4 IPasolink Ethernet Functions 1-Libre

iPASOLINK
Ethernet Functions Overview
iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions
What is new in iPASO Series Product ?
Latest NEC Radio Product

iPASO
1000
iPASO
400
iPASO
200
NEO HP
Hybrid ( Native Ethernet & TDM)
Packet Radio (PWE Inside)
VLAN
QoS/Diffserve
Policer/Shaper
PWE(E1)
Sync Ether
IEEE1588V2
Ethernet OAM
Hot Standby(1+1)
RF Link Aggregation
E1 SNCP
RSTP
Ethernet Ring(G.8032)
QoS
All IP
Clock Synch.
OAM
Link Protection
Hub, Bridge & Switches
Ethernet Frame and MAC Address

The Ethernet is the most popular LAN technology, and represents the protocol itself as well.
Developed by DEC, Intel and Xerox corporations, the Ethernet is standardized by the IEEE 802.3.
The most important technologies on the Ethernet are:
Layer 2 based protocol and standards
IEEE 802.3 standard
48 bits MAC is used to identified the nodes
Commonly known as the CSMA/CD protocol.
Currently 4 data rates are defined for operation over optical fiber and twistedpair cables:
10Base-T Ethernet (10 Mbps)
Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)
Ethernet Equipments
Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps)
(HUB / Switch / Bridge)
10 Gigabit Ethernet (10,000 Mbps)
Terminal A
MAC=111
DA: Destination Address

SA: Origination Address
Ethernet Frame
SA
DA
Data
MAC=111 MAC=222
DA
SA
MAC=111 MAC=222
Terminal B
MAC=222
Data
Collision Domain
HUB
HUB
Host A
Host B
Host C
Host n
Collision Domain
Collision Domain A
Bridge / Switch / Router
Collision Domain B
HUB
What is L2 Switch?
L2 Switch performs the frame forwarding based on Ethernet MAC
address of the L2 frame.
Each port of the L2 switch act like a bridge.
Each port of a L2 switch is a collision domain.

L2 Switch
Hub
Hub
1 234 5 6 7 8
PC A PC B PC C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Hub
Hub
12 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 234 5 6 7 8
PC A PC B PC C
1 234 56 7 8
PC A PC B PC C
PC A PC B PC C
Ethernet Frame and MAC Address
Ethernet Frame Format

Preamble
(7B)
SFD
(1B)
DA
(6B)
SA
(6B)
Usual untagged Ethernet Frame: Normal PC

Max. MTU 1518 Byte
Length
(2B)
Data
(46 to 1500B)
FCS
SFD: Start of Frame Delimiter
DA: Destination address
SA: Source Address
FCS: Frame Check Sequence
MAC Address Format

1bit
1bit
3~24bit
25~48bit
Uni-cast (0) / Multi-cast (1) address

Universal (0) / Local (1) address
Vender ID
Serial Number
Broadcast Address: all 1, these frames sent out through all ports
Multicast Address: these frames goes to some or all ports
Unicast Address: these frames goes to only one port
Basic Ethernet Switching Procedure

Frame transmission on Ethernet switch is realized by MAC address learning
MAC Address Table
Forwarding Data Table (FDB)
FDB of iPASOLINK is 32K
Port
MAC address
Default FDB Aging Time 300 sec

1
4
A
D
00-00-00-00-00-01
00-00-00-00-00-04
Dst MAC: D
Src MAC: A
Dst MAC: A
Src MAC: D
MAC A
00-00-00-00-00-01
MAC B
MAC C
MAC D 00-00-00-00-00-04
What is VLAN?
Advantages of VLAN (Virtual LAN)

Enables to make virtual group in LAN
But communication between different VLAN group can be processed by router

Enables to divide broadcast domain
Broadcast frame is transmitted to all port except port where broadcast frame was
received when VLAN is not used
Broadcast frame is not transmitted to different VLAN group
VLAN setting
Broadcast frame is
transmitted to all port
except received port
Broadcast frame is not

transmitted to different
VLAN group
VLAN Architecture
Features of VLAN
Traffic Control
In a network where no VLAN is introduced, large amount of broadcast data are delivered to
all network devices regardless of their necessity, which easily causes network congestion.
Introducing VLANs allows to create small broadcast domains, which can limit communications
among devices concerned, thus resulting in higher efficiency of the network bandwidth usage.
Improvement of Security Performance
A device that belongs to a certain VLAN can communicate only with devices belonging to the
same VLAN.
For example, communication between the VLAN of a marketing division and that of a
commercial division must go through a router. Since direct communication is not possible
between these two divisions, the security performance of the system can be enhanced a great
deal.
Easily Replacing and Moving Network Devices

Conventional networks require a lot of network administrators manpower for replacing and
moving network devices. When a user moves to another subnet, it is necessary to reset all
addresses of the users terminal devices. Introducing VLANs can exempt administrators from
this kind of troublesome work for resetting.
For example, when moving a terminal in the VLAN of a marketing division to another network
port and maintaining the subnet setting, it is sufficient only to change the setting of the port so
as to belong to the VLAN of the marketing division.
10
VLAN Architecture - 1
The VLAN (Virtual LAN) is a technology to construct a virtual network independent of
physical network structure. The conventional LANs centering around hubs and routers
take a lot of time and cost because of their physical restrictions encountered during the
initial designing or expansion stages. Introducing VLAN makes it possible to construct or
modify the network more easily and flexibly.
VLAN2
(Department B)
HUB
VLAN3
(Department C)
VLAN Switch
2nd Floor (Department B)
HUB
2nd Floor
VLAN Switch
VLAN-1(Department A)
1st Floor (Department A)
1st Floor
Just change setting, not

physical connections
Need to change
physical connections
Router
Router/L3 Switch
Conventional LAN
VLAN
11
Port Based VLAN and Tag Based VLAN

Port Based VLAN
1 2 3 4 5
8 9 10 11 12
VLAN Switch
iPASO200 named
it as Access VLAN type
VLAN 1
iPASO200 named
it as Trunk VLAN type
Tag Based VLAN
(VLAN ID 10)
VLAN SW
(VLAN ID 20)
VLAN 3
VLAN 2
VLAN SW
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Tag 10
(VLAN ID 10)
(VLAN ID 20)
Tag 20
12
Why Jumbo Frame Support is necessary ?

