Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction
Educating is a challenging, yet a rewarding profession. Instructors play a
vital role in helping individuals to acquire and develop the knowledge and skills
that the students need. Education allows each individual to ascertain each
capability in pursuing self-development and skills advancement for future use in
the good of many and for the development of the society. In the process of
learning and teaching, communication within a classroom is one of the effective
techniques in working relationship between educators and learners. Discussions
provide opportunity for the students to interact with each other and share unique
perspectives, which can deepen learning and knowledge in the learning process.
Within a traditional classroom environment the instructor has an ability to
discuss using his/her normal vocal assertion. Effective communication during
these discussions requires the instructor to guide the process, ensuring that
learners maintain respect and professionalism with their responses. The process
of focused good communication also involves guiding students beyond their
initial reactions and personal belief systems, utilizing higher-order thinking and
promoting cognitive development.
Through positive communication with the instructor and other learners in
the class, are likely to find an environment that is conducive to learning and the

knowledge creation process. When an instructor is successful in facilitating

effective communication during class discussions the learners begin to feel a
sense of collaboration and through a mutual exchange of information they are
more likely to share their ideas, knowledge, beliefs, and experiences.
Nowadays, the discussion is not limited to the typical scenario that the
teacher will discuss everything and the students will be listening. The students
are being encouraged to do oral presentations and reporting for them to improve
their oral communication skills as well. Their ability to share to others what they
know could be very essential as they work afterwards. Thus, the sound system
will also help them as they make their audio-visual presentations.
In this day and age, new technology and innovations would always pique
the interest of the people, especially if it would make their lives more comfortable,
stress-free, and hassle-free. With that statement in mind, the proponents put
forward a project that would solve teachers lecturing woes. It would use the
capabilities of sound systems and incorporate it into the classroom, thereby
alleviating professors voices as well as giving the students the clarity needed to
understand the lecture.
Instructional materials are educational resources used to improve
students knowledge, abilities, and skills, to monitor their assimilation of
information, and to contribute to their total development and upbringing.
There are three basic types of instructional materials: concrete objects,
including objects from the world of nature; representations of concrete objects

and phenomena; and description of such objects and phenomena by means of

the signs, words, and sentences of natural and artificial languages. Another type
of instructional materials is technological instructional media. Among these are
equipment for the transmission and assimilation of information recorded on film
or on phonograph recordings: film project, tape recorders, phonographs, and
television sets.
Technological instructional media is being commonly used at present time,
and is still taking large advancements on providing convenience to both the
instructor and students. Different technologies booming up are designed with the
purpose of enhancing the traditional procedures on how teachers could educate
their students the best way that they can.
An example of the technological instructional material is a sound amplifier
system which will enable the professor to speak normally to theirs students
without having to maximize their voice as they consider whether the students
could hear what they have been discussing. Thus, the proponents will ponder on
the improvement of this project.
Every stereo system requires an amplifier its what breathes life into the
loudspeakers. Even the smallest loudspeakers have an amplification module
somewhere in their structure; only its usually integrated so well that it cant be
seen. Mobile phones, for instance, have amplifiers for their in-built speakers. In
addition, most entry level speakers are what are known as active speakers. That

means they come with integrated amplification. PC and multimedia speakers, for
instance, are usually active.
Those who are looking to graduate from smaller speakers with integrated
amplification to proper hi-fi systems will need to cross one obstacle: the stereo or
hi-fi amplifier. This may at first seem intimidating or like an unnecessary expense,
yet for truly hi-fi sound, theres simply no substitute for a separate hi-fi amplifier
connected to proper stereo speakers.
The group will create a sound amplifier system that will be used in the
classroom MB107-A. Two high quality speakers and a wireless lavalier
microphone will be installed in the system.

Objectives Of The Study

The general objective of this project is to create a convenient way for the
students of MB107-A to hear the lessons clearly from the scheduled instructor
using a sound amplifier system and a lavalier microphone or lapel as a
transmitter. Specifically, the study aims to attain the following:
1. Determination of components including:
1.1.

Material selection

1.2.

Component specifications

1.3.

Availability

1.4.

Cost

2. Construct the schematic diagram of the circuit

3. Assembly of the project
4. Fabrication of the project

5. Test the effectiveness of the project

Operational Framework

This division presents the step by step procedures on how the researchers
will conduct the study. Furthermore, this division presents the process of
acquiring knowledge on creating a sound system and the production it will
undergoes.
Ideally, the team of this project aims to create an efficient sound amplifier
that will use a Lapel as the transmitter.
Figure 1 shows the operational framework.

Figure 1. Operational Framework

USER

DVD PLAYER

PORTABLE
GADGETS

SPEAKER 1

MICROPHONE
AMPLIFIER

SPEAKER 2
POWER
SUPPLY

Figure 1 shows the operation of the sound system. Initially, users will
transmit data on the amplifier by electric signal through the use of microphones.
A power supply is then connected to the system to power the amplifier. The
voltage supply for the amplifier is 12V. The amplifier then will process the input
signal (microphone) and will output it through the speakers. Also, a DVD player is
included in the system. A USB port is provided for other portable gadgets like
flash drives. All inputs of the amplifier will be processed and will be outputted in
the speakers.

