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CHAPTER 5: CHEMICAL BONDS

A. FORMATION OF COMPOUNDS
1. Group 18 elements (noble gases) already achieved stable duplet or ______________ electron arrangement so
they exist as ________________ gases and are chemically ________________.
2. Atoms of other elements will try to achieve stable ______________ electron arrangement by the formation of
chemical bonds. Chemical bonds can be formed by the _____________ of electrons or _______________ of
electrons. Important: during the formation of chemical bonds, only _____________ electrons are involved.
3. There are two types of chemical bonds:
i.
______________________ bonds
ii.
______________________ bonds
B. IONIC BONDS
1. Ionic bond is formed when metal and _____________ atoms joined together by ______________ of
electrons.
2. Metal atoms will ___________ electrons to form cations (__________ ions) whereas non-metal atoms
_______________ electrons to form anions (_____________ ions).
3. The cations and anions are attracted to one another by strong ________________ forces. The attractive forces
between the ions is called ______________ bond.
4. Explanation for the formation of Ionic Bonds
i.
Sodium chloride
- Electron arrangement of sodium atom is _______________.
- Sodium atom has _________ valence electron. To achieve stable ____________ electron
arrangement, sodium atom _____________ one electron to form sodium ________, Na +. The
electron arrangement of sodium ion is ___________.
- Electron arrangement of chlorine atom is ______________.
- Chlorine atom has __________ valence electron. To achieve stable ____________ electron
arrangement, chlorine atom _____________ one electron to form chloride ________, Cl -. The
electron arrangement of chloride ion is ___________.
- Na+ ion attract to Cl- by strong _______________ force. The bond formed is called __________ bond.
- The chemical formula for the compound formed is ______________.
- Draw a diagram to illustrate the formation of sodium chloride.

ii.

Magnesium oxide
- Electron arrangement of magnesium atom is _______________.
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iii.

Magnesium atom has _________ valence electron. To achieve stable ____________ electron
arrangement, magnesium atom donates ___________ electrons to form magnesium ________, Mg 2+.
The electron arrangement of magnesium ion is ___________.
Electron arrangement of oxygen atom is ______________.
Oxygen atom has __________ valence electron. To achieve stable ____________ electron
arrangement, oxygen atom _____________ two electrons to form oxide ________, O 2-. The electron
arrangement of oxide ion is ___________.
______ ion attract to ______ by strong _______________ force. The bond formed is called
__________ bond. The chemical formula for the compound formed is ______________.
Draw a diagram to illustrate the formation of magnesium oxide.

Magnesium chloride
- Electron arrangement of magnesium atom is _______________.
- Magnesium atom has _________ valence electron. To achieve stable ____________ electron
arrangement, magnesium atom donates ___________ electrons to form magnesium ________, Mg 2+.
The electron arrangement of magnesium ion is ___________.
- Electron arrangement of chlorine atom is ______________.
- Chlorine atom has __________ valence electron. To achieve stable ____________ electron
arrangement, chlorine atom _____________ one electron to form chloride ________, Cl -. The
electron arrangement of chloride ion is ___________.
- As such, __________ magnesium atom donates __________ electrons to __________ chlorine
atoms.
- ______ ion attract to ______ by strong _______________ force. The bond formed is called
__________ bond. The chemical formula for the compound formed is ______________.
- Draw a diagram of the compound formed.

C. COVALENT BONDS

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1. Covalent bonds are formed when _________________ atoms _____________ electrons to achieve stable
octet electron arrangement. The product formed from the sharing of electrons between atoms is called
_______________.
2. Types of covalent bonds included single bonds, double bonds or triple bonds.
3. The forces that exist between molecules are weak ______________________ forces. These forces become
stronger when the molecule size ___________________.
4. Examples:
i.
Hydrogen molecule
- The electron arrangement of hydrogen atom is __________. Hydrogen atom needs __________
electron to achieve stable ___________ electron arrangement.
- ________________ hydrogen atoms share _____ pair of electrons to form a hydrogen
____________.
- Both hydrogen atoms achieve stable _____________ electron arrangement.
- The formula of the compound formed is __________. The type of covalent bond form is
________________ covalent bond.
- Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed.

ii.

Oxygen molecule
- The electron arrangement of oxygen __________ is _____________. To achieve stable __________
electron arrangement, oxygen atom needs ______________ electrons.
- _______________ oxygen atoms share ___________ pairs of electrons to achieve stable octet
electron arrangement to form an oxygen _______________.
- The formula of the compound formed is __________. The type of covalent bond form is
________________ covalent bond.
- Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed.

iii.

Nitrogen molecule
- The electron arrangement of nitrogen atom is ___________. It needs _____________ to achieve
stable octet electron arrangement.

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So, two nitrogen atoms share _________________ pairs of electrons to achieve stable octet electron
arrangement.
The formula of the compound formed is __________. The type of covalent bond form is
________________ covalent bond.
Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed.

iv.

