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Chapter

Threaded Fasteners
OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter; you will be able to:
' Describe how a fastener functions and be familiar with the two basic
types of fasteners. (10-1)
_
0 Draw a detailed thread representation of common thread forms, a
representation of threaded fasteners in assembly, and a schematic thread
representation. (10-2)
' Understand how threaded fasteners are selected and describe the various
types of fasteners. (10-3)
0 Describe the special types of fasteners: setscrews, locknuts, captive or
self-retaining nuts, inserts, and sealing fasteners. (10-4)
Q Discuss the applications of tapping screws. (10-5)

10-1

SIMPLIFIED THREAD REPRESENTATION

Fastening devices are essential in the construction of manufactured products, in

the machines and devices used in manufacturing processes, and in the construction of all types of buildings. Fastening devices are used in the smallest watch
to the largest ocean liner (Fig. 10-1).
There are two basic kinds of fasteners: permanent and removable. Rivets and
welds are permanent fasteners. Bolts, screws, studs, nuts, pins, rings, and keys are
removable fasteners. As industry progressed, fastening devices became standardized,
and they developed denite characteristics and names. A thorough knowledge of the
design and graphic representation of fasteners is an essential part of drafting.

Fig. I0-I

Fasteners.

Machine Drawing and Design

4
S
1

CHAPTER 10 Threaded Fasteners

The cost of fastening, once considered only incidental, is

fast becoming recognized as a critical factor in total product
cost. Its the in-place cost that counts, not the fastener cost
is an old saying of fastener design. The art of holding down
fastener cost is not learned simply by scanning a parts catalog.
More subtly, it entails weighing such factors as standardization,
automatic assembly, tailored fasteners, and joint preparation.
A favorite cost-reducing method, standardization, not
only reduces the cost of parts but reduces paperwork and
simplies inventory and quality control. By standardizing the
type and size of fasteners used, the cost of parts is reduced
and efciency in the assembly of the product improves,
resulting in a reduction in the overall manufacturing cost.

Screw Threads

distance the threaded part would move parallel to the axis during one complete rotation in relation to a xed mating part (the
distance a screw would enter a threaded hole in one turn).

Thread Forms
Figure 10-5 (p. 272) shows some of the more common thread
forms in use today. The ISO metric thread will eventually
replace all the V-shaped metric and inch threads. As for the
other thread forms shown, the proportions will be the same
for both metric- and inch-size threads.
The knuckle thread is usually rolled or cast. A familiar
example of this form is seen on electric light bulbs and
sockets. The square and acme forms are designed to transmit
motion or power, as on the lead screw of a lathe. The buttress
thread, push or pu takes pressure in only one direction
against the surface perpendicular to the axis.

A screw thread is a ridge of uniform section in the form of a

helix on the external or intemal surface of a cylinder (Fig. 10-2).
The helix of a square thread is shown in Fig. 10-3.
The pitch of a thread P is the distance from a point on the
thread form to the corresponding point on the next form, measured parallel to the axis (Fig. 10-4, p. 272). The lead L is the

Thread Representation
True representation of a screw thread is seldom used on working drawings. Symbolic representation of threads is now standard practice. There are three types of conventions in general

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272

PART 2 Fasteners. Matarials. and Forming Processes

ANGLE OF THREAD

HELIX ANGLE
DEPTH OF THI;iE/D\
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Single and Multiple Threads

KNUCKLE

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Unless designated otherwise, threads are assumed to be

right-hand. A bolt being threaded into a tapped hole would
be turned in a right-hand (clockwise) direction (Fig. 10-7).
For some special applications, such as turnbuckles, left-hand
threads are required. When such a thread is necessary, the
letters LH are added after the thread designation.

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Common thread forms and proportions.

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Most screws have single threads. It is understood that

unless the thread is designated otherwise, it is a single
thread. The single thread has a single ridge in the form of
a helix (Fig. 10-8). The lead of a thread is the distance
traveled parallel to the axis in one rotation of a part in
relation to a xed mating part (the distance a nut would
travel along the axis of a bolt with one rotation of the nut)

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use for screw thread representation. These are known as

simplied, detailed, and schematic (Fig. 10-6). Simplied
representation should be used whenever it will clearly portray the requirements. Detailed representation is used to
show the detail of a screw thread, especially for dimensioning
in enlarged views, layouts, and assemblies. The schematic
representation is nearly as effective as the detailed representation and is much easier to draw when board drafting is used.
This representation has given way to the simplied representation, and as such, has been discarded as a thread symbol by
most countries.

ACME

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EXTERNAL THREAD

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Screw thread terms.

CHEST--FLAT OR ROUNDED7

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Machine Drawing and Design

CHAPTER 10 Threaded Fasteners

w
MOI lJl\l

Inch Threads
In the United States and Canada a great number of threaded
assemblies are still designed using inch-sized threads. In this
system the pitch is equal to

(AI RIGHT-HAND THREAD

Fig. 10-7

1
Number of threads per inch

IB} LEFT-HAND THREAD

Right- and left-hand threads.

In single threads, the lead is equal to the pitch. A double

thread has two ridges, started 180 apart, in the form of
helices, and the lead is twice the pitch. A triple thread has
three ridges, started 120 apart, in the form of helices, and
the lead is three times the pitch. Multiple threads are used
when fast movement is desired with a minimum number
of rotations, such as on threaded mechanisms for opening
and closing windows.

Simplified Thread Representation

Thread crests, except in hidden views, are represented by
a thick outline and the thread roots by a thin broken line
(Fig. 10-9, p. 274). The end of the full-form thread is indicated by a thick line across the part, and imperfect or runout
threads, also called vanish threads, are shown beyond
this line by running the root line at an angle to meet the
crest line.
While the angle at which the runout or vanish line is
drawn is not critical, the length of the vanish or runout thread
is dimensioned when essential to design requirements. The
method of dimensioning vanish or runout is shown in
Fig. 10-10 (p. 274). For all practical purposes, the vanish or
runout thread line is drawn at about 20 to the axis of the
threaded part. Notice also in Fig. 10-10 that the internal
thread in section is countersunk at the open end of the thread.
This is optional and is sometimes used to facilitate the
threading process and to reduce the amount of burring around
the edge of the threaded hole.

Threaded Assemblies
For general use, the simplied representation of threaded
parts is recommended for assemblies (Fig. 10-11, p. 274). In
sectional views, the externally threaded part is always shown
covering the internally threaded part.

LEAD; P

The number of threads per inch is set for different diameters in what is called a thread series. For the Unied National
system, there is the coarse-thread series (UNC) and the nethread series (UNF). See Table 8 in the Appendix.
In addition, there is an extra-ne thread series (UNEF)
for use when a small pitch is desirable, such as on thinwalled tubing. For special work and for diameters larger than
those specied in the coarse and ne series, the Unied
National thread system has three series that provide for the
same number of threads per inch regardless of the diameter.
These are the 8-thread series, the 12-thread series, and the
16-thread series. These are called constant-pitch threads.

Thread Class
Three classes of external thread (classes 1A, 2A, and 3A)
and three classes of internal thread (classes 1B, 2B, and 3B)
are available. These classes differ in the amount of allowances and tolerances provided in each class.
The general characteristics and uses of the various
classes are as follows.
Classes 1A and 1B These classes produce the loosest t,
that is, the greatest amount of play (free motion) in assembly.
They are useful for work where ease of assembly and disassembly is essential, such as for stove bolts and other rough
bolts and nuts.
Classes 2A and 2B These classes are designed for the ordinary good grade of commercial products, such as machine
screws and fasteners, and for most interchangeable parts.
Classes 3A and 3B These classes are intended for exceptionally high-grade commercial products, where a particularly
close or snug t is essential and the high cost of precision
tools and machines is warranted.

Inch Thread Designation

The thread designation (thread note) for both external and
intemal 60 inch threads is expressed in this order: nominal

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Single and multiple threads.

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74

PART 2 Fasteners. Materials. and Forming Processes

ISO STANDARD THREAD CONVENTIONS

SME STANDARD THREAD CONVENTIONS

ROOT CIRCLE ___ Tl-ii=\i LINE 4 APPRCJX 2"io@_7

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IBi INTERNAL THREADS

IBI INTERNAL THREADS

Fig- 10-9 Simplified thread representation.

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assembly drawings.

'11--.XX
XX ----

any
Fig. 10-10

Specifying incomplete thread lengths.