Importance Of The Study

In the project sound amplifier system, importance of the study is cited in

the succeeding aspects:
To De La Salle Lipa (DLSL), this will serve as an improvement of the
classroom MB107-A.
To the instructors, this will aid them in facilitating the discussion.
To the Electrical Engineering students of DLSL, this project will help them
in hearing the lecture more clearly and introduce new applications in Electrical
Engineering.
To the researchers, the project will serve as a theoretical and practical
application of their learning on Industrial Electronics.
To the future researchers, this could be their research background
for their study.

Scope And Limitations

The project will be concerning the installation of sound reinforcement

system that will serve as an effective facility. Design layouts of the room will be
observed. Assortment of suitable resources and determination of materials will
also be included in the project. Flowcharts will be designed, so that there will be
an aid on using the amplifier as well as its integration.
The project will be limited to the room MB107-A since the amplifier will be
used for classroom purposes only. The lapel will be utilized by the spokesperson
and the amplifiers will encompass the entire classroom area.
Limitations were considered in the study. The system will not be limited to
voice amplification. Sound files that could be used for audio-visual presentations
may also be amplified through the sound system. The project is designed to be
used in an educational setting, but can also be adapted by different industries.
Also, the lapel and the DVD player cant be used at the same time. Video
projectors are not also included in the study.

Definition Of Terms

For better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined.
AC to DC converter. A circuit or device that changes DC voltage to AC
voltage.
Audio. A sound, especially when recorded, transmitted, or reproduced.

Amplifier. An electronic device for increasing the amplitude of electrical

signals, used chiefly in sound reproduction.
Bandwidth. The range of frequencies within a given band, in particular that
used for transmitting a signal.
Beam. A transmitted radio signal or broadcast in a specified direction.
Capacitor. A device used to store an electric charge, consisting of one or
more pairs of conductors separated by an insulator.
Frequency. The rate at which a vibration occurs that constitutes a wave,
either in a material or in an electromagnetic field, usually measured per second.
Fuse. A part of the circuit which consists of conductor which melts easily
and breaks the connection when current exceeds the predetermined value.
Gain. Measure of the ability of a two port circuit to increase the power or
amplitude of a signal from the input to the output port by adding energy
converted from some power supply to the signal.
Generator. A dynamo or similar machine for converting mechanical energy
into electricity.
Impedance. The effective resistance of an electric circuit or component to
alternating current, arising from the combined effects of ohmic resistance and
reactance.
Microphone. An instrument for converting sound waves into electrical
energy variations, which may then be amplified, transmitted, or recorded.

10

PCB. Mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic

components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from
copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.
Peak. Reach a highest point, either of a specified value or at a specified
time.
Power supply. An electronic device that supplies electric energy to an
electrical load.
Rectifier. An electrical device that converts an alternating current into a
direct one by allowing a current to flow through it in one direction only.
Resistor. A device having a designed resistance to the passage of an
electric current.
Speaker. An electrical device used to make sound or music louder.
Terminal. A point of connection for closing an electric circuit.
Transformer. An apparatus for reducing or increasing the voltage of an
alternating current.
Ultrasonic. Of, concerned with, or producing waves with the same nature
as sound waves but frequencies above audio frequencies.
Vacuum tube. An electron tube containing a near-vacuum that allows the
free passage of electric current.
Waveform. A curve showing the shape of a wave at a given time.

11

Wireless microphone. A microphone without a physical cable connecting it

directly to the sound recording or amplifying equipment with which it is
associated.
Woofer. A loudspeaker driver designed to produce low frequency sounds,
typically from around 40 hertz up to about a kilohertz or higher.

12

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter shows the related literature and studies which serve as basis
for the researchers conduct of the study.

Review Of Related Literature

This division presents the ideas and concepts about an amplifier. The
materials and components of the project will be thoroughly discussed to help the
researchers in the conduct of the study.
Amplifier
Figure 2 shows an example of an amplifier.
Figure 2. Amplifier

http://live.coffeeweb.in/

Amplifier, in electronics, device that responds to a small input signal

(voltage, current, or power) and delivers a larger output signal that

13

contains the essential waveform features of the input signal. Amplifiers of

various types are widely used in such electronic equipment as radio and
television receivers, high-fidelity audio equipment, and computers.
Amplifying action can be provided by electromechanical devices
(e.g., transformers and generators) and vacuum tubes, but most electronic
systems now employ solid-state microcircuits as amplifiers. Such an
integrated circuit consists of many thousands of transistors and related
devices on a single tiny silicon chip.
A single amplifier is usually insufficient to raise the output to the
desired level. In such cases the output of the first amplifier is fed into
a second, whose output is fed to a third, and so on, until the output level is
satisfactory. The result is cascade, or multistage amplification. Longdistance telephone, radio, television, electronic control and measuring
instruments, radar, and countless other devices all depend on this basic
process of amplification. The overall amplification of a multistage amplifier
is the product of the gains of the individual stages.
(http://www.britannica.com)
If the input current is simply a brief pulse of electricity designed to
switch something on or off, you can use an electromagnetic relay to
amplify it. A relay uses electromagnets to couple two electric circuits
together so that when a small current flows through one of the circuits, a
much larger current flows through the other. Using a relay, a tiny electric