Efficient Through-put for application which supports jumbo MTU size (e.g. IP-SAN)
Support Ethernet Expansion Frames like VLAN tag, QinQ, MPLS Label etc..
iPASO200 supports frame size of FE ports to 2000 Byte and GbE port to 9600 Byte
Ethernet Header 18Bytes
Usual
Ethernet
Frame
802.1q
Ethernet
Frame
Q in Q
Ethernet
Frame
Max 1518 Bytes

1500
Max MTU Size = 1500bytes (Ethernet Standard)

Max Frame Size = 1518bytes
18
Max 1522 Bytes

1500
Max MTU Size = MTU1500bytes + 4 bytes VLAN Tag

Max Frame Size = 1522 Bytes
18
Max 1526 Bytes

1500
18
Max MTU Size = MTU1500bytes + (2 x 4 bytes VLAN

Tag)
Max Frame Size = 1526 Bytes
13
Extended VLAN ( Q in Q)
Extended VLAN is standardized by IEEE802.1ad
VLAN tag (4byte) is stacked to Ethernet frame
iPASO200 named the extended VLAN as Tunnel VLAN
Company A
Company B
VLAN100
Data 100
Data
Data
VLAN100
Data
Data
100 200 Common Network
100
100 300
Data
VLAN100
100
100
VLAN100
Company A
Company B
14
Ethernet Packet Format

Tag VLAN is standardized by IEEE802.1q
VLAN tag (4byte) is inserted to Ethernet frame
IFG
Preamble
12 Byte
8 Byte
Example: traffic assignment

7 (High)
Traffic management
Voice
Video
Control signal
Excellent effort
Best effort
Reserved
0 (Low)
Background
Destination
MAC
address
(DA)
6byte
Source MAC
address
(SA)
6byte
VLAN
tag
Length
/ type
4byte
2byte
802.1q tag type

2byte
Priority
3bit
Data
FCS
46 - 1500byte
4byte
TCI field
2byte
CFI
1bit
Range: 1 - 4094
(0, 4095 reserved)
VLAN-ID
12bit
CoS value
IFG: Inter Frame Gap
CFI: Canonical Format Indicator
TCI: Tag Control Information
TOS: Type Of Service
15
QoS Bit Assignment in Ethernet Frame

COS: Class Of Service
802.1q Q-in-Q
To MAC
Address
Fm MAC
Address
TPID
TCI
2Bytes
VLAN Tag
To MAC
Address
VLAN Tag-2(outer)
Fm MAC
Address
TCI
Priority
bit
8100
IP Header
IP data
FCS
2Bytes
Priority
bit
8100
TPID
Type
DSCP: Differentiated Services Code Point

TPID: Tag Protocol Identifier
TPID
CFI
CFI
VLAN
ID
TCI
Type
VLAN
ID
8100
Type
IP Header
IP Header
Priority
bit
CFI
IP data
VLAN
ID
FCS
VLAN Tag-1 (inner)
802.1ad Q-in-Q
To MAC
Address
Fm MAC
Address
TPID
TCI
2Bytes
VLAN Tag
To MAC
Address
VLAN Tag-2(outer)
Fm MAC
Address
88a8
TPID
Priority
bit
FCS
2Bytes
Priority
bit
8100
IP data
TCI
TPID
CFI
VLAN
ID
CFI
VLAN
ID
TCI
Type
8100
IP Header
Priority
bit
CFI
IP data
VLAN
ID
FCS
VLAN Tag-1 (inner)
16
Overall view of iPASOLINK L2 Switch

1.Access
Main Board
FE1/GbE
FE1/GbE
2.Trunk
FE1/GbE
Modem1
L2 SW
Modem2
1. Access
Trunk
VLAN
2. Trunk
FE1/GbE
/GbE
Mod(slot1)
L2 SW
Mod (slot2)
Mod (slot3)
3.Tunnel
Trunk
VLAN
Mod (slot4)
GbE
GbE
In-band
FE1/GbE
GbE
FE1/GbE
3.Tunnel
MC-A4
In-band
NMS NE
NMS NE
iPASOLINK 200 , 802.1q
iPASOLINK 400 , 802.1q
In-band
iPASOLINK 400 , 802.1ad

MC-A4
In-band
FE1/GbE
1. C-Access
iPASOLINK 200 , 802.1ad
not available
2. S-Trunk
FE1/GbE
/GbE
Mod(slot1)
L2 SW
GbE
Mod (slot2)
Mod (slot3)
3.C-Bridge
S-Trunk
VLAN
Mod (slot4)
NMS NE
17
VLAN Setting (1) Types of VLAN setting at ports

Types of VLAN port supported in iPASO200 are named Access, Trunk and Tunnel
How to create Access type (port base) VLAN?
1. FE Port set to access port type VLAN
2. Modem port set to trunk type VLAN
Default VLAN is 1 , here we set to 10 as example
Send with VLAN 10
Data
Data
10
iPASO200
Data
100
FE Port 1:
Access
VLAN 10
Modem 1:
Trunk
VLAN 10
Drop
Recommendation: To be used for base station with un-tag traffic
18

How to create tag base type (802.1q) VLAN and also supported with un-tag traffic?
1. FE port set to trunk port type VLAN (802.1q) and un-tag frame to be access
2. Modem port set to trunk port VLAN
Data
Data
Data
20
100
Data
Data
20
FE Port 2: iPASO200
Access LAN 2
Trunk VLAN 20
Send with VLAN 2
Set for Un-tag packet
Send with VLAN 20
Modem 1:
Trunk VLAN 2, 20
Drop
Recommendation: To be used for base station with VLAN tag interface
19

How to create tunnel type ( Q in Q ) VLAN?
FE port set to tunnel port type VLAN (almost 802.1ad or Radio Hop Q in Q)
Modem port set to trunk port VLAN
All packets will be sent transparently with additional tag added on
Data
Data
20
No packets will
be drooped
Data
30
Data
20 30
iPASO200
FE Port3:
Tunnel VLAN 30
Add on tag VLAN30

Add on tag VLAN 30
Modem 1:
Trunk VLAN 30
Recommendation: To be used when required Q in Q features

20
VLAN Setting (4) Setting methods at Modem ports

Modem port parameter setting methods
Data
Data
Data
Data
30
Data
30
Data
20
Data
20
Data
10
Data
10
40
Modem 1:
Trunk
VLAN 2,10,20,30
Drop
iPASO200
21
VLAN Mode 802.1ad- Example of C-Access Port

802.1ad
Only Untagged frames and all

C-tag frames are processed on
Port 1, and these frames are
assumed to belong to S-VLAN
ID = 200 any incoming S-VLAN
tag frames are dropped
FM- ToA
B
C-VLAN
any
MSG
FM- To- S-VLAN

A
B
200
FM- To- MSG

A
B
C-VLAN
Y
MSG
FM- To- S-VLAN MSG

A
B
200
P1 (FE)
FM- To- S-VLAN
A
B
any
C-VLAN
any
MSG
Modem port Type: S-Trunk

S-VLAN: 100, 200,300
22
VLAN Mode 802.1ad- Example of S-Trunk Port

802.1ad
At port 1, Frames without a S-Tag

will have S-VLAN ID 200 and
forwarded (both untagged and
with any C-tag)
Frames with S-VLAN IDs
100,200,300 are only passed. Any
othe S-VLAN ID will be dr opped
FM- ToA
B
C-VLAN
any
MSG
FM- To- S-VLAN

