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Pornographic lm

Adult lm and adult movie redirect here. For nonpornographic animated lms with an adult target audience, see adult animation.
Pornographic lms or sex lms are lms that

stigma, they were viewed at brothels, adult movie theaters, stag parties, at home, in private clubs and also at
night cinemas. Only in the 1970s were pornographic
lms semi-legitimized; and by the 1980s, pornography
on home video achieved wider distribution. The rise of
the Internet in the late 1990s and early 2000s similarly
changed the way pornography lm was distributed and
furthermore complicated the censorship regimes around
the world and the legal prosecution of obscenity.

1 Classication

On the set of a pornographic lm

present sexually explicit subject matter for the purpose


of sexual arousal and erotic satisfaction of the viewer.
Pornographic lms present sexual fantasies and usually
include erotically stimulating material such as nudity. A
distinction is often made between erotic lms and porno- Sta and actors at a lm set in Australia
graphic lms on the basis that the latter contain more explicit sexuality and usually do not claim any artistic merit, Pornographic lms are typically categorized as either
softcore or hardcore pornography. In general, softcore
or aesthetic appeal.[1]
pornography is pornography that does not depict explicit
Pornographic lms are produced and distributed on a vasexual activity, sexual penetration or extreme fetishism.[2]
riety of media, depending on demand and the technolIt generally contains nudity or partial nudity in sexually
ogy available, including traditional lm stock in various
suggestive situations. Hardcore pornography is pornogformats, video for home viewing, DVDs, Internet downraphy that depicts penetration or extreme fetish acts,
load, cable TV and other media. Today, pornographic
or both. It contains graphic sexual activity and visible
lms can be sold or rented on DVD, shown through Inpenetration.[3] A pornographic work is characterized as
ternet streaming and special channels and pay-per-view
hardcore if it has any hardcore content.
on cable and satellite, and in rapidly disappearing adult
theaters. They are generally not permitted to be shown in Pornographic lms are generally classied into subgenres
which describe the sexual fantasy which the lm and acmainstream cinemas or free-to-air television.
tors attempt to create. Subgenres can also be classied
Films with risqu content have been produced since the
into the characteristics of the performers or the type of
invention of the motion picture in the 1880s. Producsexual activity on which it concentrates, and not necestion of such lms was protable, and a number of prosarily on the market to which each subgenre appeals. The
ducers began to specialise in their production. However,
subgenres usually conform to certain conventions, and
various groups within society considered such depictions
each may appeal to a particular audience.
immoral, labelling them pornographic, and attempting to
have them suppressed under obscenity laws, with varying degrees of success. Such lms continued to be produced but could only be distributed by underground chan- 2 History
nels. Because the viewing of such lms carried a social
1

2.1

HISTORY

Early years: 19th century


Production of erotic lms commenced almost immediately after the invention of the motion picture. Two
of the earliest pioneers were Frenchmen Eugne Pirou
and Albert Kirchner. Kirchner (under the name Lar)
directed the earliest surviving erotic lm for Pirou.
The 7-minute 1896 lm Le Coucher de la Mariee had
Louise Willy performing a bathroom striptease.[4] Other
French lmmakers also considered that prots could be
made from this type of risqu lms, showing women
disrobing.[5][6]
Also in 1896 Fatimas Coochie-Coochie Dance[7] was released as a short nickelodeon kinetoscope/lm featuring
a gyrating belly dancer named Fatima. Her gyrating and
moving pelvis was censored, one of the earliest lms to be
censored. At the time, there were numerous risque lms
that featured exotic dancers.[8] In the same year, The May
Irwin Kiss contained the very rst kiss on lm. It was a
47-second lm loop, with a close-up of a nuzzling couple followed by a short peck on the lips (the mysteries of
the kiss revealed). The kissing scene was denounced as
shocking and obscene to early moviegoers and caused the
Roman Catholic Church to call for censorship and moral
reform - because kissing in public at the time could lead
to prosecution.[8] Perhaps in deance and to spice up a
lm, this was followed by many kiss imitators, including The Kiss in the Tunnel (1899) and The Kiss (1900). A
tableau vivant style was used in short lm The Birth of the
Pearl (1901)[9] featuring an unnamed long-haired young
model wearing a esh-colored body stocking in a direct
frontal pose[8] that provides a provocative view of the female body.[10] The pose is in the style of Botticelli's The
Birth of Venus.
In Austria, cinemas would organise men-only theatre
nights (called Herrenabende) at which adult lms would
be shown. Johann Schwarzer formed his Saturn-Film
production company which between 1906 and 1911 produced 52 erotic productions, each of which contained
young local women fully nude, to be shown at those
screenings. Before Schwarzers productions, erotic lms
were provided by the Path brothers from French produced sources. In 1911, Saturn was dissolved by the
censorship authorities which destroyed all the lms they
could nd,[11] though some have since resurfaced from
private collections. There were a number of American
lms in the 1910s which contained female nudity in lm.