14

current can power something that would normally need a much larger
current to operate it. For example, it might have a photoelectric cell set up
to receive a beam of invisible infrared light in an intruder alarm. When
someone breaks the beam, a tiny current is sent to a relay that snaps into
action and turns on a much larger current that rings the alarm bell on the
side of a house. The tiny output current from a photoelectric cell would be
far too small to power a bell all by itself.
An amplifier is basically an AC-to-DC power converter. It takes ac
power from the wall outlet (at fixed frequency and voltage) and converts it
to audio power at the loudspeaker terminals (with variable frequency and
voltage). The audio output is supposed to be a faithful replica of the linelevel audio input, only larger.
First we need a power supply. This subsystem accepts the ac
power from the wall, isolates the audio circuitry from shock hazard, raises
or lowers the ac voltage to suit the needs of the amplifier power rating,
converts the ac power to dc, and stores it in an energy reservoir.
The other major subsystem is the output section. This is the
electronic circuitry that accepts the line level audio input and uses this
information to control high-power transistors. These convert the energy
contained in the dc reservoir to a high-power audio waveform that is a
magnified replica of the input signal

15

Audio power amplifiers are used to receive the amplified input from
a series of voltage For the circuitry to operate, the pre-amplifier, the DC
power supply is used to convert AC voltage to DC voltage which is use to
operate devices. Amplifiers, and then provide sufficient power to drive
loudspeakers. The 220-V line voltage is reduced to a lower AC voltage
value with the use of a 12-0-12 step-down transformer. The 12-0 terminals
of the transformer are used to produce a 12 V AC voltage. This voltage is
then fed to the rectifier circuit which converts the AC signal to pulsating DC
signal.
The second stage of the pre-amplifier circuit is in common-emitter
configuration. The input signal from the first stage is now applied across the
base terminal and ground of the circuit while the output signal is read across
collector terminal with respect to the ground of the circuit. Good impedance
matching is observed as the common-base configurations high output
impedance matches the common-emitter configurations high input
impedance. The second stage possesses high voltage gain when the
emitter resistor is bypassed, which is necessary for the amplifiers purpose.
However, the voltage gain would gradually decrease its stability. The output
of the second stage is then fed as the input signal to the power amplifier.
The power amplifier is a circuit which subjects the pre-amplified
signal to higher amplification. The power amplifier amplifies the audio

16

signals in the range of human hearing to higher signals which will drive the
speakers with higher power ratings.
The microphone serves as the input transducer which converts
human voice to AC electrical signals. Human voice converted to electrical
signals has a typical value of 2mV. This signal is fed to the pre-amplifier
circuit. The pre-amplifier circuit consists of two stages: a common base
configuration followed by a common-emitter configuration. The common
base configuration is first used to serve the purpose of impedance
matching, so that the microphones low output impedance matches the input
impedance of the pre-amplifier circuit.
All amplifiers have a maximum power limit. The voltage at the
amplifier output can only go as high as the voltage in the dc power supply.
If the signal tries to exceed this limit, and the waveform becomes flattened.
This problem, called clipping because it looks like the top of the waveform
has been clipped off, results in the familiar sound of an overdriven amplifier.
Increasing the supply voltage adds cost and weight to the amplifier, so
amplifier power has a big effect on price.
Amplifiers have a minimum rated output impedance, which should
be equal or less than the impedance of the loudspeaker load. As the
impedance of the loudspeaker gets lower, more current will be drawn from
the amplifier. This is why, up to a point, the amplifier power rating increases
into lower impedances. However, the increased current puts a greater

17

strain on the amplifier components and the power supply. At some minimum
impedance, the strain will get so high that the power-supply voltage sags or
the transistors overheat. Any further decrease in impedance will cause the
amplifier circuitry to collapse, resulting in less power, or it could even cause
amplifier failure.
Amplifiers also must reproduce all audio frequencies, from the
highest to the lowest, at equal volume. This ability is called flat frequency
response because the graph of amplifier gain vs. frequency is a flat line.
If the gain at low frequencies falls off, the sound will be thin or lacking
in impact. If the high frequency gain rolls off, the sound will be dull or
muffled. Most modern direct-coupled amplifiers are capable of very flat
response, but sometimes the frequency response is intentionally limited to
protect the loudspeakers from excessive power at frequencies we cant
hear.
Intermediate frequency amplifier
Figure 3 shows an intermediate frequency amplifier.
Figure 3. Intermediate frequency amplifier