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"-,-

thread diameter in inches, a hyphen or dash, the number of

threads per inch, a space, the letter symbol of the thread
series, a hyphen or dash, the number and letter of the thread
class symbol, and a space followed by any qualifying information (such as the letters LH for left hand threads or gauging system number). To avoid any misunderstanding, the
ASME Y14.62001 SCREW THREAD REPRESENTATION
standard recommends the controlling organization and thread

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Machine Drawing and Design

i
1s
1
E

CHAPTER 10 Threaded Fasteners

275

M;-u',1; =**>:,*e::.**.#i:-'*~.%. !..t;";'@r.-%i':- wt

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Fig. 10-12

(Di -MISCELLANEOUS THREAD FORMS

Thread specifications for inch-size threads.

standard be added to the thread designation or referenced on

the drawing in a general note. See Fig. 10-12 and the following examples.

Standard Unied External Screw Thread:

.250-20 UNC-2A, ASME Bl.l

Where decimal-inch sizes are shown for fractional-inch

threads, they are shown to four decimal places (not showing
zero in the fourth place). For example, a l/2" thread would
be shown as .500; a 9/16" thread as .5625.
Number-size threads may be shown because of established
industrial drafting room practices. When a number-size thread
is specied, a three-place decimal inch equivalent, enclosed in
parentheses, is placed after the number (see Example 5 next).

Standard Unied Extemal Number-Size Thread:

Standard Unied Internal Screw Thread, Gaging System 21:

10 (.190)-32 UNF-2A, ASME Bl.l

.500-20 UNF-2B (21), ASME Bl.l

Standard Unied Internal Thread:

5 (.125)-40 UNC-2B, ASME Bl.l

For multiple start threads the number of threads per inch is

replaced by the following: pitch in inches P, a dash, lead in
inches L, and the number of starts in inches.

Standard Unied External Multiple Start Screw Thread:

Notice that the only difference between external and internal

threads in the thread note is simply an A for external threads
and a B for internal threads.
An alternative method for designating number-size
threads is to simply use the three-place decimal and drop the
thread-size number (see Example 6 next).

.750-.0625P-.l875L(3 STARTS)UNF-2A, ASME Bl.l

Standard Unied External Number-Size Thread:

.190-32 UNF-2A, ASME Bl.l

Standard Unied Internal Multiple Start Screw Thread,

Gaging System 21:

Standard Unied Internal Number-Size Thread:

.500-.050P-.l0OL(2 STARTS)UNF-2B (21), ASME Bl.l

.125-40 UNC-2B, ASME Bl.l

Engineering Drawing and Design, Seventh Edition

275

PART 2

Fasteners. Materials. and Forming Processes

While the method shown in Example 5 is used most commonly, either is acceptable.
In instances where it is preferred to use a general note
on the drawing to specify the controlling organization and

Thread Grades and Classes

The t of a screw thread is the amount of clearance between
the internal and external threads when they are assembled.
For each of the two main thread elementspitch diameter and crest diameter-a number of tolerance grades have
been established. The number of the tolerance grades reects
the size of the tolerance. For example, grade 4 tolerances are
smaller than grade 6 tolerances, and grade 8 tolerances are
larger than grade 6 tolerances.
Grade 6 tolerances should be used for medium-quality
length-of-engagement applications. The tolerance grades
below grade 6 are intended for applications involving ne
quality and/or short lengths of engagement. Tolerance grades
above grade 6 are intended for coarse quality and/or long
lengths of engagement.
In addition to the tolerance grade, a positional tolerance
is required. This tolerance denes the maximum-material limits of the pitch and crest diameters of the external and intemal
threads and indicates their relationship to the basic prole.
In conformance with current coating (or plating) thickness requirements and the demand for ease of assembly, a
series of tolerance positions reecting the application of varying amounts of allowance has been established as follows.
For external threads:

thread standard, the following example may be used.

XAMPLE 7
THREAD CONTROLLING ORGANIZATION AND
STANDARD==ASl\/IE B 1 .1--200.3

This type of general note is pieced either with other general

notes on the drawing or near the title block.

Metric Threads
Metric threads are grouped intn diameter-pitch combinations
distinguished from one another by the pitch applied to specic diameters (Fig. 10-13).
The pitch for metric threads is. the distance between corresponding points on adjacent teeth, In addition to a coarseand ne-pitch series, a series of constant pitches is available.

See Table 9 in the Appendix.

Coarse-Thread Series This series is intended for use in

Tolerance position e (large allowance)

' Tolerance position g (small allowance)
Tolerance position h (no allowance)

general engineering work and commercial applications.

Fine-Thread Series The ne=threed series is for general
use where 8. ner thread than the eoerse-thread series is
desirable. In comparison with n coarse-thread screw, the nethread screw is stronger in both tensile and torsional strength

For internal threads:

' Tolerance position G (small allowance)
' Tolerance position H (no allowance)

and is less likely to loosen under vibration.

METRIC DESIGN/\TiON
NOMINAL DiAMETEFi
PITCH
THREAD COI\ITROI_Lii'\iG OFiGAi~iiZATIOii
K
K THREAD STANDARD

Mi2,ASME B1.13M

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TOLERANCE POSITION -7
TOLERANCE
TOLERANCE ennoe
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TOLERANCE
DIAMETER
POSITION ---, /
rotennnce rol_EeAncE

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M|5, ASME B-i_13M 7 FHTCH

MAY BETHREADS
OMITTED
FOR COARSE

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THROUGH HOLE

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m 5969
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(Al BASIC"! THREAD CALLOUT
Fig. 10-13

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Thread speeifications for metric threads.

(Di MISCELLANEOUS THREAD FORMS

Machine Drawing and Design

71
r
>

CHAPTER 10 Threaded Fasteners

277

CHAMFER -SHOWN AT BEGiNi~.IiNG OF THREAD

Ci'IAI-AFER SIZE NEED NOT BE Si-IOU-.-I\i

I:

Standard Metric M Multiple Start Thread, Gaging System 21:

Ml6xL4P2(2 STARTS)-6g (21), ASME Bl.l3M
'1
-

UNDERCUT SHOE-Vi\i AT END OF THREAD

Ui\IDEFiCUT 5lZE NEED NOT BE SHOWN

Fig. 10-14
drawings.

Omission of thread information on detail

ISO Metric Screw Thread Designation

Metric 60 screw thread designation (thread note) is expressed
in this order: -the metric thread symbol M, the thread form
symbol J, where applicable, the nominal diameter in millimeters, a lower case x, the pitch in millimeters, a dash, the
pitch diameter tolerance symbol, the crest diameter tolerance
symbol (if different from that of the pitch diameter), and a
space followed by any qualifying information. For the coarsethread series only, the pitch is not shown unless the dimension for the length of the thread is required (Fig. 10-13A).
To avoid any misunderstanding, ASME Yl4.6200l SCREW
THREAD REPRESENTATION standard recommends the
controlling organization and thread standard be added to the
thread note or referenced on the drawing. See Fig. l0-l4 and
the following examples:

Standard Metric M Screw Thread:

M6xl-4h6h, ASME Bl.l3M

Standard Metric MJ Thread, Gaging System 21:

MJ6xl-4H (21), ASME Bl.2lM

An earlier metric thread designation, taken from European

standards, is found on many older drawings and is still in use
in some industries. This thread designation is identical for both
extemal and intemal threads and expressed in this order: M
denoting the ISO metric thread symbol, the nominal diameter
in millimeters, and a capital X followed by the pitch in millimeters. For the coarse-thread series, the pitch was not shown.
For example, a l0-mm diameter, 1.25 pitch, ne-thread series,
was expressed as Ml0xl.25. A l0-mm diameter, 1.5 pitch,
coarse-thread series, was expressed as M10. If the length of
thread was added to the callout, then the pitch was added to
avoid confusion. When specifying the length of the thread in
the callout, an X separates the length of the thread from the
rest of the designation. In the latter example, if a thread length
was 25 mm, the thread callout would be Ml0xl.5x25.
In addition to this basic designation, a tolerance class
identication often was added. A dash separated the tolerance class identication from the basic designation.
The two types of metric 60 screw threads in common
use are the M and the MJ forms. The MJ form is similar to
the standard metric (M) threads, except the sharp V at the
root diameter of the external thread has been replaced with
a large radius, which strengthens this stress point, providing
extra strength. Since the radius increases the minor diameter
of the external thread, the minor diameter of the internal
thread is enlarged to clear the radius. All other dimensions
are the same as the M threads. The MJ thread form is used
predominately in applications requiring high fatigue strength,
as found in the aerospace and automotive industries.
Neither the chamfer shown at the beginning of a thread
nor the undercut at the end of a thread where a small diameter meets a larger diameter is required to be dimensioned,
as shown in Fig. l0-14. A comparison of customary and
metric thread sizes is shown in Fig. l0-l5.
INCH THREADS
.188
.250
.312

The metric thread size or the pitch should include a zero

before the decimal if the value is less than one, but should
not show a zero as the last number of the value, e.g., MlOxl .5
and MJ 2.5x0.45. Notice that there is no space on either side
of the x.
For multiple start threads, the pitch is replaced by the
following: L (lead in millimeters), P (pitch in millimeters),
and the number of starts in parentheses.