A
B
200
C-VLAN
any
MSG
FM- To- MSG

A
B
FM- To- S-VLAN MSG

A
B
200
FM- To- S-VLAN

A
B
100
C-VLAN
any
MSG
FM- To- S-VLAN

A
B
100
C-VLAN
any
MSG
FM- To- S-VLAN

A
B
300
C-VLAN
any
MSG
FM- To- S-VLAN

A
B
300
C-VLAN
any
MSG
P1 (FE)
FM- To- S-VLAN
A
B
other
C-VLAN
any
MSG

S-VLAN: 100, 200,300
23
VLAN Mode 802.1ad- Example of C-Bridge Port

In the example shown:
802.1ad
Only frames with C-VLAN IDs, defined will pass at

port1 with corresponding S-VLAN inserted:
C-VLAN 10, 20 will be inserted with S-VLAN 100 and
forwarded
C-VLAN 25, 30 will be inserted with S-VLAN 200 and
forwarded
All the other C-VLANs are dropped
Any S-VLANs are dropped
FM- ToA
B
C-VLAN
25,30
MSG
FM- To- S-VLAN

A
B
200
C-VLAN
25,30
MSG
FM- ToA
B
C-VLAN
10,20
MSG
FM- To- S-VLAN

A
B
100
C-VLAN
10,20
MSG
FM- To- S-VLAN

A
B
200
C-VLAN
25,30
MSG
FM- To- S-VLAN

A
B
100
C-VLAN
10,20
MSG
FM- To- S-VLAN

A
B
300
C-VLAN
any
MSG
P1 (FE)
S-VLAN: 100, 200,300
FM- To- MSG

A
B
24
Quality of Service
25
Summary of locations for Policing and Shaping

Default Setting Shaping: 4XSP
Default Setting of Policing : Nil
iPASOLINK
iPASOLINK
Classify/Policing
Scheduling/Shaping
Classify/Policing
Classify/Policing
Scheduling/Shaping
Classify/Policing
FE Port
Scheduling/Shaping
Scheduling/Shaping
Modem Port
Modem Port
FE Port
Ingress
Egress
26
QoS Bit Assignment in Ethernet Frame
1) IP Packet
ToS(3bit)
DSCP/Diffserve(6bit)
Version
IP ECN
Header
Length
TOS
Explicit Congestion Notification
IP address etc.
8bits
To MAC
Address
Fm MAC
Address
Type
TCI
Type
IP Header
IP data
FCS
2Bytes
Priority
bit (CoS)
VLAN Tag
CFI

COS: Class Of Service
DSCP: Differentiated Services Code Point
VLAN
ID
3bits
(802.1q CoS)
2) MPLS Packet
MPLS
Label
MPLS
Label
IP Header
IP data
3bits
Label
Exp
TTL
EXP : experimental bits ( iPASO200 will supports in future)
27
AMR with Advanced QoS
Protected
TDM
Packet
TDM
Radio
Capacity
Packet
Radio
Capacity
Policing/Shaping
according to QoS
TDM
TDM
Classification
Determine
equipment
internal priority
Ether
VLAN CoS
IPv4 precedence
IPv4/v6 DSCP
MPLS EXP
Egress Queue
TDM
+
Ingress Policer
Token
Token
Classify (Mapping) for

Egress Queue with
internal priority
Class 3 queue
Sent
frames
QoS
Packet
Class 2 queue
Token
bucket
Packe
t
Token
bucket
Class 1 queue
Two-Rate,
Three-Color Metering
Scheduling &
Shaping
Class 0 queue
User can define TDM

bandwidth for each radio
modulation
SP: Strict Priority, DWRR: Deficit Weighted Round Robin, WRED: Weighted Random Early Detection
28
Summary of iPASOLINK QoS Functions and Features
iPASOLINK series supports fully functioned QoS control
Supported classification methods: CoS/IP Precedence/DSCP/EXP
Internal Classification: 8 classes

(8 classes mapped to 4 classes (default) / 8 classes (option) for Egress Queue)
Internal Priority to CoS Mapping
Ingress policing: CIR, EIR (Two-Rate Three-Color Marking)
Profile based QoS management is supported
Scheduling: SP, SP+3DWRR, 4DWRR (default) / SP+7DWRR, 2SP+6DWRR (option)
Congestion Avoidance: Weighted Tail Drop / WRED
Egress hierarchical shaping (Port + each QoS Class)

29
Classification Modes
Equipment Based QoS Mode
Profile Based ( one profile for the equipment)
Port Based QoS Mode
Port (Default Priority for each port can be set)
CoS (C-Tag) ( use Port priority or CoS)
DSCP IPv4/v6 (set DSCP to internal Priority)

Frame
Classification Mode & Internal Priority

Port
Untag
Tagged
CoS (C-Tag)
DSCP IPv4/v6
IP packet
Default Port Priority
DSCP IPv4/v6
Non-IP packet
IP packet
CoS
DSCP IPv4/v6
Non-IP packet
CoS
30
Classification
Classification process of
distinguishing one kind of
traffic from another by
examining the Layer 2
through Layer and QoS
fields in the packet
Determine equipment internal priority
VLAN CoS
IPv4
precedence
IPv4/v6 DSCP
MPLS EXP
Profile No.0
(ex) Profile No.1
(ex) Profile No.2
VLAN CoS
Internal
priority
IP
Precedence
Internal
priority
DSCP
Internal
priority
63
47
31
15
Classification profile is configurable.

31
Port Base QoS Mode (Port classification)
Classifies according to ingress physical port
iPASOLINK
Port mode
IP packet
IP packet
SA
VLAN
Tag
(CoS0)
SA
DA
DA
Port 1
(access/
trunk)
Port No.
Default Port
priority
MODEM 1
MODEM 2
MODEM 3
MODEM 4
Modem
(trunk)
IP packet
VLAN
Tag
(CoS7)
SA
DA
IP packet
VLAN
Tag
(CoS7)
SA
DA
Update CoS value to

Default port priority value
32
Port Base QoS Mode (CoS classification)
Classifies according to CoS value
iPASOLINK
CoS (C-Tag) mode
Default Port priority = 1
IP packet
SA
DA
IP packet
Port 1
(access+
trunk)
Modem
(trunk)
VLAN
Tag
(CoS1)
SA
DA
Update CoS value to

Default port priority value
IP packet
VLAN
Tag
(CoS0)
SA
IP packet
DA
VLAN
Tag
(CoS0)
SA
DA
No update CoS value
33
Port Base QoS Mode (DSCP classification)
Classifies according to DSCP value even if the frame is VLAN

tagged frame
Update CoS value to
internal priority value
iPASOLINK
IP packet
IP header
(DSCP=0)
SA
DA
DSCP IPv4/v6 mode

Default Port priority = 1
IP packet
IP header
(DSCP=0)
VLAN
Tag
(CoS5)
SA
DA
IP packet
IP header
(DSCP=0)
VLAN
Tag
(CoS5)
SA
DA
DSCP Classification Mapping
IP packet
IP header
(DSCP=47)
VLAN
Tag
(CoS7)
SA
DA
Classifies by this value
Non-IP packet
Non-IP packet
VLAN
Tag
(CoS7)
SA
DA
SA
DA
Port 1
(access/
trunk)
DSCP
Internal
priority
63
47
31
15
Modem
(trunk)
Update CoS value to

internal priority value
Non-IP packet
VLAN
Tag
(CoS1)
SA
DA
Non-IP packet
VLAN
Tag
(CoS1)
SA
DA
Update CoS value to

default port priority value
34
What is CIR, EIR?