http://en.wikipedia.org

18

Intermediate Frequency amplifiers are tuned amplifiers used

in radio, TV and radar. Their purpose is to provide the majority of the
voltage amplification of a radio, TV or radar signal, before the audio
or video information carried by the signal is separated (demodulated)
from the radio signal. They operate at a frequency lower than that of
the received radio signal, but higher than the audio or video signals
eventually produced by the system. The frequency at which I.F.
amplifiers operate and the bandwidth of the amplifier depends on the
type of equipment. For example, in AM radio receivers the I.F.
amplifiers operate at around 470 kHz and their bandwidth is normally
10 kHz (465 kHz to 475 kHz), while TV commonly uses 6 MHz
bandwidth for the I.F. signal at around 30 to 40MHz, and in radar a
band width of 10 MHz may be used.
Radio frequency amplifier
Figure 4 shows a radio frequency amplifier.
Figure 4. Radio frequency amplifier

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

19

Radio Frequency amplifiers are tuned amplifiers in which the

frequency of operation is governed by a tuned circuit. This circuit may
or may not, be adjustable depending on the purpose of the amplifier.
Bandwidth also depends on use and may be relatively wide, or
narrow. Input resistance is generally low, as is gain. A special feature
of RF amplifiers where they are used in the earliest stages of a
receiver is low noise performance. It is important that background
noise generally produced by any electronic device, is kept to a
minimum because the amplifier will be handling very low amplitude
signals from the antenna (V or smaller). For this reason it is
common to see low noise FET transistors used in these stages.
Ultrasonic frequency amplifier
Figure 5 shows an ultrasonic frequency amplifier.
Figure 5. Ultrasonic frequency amplifier

http://www.techzonics.com

Ultrasonic amplifiers are a type of audio amplifier handling

frequencies from around 20 kHz up to about 100 kHz; they are

20

usually designed for specific purposes such as ultrasonic cleaning,

metal fatigue detection, ultrasound scanning, remote control systems
etc. Each type will operate over a fairly narrow band of frequencies
within the ultrasonic range.
Wideband amplifiers must have a constant gain from DC to
several tens of MHz. They are used in measuring equipment such as
oscilloscopes etc. where there is a need to accurately measure
signals over a wide range of frequencies. Because of their extremely
wide bandwidth, gain is low.
DC amplifier
Figure 6 shows a DC amplifier.
Figure 6. DC amplifier

http://3.bp.blogspot.com

DC amplifiers are used to amplify DC (0Hz) voltages or very

low frequency signals where the DC level of the signal is important.
They are common in many electrical control systems and
measuring instruments.

21

Video amplifier
Figure 7 shows a video amplifier.
Figure 7. Video amplifier

http://www.cop-usa.com

Video amplifiers are a special type of wide band amplifier that

also preserve the DC level of the signal and are used specifically for
signals that are to be applied to CRTs or other video equipment. The
video signal carries all the picture information in TV, video and radar
systems. The bandwidth of video amplifiers depends on use. In TV
receivers it extends from 0Hz (DC) to 6MHz and is wider still in radar.
In physics, number of waves that pass a fixed point in unit
time; also the number of cycles or vibrations undergone during one
unit of time by a body in periodic motion. A body in periodic motion
is said to have undergone one cycle or one vibration after passing
through a series of events or positions and returning to its original
state.

22

Amplifier gain and bandwidth

Figure 8 shows amplifier gain and bandwidth.
Figure 8. Amplifier gain and bandwidth

http://www.learnabout-electronics.org

If the period, or time interval, required to complete one cycle

or vibration is 1/2second, the frequency is 2 per second; if the
period is 1/100 of an hour, the frequency is 100 per hour. In
general, the frequency is the reciprocal of the period, or time
intervali.e., frequency = 1/period = 1/(time interval).
The gain of an amplifier is the ratio of the output signal to the
input signal. There are three categories of gain: voltage gain (Av),
current gain (Ai) and power gain (Ap). Any amplifier has a value for
all three gains.
The bandwidth (BW) of an amplifier is the range of
frequencies, from lowest to highest, over which the amplifier
delivers sufficient gain. The meaning of "sufficient" depends on your
application, but one common meaning is when the gain (20 Log Av)

23

has dropped by 3dB. IC amplifiers of the "op-amp" variety

(operational amplifiers) will work from DC up to some frequency,
the "break-point", where gain has dropped by 3dB. Amplifiers which
amplify DC as well as AC are said to be "direct-coupled".
There are two important things to see on the graph. First is
the "break-point" which occurs at the "break-frequency" fB. Av is
constant until the break-point. The second thing is that after fB, Av
starts to "roll off" at a constant rate of 20 dB per decade. The point
where the graph crosses through the horizontal axis is the GBW. A
roll-off of 20dB / dec is typical of many amplifiers. So high-gain
amplifiers in general, and op-amps in particular, use "negative
feedback" to reduce the gain to a usable level. A total discussion of
negative feedback is beyond the scope of this article. We will just
say that negative feedback takes some of the output signal and
connects it back to the input in such a way that the signal fed back
subtracts from the input. The effect is to cause the amplifier to
operate at a lower value of gain while the GBW stays the same.
With no feedback, the amplifier is said to be "open-loop". With
negative feedback, it is said to be "closed-loop".
One of the most important metrics for a power amplifier is its
power efficiency. It is a measure of how well a device converts one
energy source to another. In RF circuit design, power amplifier

