A latch is like a sticky switch
- when pushed it will turn on, but stick in place.Example when A is closed, output is energized
and contact associated with output is also energized. However if A is now open, output is still on,
only way to release is to open contact B.If an output hasbeen latched on, it will keep its value,
even if the power has been turned off.
TO START WITH NEW PROGRAM, CLICK ON THE START BUTTON, SELECT ALL PROGRAMS, SELECT
ROCKWELL SOFTWARE, SELECT RS LOGIX 500 STARTER, SELECT RS LOGIX 500 STARTER 1-PT
MICROLOGIX 1000 ENGLISH.
Ladder symbols used for programming are given below.
Page 22
1(a) DRAW THE LADDER DIAGRAM TO REPRESENT AND GATE

Aim: Draw the ladder rungs to represent two switches normally open and both have to be closed for the coil to energise.
Ladder symbols used: Two normally open switches and one output.
Theory: Fig showsa actuation where a coil is not energized unless two normally open switches are both closed. Switch A and
Switch B have both to be closed, which thus givenAND logic. The ladder diagram starts with input 1(switchA) in series withinput
2(switch B) and an output.
Procedure:
Click on new, Select Processor type,Click on OK.Click on User,select new rung
1st rung: Drag and place two normally open switches andplace one output as shown.
Check the program for syntax error.
Downloading the PLC:Click on OFFLINE,click download, click on OK until ladder rungs shows green light.
Result:
AND gate is completed with output energized when both switches A & B are pressed.
TRUTH TABLE
A
B
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
OUTPUT
0
0
0
1
1(b)DRAW THE LADDER DIAGRAM TO REPRESENT OR GATE

Aim: Draw the ladder rungs to represent either of the two switches normally open to be closed for the coil to be energized.
Ladder symbols used: one rung with branch, two normally open switches and one output.
Theory: Fig shows a situation where a coil is not energized until either of normally open switchesA or B is closed.The actuation is
an OR logic gate. Either Switch A or Switch B have to be closed, which thus given OR logic. The ladder diagram starts with input
1(switch A) in parallel with input 2(switch B) and an output.
Procedure:
Click on new, Select Processor type, Click on OK. Click on User, select new rung
1st rung: Drag and place two normally open switches and place one output as shown.
Downloading the PLC: Click on OFFLINE, click download, click on OK until ladder rungs shows green light.
Result:
OR gate is completed with output energized when either switch A & B are pressed.
TRUTH TABLE
A
B
OUTPUT
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
Page 23
2.TIMER CIRCUIT
Aim: Program a timing circuit that will switch ON a MOTOR for 20s and then switch it OFF.
Ladder symbols used: Two rungs, one with branch, three normally open switches, one normally closed switch,one output and one
timer(TON).
Procedure:
Drag and place all selected symbols as shown.
Working of ladder program:
Rung 0)With input1 pressed and released, latch is switched on. As input Timer T1/DN is normally closed, MOTOR is energized.
Rung 1) MOTORbeing ON, output Timer T1 start and is energized after a lapse of set time. This opens normally closed T1/DN at
input in rung 0 and switches offMOTOR.
Rung 2) END
Result:Functions as desired.
3.ON AND OFF CIRCUIT