CIR (Committed Information Rate) Minimum BW guaranteed for an Ethernet service.
Policing is enforcement of CIR
Zero CIR means Best effort (no BW is guaranteed)
CIR Conformant
Traffic CIR
EIR (Exceeded Information Rate) -
Service frames colored yellow may be

delivered but with no performance commitment.
EIR Conformant
Traffic CIR
PIR (Peak Information Rate) Maximum rate at which packets are allowed to be forwarded.
PIR = CIR + EIR (greater or equal to the CIR)
Service frames exceeding PIR are red packets and
are unconditionally dropped
No traffic
Traffic PIR
35
Dual Token bucket (TRTCM)

Dual rate token bucket with a programmable CIR and EIR, as well as CBS and EBS. It also
named as Two rate ,Three-Colour Metering
Example: consider the extreme case
One bucket is used:
CIR=2Mbps, CBS=2KB, EIR=0,EBS=0
Case 1:
Two 1518 byte frames coming back to back
First frame take 2000-1518 token remain
482 byte, the second frame is immediately
Discarded
Case 2:
One frame 1518 is sent, 8 ms later, another
1518 byte arrive, since token bucket
Refill with CIR/8=250Kb/s
The token bucket is full again and able to
sent the second frame out with green
color.
Our Recommendations:
CBS/EBS should be set depend on traffic

type
1. Bursty TCP-based traffic
2. UDP based type such as VoIP
Note: Color Blind and Color Aware Rate Metering ( iPASO200 is color blind system)
36
Service Provider Business Oriented Parameter in iPASO

Business Package:
30 Mb
PIR
30Mbps PIR
20 Mb
15Mbps CIR
15Mbps EIR
Recognize the
service according to
DSCP/TOS/IP and
prioritize it.
EIR
10 Mb
CIR
0 Mb
VLAN 20
iPASO400
Video Conf.
Voice
Data / VPN
iPASO200
iPASO400
37
Scheduling or Queuing Methods
38
Methods of Scheduling
FIFO
Strict Priority
WFQ(WRR)
39
Elements of QoS - Scheduling /Queuing
Control the output sequence and bandwidth of frames from each queue according to
Output condition defined by Marker/Priority Determination.
Strict Priority Queuing (SPQ), Weighted Control (WRR) can be used as queuing method.
High Priority
Round Robin (RR)
ETC Car
Police Car
ETC Car
ETC System
Electronic Toll Collection System
40
Deficit Round Robin

100
75
50 50 50
75
50 50 50
75
150
75
50
50
Time
50
100
75
50 50
25
50 50
25
150
75
100
150
50 50
100
50 50
100
150
150
7
5
75
75
Credits
Credits
50 50
Credits
50
100
50 50
50 50
150
Credits
Credit counter:
Initially the counter start or reset from zero.
For this example, it was set to size value
of 75 for all the queue. When the queue is
not serve to send any packet, the credit
counter will be increased with another 75
1st round:
The first and fourth queue packet size is
bigger than credit counter value, these
two queue will hold back and not sending
any packets, but second and third queue
sent out 50 packets. And their credit
counter reduce to 25.
2nd round:
The first and fourth queue counter credit
increase to 150 byte
The result is Q1 send 150 byte
Q2 send 100 byte
Q3 send 100 byte
Q4 send 150 byte
3rd round:
All credit counter with value 75 byte
75
41
Egress Scheduling and Shaping (4 Class

queue)
Classify (Mapping) for Egress

Queue with internal priority
Class 3
Scheduling and Shaping

Shaper
Class 2
SP
Shaper
Class 1
Class 0
Shaper
DWRR
Shaper
Shaper
Divided throughput
by weighted condition
Class 3 absolute priority
Mapping table is
Configurable.
WTD/WRED discard based on
color (Green/Yellow)
SP or 1SP + 3 DWRR or 4 DWRR
42
Egress Scheduling and Shaping ( 8 class

queue)
Classify (Mapping) for Egress

Queue with internal priority
Class 5
Scheduling and Shaping
Class 7
Shaper
Class 6
Class 5
Class 4
Class 3
Class 2
Shaper
DWRR
Shaper
Shaper
Class 1
Mapping table is
Configurable.
SP
Shaper
Class 0
WTD/WRED discard based on color

(Green/Yellow)
Divided throughput
by weighted condition
Class 7 absolute priority
1SP + 7 DWRR or 2SP + 6 DWRR
43
Strict Priority mode How it works?

Strict Priority Scheduling :The queue with the highest priority that contains
packets is always served (packet from that queue are de-queued and transmitted).
Packets within a lower priority queue will not transmit until all the higher-priority
queues become empty
iPASO200
Class-a
25 Mbps
Class-a
Class-b
20 Mbps
Class-c
10 Mbps
Class-d
15 Mbps
Class-b
Class-c
Class-d
Rate
Mbps
25
Rate
Mbps
20
Rate
Mbps
Rate
Mbps
10
15
Output port
shaper
function
[Breakdown]
Class-a 25 Mbps
Class-b 20 Mbps
Class-c 10 Mbps
Class-d 5 Mbps
Rate 60 Mbps
1. Operation of the output port shaper function

2. The total value 70 Mbps of class-a to class-d will be shrank to 60 Mbps by the output
shaper function when it is output.
3. The total value 70 Mbps of output frames class-a to class-d will be shrank by the output
port shaper function to 60 Mbps (class-a 25 Mbps; class-b 20 Mbps; class-c 10 Mbps;
class-d 5 Mbps) in the order of the priority from the lowest class to be output (when the
frame length for the output bandwidth for each input frame is 1500 bytes).
44
Out port control -- SP + D-WRR mode
How it works?
Weighted Round Robin uses a number that indicates the importance (weight) of
each queues. WRR scheduling prevents the low-priority queues from being
completely neglected during periods of high-priority traffic. The WRR scheduler
transmits some packets from each queue in turn. The number of packets it
transmits corresponds to the relative importance of the queue.
iPASO200
Class-a
42 Mbps
Class-b
50 Mbps
Class-c
50 Mbps
Class-d
50 Mbps
class-a
SP (Strict Priority)
Rate42 Mbps
Output port
shaper
function
Rate 9 Mbps
Rate 60 Mbps
Rate 6 Mbps
[Breakdown]
class-a 42 Mbps
class-b 9 Mbps
class-c 6 Mbps
class-d 3 Mbps
class-b DWRR
class-c DWRR
Rate 3 Mbps
class-d DWRR
WRR only fair and good solution for data traffic with rather fixed packet length,
instead D-WRR will be perfect fair for variable packet size oriented data traffic,
iPASO support with D-WRR scheduling or shaping
45
Elements of QoS ( Discard Control)