24

efficiency is calculated in three ways with wide acceptance. The

first one is drain efficiency, usually denoted as D. Drain efficiency
does not take input power into account. If the gain is high, it is safe
to ignore the effect of input power. However, in RF power
amplifiers, the input power can sometime be substantial, therefore
measures that include the effect of input power are necessary.
Power added efficiency (PAE), denoted as PAE, is the most
common used measure which takes input power into account. It is
calculated as the ratio of the difference between output power
POUT and input power PIN to DC power consumed from supply.
If the gain is high, PAE approaches drain efficiency. In a
chain of cascaded amplifiers, if each amplifier has the same PAE,
then the PAE of the entire chain will be exactly the same as the
PAE of an individual amplifier. A less frequently used measure is
called drain efficiency gets its name from FET devices, though it
probably should be called collector efficiency when BJT devices are
used. Total efficiency, it is calculated as the ratio of output power
POUT to the sum of input power PIN and DC power consumed
from supply.
In fact, total efficiency is the measure that makes the most
sense from a thermodynamic point of view. This can be seen by
noting that the total dissipated power is simply a function of the

25

output power POUT and total efficiency TOTAL. This measure

can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of an amplifier and
estimate heat removal requirements. Nonetheless, PAE is still the
most popular measure in industry. One point that should be noted
here is that all three measures mentioned above are for
instantaneous efficiency.
Conventional power amplifier designs give maximum
efficiency only at a single power level, usually near the maximum
rated power for the amplifier. As the output power is backed off
from that single point, the efficiency typically drops rapidly.
However, back-off situation is inevitable in todays wireless
communication. First, the need to conserve battery power and to
mitigate interference to other users necessitates the transmission of
power levels well below the peak output power. Transmitters will
only use peak output power when necessary. Second, the
requirement for both high data rate and efficient utilization of the
increasingly crowded spectrum necessitates the use of both
amplitude and phase modulation schemes. In a number of
applications, it is more convenient and robust to use a large
number of carriers with low data rates than a single carrier with a
high data rate. For example, orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) employs multiple carriers with the same

26

amplitude modulation, separated in frequency and codes so that

the modulation products from one carrier are zero at the other
carriers in an ideal system. The resultant composite signal has a
peak-to-average ratio in the range of 12~17-dB.
Obviously, high instantaneous efficiency at peak output level
is certainly desirable. However, what more important is the
average efficiency. Or in other words, power amplifiers need to
maintain high efficiency over a wide dynamic range. Therefore,
average efficiency is a useful measure. Average drain efficiency,
denoted as , is calculated as the ratio of average output power
OUTPUT P to the average DC power from supply.
The PDF of the transmitted power depends on various
factors, such as the distance to the base-station, multi-path,
attenuation by surroundings and antenna orientation. In urban
environment, output power levels of transmissions are usually
between 10~20-dB back off from the peak value. In suburban
environment, peak output power is needed in some scenarios.
However, same as in urban environment, output power is usually
between 10~20-dB back-off from peak output. And it is quite
obvious that if the PA is operated in back-off, average efficiency is
reduced even more.

27

PCB
Figure 9 shows an actual printed circuit board or PCB.
Figure 9. Printed circuit board

http://ecx.images-amazon.com

PCBs are resistant to acids and bases as well as to heat, they have
been used as an insulating material in electric equipment, such as
transformers and capacitors, and also in heat transfer fluids and in
lubricants. PCBs have also been used in wide range of products such as
plasticizers, surface coatings, inks, adhesives, flame-retardants, paints,
and carbonless duplicating paper.
Two different systems are used for naming PCBs. In the IUPAC
system used in the examples above, the numbers at the beginning of the
name specify the sites where chlorines are attached to the phenyl rings.
Another system assigns a separate number, from 1 to 209, to each of the
209 specific PCB congeners.

28

Generally, PCBs are not very soluble in water, but readily soluble in
fats. This solubility in fat explains why PCBs can build up in animal fat and
along the food chain. The degree of solubility is largely dependent on the
number and position of chlorine grains in the PCBmolecule.
(www.greenfacts.org)
Speakers
Figure 10 shows an example of a speaker.
Figure 10. Speakers

http://i.kinja-img.com/

Computer speakers, or multimedia speakers, are speakers external

to a computer, which disable the lower fidelity built-in speaker. They often
have a low-power internal amplifier. The standard audio connection is a
3.5 mm (approximately 1/8 inch) stereo phone connector often colorcoded lime green (following the PC 99 standard) for computer sound
cards. A few use a RCA connector for input. There are also USBspeakers
which arepowered from the 5 volts at 500 milliamps provided by the USB
port, allowing about 2.5 watts of output power. Computer speakers were