.375

500

.625

.750
.875

.438
.562

?viET?-.iC rnnenos
M5
M6

mo
""4
W8
M22

Mia
M20
M24

L000
M27
L125

L250

M30
M33

1.375
L500

Standard Metric MJ Thread:

MJ20xL7.5P2.5(3 STARTS)-4h6h, ASME Bl.2lM

Ml?

Fig. 10-15

M36
M39
i
PREFERRED sizssI

Comparison of thread sizes.

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278

PART 2

Fasteners. Materials. and Forming Processes

1

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. .

IMRERFECT THREADS
A

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4 IN-8 NPT ASME B1 201 on 4 IN-NPT, ASME e1.2o.1

/F USED on METRIC oriawinos

THREAQ LENQTH

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4-8 net, ASME e1.2o.1 on 4 NPT, ASME e1.2o.1

oseo on U.S. CUSTOMARY (INCH) DRAWINGS

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SHOW DIRECTION AND

THREADS

TAPER OF THREAD

l--noaniai. HAND encasement

(A) TERMINOLOGY

Fig. 10-16 Pipe thread terminology and conventions.

y

Pipe Threads
The pipe universally used is the inch-sized pipe. When pipe
is ordered, the nominal diameter and wall thickness (in
inches Or millimeters) are given In calling for the size of
thread, the note used is similar to that for screw threads.
When calling for in pipe thread on a metric drawing, the
abbreviation IN follows the pipe size (Fig. 10-16).
The designation should covermin sequencethe nominal
size in fractional inches (ti decimal inch equivalent may be

used only when the computer or other machine cannot handle fractions), the number of threads per inch, the thread
series symbol (e.g., NPT or NPS), and the thread class (if
applicable), and the thread controlling organization and standard (e.g., ASME Bl.20.l). See Fig. 10-17.
References and Source Material
1. ASME Y14.6-2001, Screw Thread Representation.
2. ASME Bl.l-2003, Unied Inch Screw Threads, UN and UNR Thread
Form.
3. ASME Bl.l3M200l, Metric Screw ThreadsM Prole.
4. ASME Bl.2lMl997, Metric Screw Tl|reridsM.] Prole.

5. CAN 3-B78.lM;83, Technical .Drawings_G.eriera1 Principles.

NOMINAL SIZE

DASH on HYPHEN
nunaea or THREADS PER inei-i
THREAD SERIES sweet.
DASH on HVPHEN
THREAD CLASS (IF APPLICABLE)
[ ;=THFiEAD CONTROLLING ORGANIZATION
=
\
/
KTHREAD STANDARD
2 1/2-s NPT-1, ASME B 1120.1

Fig. 10-17

Pipe thread designation.

10-1 ASSIGNMENTS

See Assignments 1 through 8 for Unit 10-1 on pages 296-298.

%

10-2

INTERNET CONNECTION Describe ANS|'s search capabilities

for members seeking specic standards. See:
http://www.ansi.org/

DETAILED AND SCHEMATIC

THREAD REPRESENTATION

Detailed Thread Representation

Detailed representation of threads is a close approximation of
the actual appearance of a screw thread. The form of the thread
is simplied by showing the helices as straight lines and the
truncated crests and roots as sharp Vs. It is used when a more
realistic thread representation is required (Fig. 10-18).
Detailed Representation of V Threads The detailed representation for V-shaped threads uses the sharp-V prole.
The order of drawing the screw threads is shown in
Fig. 10-19. The pitch is seldom drawn to scale; generally it
is approximated. Lay off (establish) the pitch P and the halfpitch P/ 2, as shown in step 1. Add the crest lines. In step 2
add the V prole for one thread, top and bottom, locating
the root diameter. Add construction lines for the root diameter. In step 3 add one side of the remaining Vs (thread
prole), and then add the other side of the Vs, completing
the thread prole. In step 4, add the root lines to complete
the detailed representation of the threads.
Detailed Representation of Square Threads The depth of
the square thread is one-half the pitch. In Fig. 10-19A, lay
off spaces equal to P/2 along the diameter and add construction
lines to locate the depth (root dia.) of thread. At B add the

5/

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an es-

Machine Drawing and Design

CHAPTER 10 Threaded Fasteners

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{Bi INTERIOR THREADS

Fig. 10-I8

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279

Detailed representation of threads.

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ACME TH READS

Fig. 10-19

Steps in drawing detailed representation of square and acme threads.

crest lines. At C add the root lines, as shown. At D the

internal square thread is shown in section. Note the reverse
direction of the crest and root lines.
Detailed Representation of Acme Threads The depth of
the acme thread is one-half the pitch (Fig. 10-19E through G).
The stages in drawing acme threads are shown at E. For
drawing purposes locate the pitch diameter midway between
the outside diameter and the root diameter. The pitch diameter locates the pitch line. On the pitch line, lay off half-pitch
spaces and the root lines to complete the view. The construction shown at F is enlarged.
Sectional views of an internal acme thread are shown at
Fig 10-19G. Showing the root and crest lines beyond the
cutting plane on sectional views is optional.

Threaded Assemblies
It is often desirable to show threaded assembly drawings in
detailed form, that is, in presentation or catalog drawings.
Hidden lines are normally omitted on these drawings, as they
do nothing to add to the clarity of the drawing (Fig. 10-20
on page 280). One type of thread representation is generally
used within any one drawing. When required, however, all
three methods may be used.

Schematic Thread Representation

The staggered lines, symbolic of the thread root and crests,
normally are perpendicular to the axis of the thread. The
spacing between the root and crest lines and the length of

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Engineering Drawing and Design, Seventh Edition

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280

PART 2

10-3

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COMMON THREADED FASTENERS

Fastener Selection

(Al EXTERIOR VIEW

vii?

__

Fasteners, Materials, and Forming Processes

\m\i_*ili
iiliillii

Fastener manufacturers agree that product selection must

begin at the design stage. For it is here, when a product is
still a gment of someones imagination, that the best interests of the designer, production manager, and purchasing
agent can be served. Designers, naturally, want optimum performance; production peoples are interested in the ease and
economics of assembly; purchasing agents attempt to minimize initial costs and stocking costs.
The answer, pure and simple, is to determine the objectives of the particular fastening job and then consult fastener
suppliers. These technical experts can often shed light on
the situation and then recommend the right item at the best
in-place cost.
Machine screws are among the most common fasteners
in industry (Figs. 10-22 and 10-23). They are the easiest to
install and remove. They are also among the least understood. To obtain maximum machine-screw efciency, thorough knowledge of the properties of both the screw and the
materials to be fastened together is required.
For a given application, a designer should know the load
that the screw must withstand, whether the load is one of
tension or shear, and whether the assembly will be subject
to impact shock or vibration. Once these factors have been
determined, the size, strength, head shape, and thread type
can be selected.

DLUE

FiLLlSTER
HEAD

ROUND
HEAD

FLAT
HEAD

OVAL
HEAD

TRUSS
HEAD

FAN
HEAD

HEXAGON
HEAD

cnamrsaeo sue OF THREAD

Fig. 10-21 Schematic representation of threads.

ar .-z_ _

the root lines are drawn to any convenient size (Fig. 10-21).
At one time the root line was shown as a thick line.

HEXAGON
WASHER
HEAD

IA) SCREWS

References and Source Material

.
It

l. ASME Yl4.6l978 (R 2001), Screw Thread Representation.

2. CAN 3-B781-M83, Technical DrawiI1gsGeneral Principles.
HEX HEAD

SQUARE HEAD

(Bi BOLTS
I 2 ASSIGNMENTS

See Assignments 9 through 11 for Unit 10-2 on pages 298-299.

mrtantt CONNECTION Locate and read some

]
DOUBLE-END STUD

Machine Design articles on this site:

m
CONTINUOUS-THREAD STUD
(Ci STUDS

http://wwwmachinedesign.com/

Fig. 10-22

Common threaded fasteners.