Determines whether the current frame to be queued or discarded, depending on the
packet priority and the state of the queue.
Too Late!!
Comfortable!!
Little
slow..
Not
connecte
d well
Early detect and

restrain
Window Size decrease globally
Average Utilization
Time
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Traffic
Concentration
Average Utilization
Time
Effective Window size variation
46
Congestion Avoidance ( Discard Control)

iPASO200 support Weight Tail Drop at Release
1.07and later with WRED
Congestion avoidance techniques on the
egress queues.
Both techniques will drop packets when preconfigured thresholds on the egress queues
have been reached.
Threshold2
(75%)
Threshold3 Threshold1
(100%)
(50%)
Weighted Tail Drop (WTD), with thresholds

Setting on each queue, for congestion
avoidance
Queuing Priority1: 0% discard

Queuing Priority2: 0 discard
Queueing Priority1:100%discard
Queueing Priority1:100%discard
47
Operation Administration & Maintenance (OAM)
48
Ethernet OAM
To maintain the service availability and quality for the packet networks,
powerful OAM toolset is required.
Provide Fault management by
Ethernet OAM (ITU-T Y.1731 and CFM or IEEE 802.1ag).
Fault Management
CC (Continuity Check)
LB (Loop Back) It corresponds to ping in IP.
LT (Link Trace) It corresponds to trace route in IP.
BTS/Node-B
Provider X
Operator A
Operator B
BSC/RNC
CC
LB
LT
Y.1731 Performance Management not yet supported

By iPASO200
49
Ethernet OAM
Connectivity Fault
Management
Function
Fault Detection
Fault verification-Loop back
Fault isolation
Discovery
Fault Notification
Performance
Monitor
Frame Loss
Frame Delay
Delay Variation
Y.1731
Mechanism
CCM
AIS RDI
CCM, LTM, LTR
DM(1 way) DMM, DMR
DM(1 way) DMM, DMR
802.1ag
LBM / LBR
LTM / LTR
LTM / LTR
CCM : Continuity Check Message

LBM: Loopback Message
LBR: Loopback Reply
LTM: Link Trace Message
LTR: Link Trace Reply
DM: Delay Measurement
DMM: Delay Measurement Message
DMR: Delay Measurement Reply
50
Example of Maintenance Entities
Provider X
Customer
1
Operator A
2
Customer
Operator B
4
Customer
Level (5-7)
Service
Provider
Level (3-5)
Operator
Level (0-2)
Maintenance Entity Points
Maintenance Intermediate Points
Maintenance Entities
51
ETH-CC (Fault Detection)
Legend
: MEP
: CCM
: CCM
Objectives
To Establish OAM connections on the Ethernet-based networks.
To understand fault detection by sending and receiving ETH-CC frames between MEPs
periodically
Operations
Each MEP transmits ETH-CC frames periodically
If MEP does not receive any ETH-CC frames for 3.5 times of the ETH-CC frame
transmission interval, it provide alarm indication (loss of connectivity)
52
ETH-LB (Fault Verification)

1
Legend
:MEP
:MIP
:LBM
:LBR
Objectives
To verify the connectivity between multiple equipments
Unicast ETH-LB verification between the designated 2 equipments
Multicast ETH-LB verification the existence of the nodes in the same MEG
Operations
MEP#1 sends a Unicast ETH-LBM frame to MEP#4
MIP(#2,3) forwards the ETH-LBM frame to the far-end
MEP#4 terminates the ETH-LBM frame and reply a ETH-LBR frame
MEP#1 receive the ETH-LBR frame
iPASOLINK
Ethernet
Functions
NEC
Corporation 2010
53
ETH-LT (Fault Isolation)

1
TTL=n
TTL=n-1
TTL=n-2
TTL=n
TTL=n-1
TTL=n-2
Legend
: MEP
: MIP
: LTM
: LTR
Objectives
To verify the route status and localization of the fault
Operations
MEP#1 sends a ETH-LTM frame to MEP#4
Each MIP (#2,#3) sends a reply ETH-LTR to MEP#1,
and forwards the ETH-LTM frame with the decreased TTL value to the far-end
MEP#4 terminates the ETH-LTM frame and reply a ETH-LTR frame
MEP#1 receives the ETH-LTR frames which have the different TTL value.
54
iPASO200 Ethernet OAM functions (2)
iPASO200 #2
iPASO200 #1
LAN
Reply frame NG
L2SW
MODEM
MODEM
LAN
Reply frame OK
Reply frame NG
ETH-CC/LB/LT
iPASOLINK200 supports only Down MEP/MIP

Ether OAM reply frame from Switch to LAN/MODEM port outward direction is okay
But from LAN/MODEM toward Switch directional is not supported
For this application, ETH-CC/LB/LT reply frame only at iPASO #1MODEM port
The MEP of IPASO #1should be set only at Modem port
55
OAM Parameter Setting and Testing Example (1)
VLAN ID 20
Access One
Access One
OAM Test Set
OAM Test Set

MIP
MIP
MIP
MIP
MIP
MIP
MIP
MIP
MEP 2
MEP 1
By external OAM Test Set

Left Access One MEP Index: 1
Right Access One MEP Index: 2
MEG ID:
ABC (Domain Name)
MEG Level: 0
VLAN ID: 20
Set as MIP
Note: Create VLAN 20 before setup OAM
Use Access One test set to perform OAM Test

Check ETH CC ETH LB/LT results
56
OAM Parameter Setting and Testing Example (2)
VLAN ID 20
SW
Modem port
set as MEP1
SW
MIP
SW
MIP
MIP
SW
MIP
2
Modem port
set as MEP2
2
1
MEP Index: 1
MEG ID:
ABC (Domain Name)
MEP ID: 1 at IDU1
MEP ID: 2 at IDU4
MEG Level: 0
VLAN ID: 20
Peer MEP ID: 2 at IDU1
From left to right perform ETH LB/LT control to check result
From right to left perform ETH LB/LT control to check result
Note: Create VLAN 20 before setup

OAM
1
MEP
57
What is STP/RSTP?
58
Problems of L2 Loop
<MAC Table>
MAC A -- Port# 1
??
MAC A -- Port# 2
(1)Storming:
Broadcast / Multicast Storm
DLF (Destination Lookup Failure)/Unknown Uni-cast Storm
(2)MAC Mis-Learning
Storm Frames rewrite MAC Table.
It caused flapping of Mac Learning Table.
MAC A
59
STP Parameter - Bridge ID & Path Cost

Bridge ID (STP, RSTP)
Bridge ID (8 Bytes)
Bridge ID is main Parameter for
Spanning Tree Algorithm,
The Bridge with lowest Bridge ID
is selected as Root Bridge
Bridge Priority
Bridge MAC Address
2bytes
6bytes
Default Bridge Priority = 32768 (IEEE 802.1d)
Path Cost is accumulated Cost between a Bridge to Root Bridge.