29

introduced by Altec Lansing in 1990. The internal amplifiers require an

external power source, usually an AC adapter. More sophisticated
computer speakers can have a subwoofer unit, to enhance bass output,
and these units usually include the power amplifiers both for the bass
speaker, and the small satellite speakers. (www.alteclansing.com)
Power supply
Figure 11 shows a power supply.
Figure 11. Power supply

http://www.patartambunan.com

Short for Power Supply and sometimes abbreviated as PSU, which

is short for Power Supply Unit. The PS is an internal hardware component
used to supply the components in a computer with power by converting
potentially lethal 110-115 or 220-230 volt alternating current (AC) into a
steady low-voltage direct current (DC) usable by the computer. A power
supply is rated by the number of watts it generates. In addition to the
power cord connection the back also has a fan opening to draw air out of

30

the power supply, a small red switch to change the power supply voltage,
and the rocker switch to turn the power supply on and off.
(www.computerhope.com)
Microphone
Figure 12 represent a microphone.
Figure 12. Microphone

http://www.nav.co.uk/

A lavaliere microphone or lavaliere (also known as a lav, lapel mic,

clip mic or personal mic) is a small electret or dynamic microphone used
for television, theatre, and public speaking applications, in order to allow
hands-free operation. They are most commonly provided with small clips
for attaching to collars, ties, or other clothing. The cord may be hidden by
clothes and either run to a radio frequency transmitter kept in a pocket or
clipped to a belt, or routed directly to the mixer or a recording device.
(http://books.google.com.)

Resistor
Figure 13 shows a resistor.

31

Figure 13. Resistor

Resistors, (R) are the most fundamental and commonly used of all
the electronic components, to the point where they are almost taken for
granted. There are many different Types of Resistor available for the
electronics constructor to choose from, from very small surface mount chip
resistors up to large wire wound power resistors.
Fuse
Figure 14 shows an actual representation of a fuse.
Figure 14. Fuse

Source: www.google.com

32

In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse is a type of low

resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial device to
provide overcurrent protection, of either the load or source circuit. Its
essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much
current flows through it, interrupting the circuit that it connects. Short
circuits, overloading, mismatched loads, or device failure are the prime
reasons for excessive current. Fuses are an alternative to circuit breakers.
Integrated circuits
Figure 15 shows an example of an integrated circuit.
Figure 15. Integrated circuits

http://www.nteinc.com

An integrated circuit, or IC, is small chip that can function as an

amplifier, oscillator, timer, microprocessor, or even computer memory. An
IC is a small wafer, usually made of silicon, that can hold anywhere from
hundreds to millions of transistors, resistors, and capacitors. These
extremely small electronics can perform calculations and store data using
either digital or analog technology. (www.techterms.com)

33

Capacitor
Figure 16 shows a capacitor.
Figure 16. Capacitor

Source: www.google.com

Capacitors are components that are used to store an electrical

charge and are used in timer circuits. A capacitor may be used with a
resistor to produce a timer. Sometimes capacitors are used to smooth a
current in a circuit as they can prevent false triggering of other
components such as relays. When power is supplied to a circuit that
includes a capacitor - the capacitor charges up. When power is turned off
the capacitor discharges its electrical charge slowly.
Woofer
Figure 17 shows a woofer.

34

Figure 17. Woofer

http://cdn.falconacoustics.co.uk

Woofer is the term commonly used for

a loudspeaker driver designed to produce low frequency sounds, typically
from around 40 hertz up to about a kilohertz or higher. The most common
design for a woofer is the electrodynamic driver, which typically uses a stiff
paper cone, driven by a voice coilwhich is surrounded by a magnetic field.
The voice coil is attached by adhesives to the back of the speaker cone.
The voice coil and magnet form a linear electric motor. When current flows
through the voice coil, the coil moves in relation to the frame according
to Fleming's left hand rule, causing the coil to push or pull on the driver
cone in a piston-like way. The resulting motion of the cone creates sound
waves as it moves in and out. (www.hypertextbook.com)

35

Review Of Related Studies

Different published and unpublished studies were taken into account to
further understand the concept a sound system.
According to Edwall (2008) Designing a low-noise amplifier using
traditional methods is an involved process that requires a solid understanding if
underlying principles. Low Noise amplifiers are key components in the receiving
end of nearly every communications system. The wanted input signal of these
systems is usually very weak and the primary purpose of the LNA is
consequently to amplify the signal; while at the same time adding as little
additional noise as possible. Its performance is measured in a number of figures
of merit, among which gain and noise figure are most notable while dynamic
range, return loss and stability are examples of others.
From Liu (2006), efficiency is one of the most important metrics in the
design of power amplifiers conventional designs give maximum efficiency only at
a single power level, usually near the maximum rated power for the amplifier. As
the output power is backed off from that single point, the efficiency drops rapidly.
However, power back-off is inevitable in todays wireless communication system.
Todays consumers demand wireless systems that are low-cost, power efficient,
reliable and have a small form-factor. High levels of integration are desired to
reduce cost and achieve compact form factor for high volume applications.