Aim: Program a timing circuit that will switch ON for 10s and OFF 10s and so on.
Ladder symbols used: Three rungs, three normally open switches, one normally closed switch, one Output and two timer(TON).
Procedure:
Rung 0)With input1 (TOGGLE Switch) is ON,as input Timer T2/DNbeing normally closed, Timer T1 starts and is energized after
10 seconds. This turns ON Timer T2 (rung 2) as well as OUTPUT 3(rung3).
Rung 1)When input Timer T1/DN is ON, output Timer T2 starts and is energized after a lapse of 10 seconds. This opens normally
closed T2/DN at input in Rung 1 and switches off output Timer T1.
Rung 2)With input Timer T1/DN is OFF, OUTPUT 3 is de-energized. This starts Rung 1again and continues.
Rung 3) END.
Result: At OUTPUT 3, supply is first 10 second OFF, next 10 second ON, next 10 second OFF, next 10 second ON and so on.
Page 24
4.MOTOR PUMP
Aim: Program a circuit that can be used to start a motor and then to start a pump after delay of 50s. Then the motor is switched off
10s before the pump is switched off when the pump remains on for 50s.
Ladder symbols used: Six Rungs, Seven normally open switches, Three normally closed switches,three outputs and
threetimers(TON).
Procedure:
Click on new, Select Processor type, Click on OK. Click on User, select new rung.
Rung 0)With input1 pressed and released (LATCH),as input timer T5/DN being normally closed, OUTPUT is energized. This
output is used at rung 1 and rung 2.
Rung 1) With OUTPUT energized, input timer T4/DN being normally closed, MOTORSTART.
Rung 2)With OUTPUT energized, starts timer T3 and energises it after lapse of 50 second. This output is used at rung 3 and 4.
Rung 3)With input timer T3/DN ON, input timer T5/DN normally closed, PUMP START (50 sec after MOTOR is ON)
Rung 4)With input timer T3/DN ON, timer T4 STARTS and energises after set time of 40 second (50-10).
Rung 5)With input timer T4/DN ON, timer T5 STARTS and energises after set time of 10 second. This will open normally closed
switch timer T5/DN at rung 1 and switches OFF OUTPUT. This in turn switches MOTOR OFF.
Rung 6) END
Result:Ladder circuit is completed and works as desired.
Page 25
5.WASHING MACHINE
Aim:Program a circuit that can be used with the domestic washing machine to switch ON a Pump to pump water for 100s into the
machine. Then switch ON a Heater for 50s to heat the water. The Heater is switched OFF and another Pump is switched ON to
empty the water for 100s.
Ladder symbols used: Six rung branch, eight normally opened switches, six normally closed switch,three output and three timer.
Procedure:
Rung 0) With START switch pressed and released (LATCH),as STOP and HEATER switchs normally closed, SUPPLY PUMP is
ON. This output is used at rung 1.
Rung 1) With SUPPLY PUMP energized, timer T1 at output START and energises after 100 seconds.
Rung 2) With timer T1/DN energized, STARTHEATER. This will also STOP SUPPLY PUMP.
Rung 3) With HEATER switch ON, timer T2 at output START and energises after 50 seconds.
Rung 4) Withtimer T2/DN ON, DELIVERY PUMP will START. This will switch OFF HEATER.
Rung 5) With DELIVERY PUMP ON, timer T3 START and is energised after 100 seconds. This will STOP DELIVERY PUMP
(after 100 second).
Rung 6) END
Result:
Ladder circuit is completed and works as desired.
Page 26
1.PNEUMATIC CYLINDER
Aim:Design and Simulate a ladder diagram for the forward and reverse movement of the piston in a pneumatic cylinder. The
output 1 and output 6 of the PLC are to be connected to the forward and retract coil of the cylinder
Apparatus used: Simulation Chart-1, PLC device
The following inputs and outputs addresses are used to simulate the program using animation/simulation chart.
INPUT SWITCHES
OUTPUT SWITCHES
I:0.0/2-Start forward movement
O:0.0/0-Piston position
I:0.0/8-Start Reverse movement
O:0.0/9-Piston forward indicator
O:0.0/4-Piston position
O:0.0/10-Piston reverse indicator
Ladder symbols used: Six rung branch, eight normally opened switches, six normally closed switch,three output and three timer.
Procedure:
Place chart on the PLC unit and press switch 2 or 8 for forward or reverse movement respectively.
Rung 0)With input 2 switch pressed and released (LATCH), OUTPUT 1 turns ON
Rung 1) OUTPUT 1 ON and Timer2/DN being normally closed, Timer1 START and energises after 5 second.