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Machine Drawing and Design

9
~.1
1.
o
5

CHAPTER 10 Threaded Fasteners

Tapping Screws Tapping screws cut or form a mating

thread when driven into preformed holes.

//2*!

/l!~._.|

S
PAN HEAD

FLAT HEAD FILLISTER HEAD

iAi MACHINE SCREWS

I-

--

/*3/i /?; .%

a/ ria:/
(B) CAP SCREWS
Fig. 10-23

281

Bolts A bolt is a threaded fastener that passes through

clearance holes in assembled parts and threads into a nut
(Fig. 10-23C). Bolts and nuts are available in a variety of
shapes and sizes. The square and hexagon head are the two
most popular designs.

_IE!-/A

(cl B0|_'rs

Studs Studs are shafts threaded at both ends, and they are
used in assemblies. One end of the stud is threaded into one
of the parts being assembled; and the other assembly parts,
such as washers and covers, are guided over the studs through
clearance holes and are held together by means of a nut that
is threaded over the exposed end of the stud (Fig. l0-23D).

IIl

Explanatory Data

/-say

A bolt is designed for assembly with a nut. A screw is

designed to be used in a tapped or other preformed hole in
the work. However, because of basic design, it is possible to
use certain types of screws in combination with a nut.

(Di STUDS

Fastener applications.

Fastener Configuration
Head Styles

Fastener Definitions
Machine Screws Machine screws have either ne or
coarse threads and are available in a variety of heads. They
may be used in tapped holes as shown in Fig. l0-23A, or
with nuts.

The specication of the various head congurations depends

on the type of driving equipment used (screwdriver, socket
wrench, etc.), the type of joint load, and the external appearance desired. The head styles shown in Fig. 10-24 can be
used for both bolts and screws but are most commonly identied with the fastener category called machine screw or cap
screw.

Cap Screws A cap screw is threaded fastener that joins two

or more parts by passing through a clearance hole in one part
and screwing into a tapped hole in the other, as in Fig. 10-23B.
A cap screw is tightened or released by torquing the head. Cap
screw sizes start at .25 in. (6 mm) in diameter and are available
in ve basic types of head.

Hex and Square The hex head is the most commonly used
head style. The hex head design offers greater strength, ease
of torque input, and area than the square head.

Captive Screws Captive screws remain attached to the panel

or parent material even when the mating part is disengaged.
They are used to meet military requirements, to prevent screws
from being lost, to speed assembly and dis-assembly operations, and to prevent damage from loose screws falling into
moving parts or electrical circuits.

Pan This head combines the qualities of the truss, binding,

and round head types.
Binding This type of head is commonly used in electrical
connections because its undercut prevents fraying of stranded
wire.

,-.
I
PAN

BINCHNG

lFLANGEDl

HEX

SQUARE

FLAT

Fig. 10-24

Common head styles.

WASHE R

OVAL

FILLISTER

TRUSS

I2-SPLiNE

FLANGE

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Engineering Drawing and Design, Seventh Edition

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,

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282

PART 2

Fasteners. Materials. and Forming Processes

Washer (flanged) This conguration eliminates the need

for a separate assembly grep when a, washer is required,

. 'i__.__f_'j 'x,
iIl i

increases the hearing areas of the head. and proteets the

.,,eg

material nish during assembly.

Oval Characteristics of this head type are similar to those
of the at head but it is sometimes preferred because of its
neat appearance.

OVAL

ROUND

SHOULDER

SHOULDER

Flat Available with various head angles. this fastener cen-

Fig. 10-26

FlN NECK

sou/see

(CARRIAGE)
NECK

Shoulders and necks.

ters well and provides a ush surface.

Fillister The deep slot and small head allow a high torque
to be applied during assembly.
Truss

This head covers a large area. It is used where extra

holding p0Wer is required, holes are oversize, or the material

is soft.

high torque during assemblyDrive Configurations

._
.__.

:5?

in

The shoulder of a fastener is the enlarged portion of the body

of a threaded fastener or the shank of an unthreaded fastener

(Fig. 10-26).
Point Styles
The point of a fastener is the conguration of the end of the
shank of a headed or headless fastener. Standard point styles
are shown in Fig. 10=27.

Cup Most widely used when the cutting-in action of the

point is not objeetionable.

(D
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_
.@l.UTCH
i=ii=iii,i,|pg<i_t
TYPEA

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C-BO@
TORQ-sizre TRIPLE
SQUARE

TOFlX@

Mutrii
SPLINE

CLUTCH
TYPEG

Pozioaiv-a

SLAB HEAD .$QUARE

HEXAGON

Drive configurations.

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iiii
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Fig. 10-27

2|

FLAT

.-.:'-:".="___-\ it

CONE

HALF DOG

H
micii-1
Ill
l

1.OVAL

Point styles.

Cone Used for permanent location of parts. Usually spotted

in a hole to half its length.

Shoulders and Necks

Fig. 10-25

-_-:....-"'1':
_
.-..-_.-..':'=

__

Flat Used when frequent resetting of a part is required.

Particularly suited for use against hardened steel shafts. This
point is preferred where walls are thin or the threaded member is a soft material.

Figure 10-25 shows 15 different driving designs.

SCRULOX@

,,.':':-

CUP

12--Pei! This l2sided head is normally used on aircraftgrade fasteners. Multiple sides allow for a very sure grip and

HEXCAP

=.E,

Oval Used when frequent adjustment is necessary or for

seating against angular surfaces.
Half Dog Normally applied where permanent location of
one part in relation to another is desired.

Property Classes of Fasteners

Inch Fasteners
The strength of customary fasteners for most common uses
is determined by the size of the fastener and the material
from which it is made. Property classes are dened by the
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) or the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
Table 10-1 lists the mechanical requirements of inchsized fasteners and their identication patterns.

Metric Fasteners
For mechanical and material requirements, metric fasteners
are classied under a number of property classes. Bolts,
screws, and studs have seven property classes of steel suitable
for general engineering applications. The property classes are
designated by numbers, with increasing numbers generally
representing increasing tensile strengths. The designation
symbol consists of two parts: the rst numeral of a two-digit
symbol or the rst two numerals of a three-digit symbol is
approximately equal to one-hundredth of the minimum tensile
strength in megapascals (MPa), and the last numeral approximates one-tenth of the ratio expressed as a percentage of
minimum yield strength and minimum tensile strength.

a
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-'~
"-iii.

Machine Drawing and Design

1

CHAPTER 10 Threaded Fasteners

TABLE 10-1

Mechanical requirements for inch-size threaded fasteners.

_-ix:

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. lmsisiiatienitsstlist

2-69
64

110
100

**

Class
(Equal to or if ' i
"Less Than)
_

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777i

_-

__

Grade 8

133

i 150

.
i
1

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For guidance purposes only to assist designers in

selecting a property class, the following information may
9

"i-In-quill

105
'

"IQ

Grade 7

1
'

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, 120
115

55

TABLE 10-2 Mechanical re uirements for metric

bolts, screws, and Studs,
.
~

0No
Requirements
1-55

t.

. t

i1
L
H

Property .

4-0-ll

1,2 Grade 3 g Grade

1, Minimum
Tensile
Strength kips

in

.<-_G_ra_de-"*..'

283

be used:

fl\/liilimum

'
Nominal
Diameter

1'"'"T_ensile . _ . Yield
__Stre11gthv . p1Strength
MPa
MPa ,

4.6

M5 thru M36

400

240

4.8

Ml.6 thru M16 ,

420

340

5.8

M5 thru M24

520

420

8.8

M16 thru M36

830

9.8 8

Ml.6 thru M16

900

660
.
720

10.9

M5 thru M36

1040

940

12.9

Ml.6 thru M36

1220

1100

A property class 4.8 fastener (see Table 10-2) has a minimum

tensile strength of 420 Mpa and a minimum yield strength
of 340 MPa. One percent of 420 is 4.2. The rst digit is 4.
The minimum yield strength of 340 MPa is equal to approximately 80 percent of the minimum tensile strength of 420
MPa. One-tenth of 80 percent is 8. The last digit of the
property class is 8.

Class 4.6 is approximately equivalent to SAE grade 1

and ASTM A 307, grade A.
' Class 5.8 is approximately equivalent to SAE grade 2.
' Class 8.8 is approximately equivalent to SAE grade 5
and ASTM A 449.
1' Class 9.8 has properties approximately 9 percent stronger than SAE grade 5 and ASTM A 449.
Class 10.9 is approximately equivalent to SAE grade 8
and ASTM A 354 grade BD.