36

Hence the long term vision or goal for wireless transceivers is to merge as many
components as possible, if not all, to a single die in an expensive technology.
From the discussion of Sun et al. (2011) the audio power amplifier is
designed with three parts: pre-amplifier unit, tonality control unit and power
amplifier unit. For the pre-amplifier unit, Tl071CP integrated operational amplifier
is used to achieve the gain of 4; for the tonality control unit, a filter is designed to
achieve different tone; for the power amplifier unit, LM386N-1 integrated low
voltage power amplifier is applied. With tonality control, different sound can be
heard by ear clearly.

Justification Of The Study

The study of Edwall et. al., considered the construction of designing a lownoise amplifier which is found to be similar with the study conducted by the
proponents. While at the same time it also allows adding a little noise as possible.
The components and methodology used in their study where in tradition and
follows the basic principles of an amplifier which the proponents had also
conducted in their project study.
Similarly is the study conducted by Liu et. al., considered the efficiency of
the amplifier on its conventional designs. The study of the proponents differ by not
using the power back-off method of having the output because in today, wireless
communication system does not apply to it.

37

The study conducted by Sun et. al., which is the audio power amplifier is
also beneficial to the proponents having their study connected with the preamplifier unit, tonality control and power amplifier unit. The study on focused on
the application of tonality control as it provides better voice and hearing quality as
well as the use of power amplifier unit which is the main focus of the study.

38

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURES

This chapter discusses how the proponents will conduct the study. It is
also the procedural method that the proponents will pursue in order to design and
develop the computer software for layouts of residential pole construction.
Research Design/Method
In conducting the study, the proponents will use engineering planning,
analysis and design type of research. This method includes: preliminary design
stage, design stage, development stage and testing stage.
Stages In The Design Development

Pre-design Stage
The researchers have gathered numerous references and related
literature. The researchers also conducted consultations and asked for
advices from instructors and senior students from Electrical Engineering
Department with regards to theories and programming. The gathered
information will serve as stepping stones of the researchers in doing the
proposed study.

39

Design Stage
The gathered information from the preliminary stage will be applied
in this stage. Substantial preparations are needed in developing a
program such as developing flowcharts, pseudo code and algorithms.
Factors including programming language and its accuracy will be taken
into consideration to create a functional program. It is imperative that the
researchers have the proper skills and knowledge in programming for this
matter.
Development Stage
In this stage, the researchers will apply the programming
techniques and information gathered in creating the source code of the
proposed program. The researchers must make sure that the program is
free of errors and/or bugs to ensure its functionality.
Testing Stage
The researchers will test the functionality, accuracy and
effectiveness of the program in this stage. Multiple trials will be done to
test the correctness of the study and debug all the errors in the codes.
Other adjustments may be applied in this stage if necessary. The
researchers will conduct the User Acceptance Test (UAT) for the study to
be evaluated by the users. The researchers will assess the evaluation,
and will be considered in improving the program.

40

Chapter 4

ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter presents the design requirements, project cost, assembly
and the actual testing and evaluation of the sound system.

Determination Of The Design Requirements And Considerations

This section represents the requirements and considerations in creating
the design and development of a 15 watt sound system for MB 107 - A.
Design requirements and considerations
In this section, the determination of the project design plan and
suitable materials and specifications of the instruments that are needed for
the project is determined.
Project plan
This section shows the layout of the components of the
project and schematic diagrams.
Room layout
See Appendix A.
Speaker layout
See Appendix A.
Amplifier layout
See Appendix A.

41

Case layout
See Appendix A.
Block diagram
Figure 18 shows the block diagram of the power supply used
in the project.
Figure 18. Power supply block diagram

INPUT

Transformer

Rectifier

Filter

Regulator

OUTPUT

Figure 18 shows the block diagram of the power supply used in the
project. In order to operate the system, the amplifier and stereo are
powered by a DC power supply/ The DC power supply is used to convert
AC voltage to DC voltage which is used to operate the system. The 220-V
line voltage is reduced to a lower AC voltage value with the use of a 12-012 step down transformer. The 12-0-12 terminals of the transformer are
used to produce a 12 V AC voltage. A was then used to convert the AC
signal to pulsating DC signal. The pulsating DC signal was then fed to a
filter to smoothened resulting to a steady DC voltage. Finally, using a
regulator which secures a 12-V output DC voltage from the power supply.
This 12-V DC voltage operates the whole system.

42

Figure 19 shows the block diagram of the sound system.