Rung 2) Timer1/DN being ON will turn on PISTON F.Piston moves forward.
Rung 3) Timer1/DN will also START forward movement of Piston, indicated by light 9 ON.
Rung 4) With input 8 switch pressed and released(LATCH), OUTPUT 6 turns ON.
Rung 5) OUTPUT 6 being ON will START timer T2 and energises after 5second.
Rung 6) Timet2/DN will START PISTON B. Piston moves reverse.
Rung 7) Timer2/DN will also START reverse movement of Piston, indicated by light 10 ON
Page 27
Page 28
2.GARAGE DOOR
Aim: Design and Simulate a ladder diagram to operate a Garage door. Door is OPEN when car is sensed at the garage door and
closes after car is parked inside.
Apparatus used: SimulationChart-2,PLC device
INPUT SWITCHES
OUTPUT SWITCHES
I:0.0/9-open door
O:0.0/2-Door open indicator
I:0.0/3-close door
O:0.0/10-car position
O:0.0/0-Door close indicator
O:0.0/4-car position
Ladder symbols used: Ten rung, two normally opened switches, four normally closed switch,
Procedure:
Place chart on the PLC unit and operate..
Rung 0): Toggle switch 14 is used as input to sense the vehicle near the garage and shows the output in light10 ON
Rung 1): Pressand release switch 9 (LATCH), will turn ON OUTPUT 7.
Rung 2): Output 7 will start timer T8 and is energises after 5 seconds.
Rung 3): Timer 1/DN being ON and Door close 0 being normally closed will produce OUTPUT 2(Door open)
Rung 4): OUTPUT 2(LATCH) will turn OUTPUT 6 ON
Rung 5):OUTPUT 6 will start Timer 5 and will energises after 5 second.
Rung 6): Timer 5/DN being ON, will turn ON OUTPUT 4.
Rung 7): Press switch 3 and release(LATCH), will turn ON OUTPUT 11.
Rung 8): OUTPUT 11 will start timer T9 and is energises after 5 second.
Rung 9): Timer 9/DN being ON will close DOOR CLOSE.
Page 29
Page 30
3.CAR PARKING
Aim: Program and Simulate a ladder diagram for car parking where caris to be detected and enter the parking space to a particular
location if space is available. If there is no space, a lamp should indicate that parking is full.
Apparatus used: Simulation Chart-3,PLC device
INPUT SWITCHES
I:0.0/14-Switches
I:0.0/6-Parking slot-1
I:0.0/9-Parking slot-2
OUTPUT SWITCHES
O:0.0/2-car indicator
O:0.0/8-slot-1 empty
O:0.0/11-slot-2 empty
O:0.0/5-parking full
Ladder symbols used: Five rungs,three normally opened switches, four output and three timer.
Procedure:
Place chart on the PLC unit and operate..
Rung 0): Toggle switch is used as an Input and connected to output 4 indicating presence of the cartoindicate
Press switch 14 to indicate presence of CAR. OUTPUT 1 is ON
Rung 1): Switch 6 and Switch 9 are not pressed indicating vacant, parking full light 5 will not glow. If both 6 and 9 are pressed
indicating car inslot position, Parking full light 5 will glow.
Rung 2): SLOT 1 is occupied (i.e, switch 6 is pressed), Slot 1 empty will not glow.
Rung 3): SLOT 2 is occupied (i.e, switch 9 is pressed), Slot 2 empty will not glow.
Page 31
4.CONVEYOR
Aim: Design and Simulate a ladder diagram to detect a bottle without cap on a conveyer in a bottling plant and indicate the same
through an indicator.
Apparatus used: Psim software
INPUT SWITCHES
F1=I:100 NO
F2=I:101 NC
Photo switch=I:103
Level Full=I:104
OUTPUT SWITCHES
O:100-motor ON
O:101-Solenoid for valve
O:102-Run light
O:103-tand by light
O:104-Tank full light
Procedure:
Rung 1;InputI:101 is latched to output O:102 to supply power continuosly to the output,inbetween there is a normally
open switch I:100 to stop the conveyor when the bottle without cap is detected.
Rung 2: The output O:102 is used to switch on the motor O:100, the normally cloed witch in between is used to stop the
motor(O:101)
Rung 3:I:103 is a input photo switch which detects the bottle and opens the solenoid O:101 to fill the bottle with the
liquid that has to be filled in the bottle.
Rung4:I:104 is an input witch to the output O:103 which glows when the liquid has leveled its peak point in the bottle.
Rung 5: Output O:103 is made to switch off the solenoid O:104 afetr the liquid has reached its peak point to stop
overflowing of the liquid that has been filled.
Page 32

Mechatronics Lab Manual MultSim PLC Ladder Simulation Circuits Diploma Mechanical Karnataka

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