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A. FORMATION OF COMPOUNDS
1. Group 18 elements (noble gases) already achieved stable duplet or ______________ electron arrangement so
they exist as ________________ gases and are chemically ________________.
2. Atoms of other elements will try to achieve stable ______________ electron arrangement by the formation of
chemical bonds. Chemical bonds can be formed by the _____________ of electrons or _______________ of
electrons. Important: during the formation of chemical bonds, only _____________ electrons are involved.
3. There are two types of chemical bonds:
i.
______________________ bonds
ii.
______________________ bonds
B. IONIC BONDS
1. Ionic bond is formed when metal and _____________ atoms joined together by ______________ of
electrons.
2. Metal atoms will ___________ electrons to form cations (__________ ions) whereas non-metal atoms
_______________ electrons to form anions (_____________ ions).
3. The cations and anions are attracted to one another by strong ________________ forces. The attractive forces
between the ions is called ______________ bond.
4. Explanation for the formation of Ionic Bonds
i.
Sodium chloride
- Electron arrangement of sodium atom is _______________.
- Sodium atom has _________ valence electron. To achieve stable ____________ electron
arrangement, sodium atom _____________ one electron to form sodium ________, Na +. The
electron arrangement of sodium ion is ___________.
- Electron arrangement of chlorine atom is ______________.
- Chlorine atom has __________ valence electron. To achieve stable ____________ electron
arrangement, chlorine atom _____________ one electron to form chloride ________, Cl -. The
electron arrangement of chloride ion is ___________.
- Na+ ion attract to Cl- by strong _______________ force. The bond formed is called __________ bond.
- The chemical formula for the compound formed is ______________.
- Draw a diagram to illustrate the formation of sodium chloride.
ii.
Magnesium oxide
- Electron arrangement of magnesium atom is _______________.
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iii.
Magnesium atom has _________ valence electron. To achieve stable ____________ electron
arrangement, magnesium atom donates ___________ electrons to form magnesium ________, Mg 2+.
The electron arrangement of magnesium ion is ___________.
Electron arrangement of oxygen atom is ______________.
Oxygen atom has __________ valence electron. To achieve stable ____________ electron
arrangement, oxygen atom _____________ two electrons to form oxide ________, O 2-. The electron
arrangement of oxide ion is ___________.
______ ion attract to ______ by strong _______________ force. The bond formed is called
__________ bond. The chemical formula for the compound formed is ______________.
Draw a diagram to illustrate the formation of magnesium oxide.
Magnesium chloride
- Electron arrangement of magnesium atom is _______________.
- Magnesium atom has _________ valence electron. To achieve stable ____________ electron
arrangement, magnesium atom donates ___________ electrons to form magnesium ________, Mg 2+.
The electron arrangement of magnesium ion is ___________.
- Electron arrangement of chlorine atom is ______________.
- Chlorine atom has __________ valence electron. To achieve stable ____________ electron
arrangement, chlorine atom _____________ one electron to form chloride ________, Cl -. The
electron arrangement of chloride ion is ___________.
- As such, __________ magnesium atom donates __________ electrons to __________ chlorine
atoms.
- ______ ion attract to ______ by strong _______________ force. The bond formed is called
__________ bond. The chemical formula for the compound formed is ______________.
- Draw a diagram of the compound formed.
C. COVALENT BONDS
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1. Covalent bonds are formed when _________________ atoms _____________ electrons to achieve stable
octet electron arrangement. The product formed from the sharing of electrons between atoms is called
_______________.
2. Types of covalent bonds included single bonds, double bonds or triple bonds.
3. The forces that exist between molecules are weak ______________________ forces. These forces become
stronger when the molecule size ___________________.
4. Examples:
i.
Hydrogen molecule
- The electron arrangement of hydrogen atom is __________. Hydrogen atom needs __________
electron to achieve stable ___________ electron arrangement.
- ________________ hydrogen atoms share _____ pair of electrons to form a hydrogen
____________.
- Both hydrogen atoms achieve stable _____________ electron arrangement.
- The formula of the compound formed is __________. The type of covalent bond form is
________________ covalent bond.
- Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed.
ii.
Oxygen molecule
- The electron arrangement of oxygen __________ is _____________. To achieve stable __________
electron arrangement, oxygen atom needs ______________ electrons.
- _______________ oxygen atoms share ___________ pairs of electrons to achieve stable octet
electron arrangement to form an oxygen _______________.
- The formula of the compound formed is __________. The type of covalent bond form is
________________ covalent bond.
- Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed.
iii.
Nitrogen molecule
- The electron arrangement of nitrogen atom is ___________. It needs _____________ to achieve
stable octet electron arrangement.
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So, two nitrogen atoms share _________________ pairs of electrons to achieve stable octet electron
arrangement.
The formula of the compound formed is __________. The type of covalent bond form is
________________ covalent bond.
Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed.
iv.
v.
Water molecule
- Hydrogen ____________ with the electron arrangement of __________ needs ___________ electron
to achieve a stable ________________ electron arrangement.
- Oxygen ____________ with the electron arrangement of __________ needs ___________ electron to
achieve stable octet electron arrangement.
- __________ oxygen atom shares ____________ pairs of electrons with __________ hydrogen atoms
to form water _______________ with the formula of ______________.
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vi.
One oxygen atom contributes ______________ electrons and each of the two hydrogen atoms
contributes ____________ electron for ______________ to form _____________ covalent bond.
Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed.
Type of substance
Electron
Ionic Bond
Between __________ (Group 1, 2 and 13)
and _________________ (Group 15, 16
and 17) atoms.
_______________ of electron is involved.
Covalent Bond
Between _________________ and
________________ (Group 14, 15, 16 and
17) atoms.
_______________ of electron is involved.
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Type of particle
produced
Kind of forces of
attraction
Examples
Ionic Compounds
-
Covalent Compounds
_____________ melting and boiling
points due to the weak
_______________ forces between the
molecules.
Physical state
Exist as _______________________ at
room temperature due to _______
melting and boiling points.
Electrical
Conductivity
Solubility
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fill a crucible with solid lead(II) bromide, PbBr 2 until it is half full.
Set up the apparatus as shown.
Turn on the switch and observe whether the bulb lights up or not.
Heat the solid lead(II) bromide until it melts.
Turn on the switch again and observe whether the bulb lights up or not.
Repeat steps 1 to 5 using naphthalene.
Observation:
Compound
Lead(II) bromide
Naphthalene
Physical state
Solid
Molten
Solid
Molten
Observation
Bulb _____________________ .
Bulb _____________________.
Bulb _____________________.
Bulb _____________________.
Conclusion: _____________ compounds conduct electricity in _________ or __________ state but covalent
compounds cannot conduct electricity in ____________ physical states.
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