Path Cost defined in IEEE802.1d
Link Speed
Cost
10Gbps
1Gbps
100Mbps
19
10MBps
100
Root Bridge
1000Base-T
100Base-Tx
0+4=4
4+19 =23
0+19 =19
100Base-Tx
10Base-T
19+100 =119
*Port Cost is manually configurable

60
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

Root Port
Root Bridge
Designated Port
Blocking Port
Data Flow
Loop#1
Disabled Redundant Path
Blocking Port
1- Root Bridge- one root bridge per network ( lowest BID)

2- One root Port per non root bridge. (port forwarding to root bridge)
3- Designated port per segment
61
Difference between STP and RSTP

STABLE
TOPOLOGY
PORT ROLES
PORT STATES
TOPOLOGY
CHANGES
TRANSITION
TOPOLOGY
CHANGE
CHANGE ROOT
STP
ONLY THE ROOT SEND BPDU AND
OTHERS RELAY THEM.
ROOT (FORWARDING)
DESIGNATED (FORWARDING)
NON-DESIGNATED (BLOCKING)
RSTP
ALL BRIDGES SEND BPDU EVERY HELLO (2SEC) AS A
KEEP ALIVE MECHANISM.
ROOT (FORWARDING)
DESIGNATED (FORWARDING)
ALTERNATE (DISCARDING)
BACKUP ( DISCARDING)
DISABLED , BLOCKING, LISTENING,
DISCARDING (DISABLED, BLOCKING, LISTENING)
LEARNING FORWARDING
LEARNING, FORWARDING
USE TIMERS FOR CONVERGENCE
PROPOSAL AND AGREEMENT PROCESS FOR
INFORMED FROM THE ROOT.
SYNCHRONIZATION (LESS THAN 1 SEC)
HELLO (2SEC)
HELLO, MAX AGE AND FORWARDING DELAY TIMERS
MAX AGE (20SEC)
USED ONLY FOR BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY WITH
FORWARDING DELAY TIME (15SEC)
STP. ONLY RSTP PORT RECEIVING STP
SLOW: (50SEC), BLOCKING (20SEC)=>
FASTER: NO LEARNING STATES. DOESNT WAIT TO
LISTENING (15 SEC) => LEARNING
BE INFORMED BY OTHERS, INSTEAD, ACTIVELY
(15SEC) => FORWARDING.
LOOKS FOR POSSIBLE FAILURE BY A FEED BACK
MECHANISM. (RLQ)
WHEN A BRIDGE DISCOVER A CHANGE EVERY BRIDGE CAN GENERATE TOPOLOGY CHANGE
IN THE NETWORK IT INFORM THE ROOT. AND INFORM ITS NEIGHBORS WHEN IT IS AWARE OF
THEN ROOT INFORMS THE OTHER
TOPOLOGY CHANGE AND IMMEDIATELY DELETE OLD
BRIDGES BY SENDING BPDU AND
DB
INSTRUCT THE OTHERS TO CLEAR THE
DB ENTRIES AFTER THE FORWARDING
DELAY
IF A BRIDGE DOESNT RECEIVE 3X HELLOS FROM
IF A BRIDGE (NON-ROOT) DOESN'T
THE ROOT, IT START CLAIMING THE ROOT ROLE BY
RECEIVE HELLO FOR 10X HELLO TIME,
GENERATING ITS OWN HELLO
FROM THE ROOT, IT START CLAIMING
THE ROOT ROLE BY GENERATING ITS
OWN HELLO.
62
STP IEEE 802.1D - Theory background (1)

1- Root Bridge- one root bridge per network ( lowest BID)
2- One root Port per non root bridge. (port forwarding to root bridge)
3- Designated port per segment
Bridge: A
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01
Bridge: B
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03
Port 1
Port 1
Port 2
Step 1:
All bridges will send
BPDU packets to each other to elect
who will be the Root bridge
How to decide:
Smallest ID win
Smallest MAC Address win
Step 2:
Result: Bridge A is the Root bridge
Bridge B, Bridge C are non Root
bridge
Port 2
Port 1
Port 2
Bridge: C
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02
63

Non Root Bridge
Bridge: B
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03
Root Bridge
Bridge: A
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01
Port 1
RP
Port 1 as
Root port
Port 2
Step 3
Every non root bridge must select
one root port to send traffic to root
Bridge based on best root path cost
Suppose all connections are 100M
FE speed for this example
Port 2
Port 1 as
Root port
Port 2
RP
Non Root Bridge

Bridge: C
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02
64

Non Root Bridge
Bridge: B
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03
Root Bridge
Bridge: A
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01
Port 1
Segment 1
DP
Port 2
Port 1 as
Root port
DP
Step 4
Selections of Designated Ports
Port provided the least parth cost
from the segment to the root
is elected as designated port
RP
Port 2
Segment 2
Segment 3
Port 1 as
Root port
Result:
Since the ports on Bridge A are directly
connected to the root bridge, these ports
become the DP for S1 and S2
Port 1 of Bridge A as Designated port for
Segment 1
Port 2 of Bridge A as Designated port for
Segment 2
Port 2
RP
Non Root Bridge

Bridge: C
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02
65

Non Root Bridge
Bridge: B
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03
Root Bridge
Bridge: A
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01
Port 1
Segment 1
RP
DP
Port 2
Port 1 as
Root port
DP
Continue on Step 5:
Election of Designated Ports
for segment 3
The path cost to the RB is the same for
Bridge B and Bridge C
The tie breaker is the lower MAC address of
bridge C
Result:
Port 2 of Bridge B as DP
Step 7:
Ports that are not DP or RP go to the blocking
state
Port 2
Segment 2
Segment 3
Port 1 as
Root port
DP
Port 2
RP
Step 6:
RP and DP ports go into the forwarding states
BP
Non Root Bridge

Bridge: C
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02
66

Non Root Bridge
Bridge: B
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03
Root Bridge
Bridge: A
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01
Forwarding
Forwarding
Port 1
RP
DP
Port 2
Step 8
Port 1 as
Root port
DP
BP
Blocked
Port 2
Forwarding
At this point STP has

fully converged
Bridge C continuous to send
BPDU advertising its superiority
Over Bridge B
As long as this condition remain good
The port 2 of Bridge-B remain blocked
For any reason if Bridge B port2 not
Receive a BPDU for max. 20 sec
It will start to transition to forwarding
mode
BPDU
Port 1 as
Root port
DP
Forwarding
Forwarding
Port 2
RP
Non Root Bridge

Bridge: C
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02
67

Non Root Bridge
Bridge: B
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03
Root Bridge
Bridge: A
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01
Forwarding
Spanning Tree Failure
Port 1
The blocked port has gone into
Forwarding
Port 2
Forwarding
RP
DP
Port 2
Port 1 as
Root port
DP
DP
Was Blocked
Now forwarding
Forwarding
Summary of STP Port States

1. Blocking
2. Listening
3. Learning
4. Forwarding
5. Disabled
Port 1 as
Root port
BPDU
Forwarding
Port 2
RP
Non Root Bridge

Bridge: C
Bridge ID 32768
MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02
68
How STP and RSTP works (1)?