Hydrogen chloride molecule


- Hydrogen ____________ with the electron arrangement of __________ needs ___________ electron
to achieve a stable ________________ electron arrangement.
- Chlorine ____________ with the electron arrangement of __________ needs ___________ electron
to achieve a stable ________________ electron arrangement.
- ________________ chlorine atom _____________ one pair of electrons with _____________
hydrogen atom to form hydrogen chloride ________________ with the formula of ______________.
- The number of electron pair shared is ______________ so the type of covalent bond is
____________ covalent bond.
- Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed.

v.

Water molecule
- Hydrogen ____________ with the electron arrangement of __________ needs ___________ electron
to achieve a stable ________________ electron arrangement.
- Oxygen ____________ with the electron arrangement of __________ needs ___________ electron to
achieve stable octet electron arrangement.
- __________ oxygen atom shares ____________ pairs of electrons with __________ hydrogen atoms
to form water _______________ with the formula of ______________.
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vi.

One oxygen atom contributes ______________ electrons and each of the two hydrogen atoms
contributes ____________ electron for ______________ to form _____________ covalent bond.
Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed.

The molecule formed between carbon and chlorine atoms


- Carbon ____________ with the electron arrangement of ____________ needs ____________
electrons to achieve stable _____________ electron arrangement.
- Chlorine ____________ with the electron arrangement of ____________ needs ____________
electrons to achieve stable _____________ electron arrangement.
- ___________ carbon atom shares ___________ pairs of electrons with ____________ chlorine atoms
to form tetrachloromethane _______________ with the formula of _____________.
- One carbon atom forms four ____________ covalent bond with ___________ chlorine aoms.
- One carbon atom contributes ____________ electron for sharing and each of the four chlorine
__________ contributes ____________ electron for sharing to form _____________ covalent bond.
- Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed.

Comparison between the formation of ionic and covalent bonds

Type of substance
Electron

Ionic Bond
Between __________ (Group 1, 2 and 13)
and _________________ (Group 15, 16
and 17) atoms.
_______________ of electron is involved.

Covalent Bond
Between _________________ and
________________ (Group 14, 15, 16 and
17) atoms.
_______________ of electron is involved.
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Type of particle
produced
Kind of forces of
attraction

Electron is ______________ by metal


atoms and _______________ by nonmetal atoms.

Pairs of electron are ______________ by


non-metal atoms.

Metal atom formed _____________ ion.


Non-metal atom formed ______________
ion.
Ions are attracted by strong
_______________ forces.

Neutral ______________ are formed.

Molecules are attracted by weak


_________________ forces.

Examples

D. THE PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS


Properties
Melting and
boiling points

Ionic Compounds
-

_____________ melting and boiling


points because the ions are attracted by
strong _________________ forces.

___________ amount of heat energy is


needed to overcome the forces of
attraction.

Covalent Compounds
_____________ melting and boiling
points due to the weak
_______________ forces between the
molecules.

_______________ amount of energy is


needed to overcome the forces.

Exception: giant covalent compounds


such as silicon dioxide has ________
melting and boiling points due to the
_______________ structure.

Physical state

Exist as ____________ at room


temperature due to ___________ melting
and boiling points.

Exist as _______________________ at
room temperature due to _______
melting and boiling points.

Electrical
Conductivity

Cannot conduct electricity in


___________ state but able to conduct
electricity in _____________ or
_______________ state.

______________ conduct electricity in


all ______________ state.

Covalent compounds are made up of


___________ molecule, do not have
freely moving ___________ thus cannot
conduct electricity.

Soluble in ___________________ but


insoluble in __________________.

Solubility

In aqueous and liquid state, ions are


___________ to move thus ionic
compounds can conduct electricity.

Soluble in ____________ but insoluble


in _____________________.

Remarks: organic solvents are covalent


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compounds that exist as liquid at room


temperature.
Volatility

______________ . Do not change to


____________ when heated.

It is because ions are attracted by strong


electrostatic forces.

____________. Change to vapour when


heated.

Uses of covalent compounds as solvents


1. Many covalent compounds are good solvents due to their ______________ volatility.
2. Examples:
i.
Petrol, kerosene and turpentine are used to remove grease and paint stains.
ii.
Acetone, turpentine are used to dissolve varnish such as paints.
iii.
Ethanol, acetone are used to prepare medicated solution, ink and perfume.

Experiment: To compare the electrical conductivity of ionic and covalent compounds

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Fill a crucible with solid lead(II) bromide, PbBr 2 until it is half full.
Set up the apparatus as shown.
Turn on the switch and observe whether the bulb lights up or not.
Heat the solid lead(II) bromide until it melts.
Turn on the switch again and observe whether the bulb lights up or not.
Repeat steps 1 to 5 using naphthalene.

Observation:
Compound
Lead(II) bromide
Naphthalene

Physical state
Solid
Molten
Solid
Molten

Observation
Bulb _____________________ .
Bulb _____________________.
Bulb _____________________.
Bulb _____________________.

Conclusion: _____________ compounds conduct electricity in _________ or __________ state but covalent
compounds cannot conduct electricity in ____________ physical states.

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