Fastener Markings
Slotted and crossed recessed screws of all sizes and other
screws and bolts of sizes .25 in. or M4 and smaller need not
be marked. All other bolts and screws of sizes .25 in. or M5
and larger are marked to identify their strength. The property
class symbols for metric fasteners are shown in Table 10-3.
The symbol is located on the top of the bolt head or screw.
Alternatively, for hex-head products, the markings may be
indented on the side of the head.
TABLE 10-3 Metric property class identification
symbols for bolts, screws, and studs.

C .
-

A - Property

lldentication Symbol

1 .

ex

'

Machine screws are available only in classes 4.8 and 9.8; other
bolts, screws, and studs are available in all classes within the
specied product size limitations given in Table 10-1.

--

if

'

'

\_

__

-if

*_i

iii

Than M12 D
W7

if

4.6

4.6

4.8

4.8 . 9

5.8

5.8

8.8 (I)

8.8

9.8

10.9 (I)

10.9

El

12.9

12.9

9.8 (I)

l
P

"_fT'_.f.-_"-_Bolts, Screws g t _ . Studs Smaller

1 Class, tY.*;tsssandstndss1

A property class 10-9 fastener (see Table 10-2) has a minimum tensile strength of 1040 MPa and a minimum yield
strength of 940 MPa. One percent of 1040 is 10.4. The rst
two numerals of the three-digit symbol are 10. The minimum
yield strength of 940 MPa is equal to approximately 90 percent of the minimum tensile strength of 1040 MPa. Dne-tenth
of 90 percent is 9. The last digit of the property class is 9.

'

Note: Products made of low-carbon martensite steel. shall be additionally

identied by underlining the numerals.

*1

.
-:ii"i:s:i

Engineering Drawing and Design, Seventh Edition

I

284

PART 2

Fasteners. Materials. and Forming Processes

by the property class symbol. The marking is located on

TABLE 10-4
and studs.

the extreme end of the stud. For studs with an interferencet thread the markings are located at the nut end. Studs

g.
Property v

All studs of size .25 in. or M5 and larger are identied

smaller than .50 in. or M12 use different identication

symbols.

Nuts
The customary terms regular and thick for describing nut

thicknesses have been replaced by the terms style 1 and

style 2 for metric nuts. The design of style 1 and 2 steel nuts
shown in Fig. 10-28 is based on providing sufcient nut
strength to reduce the possibility of thread stripping. Three
property classes of steel nuts are available (Table 10-4).
HeX=Flanged Nuts These nuts are intended for general use
in applications requiring a large bearing contact area. The
two styles of anged hex nuts differ dimensionally in thickHess only. The standard property classes for hex-flanged nuts
are identical to those of the hex nuts. All metric nuts are
marked to identify their property class.

Class

Metric nut selection for bolts, screws,

g,

"

; 1 ; _,
Nominal 0 .
Nut Size

M5 thru M36

M5 thru M16
M20 thru M36

10

M6.3 thru M36

Suggested Property
Class of Mating

5.8, 9.8
5.8, 8.8
10.9

I*i.5D1

*1

1-+o.a5o

,-

__l

Bolts and nuts are not normally drawn on detail drawings

unless they are of a special sile or have been modied. On

some assembly drawings it may be necessary to show a

U-U CAP SCREW

l.5D
l'iE.Xi=5.L@TI'"ED

NUTS

NLJTS

HEX NUTS

-o.eso

.-|

__-__--#

. l

_____ .__

I
tr
lBl HEX BOLT
M.
.

._..

-__.

rt

9--i

l.85D

I I. U
..

.-

4.6, 4.8, 5.8

nut and bolt. Approximate nut and bolt sizes are shown in
Fig. 10-29. Actual sizes are found in Table ll in the Appendix. Nut and bolt templates are also available and are recommended as a cost-saving device for manual drafting.
Conventional drawing practice is to show the nuts and bolt
heads in the across-corners position in all views.

Drawing a Bolt and Nut

HEX-Fl-ANGED

. Bolt, Screw, or Stud

-qp

Q1"
ii

V i U-

STYLE I

lCl I2-SPLINE FLANGE SCREW

LSD-1-t0.9D><1D.9DT1f.O5D|>~l]_Q5[) -<-

i
i

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.0-..
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_:__

4. i

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STYLEI
.1_g-;-no__

_ ._._.___ :7 ..___ :.::_.

STYLE2

_._.._

[D] HEX NUTS

5TYLE. Z

Fig. 10-23

Hex-nut styles.

Fig. 10-29 Approximate head proportions for hex-head cap

screws, bolts, and nuts.

.- s,,

f sisit
xi} -tin

at

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1.

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Machme Drawmg and Des|gn

*.::
1
:

CHAPTER l0 Threaded Fasteners

l\l\\\\\\\l\\\\\\\\\\\ llllllllllllllllllllllllllill
{Al DOUBLEEND

Fig. 10-30

(Bl CONTINUOUS-THREAD

Studs.

.... ...
(A) FLAT

Studs

Double-End Studs These studs are designated in the following sequence: type and name; nominal size; thread information; stud length; material, including grade identication;
and nish (plating or coating) if required.

.=

{Bl CONICAL

Fig. 1031

Studs, as shown top right in Fig. 10-30, are still used in large
quantities to best fulll the needs of certain design functions
and for overall economy.

;-i1:jf'=.Ii

-;*I;;,:1-":f1'I V "

TYPE 2 DOUBLE-END STUD

.500l3 UNC2A X 4.00
CADMIUM PLATED

Continuous-Thread Studs These studs are designated in

the following sequence: product name, nominal size, thread
information, stud length, material, and nish (plating or coating) if required.

TYPE 3 CONTINUOUS-THREAD STUD, M2-4x3x200,

STEEL CLASS 8.8, ZINC PHOSPHATE AND OIL

Washers
Washers are one of the most common forms of hardware and
perform many varied functions in mechanically fastened
assemblies. They may be needed just to span an oversize
clearance hole, to give better bearing for nuts or screw faces,
or to distribute loads over a greater area. Often, they serve
as locking devices for threaded fasteners. They are also used
to maintain a spring-resistance pressure, to guard surfaces
against marring, and to provide a seal.

I\?

1C) RAMP CONICAL

Flat and conical washers.

large areaparticularly on soft materials such as aluminum

or wood (Fig. 10-31).
Conical Washers These washers are used with screws to
effectively add spring take-up to the screw elongation.
Helical Spring Washers These washers are made of slightly
trapezoidal wire formed into a helix of one coil so that the
free height is approximately twice the thickness of the washer
section (Fig. 10-32).
Tooth Lock Washers Made of hardened carbon steel, a
tooth lock washer has teeth that are twisted or bent out of
the plane of the washer face so that sharp cutting edges are
presented to both the workpiece and the bearing face of the
screw head or nut (Fig. l0-33 on page 286).
Spring Washers There are no standard designs for spring
washers (Fig. 10-34 on page 286). They are made in a great
variety of sizes and shapes and are usually selected from a
manufacturers catalog for some specic purpose.
Special-Purpose Washers Molded or stamped nonmetallic
washers are available in many materials and may be used as
seals, as electrical insulators, or for protection of the surface
of assembled parts.
Many plain, cone, or tooth washers are available with
special mastic sealing compounds rmly attached to the
washer. These washers are used for sealing and vibration
isolation in high-production industries.

Terms Related to Threaded Fasteners

The tap drill size for a threaded (tapped) hole is a diameter
equal to the minor diameter of the thread. The clearance drill

Classification of Washers
Washers are commonly the elements that are added to screw
systems to keep them tight, but not all washers are locking
types. Many washers serve other functions, such as surface
protection, insulation, sealing, electrical connection, and
spring-tension take-up devices.
Flat Washers Plain, or at, washers are used primarily to
provide a bearing surface for a nut or a screw head, to cover
large clearance holes, and to distribute fastener loads over a

285

E:_=="_-3';2r1_'-3:2:
(A) PLAlN
Fig. 10-32

(Bl NONLINK POSITIVE

Helical spring washers.


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286

PART 2

ggggg

;_-'(

Fasteners, Materials, and Forming Processes

is a machine operation that provides a smooth, at surface

where a bolt head or a nut will rest.

.1;

E
r/f/."/.'z'<.\/%._
, ;t':1Wv

"'t-er

Fl

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EXTERNAL

INTERNAL

._g',.