111
111
1
1
222
333
FOR STP CASE
222
1
Blocked
Root Port
Designated
444
444
B
333
Switch 222 and 444 wait for 20 seconds for Max

Age Time
+ 15 seconds (listening)
+ 15 seconds ( learning)
Total 50 seconds to converge
69
How STP and RSTP works (2)?

111
111
1
1
FOR RSTP CASE
222
333
222
1
333
D
R
444
444
Blocked
Root Port
Designated
When 222 loses it connection to 111, it immediately

Start it port 2 to inform 444, then 444 place it P2 to
Forwarding. 444 perform a hand shake with 222
Called sync operation The sync required a BPDU
Exchange, but does not use timers, and therefore
Perform fast switching!
70
Ether Ring Protection
71
G.8032 Ethernet Ring Protection Switching
Utilizing widely-deployed Ethernet (802.1,3) with OAM (802.1ag/Y.1731)

Loop-free protection mechanism
Protection Switching Time <50ms
Scalable topologies
Single ring, interconnected rings, and logical rings
No. of nodes per ring: no limitation in theory
Administrative operation
Forced switching
Manual switching
Revertive/ Non-revertive
Client #1
Signal
Traffic
separation
with VLAN
Tag
ETH-CC
RPL
(Ring Protection Link)
Client #2
Signal
RPL
(Ring Protection Link)
72
G.8032 Ethernet Ring Protection
G.8032 is an ITU Recommendation

Defines the APS (Automatic Protection Switching ) protocol and protection switching
mechanisms for ETH layer ring topologies.
Use of standard 802 MAC and OAM frames around the ring
Uses standard 802.1Q , but with xSTP disabled.
Prevents loops within the ring by blocking one of the links
Monitoring of the ETH layer for discovery and identification of Signal Failure (SF)
conditions.
Protection and recovery switching within 50 ms for typical rings.
Unblock
blocking Port
Blocking
Port
Client Traffic
1) Normal Condition
Submission of
FDB Flush,
Unblock blocking Port
2) Failure Event
3) Switchover Condition
73
Synchronization in iPASOLINK
74
Type of Synchronization
Frequency Synchronization all nodes align in
both clock and radio channel frequencies generated
by the same frequency source.
Timing signalof system A

TA=1/fA
t
Timing signalof systemB
TB=1/fB
Phase Synchronization all nodes have access to a

reference timing signal whose rising edges occur at the
same instant in time. This process is also referred to as
relative-time synchronization or adaptive frame
alignment in 3GPP mobile system. In phased 1PPS
(pulse per second) signal is applied for phase
synchronization of 3GPP2(cdmaOne/cdma2000 and
WiMAX.
t
Timing signalof systemA
t
Timing signalof systemB
Timing signal of system A

00:00:00 00:00:01
t
00:00:03 00:00:04
System A
t
Timing signal of system B
00:00:00 00:00:01
00:00:03 00:00:04
Time Synchronization
all nodes have access to the information on
the reference time. The time synchronization is
also referred to as time-of-day synchronization
or wall-clock synchronization, where the clocks
in question are traceable to a time-base such
as UTC. Usually, this can be used as an
alternate of phase synch. ToD( time of day)
signals are applied for this synch..
System B
t
75
Synchronous Ethernet Concept

Uses the PHY clock
Generates the clock signal from bit stream
Similar to traditional SONET/SDH/PDH PLLs

Each node in the Packet Network recovers the clock
Performance is independent of network loading
There are four quality levels for clocks in SDH:

Primary Reference Clock G.811
SSU Slave clock (local node) G.812
SSU Slave clock (transit node) G.812

SDH network element clock (SEC) G.813
76
IEEE1588v2 End-to-End Synchronization Concept

(1) Boundary Clock (BC)
Sync
S
Sync
Sync
S
PRC (Primary Reference

Clock)
Sync
S
CX2200
CX2600
All intermediate node terminates messages link-by-link.
(2) Transparent Clock (TC)
:Time synchronization Master
:Time synchronization Slave
Defined on version 2
PRC
Sync
S
CX2200
CX2600
t3 = t 2 tC
Forwarding
delay = tC
t2 = t 1 tB
Forwarding
delay = tB
t1 = t tA
Forwarding
delay = tA
t
Clock (PDU Information)
Timestamp = t
Intermediate node doesnt terminate messages but add delay information node-by-node.
(3) Slave Clock (SC)
Defined on version 2
M
CX2200
CX2600
C
PTP Server
77
Circuit Emulation pseudo wire
78
Pseudo Wire Emulation (PWE)

ETH
E1
TDM
SAToP/
CESoPSN
TDM -> CES
E1
E1
TDM
TDM
ATM
Data over E1
Node
Node
TDM(PDH/SDH)
TDM
ATM
Circuit Emulation
/Pseudo Wire Emulation
Data over Packet
TDM
ATM
Node
PWE
PWE
Packet Network
Node
TDM
ATM
PWE3 (Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge to Edge)

79
PWE-SAToP
RFC4553 - Structure-Agnostic Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)over Packet
(SAToP)
- whole E1/T1 Frame based packetization (Unstructured)
E1
Ch32
ch0
TDM
Frame/Packet
ch0 Ch32
Ch32
ch0 Header
E1 FRAME
PW HEADER
RTP
CTRL WORD
E1 FRAME
PW HEADER
RTP
CTRL WORD
PW HEADER
PW PAYLOAD
TS-1
..
TS-2
TS-31
E1 FRAME
TS-1
..
TS-2
TS-31
E1 FRAME
TS-1
RTP
CTRL WORD
E1 FRAME
PW PAYLOAD
TS-2
TS-31
..
ch0
CESoP
CES
ch0
(IP/VLAN/MPLS)
ch0 Ch32
Ch32
Ch32
Transport
Packet Header
Payload
PW PAYLOAD
SUITABLE FOR UNSTRUCTURED TDM, IGNORE IF THERE IS A STRUCTURE

