Timber and Steel Design

Lecture 16 Lateral Resisting System

< Basic of Bracing
< Braced Panels Arrangements
< Trussing to Reduce Story Drift
< Tabular Frame Concept
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

windward
(+)

elevator shaft

Wind & Building Pressure

leeward
(-)

Windward columns in tension

Leeward columns in compression

Wind pressure pushes outdoor air into the windward side of the building
and pulls indoor air from the leeward side

Sidesway of Buildings

Story Drift:

Basic of Bracing

H
h

Co

pr

ns
Te

Dual-functioning Bracing:

H
io

io
ns

ns
n

Te

Te

H
X-bracing:

es

io

s io

Single-story Multi-bay Bracing:

Bracing multistory buildings:

Bracing Around Floor Opening

Opening

Vertical bracing

Vertical bracing

Vertical bracing

Vertical bracing

Bracing to Resist Wind Load

4,480 kg

14,960 C

,8
9

14,960 T

4.5 m

3,400 kg

T
21
8
,
14
13,880 C

30,575 C

10,480 C

4.0 m
H3

33
6,

6,000 kg
14,960 T

H2

4.0 m

4,480 C

4,480 C

20

H1

13,880
4.0 m

30,575

30,575

Building Frame to Resist Lateral Loads

To dissipate energy in the moment-frame beams and to avoid
soft story mechanisms

Soft-story
failure mode

Earthquake

Earthquake

Beam-sway mechanism

Column-sway mechanism

Building Collapse in KOBE Earthquake (1995)

5th floor

Bracket-type Bracing:

Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF)

To dissipate energy in the shear or moment links and protect the
remainder of the frame from inelastic action.
e

D-Braced EBF

Split-K-Braced EBF

V-Braced EBF

Split-K is the best because large moments are avoided near the column

Forces in EBF
D-Braced EBF

Split-K-Braced EBF
e

EBF with W-Shape Bracing

Stiffener plates both
sides with continuous
fillet welds to web
and flange

Intermediate stiffener
plate both sides for
link length e > 62.5 cm

Link length e

CL of brace
must intersect
CL of beam at
edge or inside
link

Concentrically Braced Frames (CBF)

To dissipate energy in yielding and buckling braces.

Diagonal braced CBF

Inverted V-braced CBF

X-braced CBF

K-braced CBF

V-braced CBF

Braced Panels Arrangements

Trussing to Reduce Story Drift

(a) Bracing around

Elevator Shaft

(b) Hat Truss

(c) Belt Truss

Solid-wall tube

Tabular Frame Concept

(a)

(b)

World Trade Center - New York

Height: 417 and 415 meters

Ground Breaking: August 5, 1966
Opened: April 4, 1973

Terrorist attack: September 11, 2001

Typical Floor Plan of the World Trade Center

The central core is designed to carry part of
the vertical loads only.
The closely spaced tabular perimeter columns
act like a hollow tube supporting part of vertical
loads and all the horizontal loads.

Sears Tower - Chicago

World's Tallest Building Until 1996

Height: 442 meters

Build: 1973
Terrorist attack: not yet

Actually nine 23-by-23 meters towers bundled together

World's Top 10 Buildings

Rank

Name

City

Country

1
2

Petronas Tower 1
Petronas Tower 2

Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur

Sears Tower

Feet

Metres

Stories

Malaysia 1483
Malaysia 1483

452
452

88
88

Chicago

USA

1450

442

110

Jin Mao Tower

Shanghai

China

1380

421

88

**5

Citic Plaza

Guangzhou

China

1,283

391

80

Shun Hing Square

Shenzhen

China

1,260

384

69

Empire State

New York

USA

1250

381

102

Central Plaza

Hong Kong

China

1227

374

78

Bank Of China

Hong Kong

China

1209

369

70

10

The Center

Hong Kong

China

1148

350

79

11

T & C Tower

Kaohsiung

Taiwan

1140

348

85

12

Aon Center

Chicago

USA

1136

346

80

13

John Hancock

Chicago

USA

1127

344

100

14

Burj al Arab Hotel

Dubai

UAE

1,053

321

60

15

Baiyoke Tower II

Bangkok

Thailand

1,050

320

90

Bundled Tube Structure

The Sears Tower is a bundled-tube structural design. The rigid outer walls
act like the walls of a hollow tube. The Sears Tower is actually a bundle of
nine tubes, and is considered one of the most efficient structures designed
to withstand wind.

Typical Framing Plan

3 @ 23 m = 69 m

3 @ 23 m = 69 m

4.6 m typ.

The Petronas Twin

Towers were the
tallest buildings in the
world from April 15th,
1996 until October
17th, 2003 when
Taipei 101 (Financial
Center) was topped
out at 508m (1676ft).

FUTURE TALLEST?
Planned Shanghai tower may rise 500 meters.

MEGAFRAME Perimeter tube has columns,

belt trusses, bracing.