Figure 19. Block diagram of the sound system

Figure 19 shows the block diagram of the sound system. A 12V

power supply is used to power the whole sound system. Microphones,
DVD players and other portable gadgets such as flash disks were used as
inputs to the power amplifier. The microphones serves as the input
transducer which convert human voice to AC electrical signals. Two

43

speakers were connected to the power amplifier to serve as an output

producing sound.
Determination of suitable materials and specifications
Through the circuit diagram, the researchers were able to
determine the major components that are needed for the project
specifically the power supply, amplifier, speakers and other
components.
For the enclosure of the amplifier and DVD player, the group
used scrap woods then covered it with a black cloth cover.
Specifications of the materials needed
This section discussed the different specifications of the
materials that are used in the project.
Power supply
Figure 20 shows the power supply used in the sound
system.
Figure 20. Power supply

44

The image shows the power supply used in the

system. A 12-0-12 V step down transformer was used for the
power supply.
Amplifier
Figure 21 shows the amplifier of the sound system.
Figure 21. Amplifier

The image shows the amplifier used in the sound

system.
Microphone
Figure 22 shows the microphone.
Figure 22. Microphone

45

The image shows the microphone used in the system

which converts human voice into AC electrical signal.
Speaker
Figure 23 shows the speaker used in the sound
system.
Figure 23. Speaker

Two speakers was used for the sound system.

DVD player
Figure 24 shows the DVD player used in the sound
system.
Figure 24. DVD player

46

A DVD player was used for the system. A USB slot was also
provided.
Determination Of The Cost Construction Of The Project
This section details the determination of the construction cost of the
project and components used in the sound system.
Bill of materials and specifications
In order to determine the total cost of the project, the bill of
materials that is used in the project is represented.
Table 1. Bill of materials and specifications
See Appendix B.
Fabrication And Assembly
This section provides the details about the physical construction of the
casing.
Assembly
This section shows the process of installing and assembly of the
sound system.
Components assembly
Figure 25 shows the components for the sound system.

47

Figure 25. Components

The image shows the components for the sound system

composed of a speaker, power supply and an amplifier.
Raceway installation
Figure 26 shows the installation of the raceway for the sound
system.
Figure 26. Raceway installation

48

The image shows the installation of the raceway for the

sound system.
Drilling
Figure 27 shows the drilling process for the speakers.
Figure 27. Drilling

The image shows the drilling process for the installation of

the speakers.
Final assembly
Figure 28 shows the final assembly of the casing for the DVD and
amplifier.

49

Figure 28. Final assembly

The image shows the finished assembly of the system.

Evaluation Of The Project Through Actual Testing

This section presents the actual testing done by the group in order to
check the effectivity and efficiency of the sound system.
Different tests were conducted upon installation of the sound system.
First, the testing of the speakers. In order for the group to determine the speaker,
a flash drive was inserted to an USB slot in the DVD player. The desired output
was obtained. The speaker sounded smoothly. Next, testing of the microphones.
The microphone used in the sound system has a receiver. The microphone fed
the receiver through electrical signals. The desired output was also obtained

50

during the tests. Finally, the DVD player and microphones. In order for the group
to determine the functionality of the sound system, the group had then checked
whether the DVD player and microphone will work in unison. From the tests
conducted, it was found out that the DVD player and microphone can only
worked individually. Using both components was not applicable.
Testing
1. Testing the speakers.
2. Testing of the microphones.
3. Testing of the DVD player and microphones.

51

Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the summary of findings based from the testing that
had been made by the proponents, the conclusions that had been drawn based
from the objective of the project and the recommendations for further
improvements and development of the study.

Summary Of Findings

The research study as a whole, involves a number of works to determine

the parameters and obtain the functionality of the design. The following
statements were the findings obtained after the design and development of a 15watt sound system for MB 107-A:
1. The project plan includes the design layout, schematic diagram of the
trainer, the schematic diagrams of the operational framework,
speakers block diagram, and amplifiers block diagram. Proper
selections of materials are considered in order to develop a 15-watts
sound system.
2. In developing the 15-watt sound system, the proponents chose the
best materials that were suitable for amplifying the sound. The total
cost of the materials is P 6,500.

52

3. The placement of the speakers is indeed a big factor which can affect
the output of the system. For auditory reasons, the speakers were
placed at the back of the classroom.
4. The fabrication and assembly of the speaker configuration was done
with the help of skilled persons to ensure the safety of the people using
it. The fabrication of the enclosure was done through many processes
such as cutting, punching, assembling, and lastly, painting of the case
of the speakers. The assembly was also done step by step such as the
attachment and positioning of the components based on the design.
5. In order to determine the loudness and functionality of the trainer, the
proponents conducted series of experiments.

Conclusions

Based from the study that has been made, the following conclusions are
drawn:
1. The speaker configuration, the speakers itself, and the functionality of
the lapel microphone are great factors in order to achieve the desired
output value of the system.
2. Engineering procedures and proper measurements are implemented
that results to a good construction, fabrication and assembly of the
trainer.

53

The developed 15-watt sound system can help in amplifying

professors voice while not compromising on the sound quality.
Through actual testing, the functionality of the sound system is proven.

Recommendations

Based from the above findings and conclusions, the proponents present
the following recommendations:
1. Future proponents who will work on the same study can place an extra
pair of speakers at the upper corners of the room, provided that those
speakers would only serve as a supplement to the main speakers at
the back, therefore having a lower wattage.
2.
3. Further studies can be made for more improvements of the sound
system such as adding components of Industrial Electronics.