SAToP ENCAPSULATED N BYTES OF TDM STREAM IN EACH PACKET IGNORING ANY TDM FRAME ALIGNMENT
THE ENTIRE E1 IS PACKETIZED INCLUDING ALL TIME SLOTS WHETHER USED OR NOT.,
THE E1 STREAM IS SLICED INTO FIXED SIZE BLOCKS OF EQUAL SIZE FOR PACKETIZATION. THE SLICE POSITION IS
RANDOM AND NOT RELATED TO THE E1 FRAMING BITS (TS0)
PSEUDO WIRE REQUIRE AN OVERHEAD TYPICALLY 10 TO 20 % OVER THE NATIVE TDM BANDWIDTH.
80
PWE-CESoPSN
RFC5086 - Structure-aware TDM Circuit Emulation Service over Packet Switched Network (CESoPSN)
- NDS0 based packetization (structured)
E1
Transport
Header
(IP/VLAN/MPLS)Packet
Payload
Ch32
ch0
Ch32
Ch2
Ch1 Ch32
Ch2
Ch1
Header
Ch2
Header
CESoP
CES
Ch32
ch0
Ch32
Ch2 Ch32
E1 FRAME
PW HEADER
RTP
CTRL WORD
PW HEADER
RTP
CTRL WORD
PW HEADER
RTP
PW PAYLOAD
TS-1
..
TS-2
UNUSED TS
UNUSED
. TS
TS-31
E1 FRAME
TS-1
..
TS-2
UNUSED TS
UNUSED
. TS
TS-31
E1 FRAME
TS-1
CTRL WORD
PW PAYLOAD
TS-2
UNUSED TS
UNUSED
. TS
TS-31
..
PW PAYLOAD
CESoPSN IS STRUCTURE AWARE TRANSPORT CONSIDER THE TDM STRUCTURE INTO ACCOUNT
THE FRAME ALIGNMENT SIGNAL (FAS) IS MAINTAINED AT PSN EGRESS POINT.
ENTIRE E1 STREAM CAN BE PACKETIZED, INCLUDING ALL TIME SLOTS USED OR NOT USED
IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE NOT TRANSPORT UNUSED TIME SLOTS IN THE PAYLOAD SAVING BANDWIDTH
81
About ACR (Adaptive Clock Recovery)
Inserts clock information to packet header (Control Word or RTP)

Recover clock information at clock slave node
Central
Office
Master Node
TDM
Equipment
Carrier PSN
Slave Node
TDM
Equipment
In-Band
E1
TDM to
Packet
Time
Stamp
Primary
Reference
Source
fReference
Customer
Premises
Queue
Packet
to TDM
T1/E1
Time
Stamp
Service
Clock
Encode
E1 Line sync or NE clock is used at master node
Filter
Service
ACR is used at slave node
82
iPASOLINK PWE configuratgion
Modem-1
Modem-2
E1
Ethernet BUS
Modem
XC
MB
16E1
PWE CH1
MSE
L2SW
PWE CH64
STM-1 -Chanellized
FE / GbE Ports
E1 Line sync or NE clock is used at master node
ACR is used at slave node
83
Ethernet Cables
Ethernet Specification
10BASE-T
10BASE2
10BASE5
100BASE-X
100BASE-T
100BASE-FX
100BASE-TX
100BASE-T4
100BASE-T2
1000BASE- 1000BASE-LX
1000BASE-X FX
1000BASE-SX
1000BASE-CX
1000BASE-T
10GBASE-X
10GBASE-TX1
10GBASE-SR
10GBASE-R 10GBASE-LR
10GBASE-ER
10GBASE-SW
10GBASE-LW
10GBASE-W
10GBASE-EW
10GBASE-LW4
Speed
10M
10M
10M
100M
100M
100M
100M
1000M
1000M
1000M
1000M
1000M
10G
10G
10G
10G
10G
10G
10G
10G
10G
Cable Type
UTP cable (CAT3)
Coaxial cable (50 ohms, diameter of 5mm)
Coaxial cable (50 ohms, diameter of 10mm)
Fiber optic cable (1300nm MMF)
UTP cable (CAT5)
UTP cable (CAT3)
UTP cable (CAT3)
Fiber optic cable (1300nm SMF)
Coaxial cable
UTP cable (CAT5 e/CAT6)
Distance
100m
185m
500m
2000m
100m
100m
100m
550m
5000m
550m
25m
100m
300m
10km
65m
10km
40km
65m
10km
40km
10km
84
Ethernet - 2
Ethernet Standards
The standardization of LAN is conducted by the IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers . It has already standardized many LAN-related technologies that we are familiar with
in everyday life. They includes IEEE802.3, standards on the Ethernet, and IEEE802.11a/b/g,
standards on the Wireless LAN.
Standard
Layer 7 Application Layer

Layer 6 Presentation Layer
Layer 5 Session Layer
IEEE802.1
Layer 4 Transport Layer
Layer 3 Network Layer

LLC
IEEE802.2
Layer 2 Data Link Layer

MAC
IEEE802.3
Layer 1 Physical Layer
..
Working Group
IEEE802.1
Higher Layer LAN Protocols
IEEE802.2
Logical Link Control
IEEE802.3
Ethernet
IEEE802.4
Token Bus
IEEE802.5
Token Ring
IEEE802.6
Metropolitan Area Network
IEEE802.7
Broadband
IEEE802.8
Fiber Optic
IEEE802.9
Isochronous LAN
IEEE802.10
Security
IEEE802.11
Wireless LAN
IEEE802.12
Demand Priority
IEEE802.14
Cable Modem
IEEE802.15
Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
IEEE802.16
Broadband Wireless Access (WiMAX)
IEEE802.17
Resilient Packet Ring
IEEE802.18
Radio Regulatory
IEEE802.19
Coexistence
IEEE802.20
Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA)
85
Thank you
This training document describes the current version of the equipment.

The specifications or configuration contained in this document are subject to change
without notice.
86

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4 IPasolink Ethernet Functions 1-Libre

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iPASOLINK

Ethernet Functions Overview

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions

What is new in iPASO Series Product ?

Latest NEC Radio Product

Hybrid ( Native Ethernet & TDM)

Packet Radio (PWE Inside)

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions

Hub, Bridge & Switches

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions

Ethernet Frame and MAC Address

DA: Destination Address

Bridge / Switch / Router

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions

Each port of the L2 switch act like a bridge.

Each port of a L2 switch is a collision domain.

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions

Ethernet Frame and MAC Address

Ethernet Frame Format

Usual untagged Ethernet Frame: Normal PC

MAC Address Format

Uni-cast (0) / Multi-cast (1) address

Basic Ethernet Switching Procedure

FDB of iPASOLINK is 32K

Default FDB Aging Time 300 sec

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions

Advantages of VLAN (Virtual LAN)

But communication between different VLAN group can be processed by router

Broadcast frame is not transmitted to different VLAN group

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions

Broadcast frame is not

Easily Replacing and Moving Network Devices

2nd Floor (Department B)

1st Floor (Department A)

Just change setting, not

Port Based VLAN and Tag Based VLAN

Tag Based VLAN

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions

Why Jumbo Frame Support is necessary ?

Max 1518 Bytes

Max MTU Size = 1500bytes (Ethernet Standard)

Max 1522 Bytes

Max MTU Size = MTU1500bytes + 4 bytes VLAN Tag

Max 1526 Bytes

Max MTU Size = MTU1500bytes + (2 x 4 bytes VLAN

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions

100 200 Common Network

Ethernet Packet Format

Example: traffic assignment

802.1q tag type

QoS Bit Assignment in Ethernet Frame

DSCP: Differentiated Services Code Point

VLAN Tag-1 (inner)

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions

VLAN Tag-1 (inner)

Overall view of iPASOLINK L2 Switch

iPASOLINK 200 , 802.1q

iPASOLINK 400 , 802.1q

iPASOLINK 400 , 802.1ad

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions

VLAN Setting (1) Types of VLAN setting at ports

Send with VLAN 10

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions