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Speaker 5: A train driver who drank a bottle of whiskey while on duty has been jailed for 135 days.
Speaker 4. Russian scientists say theyve revived a plant that was preserved in the frozen ground of
Siberia for more than 30 thousand years.
Speaker 3: Experts are warning that new types of bacteria are becoming a problem in hospitals.
Speaker 2: Last month President Obama asked for 80 million dollars ...
Speaker 1: President Obama has announced that 34 thousand troops will be withdrawn from Afghanistan
by the end of next summer.
Exercise 1. Listen to these five different speakers. Are they British or American?
Both BrE and AmE have many different dialects/accents, but this discussion focuses on standard
pronunciation (the speech of educated speakers).
BrE Received Pronunciation RP (BBC, Oxford + Cambridge dictionaries, etc.)
AmE General American GA, Network English, Midwest accent (CNN, NPR, Webster dictionaries)
BrE and AmE are two different (but related) varieties of English.
Q: Can you think of any other varieties of English?
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/ / sit
/i / meet
/ / look
/u / food
/ / dog
/ / door
/ / cut
/ / father, last
/ / about, tender
/ / turn
/e/ bed
/ / axe
/e / late
/a / my
/ / boy
/ / no
/a / how
/ / near
/e / pair
/ / sure
/e / late
/a / my
/ / boy
/o / no
/a / how
/ r/ near
/er/ pair
/ r/ sure
VOWELS
The differences between BrE and AmE will be described in terms of 4 main categories: vowels,
consonants, stress, and non-systematic pronunciation differences.
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central
back
AmE
(b) / / foot
(d) / / add
(e) / / off
1.
BrE
2.
AmE
cost
1.
2.
damage
1.
is
2.
1.
shook
2.
1.
less
2.
Exercise 3. Each of the following words is pronounced twice. Indicate BrE and AmE pronunciation.
(a) / / if
Exercise 2. Listen to the vowels / /, /e/, / /, / / and / / pronounced first in BrE, then in AmE.
open
open-mid
close-mid
close
front
BrE
In BrE, vowels such as / /, /e/, / /, / / or / / are pure monophthongs they do not change in quality.
In AmE, these vowels tend to be diphthongized they slightly change their quality and some of them
are lengthened (/ / and / /).
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AmE
/ f( )n/
/l k/
/r /
/fr m/
/ t m k/
/m /
/b d /
/kr s/
(i) bomb
(j) coffee
(k) common
(l) cough
(m) hotdog
(n) want
(o) hockey
(p) loss
BrE
/b m/
/k f /
/ k m n/
/k f/
/ h td /
/w nt/
/h k /
/l s/
AmE
/b m/
/k f /
/ k m n/
/k f/
/ h td /
/w nt/
/h k /
/l s/
BrE / / = AmE / / when followed by r in the spelling and in some other words.
Examples: car, harm, calm, palm, grandpa, etc.
(a) often
(b) lock
(c) wrong
(d) from
(e) atomic
(f) moth
(g) body
(h) cross
BrE
/ f( )n/
/l k/
/r /
/fr m/
/ t m k/
/m /
/b d /
/kr s/
Exercise 4. Fill in the correct vowel symbol and pronounce these words in BrE and AmE.
BrE / / = AmE / / in words like cop, rock, not, etc. (/ / in AmE is not diphthongized).
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AmE
/ r f/
BrE
AmE
(i) laugh
/l f/
/l f/
(j) spa
/sp /
/sp /
(k) answer
/ ns /
/ ns /
(l) bar
/b /
/b /
(m) last
/l st/
/l st/
(n) parking
/ p k / / p k /
(o) glass
/ l s/
/ l s/
(p) blah-blah / bl bl / / bl bl /
(a) /
(b) /k
(c) /m
(d) /h
(e) /
(f) / p
k/
p/
k/
t/
d/
s bl/
British English
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
American English
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
Exercise 6. Which words do the following transcriptions represent in BrE and AmE?
(a) graph
(b) gaga
/
/
/
/
(c) target
/t
t/
/t
t/
(d) cant
/k nt/
/k nt/
(e) grandma / r (n)m / / r (n)m /
(f) staff
/st f/
/st f/
(g) argue
/
ju /
/
ju /
(h) apart
/ p t/
/ p t/
BrE
/ r f/
Exercise 5. Fill in the correct symbol and pronounce these words in BrE and AmE.
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AmE
/ r t d/
/d t/
/ h r ke n/
/ d kt /
/ k r nt/
/ b n/
/d l /
/ v n/
(i) ever
(j) serve
(k) bucket
(l) forget
(m) scurry
(n) earth
(o) danger
(p) stomach
BrE
AmE
/ ev /
/ ev /
/s v/
/s v/
/ b k t/
/ b k t/
/f et/
/f et/
/ sk r /
/ sk r /
/
/
/
/
/ de nd / / de nd /
/ st m k/ / st m k/
(a) Richard
(b) dirt
(c) hurricane
(d) doctor
(e) current
(f) urban
(g) dollar
(h) oven
BrE
/ r t d/
/d t/
/ h r kn/
/ d kt /
/ k r nt/
/ b n/
/d l /
/ v n/
Exercise 7. Fill in the correct vowel symbol and pronounce these words in BrE and AmE.
BrE / / = AmE / / when there is no r letter in the spelling: above, sofa, testament, omit, etc.
BrE / / = AmE / / when the letter r is in the spelling, e.g. teacher, honour, permit, etc.
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BrE
BrE
BrE
BrE
(a) slow
(b) year
(c) civilization
(d) hostile
AmE
AmE
AmE
AmE
(h) coast
(g) share
(f) airline
(e) fragile
BrE
BrE
BrE
BrE
AmE
AmE
AmE
AmE
Exercise 8. Listen to the following words. Are they pronounced in BrE or AmE? Circle the correct
answer.