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egg

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l'|AVY=DUfY INTERNAL

GDUNTERSUNK

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.: "";-.

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III.

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.,

IQ

_;:*_T:'-'E-'--

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Type of fastener
Thread specications
Fastener length
Material
Head style
Type of driving recess
Point type (setscrews only)
Property class
Finish

~ Inf!

-. L
DOME

Fig. 10-33

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

-2 W". .W"9z~

."&._'-._'-__;-_._ i t\\m\
. W
.3-.
4

In order for the purchasing department to properly order the

fastening device that has been selected in the design, the
following information is required. (Note: The information
listed will not apply to all types of fasteners.)

I-I

1"

g sss,rsss

Specifying Fasteners

.375l6 UNC2Ax4.00 HEX BOLT, ZINC PLATED

, i\

Ml0xl.5X50, 9.8 l2-SPLINE FLANGE SCREW,

CADMIUM PLATED

DISHED

TYPE 2 DOUBLE-END STUD. Ml0xl.5xl00, STEEL

CLASS 9.8, CADMIUM PLATED

Tooth lock washers.

NUT, HEX, STYLE l, .500 UNC STEEL

MACH SCREW, PHILLIPS ROUND HD, 8(.l64)-32

UNCxl.00, BRASS
WASHER, FLAT 8.4 IDXI7 ODx2 THK, STEEL
HELICAL SPRING

References and Source Material

(1)

(2)

(3)
In

re O
1

(5)

Fi9- 10-'34

ll

(4)
\

/ 1 \
(7)

(8)

Typical spring washers.

size, which permits the free passage of a bolt, is a diameter

slightly greater than the major diameter of the bolt (Fig. l0-35).
A counterbored hole is a circular, at-bottomed recess that
permits the head of a bolt or cap screw to rest below the
Surface Of the part. A countersunk hole is an angular-sided
recess that accommodates the shape of a at-head cap screw
or machine screw or an oval-head machine screw. Spotfacing

l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ll.
12.

Machine Design, Fastening and joining reference issue.

ASME Bl8.2.ll996. Square and Hex Bolts and Screws (Inch Series).
ASME Bl8.2.2l987 (R 1999). Square and Hex Nuts (Inch Series).
ASME B18.6.32003. Machine Screws and Machine Screw Nuts.
ASME Bl8.222.ll965 (R 2003). Plain Washers.
ASME B18.2.3.lMl999. Metric Hex Cap Screws.
ASME B18.2.3.l0Ml996 (R 2003. Square Head Bolts (Metric Series).
ASME Bl8.2.4.lM2002. Metric Hex Nuts, Style I.
ASME B18.2.4.2-1979 (R 1995). Metric Hex Nuts, Style 2.
ASME Bl8.6.7M--1999. Metric Machine Screws.
ASME Bl8.2l.2M~l999. Lock Washers.
ASME Bl8.22Ml98l (R 2000). Metric Plain Washers.

See Assignments 12 through 17 for Unit 10-3 on pages 300302.

Q

INTERNET CONNECTION Visit this site and describe

some general characteristics of fasteners:
http://www.i-fasteners.org/

Machine Drawing and Design

1
1
E

CHAPTER 10 Threaded Fasteners

BOLT

CAP SCREW USED MACHINE SCREW

CAP SCREW

.37 BUNC X 2.50

FIL HD CAP SCREW

STUD

AS A BOLT

" !i.

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war

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$3

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421.406

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M6 x |

0.531
wet-I26

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COUNTERBORE

COUNTERSINK

SPOTFACE

BLIND TAPPED

TAPPED

BOTTOM / \
PLATE 1 J
0.406

0.28

8(.164)32UNC

/ \
\ I,

Fig. 10-35

10-4

TYPE 2 CONTINUOUS
THREAD STUD
M6 X I X 60. CLASS 8.8
_

.500-taunt:

(B) DIMENSIONING HOLES

pi__--

CLEARANCE

TAPPED

.500|3UNC X L50
HEX BOLT

.500 HELICAL SPRING

PLAIN LOCK WASHER

1 .7.
CLEARANCE

I1
ii

CLEARANCE

2:

NUT, HEX STYLE l

375- 16UNC
3('-|64)_32UNC X100
F H M S

CLEARANCE

_\

.375|6UNC X 4.00
HEX BOLT. ZINC PLATED

_ ltl

287

~.... .....,...... "|-,!!

NUT, HEX STYLE |

WASHER FACE
M6 x I, CLASS 9

at-3.5

(C) DESCRIPTION OF FASTENERS

Specifying threaded fasteners and holes.

SPECIAL FASTENERS

Setscrews
Setscrews are used as semipermanent fasteners to hold a
collar, sheave, or gear on a shaft against rotational or translational forces. In contrast to most fastening devices, the
setscrew is essentially a compression device. Forces developed by the screw point on tightening produce a strong
clamping action that resists relative motion between assembled parts. The basic problem in setscrew selection is to nd
the best combination of setscrew form, size, and point style
that provides the required holding power.
Setscrews can be categorized in two ways: by their
head style and by the point style desired (Table 10-5 on
page 288). Each setscrew style is available in any one of
ve point styles.
The conventional approach to selecting the setscrew
diameter is to make it roughly equal to one-half the shaft
diameter. This rule of thumb often gives satisfactory results,
but its range of usefulness is limited.

Setscrews and Keyseats

When a setscrew is used in combination with a key, the
screw diameter should be equal to the width of the key. In
this combination the setscrew is locating the parts in an axial
direction only. The torsional load on the parts is carried by
the key.
The key should be tight-tting, so that no motion is transmitted to the screw. Key design is covered in Chap. ll.

Keeping Fasteners Tight

Fasteners are inexpensive, but the cost of installing them can
be substantial. Probably the simplest way to cut assembly costs
is to make sure that, once installed, fasteners stay tight.
The American National Standards Institute has identied
three basic locking methods: free-spinning, prevailing-torque,
and chemical locking. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages (Fig. 10-36 on page 288).
Free-spimiing devices include toothed and spring lockwashers and screws and bolts with washerlike heads. With
these arrangements, the fasteners spin free in the clamping

-I-_t

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-_-._.

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1-

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288

PART 2

TABLE 10-5

Fasteners. Materials. and Forming Processes

III
\\\I

Setscrews.

_-_

I 1._\e-sees!-l:g:c_._..,_:m.s.m-$1.;.4.-=A'!wr!!'i@-;_.+....2..__ ..,__;._. _I__,_.-.<..,.,.

.1 .

_%____eI- .

standard Fait Y

Cup

fr

Most generally used. Suitable for quick and semi-

permanent location of parts on soft shafts, where

cutting in of edges of cup shape on shaft is not

objectionabl 5 .

':

"
._

....

.i:T:

-t~i_; .1. _.

.__ . =_.-_.L-.-.~.._...._.J'.'WI'LT.-

TOOTHED
WASHER

SINGLE-THREAD
LOCKNUT GRIP SCREW

T*"_-M-

Flat

Used where frequent resetting is required, on hard

steel shafts, and where minimum damage to shafts

,
is necessary. Flat is usually ground on shaft for
5 I-II
better contact.
+ ----~II

---~

SERRATED TOOTH

Conical

Z
;

-V

--*~

For setting machine parts permanently on shaft,

which should be spotted to receive cone point. Also

used as a pivot or hanger-

PREASSEMBLED
WASHER AND SCREW

IA) FREE-SPINNING

_l,.__

Spherical

mm

;
if
;=

V I

Should be used against shafts spotted, splined, or

........-

grooved to receive it. Sometimes substituted for cup

po1.n.t-

\-M

Half Dog
For permanent location of machine parts. although

. . - .='- "
.-E .__;

NYLON PLUG FOR

WEDGING ACTION

NONMETALLIC PLUG
GRIPS BOLTTHREADS

STRIP INSERT

THREAD
DEFORMATION

cone point is usually preferred for this purpose.

Point should t closely to diameter of drilled hole

in shaft. Sometimes used in place of a dowel pin.

Standard Heads .
Hexagon Socket
Standard size range: No. 0 to 1.0 in. (2 to 24mm),

threaded entire length of screw in .06 in. (2mm)

=
,

..

increments from ,2 to .62 in, (6 to 16mm), .12 in.

(3mm) increments from .62 to 1,0 in. (16 to 24mm).

,,

Coarse or ne thread series.

IBI PREVAILING-TORQUE

Fig. 10-36

Basic locking methods for threads.

Slotted

Standard size range: No. 5 to .75 in. (3 to 20mm)

threaded entire
len
o screw. Coarse or ne
.
..gth.f

3
i

"' "

\\\

ll

Chemical locking is achieved by coating the fastener

with an adhesive.

thread series.

Locknuts
Fluted Socket

Same as hexagon socket. No O and 1 (2 and 3mm)

have four utes. All others have six flutes.

Square Head

. Standard size range: No. 10 to 1.50 in. (5 to 36mm).

E
e

Entire body is threaded coarse of ne thread series.

Sizes 25 in (ornm) and larger are normally available
in coarse threads only

S-l

pq-_~_

________

--

direction, which makes them easy to assemble, and the

break-loose torque is greater than the seating torque. However,
once break-loose torque is exceeded, free-spinning washers
have no prevailing torque to prevent further loosening.
Prevailing-torque methods make use of increased friction between nut and bolt. Metallic types usually have deformed
threads or contoured thread proles that jam the threads on
assembly. Nonmetallic types make use of nylon or polyester
insert elements that produce interference ts on assembly.

2? \Y*

iseri
-as *>e<

A locknut is a nut with special internal means for gripping

a threaded fastener to prevent rotation. It usually has the
dimensions, mechanical requirements, and other specications of a standard nut, but with a locking feature added.
Locknuts are divided into three general classications:
prevailing-torque, free-spinning, and other types. These are
shown in Figs. 10-37 and 10-39 (p. 290).

Prevailing-Torque Locknuts
Prevailing-torque locknuts spin freely for a few turns, and
then must be wrenched to nal position. The maximum holding and locking power is reached as soon as the threads and
the locking feature are engaged. Locking action is maintained until the nut is removed. Prevailing-torque locknuts
are classied by basic design principles:
1. Thread deection causes friction to develop when the
threads are mated; thus the nut resists loosening.
2. The out-of-round top portion of the tapped nut grips the
bolt threads and resists rotation.

is Sgt "

" .. ..-~ i-as

Machine Drawing and Design

CHAPTER 10 Threaded Fasteners

.
Z;

"7 1
i,}.;:i_l*"!*?

| %)//,

______ii%ll lh; '

'

NONMETALLIC COLLAR
__
_
)-_-
_

3. The slotted section of the locknut is pressed inward to

provide a spring frictional grip on the bolt.
4. Inserts, elther nonmetalhc or of soft metal, are plastically

_....,
\

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Free-Spinning Locknuts

TAPERED CONE

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Other Locknut Types

//
NYLON INSERT

JAM NUT

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CAPTIVE TOOTH
WASHER

DEFORMED BEARING
SURFACE

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SINGLE THREAD

(cl OTHER TYPES

Fig. 10-37

Locknuts.

Jam nuts are thin nuts used under full-sized nuts to develop
locking action. The large nut has sufcient strength to elastically deform the lead threads of the bolt and jam nut.
Thus, a considerable resistance against loosening is built up.
The use of jam nuts is decreasing; a one-piece, prevailingtorque locknut usually is used instead, at a savings in
assembled cost.
Slotted and castle nuts have slots that receive a cotter
pin that passes through a drilled hole in the bolt and thus
serves as the locking member. Castle nuts differ from slotted nuts in that they have a circular crown of a reduced
diameter.
Single-thread locknuts are spring steel fasteners that can
be speedily applied. Locking action is provided by the grip
of the thread-engaging prongs and the reaction of the arched
base. Their use is limited to nonstructural assemblies and
usually to screw sizes below 6 mm in diameter (Figs. 10-37
and 10-38).

INWARD THREAD |_oc|<

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im

ARCHED $PRlNG LOCK

{A} FLAT TYPE

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Single-thread engaging nuts.

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Fig. 10-38

Free-spinning locknuts are free to spin on the bolt until

seated. Additional tightening locks the nut.
,
Since most free-spinning locknuts depend on clamping force for their locking action, they are usually not recommended for joints that might relax through plastic
deformation or for fastening materials that might crack or
crumble.

(Al PREVAILING-TORQUE
_<__--_-.=v___..'-='-___._:-7"
________.

deformed by the bolt threads to produce a frictional interference t.

5. A spring wire or pin engages the bolt threads to produce
a wedging or ratchet-locking action.

ELLlPTlCAL INSERT

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289

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Engineering Drawing and Design, Seventh Edition

290

PART 2

Fasteners. Materials. and Forming Processes

IT

El

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TUBULAR FASTENING

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FOR RUBBER-INSULATED
AND cuss-now MOUNTuues wnene THE NUT
MUST BEMAFN STATIONnay

:___
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USE OF LOCKNUT ON
ASPRING CLAMP

USE OF LOCKNUT WHERE

ASSEMBLY IS SUBJECTED
TO VIBHATORY OR CYCLIC
MOTIONS THAT COULD
CAUSE LOOSENING

V
I

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___

.
T

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USE OF LOCKNUT ON A
BOLTED CONNECTION
THAT REQUIRES F?RE=

DETERMINED PLAY

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E65 AN EXTBUDED PART

As$EMBl.

FOR HOLDING A MOT 0 R M 0 UNTING

secunetv IN POSITION

FOR SPRING.-MOUNTED
CONNECTIONS WHERE
THE NUT MUST REMA!N
STATIONARY OR IS SUB
JECT TO ADJUSTMENT

Fig. 10-39 Typical locknut applications.

Captive or Self-Retaining Nuts

Captive or self-retaining nuts provide a permanent. strong.
multiple-thread fastener for use on thin materials (Fig. 10-40).

They are especially good when there are blind locations, and
they can normally be attached without damaging nishes.
Methods of attaching these types of nuts vary, and tools

required for assembly are generally uncomplicated and inexpensive. The self-retined nuts are grouped according to four
means of attachment.
1- Plate Or anchor nuts: These nuts have mounting lugs that

can be nveted. welded, or screwed to the part.

2. Caged nuts: A spring-steel cage retains a standard nut.
The cage snaps into a hole or clips over an edge to hold
the nut in position.

'-

3. Clinch nuts: They are specially designed nuts with pilot

collars that are clinched or staked into the parent part
through a precut hole.
4. Self-piercing nuts: These nuts are a form of clinch nut
that cuts its own hole.

Inserts
Inserts are a special form of nut designed to serve the
function of a tapped hole in blind or through-hole locations
(Fig. l0-41).

Sealing Fasteners
Fasteners hold two or more parts together, but they can perform other functions as well. One important auxiliary function is that of sealing gases and liquids against leakage.

PILOT HOLE
WORKPIECE
II) UNIVERSAL PIERCE NUT

Pi LOT

cones T
COMPLETED CLINCH

(CI CLINCH NUT

Fig. 10-40

Captive or selretaining nuts.

2
I2) HIGH-STRESS PIERCE NUT

IDI PIERCE NUTS

Machine Drawing and Design

CHAPTER 10 Threaded Fasteners

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Inserts.

See Assignments 18 through 20 for Unit 10-4 on pages 302-303.

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(AI FASTENERS
SEPARATELY SEALED
Fig. 10-42

[Bl SEALING ELEMENT

INTERNET CONNECTION Visit this site and report on the

fastenin and oinin information ou nd there:
http-//WlNW mlachingdesign coml y
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Types of sealed-joint construction.

10-5

FASTENERS FOR LIGHT-GAGE

METAL, PLASTIC, AND WOOD

Tapping Screws
Two types of sealed-joint construction are possible with
fasteners (Fig. 10-42). In one approach, the fasteners enter
the sealed medium and are separately sealed. The second
approach uses a separate sealing element that is held in place
by the clamping forces produced by conventional fasteners,
such as rivets or bolts.
There are many methods of obtaining a seal using sealing fasteners, as shown in Fig. 10-43 (p. 292).

References and Source Material

1. Machine Design, Fastening and joining reference issue.
2. ASME B18.6.2l998, Slotted Head Cap Screws, Square Head Set
Screws, and Slotted Headless Set Screws.
3. ASME Bl8.l6M2004, Dimensional Requirements for Prevailing
Torque-Type Steel Metric Nuts and Hex Flange Nuts.