Because Pirou is nearly unknown as a pornographic lmmaker, credit is often given to other lms for being the
rst. In Black and White and Blue (2008), one of the
most scholarly attempts to document the origins of the
clandestine 'stag lm' trade, Dave Thompson recounts
ample evidence that such an industry rst had sprung up
Images from early Austrian erotic movies (about 1906, rst in the brothels of Buenos Aires and other South Ameriimage showing Am Sklavenmarkt) by photographer Johann can cities by the turn of 20th century, and then quickly
Schwarzer and his Saturn Film company
spread through Central Europe over the following few
years. However, none of these earliest pornographic lms
See also: History of erotic depictions

2.5

1970s: Adult theaters and movie booths in the U.S.

are known to have survived. According to Patrick Robertsons Film Facts, the earliest pornographic motion picture which can denitely be dated is A L'Ecu d'Or ou la
bonne auberge" made in France in 1908. The plot depicts a weary soldier who has a tryst with a servant girl
at an inn. The Argentinian El Satario, whose original title could have been El Stiro (The Satyr), might be even
older; it has been dated to somewhere between 1907 and
1912.[12] He also notes that the oldest surviving pornographic lms are contained in Americas Kinsey Collection. One lm demonstrates how early pornographic conventions were established. The German lm Am Abend
(1910) is a ten-minute lm which begins with a woman
masturbating alone in her bedroom, and progresses to
scenes of her with a man performing straight sex, fellatio
and anal penetration.[13]

3
productions from the prot gained with so-called loops,
ten-minute hardcore movies which he sold to Reuben
Sturman, who distributed them to 60,000 American peep
show booths.[17] Braun was always on the move, and made
his hardcore movies in a number of countries, including
Spain, France, Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands.

In the 1960s, social and judicial attitudes towards the explicit depiction of sexuality began to change. For example, Swedish lm I Am Curious (Yellow) (1967) included numerous frank nude scenes and simulated sexual
intercourse. In one particularly controversial scene, Lena
kisses her lovers accid penis. The lm was exhibited
in mainstream cinemas, but in 1969 it was banned in
Massachusetts allegedly for being pornographic. The ban
was challenged in the courts, with the Supreme Court of
the United States ultimately declaring that the lm was
not obscene,[18][19] paving the way for other sexually explicit lms. Another Swedish lm Language of Love
2.2 1920s 1940s: Suppression
(1969) was also sexually explicit, but was framed as a
quasi-documentary sex educational lm, which made its
Pornographic movies were widespread in the silent movie legal status uncertain though controversial.
era of the 1920s, and were often shown in brothels. Soon
illegal, stag lms, or blue lms as they were called, were In 1969, Denmark became the rst country to abolish all
produced underground by amateurs for many years start- censorship laws enabling pornography, including harding in the 1940s. Processing the lm took considerable core pornography. The example was followed by tolertime and resources, with people using their bathtubs to ation in the Netherlands, also in 1969. There was an exwash the lm when processing facilities (often tied to or- plosion of pornography commercially produced in those
ganized crime) were unavailable. The lms were then countries, including, at the very beginning, child pornogcirculated privately or by traveling salesman, but being raphy and bestiality porn. Now that being a pornogracaught viewing or possessing them put one at the risk of pher was legal, there was no shortage of businessmen
who invested in plant and equipment capable of turning
prison.[14][15]
out a mass-produced, cheap, but quality product. Vast
amounts of this new pornography, both magazines and
lms, needed to be smuggled into other parts of Europe,
2.3 1950s: Home movies
where it was sold under the counter or (sometimes)
[14]
The post-war era saw technological developments that shown in members only cinema clubs.
further stimulated the growth of a mass market and am- In the United States, producers of pornographic lms
ateur lm-making, particularly the introduction of the formed the Adult Film Association of America in 1969 to
8mm and super-8 lm gauges, popular for the home ght against censorship, and to defend the industry against
movie market.
obscenity charges.
Entrepreneurs emerged to meet the demand. In Britain,
in the 1950s, Harrison Marks produced lms which
were considered risqu, and which today would be described as soft core. In 1958, as an oshoot of
his magazines, Marks began making short lms for the
8mm market of his models undressing and posing topless, popularly known as glamour home movies. To
Marks, the term glamour was a euphemism for nude
modeling/photography.[16]

2.4

1960s: Europe and United States

On the European continent, sex lms were more explicit.


Starting in 1961, Lasse Braun was a pioneer in quality colour productions that were, in the early days, distributed by making use of his fathers diplomatic privileges. Braun was able to accumulate funds for his lavish

2.5 1970s: Adult theaters and movie


booths in the U.S.
In the 1970s, there was a more tolerant judicial attitude
to non-mainstream lms. However, mainstream theatres
would normally not screen even softcore lms, leading to
a rise of adult theaters in the United States and many other
countries. There was also a proliferation of coin-operated
movie booths in sex shops that displayed pornographic
loops (so called because they projected a movie from
lm arranged in a continuous loop).
Denmark started producing comparatively big-budget
theatrical feature lm sex comedies such as Bordellet
(1972), the Bedside-lms (19701976) and the Zodiaclms (19731978), starring mainstream actors (a few of
whom even performed their own sex scenes) and usu-

ally not thought of as porno lms though all except


the early Bedside-lms included hardcore pornographic
scenes. Several of these lms still rank among the
most seen lms in Danish lm history[20] and all remain
favourites on home video.[21]

HISTORY

out of the theaters and into peoples homes. This was


the end of the age of big budget productions and the
mainstreaming of pornography. It soon went back to its
earthy roots and expanded to cover every fetish possible
since lming was now so inexpensive. Instead of hundreds of pornographic lms being made each year, thousands now were, including compilations of just the sex
scenes from various videos.[14][15] One could now not only
watch pornography in the comfort and privacy of ones
own home, but also nd more choices available to satisfy
specic fantasies and fetishes.

The rst explicitly pornographic lm with a plot that received a general theatrical release in the U.S. is generally
considered to be Mona the Virgin Nymph (also known
as Mona), a 59-minute 1970 feature by Bill Osco and
Howard Ziehm, who went on to create the relatively highbudget hardcore/softcore (depending on the release) cult
lm Flesh Gordon.[15][22]
Similarly, the camcorder spurred changes in pornography
The 1971 lm Boys in the Sand represented a number of in the 1980s, when people could make their own amateur
pornographic rsts. As the rst generally available gay sex movies, whether for private use, or for wider distripornographic lm, the lm was the rst to include on- bution.
screen credits for its cast and crew (albeit largely under
pseudonyms), to parody the title of a mainstream lm
(in this case, The Boys in the Band), and to be reviewed
by The New York Times.[23] Other notable American
hardcore feature lms of the 1970s include Deep Throat
(1972), Behind the Green Door (1972), The Devil in Miss
Jones (1973), Radley Metzger's The Opening of Misty
Beethoven (1975) and Debbie Does Dallas (1978). These
were shot on lm and screened in mainstream movie theaters. The prediction that frank depictions of onscreen
sex would soon become commonplace did not eventuate.
William Rotsler expressed this in 1973, Erotic lms are
here to stay. Eventually they will simply merge into the
mainstream of motion pictures and disappear as a labeled
sub-division. Nothing can stop this.[24] In Britain, however, Deep Throat was not approved in its uncut form until
2000 and not shown publicly until June 2005.[15][25][26]
One important court case in the U.S. was Miller v. California (1973). The case established that obscenity was
not legally protected, but the case also established the
Miller test, a three-pronged test to determine obscenity
(which is not legal) as opposed to indecency (which may
or may not be legal).

2.6

The year 1987 saw an important legal case in the U.S.


when the de facto result of California v. Freeman was
the legalization of hardcore pornography. Ironically, the
prosecution of Harold Freeman was initially planned as
the rst in a series of legal cases that would have eectively outlawed the production of such movies.[27]

2.7 1990s: DVD and the Internet age


In the late 1990s, pornographic lms were distributed on
DVD. These oered better quality picture and sound than
the previous video format and allowed innovations such as
interactive videos that let users choose such variables as
multiple camera angles, multiple endings and computeronly DVD content.
The introduction and widespread availability of the
Internet further changed the way pornography was distributed. Previously videos would be ordered from an
adult bookstore, or through mail-order; but with the Internet people could watch pornographic movies on their
computers, and instead of waiting weeks for an order to
arrive, a movie could be downloaded within minutes (or,
later, within a few seconds).

1980s: New technology, new legal cases Pornography can be distributed over the Internet in a

With the arrival of the home video cassette recorder in


the late 1970s and early 1980s, the pornographic movie
industry experienced massive growth and spawned adult
stars like Seka, Ron Jeremy, Christy Canyon, Ginger
Lynn, John Holmes, and Traci Lords and directors, such
as Gregory Dark. By 1982, most pornographic lms were
being shot on the cheaper and more convenient medium
of videotape. Many lm directors resisted this shift at
rst because of the dierent image quality that video
tape produce. However, those who did change soon were
collecting most of the industrys prots since consumers
overwhelmingly preferred the new format. The technology change happened quickly and completely when directors realized that continuing to shoot on lm was no
longer a protable option. This change moved the lms

number of ways, including paysites, video hosting services, and peer-to-peer le sharing. While pornography
had been traded electronically since the 1980s, it was in
the invention of the World Wide Web in 1991 as well as
the opening of the Internet to the general public around
the same time that led to an explosion in online pornography.
Viv Thomas, Paul Thomas, Andrew Blake, Antonio
Adamo, and Rocco Siredi were prominent directors of
pornographic lms in the 1990s. In 1998, the Danish,
Oscar-nominated lm production company Zentropa became the worlds rst mainstream lm company to
openly produce hardcore pornographic lms, starting
with Constance (1998). That same year, Zentropa also
produced Idioterne (1998), directed by Lars von Trier,
which won many international awards and was nomi-

3.1

Economics

nated for a Golden Palm in Cannes. The lm includes a


shower sequence with a male erection and an orgy scene
with close-up penetration footage (the camera viewpoint
is from the ankles of the participants, and the close-ups
leave no doubt as to what is taking place). Idioterne
started a wave of international mainstream arthouse lms
featuring explicit sexual images, such as Catherine Breillat's Romance, which starred pornstar Rocco Siredi.

5
titles on DVD each year.[32] Pornographic lms can be
sold or rented out on DVD, shown through Internet and
special channels and pay-per-view on cable and satellite,
and in adult theaters. However, by 2012, widespread
availability of pirate content and other low-cost competition on the Internet had made the pornographic lm industry smaller and reduced protability.[29][30]