CONSONANTS
AmE retroflex
AmE bunched
BrE sequences /tju /, /dju /, /nju /, etc. = AmE /t(j)u /, /d(j)u /, /n(j)u /, in words like tune, duty, new, etc.
BrE unstressed /nt / or /nt / = AmE /n(t) / or /n(t) / in words like plenty, winter, etc.
BrE unstressed intervocalic /t/ = AmE / t / (flapped /t/ a voiced sound between /d/ and / /) in words
like eighty, later, get out, etc.
BrE postalveolar
In BrE (RP), the letter r is pronounced only when followed by a vowel (in pronunciation), e.g. rat,
far away, unreasonable, etc.
In AmE (GA), the letter r is always pronounced, and it can function either as a vowel or a consonant,
e.g. teacher, forget, hear, ride, etc.
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(i) ability
(j) dentist
(k) Tuesday
(l) matter
(m) centre
(n) metal
(o) neutral
(p) party
STRESS
AmE
/
m/
/ twen /
/d u /
/
kl/
/ n n nl/
/ rez d u /
/k m pju /
/ en /
BrE
/ bl /
/ den st/
/ t u zd(e) /
/m
/
/ sen /
/ me l/
/ n u tr l/
/p
/
AmE
/ bl /
/ den st/
/ t u zd(e) /
/m
/
/ sen /
/ me l/
/ n u tr l/
/p
/
military:
blackberry:
lavatory:
testimony:
In BrE, the word-final sequences -ary, -berry, -ory, and -mony are unstressed, in AmE they have
secondary stress:
(a) atom
(b) twenty
(c) due
(d) article
(e) international
(f) residue
(g) computer
(h) enter
BrE
/
m/
/ twen /
/d u /
/
kl/
/ n n nl/
/ rez d u /
/k m pju /
/ en /
Exercise 9. Fill in the correct consonant symbol and pronounce these words in BrE and AmE.
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(a) ceremony
(b) ballet
(c) dictionary
(d) locate
(e) magazine
(f) category
(g) peanut butter
(h) migrate
(i) strawberry
BrE
AmE
/ ser m n / / ser m n /
/ b le /
/ b le /
/dk
r /
/dk
r /
/ l ke t /
/ lo ke t /
/m
zi n / / m
zi n /
/k t r / /k t
r /
/ pi n t b t / / pi n t b t /
/ ma re t /
/ ma re t /
/ str b( )r / / str ber /
Exercise 10. Fill in the missing symbols and place stress (primary or secondary) correctly on these words.
caf:
BrE / k fe / AmE /k fe /, /k fe /
weekend: BrE / wi k end/ AmE / wi kend/
ice-cream: BrE / a s kri m/ AmE / a skri m /
Some words (simple or compound) have a different stress pattern in BrE and AmE:
2-syllable verbs ending in -ate have stress on the first syllable in AmE, but on the second in BrE.
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
leisure
either
glacier
laboratory
moustache
schedule
tomato
figure
record (n.)
zebra
progress
Moscow
/ le /
/ i /
/ l s /
/ l br t r /
/ m st /
/ edju l/
/t me to /
/f /
/ rek d/
/ zebr /
/ pr res/
/ m ska /
/ li /
/a /
/ le /
/l b r tr /
/m st /
/ sked u l/
/t m t /
/ f j /
/ rek d/
/ zi br /
/ pr res/
/ m sk /
Exercise 11. Pronounce these words. Determine which pronunciation is British and which is American.
Q: How many differences can you identify in the BrE and AmE pronunciation of the word advertisement?
There is a number of words which cannot be transformed from BrE to AmE by means of simple
systematic rules. Here are some examples.
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/
/
t/
t /
/f / /f /
/f r/ /f /
/fr m/ /fr m/ / f
/fr m/ /fr m/ / f
n st n/
/ v/ / v/
n st n/ / v/ / v/
/l st/
/l st/
/ skt/
/ skt/
/f / /f /
/f r/ /f /
/et /
/et /
/ d l z/
/ d l z/
/ eksp ts/
/ eksp ts/
/ w n /
/ w rn /
/nju /
/nu /
/ v/ / v/
/ v/ / v/
/b k t r /
/b k t r /
/ // /
/ r/ / /
/ pr bl m/ / h sp tlz/
/ pr bl m/ / h sp tlz/
/s m /
/ s m /
Speaker 5: British
A train driver who drank a bottle of whiskey while on duty has been jailed for 135 days.
BrE
/ dra v / / b tl/ / v/ / v/ / n/ / dju t / /h z/ /(h) z/ /bi( )n/ /f / /f /
AmE / dra v / / b tl/ / v/ / v/ / n/ / du t / /h z/ /(h) z/ /b n/
/f r/ /f /
/
/
t/
t /
Speaker 4: American
Russian scientists say theyve revived a plant that was preserved in the frozen ground of Siberia for more than 30
thousand years.
BrE
/pl nt/ /w z/ /w z/ /pr z vd/
/f / /f /
/m /
/ t/
/j z/
AmE /pl nt/ /w z/ /w z/ /pr z vd/ /f r/ /f / /m r/ / t / /j rz/
BrE
AmE
Speaker 3: British
Experts are warning that new types of bacteria are becoming a problem in hospitals.
BrE
AmE
Speaker 2: American
Last month President Obama asked for 80 million dollars ...
BrE
AmE
Speaker 1: British
President Obama has announced that 34 thousand troops will be withdrawn from Afghanistan by the end of next summer.
Key to Exercise 1.
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