Tapping screws cut or form a mating thread when driven

into drilled or cored holes. These one-piece fasteners permit rapid installation, since nuts are not used and access
is required from only one side of the joint. The mating
thread produced by the tapping screw ts the screw threads
closely, and no clearance is necessary. This close t usually keeps the screws tight, even under vibrating conditions
(Fig. 10-44, p. 293).
Tapping screws are practically all case-hardened and,
therefore, can be driven tight and have a relatively high ultimate torsional strength. The screws are used in steel, aluminum (cast, extruded,'rolled, or die-formed) die castings, cast
iron, forgings, plastics, reinforced plastics, asbestos, and
resin-impregnated plywood (Fig. 10-45 on page 293). Coarse
threads should be used with weak materials.
Self-drilling tapping screws have special points for drilling and then tapping their own holes (Fig. 10-46, p. 294).
These eliminate drilling or punching, but they must be driven
by a power screwdriver.

Engineering Drawing and Design, Seventh Edition

292

PART 2

Fasteners. Materials. and Forming Processes

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Machine Drawing and Design

9

CHAPTER 10 Threaded Fasteners

*='..':'a

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TYPE AB

TYPE B

Fig. 10-44

Self-tapping screws.

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Special Tapping Screws

*Typical
special tapping screws are the self-captive screws and

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double-thread combinations for limited drive. Self-captive

screws combine a coarse-pitched starting thread (similar to
type B) with a ner pitch (machine-screw thread) farther along
the screw shank.
Sealing tapping screws, with preassembled washers or
O-rings (Fig. 10-47B, p. 294) are available in a variety of
styles.

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TYPE U

TYPE F

293

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HEAVY GAGE SHEET METAL AND STF-l UCTURAL STEEL

LIGHT GAGE SHEET METAL

USE TYPES B, U, F.

USE TYPES AB, B.

*****- -7|

hm
Hr;-les may be (j"lZlQLi or cleara-

purichetl.

*1

Two parts; may have pi+'.:-rut;--:1

lit;-has-1 Io nest burrs. This r='~;-strli.s

HOMES rr|ay' be Cirilltgrtj ur i;:ii';:arr;_)1..'r|chE~<l the same size in

boil: slreat metal parts. For thicker sheet metal and

sl.rut:t,i.irai steer, 3 t.:l::-raramze hole should be provided in
the psartlu b-:1-riastened. l-irate sizeder:-ervzlsori thicknc-.=;s
of the workpirace.
Notes: l. USEl13X-l'lIfE.=(.10{\/1.38 8 screws.
2. i/-Jitla. twat-2 Li scrrzws, rnairnial Sll()Ul{l tire thick
-.;=rrt>i,1g'r: t0 ;_:Prtni s_si.lflir;lent thread 6-ng?igF:~
r'nr.~:."1t--- at least one $Jl'I;..\r"';llE"1lll3U~1l.

ll" Efi 5|'0riger joint.

Lli-tr? a prercwrl hrrti-;e 1'1 \r'\4'Ui'PfLlffCL'

i -.;!r.=&1r-mCt3 hols; is rr;*?3(_lt';'r:.l I!
part IO be fa~lt.:ri.~;>.<.i.
AW 7_

' ' r __,___ nut 11,,

Ext; i,itlr:r;l hole i'r'iFi-,- EilS(J DH 1.158-J

in w.-orkpiece it <;l~:ar;=.r=-I hl-E!

hi-.*er'.1't.-:_i in iastentzo pi-irif

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PLASTICS
USE TYPES B, U, F.
II

allow fur r;h':;_> t;i<t~_*.;_~1rar':r:e.

Fig. 10-45

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CASTINGS AND FORGINGS

USE TYPES B, U, F.

Screw holes may bemnlriedorclrilied.iirnatcH'Ia1ii~

l_:ritY.lij; (_)l' iri>J!_\.lr_>., mr_rlr,ir;rri lnoles Si"-Otllill_.H;1ltj)rrTl&:(lWilli5
r'OUIlClB4j Miamfer, and drill-E.'fl?1.(.1lt-:5 should be h"ii.1Cl1iP;?tzhairhferod. Provide a oleararic-E: in the hart in he
tent:-ti. Depth ot r.>ehet:'atlon should bu held withih ih
"rninimurh and maximum? limits recornrriendetl. Tlti
hoie shoi.ld he Greener" than the sc:raw pent-ztratlon to
d

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%/A
l-rl_:|r2s rnay be cclriaci il it is pr-'3t;tir:al to maintain close
tolerances. Otherr.-.1Ts;r=.>. blind-clriil holes to recurrif'i'\?l\Lr3ll'H;3l!$lZ{!. Fr0~./irir; E3iZ_I|=1t,il'E'jlIl(;ill(;-iE?f()l' screwin
the part to he T5151-r;trlrj:fJ. The time in the castr-gt. if it is a
blir'idhol1, should be rleeper than the iLIH.%*.f-.! penetration
to allr:-w for -ship clearar"lce.
Nrgtasi 1. liuleiiilasieinedparI!TE1'~/btiiG same size as
wr_\rl<{.>iet;e lml-.'-: for type U scra'~.'vs.
2. Type B
5l_liTIE!l'Jl: for use orrh; in Ff.)lTf:?Ff0l.lS
tlastlngs.
'

E
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Engineering Drawing and Design, Seventh Edition

l

294

PART 2

Fasteners, Materials, and Forming Processes

References and Qeuree Material

Machme Design, Fastening and joining reference issue
ASME B18 6 4l998 Thread Forming and Thread Cutting Tapping
Screws and Metallic Drive Screws (111611 series)
ASME B18 l3 lMl996 (R 2003) Screw arid Washer Assemblies

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7"

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Fig. 10-47

Special tapping screws.

See Assignments 21 through 23 for Unit 10-5 on page 304.

INTERNETCONNECTION Describe the design *

engineering coverage provided by this site:
http://www.machinedesign.com/

Fig 10 46 Self-drilling tapping screws

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Machine Drawing and Design

SUMMARY
Fastening devices are extremely important in manufacturing and construction. The two basic kinds of fasteners
are permanent and removable. (10-1)
A screw thread is a ridge of uniform section in the form
of a helix on the external or internal surface of a cylinder.
(10-1)
The ISO metric thread will replace the V-shaped metric
and inch threads. Other types of threads are the knuckle,
square, acme, and buttress. (10-1)
Threads are represented symbolically on drawings. The
three types of conventions used for screw threads are the
simplied, detailed, and schematic. With simplied
thread representation, thread crests are represented by
a thick outline, and thread roots by a thin broken line.
(10-1)
It is assumed that threads are right-hand and that screws
have single threads, unless noted otherwise. (10-1)
For inch-size threads, there are three classes of external
threads and three classes of internal threads. Metric
threads are grouped into diameter-pitch combinations
distinguished from one another by the pitch applied to
specic diameters. ISO metric screw threads are dened
by the nominal size and pitch, both expressed in millimeters. (10-1)
Threads may be shown in a detailed representation,
which is close to actual appearance, or in schematic representation, which is done using staggered lines and
spacing. (10-2)

The choice of fastener is an important decision that

rests upon factors such as the load a fastener must withstand, whether the load is one of tension or shear, and
whether the assembly will be subject to impact shock
or vibration. (10-3)
The designer needs to be familiar with the following
types of fasteners: machine screws, cap screws, captive
screws, tapping screws, bolts, and studs. The following
are common fastener head congurations: hex and
square, pan, binding, washer, oval, at, llister, truss,
and 12-point. The following are fastener point styles:
cup, at, cone, oval, and half dog. (10-3)
For inch fasteners, the property classes are dened by
the SAE or the ASTM; metric fasteners are classied
according to a number of property classes. Small fasteners need not be marked; bolts and screws of sizes .25 in.
or M5 and larger are marked to identify their strength.
Nuts are now designated as style 1 and style 2. (10-3)
Washers are classied as follows: at, conical, helical
spring, tooth lock, spring, and special-purpose. (10-3)
Some more commonly used special fasteners are setscrews, locknuts, captive (or self-retaining) nuts, inserts,
and sealing fasteners. (10-4)
The use of free-spinning devices, prevailing-torque
methods, or chemical locking helps ensure that fasteners
stay tight. (10-4)
Tapping screws are used in light-gage materialsmetal,
plastic, and wood. (10-5)

KEY TERMS
Chemical locking (10-4)
Clearance drill size (10-3)
Counterbored hole (10-3)
Countersunk hole (10-3)
Detailed representation (10-1)

Free-spinning devices (10-4)

Lead (10-1)
Pitch (10-1)
Prevailing-torque methods (10-4)
Screw thread (10-1)

Series (10-1)
Simplied representation (10-1)
Spotfacing (10-3)
Standardization (10-1)
Tap drill size (10-3)

M 295