The global pornographic lm industry is dominated


by the United States, with the San Fernando Valley
area of Los Angeles, California being the heart of the
industry.[33] This being the case, most gures on the size
of the industry refer solely to the United States. Pornographic lm studios are also centered in Houston, Las VeOnce people could watch adult movies in the privacy gas Valley, New York City, Phoenix and Miami. These
of their own homes, a new adult market developed that produce primarily amateur or independent porn lms.
far exceeded the scope of its theater-centric predecessor. In 1975, the total retail value of all the hardcore pornogMore recently, the Internet has served as catalyst for cre- raphy in the United States was estimated at $510
ating a still-larger market for porn, a market that is even million.[2] The 1979, Revision of the Federal Criminal
less traditionally theatrical.
Code stated that in Los Angeles alone, the porno busiAs of the 2000s, there were hundreds of adult lm ness does $100 million a year in gross retain volume. Accompanies, releasing tens of thousands of productions, cording to the 1986 Attorney Generals Commission on
Pornography, American adult entertainment industry has
recorded directly on video, with minimal sets. Of late,
web-cams and web-cam recordings are again expanding grown considerably over the past thirty years by continually changing and expanding to appeal to new markets,
the market. Thousands of pornographic actors work in
is considered to be low-prole and
front of the camera to satisfy pornography consumers de- though the production
clandestine.[34]
mand.
The total current income of the countrys adult entertainment is often estimated at $1013 billion, of which $46
2.8 2000s: Competition and contraction
billion are legal. The gure is often credited to a study
by Forrester Research and was lowered in 1998.[35] In
By the 2000s, the fortunes of the pornography industry 2007 The Observer newspaper also gave a gure of $13
had changed. With reliably protable DVD sales being billion.[36] Other sources, quoted by Forbes (Adams Melargely supplanted by streaming media delivery over the dia Research, Veronis Suhler Communications Industry
Internet, competition from pirate, amateur and low-cost Report, and IVD), even taking into consideration all posprofessional content on the Internet had made the indus- sible means (video networks and pay-per-view movies on
try substantially less protable, leading to it shrinking in cable and satellite, web sites, in-room hotel movies, phone
size.[29][30]
sex, sex toys, and magazines) mention the $2.63.9 billion gure (without the cellphone component). USA Today claimed in 2003 that websites such as Dannis Hard
Drive
and Cybererotica.com generated $2 billion in rev3 Pornographic lm industry
enue in that year, which was allegedly about 10% of the
overall domestic porn market at the time.[37] The adult
See also: Sex industry
movies income (from sale and rent) was once estimated
by AVN Publications at $4.3 billion but the gure obtaining is unclear. According to the 2001 Forbes data the
annual income distribution is:
3.1 Economics
In 1999, the Danish TV-channel Kanal Kbenhavn
started broadcasting hardcore lms at night, uncoded and
freely available to any TV-viewer in the Copenhagen area
(as of 2009, this is still the case, courtesy of Innocent Pictures, a company started by Zentropa).[28]

Globally, pornography is a large scale business with revenues of nearly $100 billion[31] which includes the production of various media and associated products and
services. The industry employs thousands of performers
along with support and production sta. It is also
followed by dedicated industry publications and trade
groups as well as the mainstream press, private organizations (watchdog groups), government agencies, and political organizations. According to a 2005 Reuters article,
The multi-billion-dollar industry releases about 11,000

The Online Journalism Review, published by the


Annenberg School of Communication at the University
of Southern California, weighed in with an analysis that
favored Forbes number. The nancial extent of adult
lms, distributed in hotels, is hard to estimatehotels
keep statistics to themselves or do not keep them at
all.[39]
The worlds largest adult movie studio Vivid Entertainment generates an estimated $100 million a year in revenue, distributing 60 lms annually[40] and selling them

6
in video stores, hotel rooms, on cable systems, and on
the internet. Spanish-based studio Private Media Group
was listed on the NASDAQ until November 2011. Video
rentals soared from just under 80 million in 1985 to a
half-billion by 1993.[41] Some subsidiaries of major corporations are the largest pornography sellers, like News
Corporation's DirecTV. Comcast, the nations largest cable company, once pulled in $50 million from adult programming. Revenues of companies such as Playboy and
Hustler were small by comparison.[42]

PORNOGRAPHIC FILM INDUSTRY

physical features of the main actors and their ability to


create the sexual mood of the lm is of critical importance. Most actors specialize in certain genres. In general, pornographic lms follow a number of conventions.
For example, irrespective of the genre, most actors are
required to appear nude in pornographic lms.

In lms directed to a heterosexual male audience, the


primary focus is on the female actors in them, who are
mostly selected for their on-screen appearance. The female actors are commonly presented in erotic, provocative or suggestive clothing. If they are wearing shoes, they
are usually high-heel. They do not normally wear jew3.2 Production
ellery or glasses. They are usually in the high range of
physical attractiveness, and commonly in their 20s or into
See also: Pornographic lm actor
Pornographic lms are produced and directed at the tar- their 30s. All their body hair has been removed, except
for perhaps tidily trimmed pubic hair. They do not have
any bruises, scars, birth marks or other blemishes, such
as tattoos, body piercings, or tan lines. There is a preference in the industry for large breasted actresses, but specic body features may be critical to a particular genre.
Actresses are required to present a positive attitude to onscreen sexual performance with all sex acts being presented as enjoyable and joyfully entered into. Actresses
are usually presented as always being available and willing to engage in any sex acts that their on-screen partner,
as the proxy of the viewer, wishes.
Most male performers in heterosexual pornography are
selected less for their looks than for their sexual prowess.
They are presented as being able to fulll the desires of
the male watching audience as their on-screen proxies.

3.3 Legal status


The lm set for a medical fetishism scene

get audience, who buy and view the lms. Traditionally, the audience of pornographic lms has been predominantly the white heterosexual male. In this situation, the main male actor acted as proxy for the viewer
enacting the sexual fantasy of the genre of the lm. A
typical pornographic lm featured a female performer
on whom the lm focused. Her male partner traditionally had no distinctive features other than a large penis.
However, there has been an increase in female viewers
over time, and there have recently been eorts to increase
the sexualization of male performers also. New features
such as men with smaller penises, charming facial features and well-built bodies are becoming predominant in
pornographic lms, as well as the emergence of feminist
pornography.[43][44] In recent times a gay audience has
also developed, and the scenarios of the lms have adjusted accordingly.
Pornographic lms attempt to present a sexual fantasy
and the actors selected for a particular role are primarily
selected on their ability to create that fantasy. Depending
on the genre of the lm, the on-screen appearance and

Main article: List of pornography laws by region


In the United States, the Supreme Court held in 1969
that State laws making mere private possession of obscene material a crime are invalid.[45] Further attempts
were made in the 1970s in the United States to close down
the pornography industry, this time by prosecuting those
in the industry on prostitution charges. The prosecution
started in the courts in California in the case of People v.
Freeman. The California Supreme Court acquitted Freeman and distinguished between someone who takes part
in a sexual relationship for money (prostitution) versus
someone whose role is merely portraying a sexual relationship on-screen as part of their acting performance.
The State did not appeal to the United States Supreme
Court making the decision binding in California, where
most pornographic lms are made today.[33][46]
At present, no other state in the United States has either
implemented or accepted this legal distinction between
commercial pornography performers versus prostitutes as
shown in the Florida case where sex lm maker Clinton
Raymond McCowen, aka Ray Guhn, was indicted on
charges of soliciting and engaging in prostitution for

3.4

Health issues

his creation of pornography lms which included McCowen and his associates recruited up to 100 local men
and women to participate in group sex scenes, the adavit says.[47] The distinction that California has in its
legal determination in the Freeman decision is usually denied in most states local prostitution laws, which do not
specically exclude performers from such inclusion.
In some cases, some states have ratied their local state
laws for inclusion to prevent Californias Freeman decision to be applied to actors who are paid a fee for sexual
actions within their state borders. One example is the
state of Texas whose prostitution law specically states:
An oense is established under Subsection
(a)(1) whether the actor is to receive or pay
a fee. An oense is established under Subsection (a)(2) whether the actor solicits a person to hire him or oers to hire the person
solicited.[48]
In the United States, federal law prohibits the sale, distribution or dissemination of obscene materials through the
mail, over the broadcast airwaves, on cable or satellite
TV, on the Internet, over the telephone or by any other
means that cross state lines. [49] Most states also have
specic laws banning the sale or distribution of obscene
pornography within state borders. The only protection for
obscene material recognized by the Supreme Court of the
United States is personal possession in the home Stanley
v. Georgia.
The Supreme Court of the United States armed in
Miller v. California that obscenity was not protected
speech. Further, the court ruled that each community
is responsible for setting its own standards about what is
considered to be obscene material. If pornographic material is prosecuted and brought to trial, a jury can deem
it obscene based on:
1. whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards would nd that the work,
taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest

3.4 Health issues


Sex acts in pornographic lms have traditionally been
performed without the use of condoms, with an accompanying risk of sexually transmitted disease among performers. In 1986, there was an outbreak of HIV infection which led to the deaths through AIDS of several actors and actresses. This led to the creation in 1998 of the
Adult Industry Medical Health Care Foundation, which
helped set up a monitoring system in the U.S. pornographic lm industry, which required pornographic lm
actors to be tested for HIV every 30 days.[50] As of 2013,
HIV infection of performers in the U.S. pornography industry has been rare, with only a few outbreaks being
recorded over the subsequent three decades. The AIM
closed its doors in May 2011 and led for bankruptcy as
a result of a court case arising from an inadvertent leak by
it of condential information on clients, including names
and STD results.[51][52]

4 Terminology
Compilation - a release based on highlights from
other adult lms or video, unused footage, or that
feature a particular genre[53]
Mature - Used to refer to performers in or of the
genre referred to as MILF porn
Raincoat - a term used to refer to a condom
Other terms synonymous with pornography:
Porn or Porno
Adult lm
Blue movie
Stag lm

5 See also
Adult theater
Amateur pornography

2. whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently


oensive way, sexual conduct specically dened by
applicable state law and
3. whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious
literary, artistic, political or scientic value.

Cum shot
List of pornographic movie studios
Porn groove
Porn parody
Pornography by region

In many countries pornography is legal to distribute and


to produce, however, there are some restrictions. Pornography is also banned in some countries, in particular in the
Muslim world and China, but can be accessed through the
Internet in some of these nations.

STDs in the porn industry


Unsimulated sex
X-rated

References

Notes
[1] Seltzer, Leon (April 6, 2011). What Distinguishes Erotica from Pornography?". Psychology Today.
[2] Martin Amis (17 March 2001). A rough trade.
Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
[3] P20th Century Nudes in Art. The Art History Archive.
Retrieved 29 February 2012.
[4] Richard Abel, Encyclopedia of early cinema, Taylor &
Francis, 2005, ISBN 978-0-415-23440-5, p.518
[5] Bottomore, Stephen; Stephen Herbert and Luke McKernan eds. (1996). Lar (Albert Kirchner)". Whos Who
of Victorian Cinema. British Film Institute. Retrieved 15
October 2006.

REFERENCES

[20] Top 250 of Danish cinema ticket sales


[21] Sengekant (inkl. en uges skiferie)". Ekko.dk (in Danish).
Retrieved 9 February 2010.
[22] Mehendale, Rachel (9 February 2006). Is porn a problem?" (PDF). The Daily Texan. pp. 17, 22. Retrieved 15
October 2006.
[23] Edmonson, Roger; Cal Culver; Casey Donovan (October
1998). Boy in the Sand: Casey Donovan, All-American
Sex Star. Alyson Books. p. 264. ISBN 1-55583-457-4.
[24] Schaefer, Eric (Fall 2005). Dirty Little Secrets: Scholars, Archivists, and Dirty Movies. The Moving Image (University of Minnesota Press) 5 (2): 79105.
doi:10.1353/mov.2005.0034.
[25] Hattenstone, Simon (11 June 2005). After 33 years,
Deep Throat, the lm that shocked the US, gets its rst
British showing. The Guardian (Guardian News and Media Limited). Retrieved 18 October 2006.

[6] Bottomore, Stephen; Stephen Herbert and Luke McKernan eds. (1996). Eugne Pirou. Whos Who of Victorian Cinema. British Film Institute. Retrieved 15 October
2006.

[26] Porn lm on 'landmark 100' list. BBC News (BBC). 5


October 2006. Retrieved 28 October 2006.

[7] Produced by James A. White and shot by William Heise


for the Edison Manufacturing Co. in 1896.

[28] Kanal Kbenhavn

[8] Sex in Cinema: Pre-1920s

[29] Louis Theroux (5 June 2012). How the internet killed


porn. The Guardian.

[9] Produced by Frederick S. Armitage for the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company.

[30] David Rosen (May 27, 2013). Is Success Killing the Porn
Industry?". AlterNet.

[10] American Women


[11] Michael Achenbach, Paolo Caneppele, Ernst Kieninger:
Projektionen der Sehnsucht: Saturn, die erotischen Anfnge
der sterreichischen Kinematograe. Filmarchiv Austria,
Wien 2000, ISBN 3-901932-04-6.
[12] Radar supplement online - The rst time (Spanish)
[13] Robertson, Patrick (December 2001). Film Facts. Billboard Books. p. 256. ISBN 0-8230-7943-0.
[14] Chris Rodley, Dev Varma, Kate Williams III (Directors) Marilyn Milgrom, Grant Romer, Rolf Borowczak,
Bob Guccione, Dean Kuipers (Cast) (7 March 2006).
Pornography: The Secret History of Civilization (DVD).
Port Washington, NY: Koch Vision. ISBN 1-4172-28857. Retrieved 21 October 2006.
[15] Corliss, Richard (29 March 2005). That Old Feeling:
When Porno Was Chic. Time Magazine (Time inc). Retrieved 16 October 2006.
[16] OED -glamour
[17] Eric Schlosser, Reefer Madness: Sex, Drugs and Cheap
Labor in the American Black Market (Houghton Miin
Books, 2004), p. 143.
[18] Byrne v. Karalexis, 396 U.S. 976 (1969) and 401 U.S.
216 (1971)
[19] I Am Curious / Jag r nyken | Film International

[27] bluelm

[31] Morris, Chris. After rough 2013, porn studios look for
a better year Globally, porn is a $97 billion industry,
according to Kassia Wosick, assistant professor of sociology at New Mexico State University. At present, between
$10 billion and $12 billion of that comes from the United
States."". CNBC. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
[32] Porn Business Driving DVD Technology - BizReport.
Retrieved 26 August 2006.
[33] CBSNews.com Porn in the U.S.A.
[34] Fisher, Louis (1995). American Constitutional Law. ISBN
0-07-021223-6.
[35] Ackman, Dan (25 May 2001). How Big Is Porn?".
Forbes.com. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
[36] Helmore, Edward (16 December 2007). Home porn
gives industry the blues. Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 4
March 2009.
[37] Swartz, Jon (9 March 2004). Online porn often leads
high-tech way. USATODAY.com. Retrieved 29 June
2008.
[38] Strauss, Gary (12 December 2005). Cellphone technology rings in pornography in USA. USATODAY.com.
Retrieved 29 June 2008.
[39] Bradley, Matt (6 September 2006). Groups protest porn
on hotel TVs. USATODAY.com. Retrieved 29 June
2008.

[40] Pulley, Brett (27 March 2005). The Porn King.


Forbes.com. Archived from the original on 24 February
2009.
[41] Money.CNN.com Prime-Time Porn Borrowing tactics
from the old Hollywood studios...
[42] Egan, Timothy (23 October 2000). Wall Street Meets
Pornography. The New York Times.
[43] "'Porn made for women, by women May, Catalina. The
Guardian, 22 March 2011. Accessed 11 October 2013
[44] "'Artisanal, locally grown, free range porn for women
Nagy, Toni. Hungton Post, 4 March 2013. Accessed
11 October 2013
[45] Sanley v. Georgia, 394 U. S. 557 (1969)
[46] But see news.com.au: Coee shop girls face charges over
sex shows February 08, 2010
[47] Webmaster Ray Guhn Arrested in Florida. xbiz.com.
Retrieved June 26, 2006.
[48] Texas Penal Code, Chapter 43: Public Indecency.
Texas Legislature. Retrieved April 18, 2007.
[49] 18 USC Chapter 71 - OBSCENITY | Title 18 - Crimes
and Criminal Procedure | U.S. Code | LII / Legal Information Institute. Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2013-05-06.
[50] Basten, Fred; Laurie Holmes and John C. Holmes (1998).
Porn King: The John Holmes Story. John Holmes Inc.
ISBN 1-880047-69-1.
[51] Dennis Romero (May 3, 2011). Porn Clinic AIM Closes
For Good: Valley-Based Industry Scrambles to Find New
STD Testing System. LA Weekly. Retrieved May 3,
2011.
[52] Williams, Mitchell. How a Straight Adult Performer
Convinced Me That Condoms Are Useless in Porn.
Hungton Press. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
[53] Stoeel, Kat. The Worlds Most Baing Porn Search
Terms, Explained. nymag.com. New York Magazine.
Retrieved 21 December 2014.

Bibliography
Patrick Robertson: Film Facts, 2001, Billboard
Books, ISBN 0-8230-7943-0

10

7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1

Text

Pornographic lm Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographic%20film?oldid=649103208 Contributors: The Anome, JeLuF,


Patrick, Fred Bauder, Jahsonic, Tompagenet, AlexR, Karada, Tregoweth, Darkwind, TraxPlayer, Deisenbe, , Jengod, Dcoetzee, WhisperToMe, Haukurth, Finlay McWalter, Donreed, Enceladus, FredR, Meelar, Acegikmo1, Btljs, Hadal, Asparagus, Stefan Kgl, DocWatson42, Laudaka, Bradeos Graphon, Peruvianllama, Curps, Keeper of Records, JimD, Saaga, Golbez, Hob, ChicXulub, Utcursch, Geni,
Beland, Girolamo Savonarola, Austin Hair, Cab88, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Geo43230, Will2k, Edgarde, ESkog, Sameer Ajmani, Ground, Konstantin, CanisRufus, Zenohockey, Mwanner, Art LaPella, Bobo192, DimaDorfman, Euniana, Per Olofsson, ColinHunt,
Pschemp, Minghong, John Fader, Haham hanuka, Amcl, Jill St. Crux, Lysdexia, ADM, Alansohn, Goldom, InShaneee, Tony Sidaway,
Versageek, Nightstallion, Dismas, RPIRED, Woohookitty, Before My Ken, MONGO, Lovingboth, Cbustapeck, GregorB, Stefanomione,
Mandarax, Zeromacnoo, SqueakBox, Sukolsak, Cuchullain, BD2412, ConradKilroy, Tabercil, Nightscream, , Erebus555, Vary, Strait, Vegaswikian, Nneonneo, Bhadani, AlisonW, Trisdee, FlaBot, Pfctdayelise, Redwolf24, Laur, Mrschimpf, Skoosh,
Ben Tibbetts, Roboto de Ajvol, Borgx, SpuriousQ, Stephenb, Pseudomonas, Wimt, GeeJo, Grafen, Clashfrankcastle, Tastemyhouse, RazorICE, Semperf, Syrthiss, Cheeser1, CodeMonk, JustAddPeter, Bomkia, FF2010, Donbert, Spondoolicks, Azeari, JQF, Alias Flood,
LeonardoRob0t, Anclation, Jaxuserid, Garion96, Sugar Bear, Toniher, EdgarAllanToe, Otto Normalverbraucher, SmackBot, Pgk, Hbackman, HalfShadow, Fokalor, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, The Gnome, LacrosseCorey, Schmiteye, Tyciol, Al Pereira, Miquonranger03, Carbonrodney, Silly rabbit, Apeloverage, Mdwh, K4zem, Deli nk, Dtoddmiller, PsYoP78, Androsyn, Zsinj, Kotra, Can't sleep, clown will
eat me, Azumanga1, Xyzzyplugh, Rsm99833, Aginla, Magustrench, Wine Guy, DMacks, Olsdude, Will Beback, Editor500, Saccerzd,
Vanished user 9i39j3, John, Tembelejderha, Ocatecir, PseudoSudo, Willy turner, Beetstra, Whomp, Pinkoyd95209, Iridescent, Lakers,
Toucan444, Tawkerbot2, LessHeard vanU, Zotdragon, Anthony22, CmdrObot, Iamcuriousblue, Steve355, Juhachi, ShelfSkewed, Mattbuck, Cydebot, Otto4711, Rtiztik, Benjiboi, Tychotesla, Blackngold29, Stillmountain, String jeet, P0l4k, Omicronpersei8, Lx45803, Bcp,
Epbr123, Looskuh, Hazmat2, Atillidie13, Dfrg.msc, Kaaveh Ahangar, The Fat Man Who Never Came Back, PseudoAnon, Pirata14,
Alice79, AntiVandalBot, SuzieG, Format, Seaphoto, Joelbrandw, Osubuckeyeguy, Tjmayerinsf, Spencer, David Shankbone, Valrith, Husond, MER-C, Chris Burnham, Hut 8.5, Garda40, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Losski, Hullaballoo Wolfowitz, JamesBWatson, Kakomu,
Think outside the box, Puddhe, Coee4binky, Catgut, Vssun, Hans Moravec, Patstuart, MartinBot, WikiLurker, Bigmorr, Mmkman,
Kracken, CommonsDelinker, Mbhiii, EdBever, Expressen, Paranomia, Trusilver, TheLastOneWhoBelieves, Fleiger, L337 kybldmstr,
Starnestommy, Satoku, D4RK-L3G10N, Dwango, Uhai, Greatestrowerever, DMCer, Evsweet, Chabichou29, Idioma-bot, Cymon, Vranak,
Sergivs-en, King Lopez, Jordalus, I'mDown, Page2, Caster23, Testbed, TRFA, SHARU(ja), David in DC, Lwc, Ganka123, AjitPD, Brianga, ConnTorrodon, Minutae, Lightbreather, Greatness95, Dusti, K. Annoyomous, Whiteclouds, Jauerback, Caltas, Matthew Yeager,
ConfuciusOrnis, Applejacks123, Nite-Sirk, Flyer22, CJ MACA, Lightmouse, Poindexter Propellerhead, Techman224, IdreamofJeanie,
Arundhati lejeune, Paulinho28, Kallerna, Pinkadelica, Denisarona, Atif.t2, Loren.wilton, ClueBot, Binksternet, GorillaWarfare, The Thing
That Should Not Be, Ewawer, Boing! said Zebedee, Derekm901, Rockfang, Davelachance, Searcher 1990, Deerstop, Sdrtirs, Aitias, Scalhotrod, Stevenrasnick, Qwfp, SoxBot III, XLinkBot, AgnosticPreachersKid, Delicious carbuncle, Rror, Skarebo, Khunglongcon, Dubmill,
Addbot, Smetanahue, TutterMouse, Lvl.3 guitarist, Aryder779, Jim10701, LaaknorBot, Grubel, PranksterTurtle, Martinezmartinez, Favonian, 5 albert square, Stonesy, Tide rolls, OlEnglish, Teles, Tarheelz123, Jarble, Dauphinee, Luckas-bot, Donfbreed, Amirobot, Guy1890,
AnomieBOT, Nicolabren, Piano non troppo, Materialscientist, Pocketsnzl, Lola99, Kg4wfd, Xqbot, Allanlw, Millahnna, Omnipaedista,
Surv1v4l1st, ChikeJ, Alwayzright4eva, HamburgerRadio, MPOKU, Pshent, The Egyptian Liberal, LizzieBabes419, A8UDI, Brad Polard,
RedBot, SpaceFlight89, Full-date unlinking bot, James incandenza, Spudthenation, FoxBot, Lotje, Brudorf, Suusion of Yellow, Tbhotch, Mean as custard, Regancy42, Beyond My Ken, Farhad21, Agent Smith (The Matrix), Dream2020, Wojiade533, Shanashana12345,
EmausBot, Orphan Wiki, WikitanvirBot, Weekeeza1, GoingBatty, NathyWashington, Gio123456789987654321, Lunagron, ZroBot,
Pattymooney, ElationAviation, Kokken Tor, A930913, H3llBot, Juanjuanjuanjuan, BratmanGodzilla, Morgankevinj, PseudoAnoNym,
MonoAV, Billy545455, Wipsenade, 97, Jimbro, Rocketrod1960, Tnega1983, ClueBot NG, Inkowik, Dougherty50, ScottSteiner,
Umar 01, JoelisK3WL, Helpful Pixie Bot, , Zacboy96, Mark Arsten, Zorro5280, Loriendrew, Dgrub, Tandrum, Khazar2, Mogism,
Jumping Jedi, Frosty, Nguyenvantu77, 069952497a, Epicgenius, Vanamonde93, Kurce12345, 130013S, Sercanbilen12, BuddyBixby419,
Buttwipe102, Param Mudgal, Njol, G S Palmer, To dop3, Jondog17, Monkbot, Watergoatedboard12, Prisencolinensinainciusol, Tommilsom, Supertutbodylan, 572 , Jjicesh, Mrdickhead360, PoonanjiMarsha, Alperenuslu, Widowawake, Bigboobs69cabbage, Bob bob 123
123, Conah Martin, ChicagosSexyShannon, Junky One Nine, EvilLair, Kershaw 97, Sherpaofsherpas, Elijah31213, Ogbobbyjohnson23,
Vickykumar15 and Anonymous: 538

7.2

Images

File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original


artist: ?
File:Johann_Schwarzer_movies_about_1906.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Johann_Schwarzer_
movies_about_1906.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Scanned from Walter Fritz' book Im Kino erlebe ich die Welt (Vienna,
1996) Original artist: Johann Schwarzer (1880, Vienna, Austria - 10 October 1914, in WWI)
File:Kink.com_photo_shoot.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/A_young_private_endures_a_brutal_
Army_physical_1.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mikeybaratta/5601364667/ Original artist: Mikey
Baratta
File:Nuvola_apps_aktion.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Nuvola_apps_aktion.png License: LGPL
Contributors: http://icon-king.com Original artist: David Vignoni / ICON KING
File:Pierre_Woodman_at_work_in_Australia.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Pierre_Woodman_
at_work_in_Australia.png License: CC BY-SA 4.0-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 Contributors: Pierre Woodman via OTRS (see below) Original artist:
Pierre Woodman
File:Porn_Set_5.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Porn_Set_5.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors:
originally posted to Flickr as Porn Set 5 Original artist: The Naughty American The photograph was taken by Larry Knowles for an article
for The Naughty American website.

7.3

Content license

11

File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?


Original artist: ?
File:Wikipedia-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: File:Wikipedia-logo.svg as of 2010-05-14T23:16:42 Original artist: version 1 by Nohat (concept by Paullusmagnus); Wikimedia.
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wiktionary-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

7.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

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