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0985052510
MT S VN TRNG IM N TP NHANH
V HIU QU MN HA HC
Cc em hc sinh thn mn, t nm hc 2006 2007, B Gio dc v o to ban hnh quy ch
mi cho 2 k thi Tt nghip PTTH v Tuyn sinh H C. Theo , cc mn L, Ha, Sinh s chuyn
sang hnh thc thi trc nghim khch quan.
Trong nhng nm hc u tin p dng hnh thc thi mi ny c khng t cc bn hc sinh khng
t c m c ca mnh ch v thiu mt cht kinh nghim v phng php ph hp vi hnh thc thi
mi. Sang nm hc ny, mc d c s ci thin nht nh, song do rt nhiu nm tin hnh thi t
lun nn chng trnh gio dc hin nay ang t ra khng theo kp vi i hi ca k thi trc nghim. T
chng trnh SGK mi, i ng gio vin chm i mi cho n thi quen trong cch dy, cch hc (hu
ht cc bi kim tra trn lp vn theo hnh thc t lun), thiu ti liu tham kho c cht lng, khin
cho vic tip cn phng php mi ca cc em hc sinh gp rt nhiu kh khn. Trong khi , hnh thc
thi mi vi nhng c th mi i hi cc em phi trang b cho mnh nhng kin thc, k nng, kinh
nghim v phng php t duy mi c th hon thnh tt bi thi ca mnh.
Ch cn hn 4 thng na l k thi H C nm 2010 li n, gi l thi im thch hp cc em
vch ra cc k hoch n tp cp tc v gp rt thc hin cho ph hp vi nhng mc tiu, d nh trong
tng lai. gip cc em c thm mt gi cho vic n tp mn Ha hc sao cho tht nhanh m hiu
qu, thy vit bi ging ny nh mt mn qu u nm thay cho li chc. T cc tng trong bi vit
ny, cc em c th ch ng sp xp, nh hng v a ra nhng la chn, nhng gii php c th cho
vic hc Ha ca mnh.
*
Bi vit ny cng thay cho li xin li ti gi ti cc bn c thn thit v phi ch i cun Cc phng php gii
bi ton Ha hc ca ti qu lu ri. Hin ti, do cc trc trc v th tc thu v hp ng m ti cha th khng nh ngy
ra mt chnh thc ca cun sch. b li, t gi ti k thi H C nm 2010 ti s c gng chia s mt s ni dung tht
c sc c chn lc ca cun sch n p li s ng h v quan tm ca cc bn. Xin chn thnh xin li v cm n s
ng h nhit thnh ca cc bn!
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0985052510
+ Cl 2
Phn ng xy ra theo s : NaBr, NaI
NaCl
a = 0,2 mol
b = 0,1 mol
T ta c th t tip cc cu hi:
- X v Y c th ng vi nhng halogen no? - Tt c, tr Flo. (n y ta c th hi tip: ti sao li tr
F? v F2 tc dng vi nc, ta li c th hi tip: phn ng ca F2 vi nc nh th no?, F2 cn phn ng c
bit no khc vi cc halogen khc hay khng, vvvv..)
-
2H 2 O
SO2 + I 2 + 2H 2 O
2HBr + H 2 SO4
2HI + H 2 SO 4
(t cc phn ng ny, ta li c th lin tng n rt nhiu vn Ha hc khc nh: so snh tnh cht ha hc v
nhn bit CO2 vi SO2, phng php sunfat trong iu ch HX (c th p dng cho nhng halogen X no), cn
phng php no khc tng hp HX, H2S c cho phn ng nh SO2 trong cc iu kin tng t hay khng, .)
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0985052510
FeBr3
o
FeI 2
o
Fe2+ + Cl 2 , Br2
Fe2+ + I 2
Fe3+ + I-
(t cc phn ng ny, ta li c th lin tng n rt nhiu vn Ha hc khc nh: tnh kh ca ion I,- phn ng
no rt c trng na th hin tnh kh ca ion I,- phn ng c trng ca I2, phn ng oxh kh chuyn ha Fe2+
v Fe3+, .)
-
Ngoi ra, t cc tnh cht trn, ta c th t thm cu hi: nu cc n cht halogen bin thin
nh vy, th cc hp cht ca chng s bin i nh th no? Tr li cho cu hi ny, chng ta
s li c thm cc dy bin thin:
HF HCl < HBr < HI
Xem thm bi ging Vn rn luyn k nng tnh trng ph thng bit thm chi tit!
VD1: Kh hon ton 23,2 gam hn hp FeO, Fe2O3 bng H2 thu c 7,2 gam H2O. Thnh phn
phn trm v khi lng ca mi oxit trong hn hp l:
A. 31,03% FeO v 68,97% Fe2O3
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0985052510
S cc phn ng: O + H 2 H 2 O
Cch 1: t n gii h phng trnh
Gi x, y ln lt l s mol ca FeO v Fe2O3 trong 23,2 gam hn hp.
T gi thit, ta c h phng trnh:
m hh = 72x + 160y = 23,2 gam
7,2
n O = 18 = 0,4 mol
%m FeO =
72 0,1
100% = 31,03%
23, 2
x = y = 0,1 mol
%m Fe2 O3 = 68,97%
Cch 2: nh gi KLPT
Nhn thy 232 l KLPT ca Fe3O4 (FeO.Fe2O3), do hn hp ban u c khi lng 23,2 gam
(tng ng 0,1 mol Fe3O4) nhiu kh nng cha 0,1 mol FeO v 0,1 mol Fe2O3.
Kim tra li nhn nh trn bng cch tnh s mol O: n O = n H 2 O =
7,2
= 0,4 mol
18
B. C3H7N
C. C2H7N
D. C3H9N
1, 4
= 0,125 mol
22, 4
8,4
10,125
= 0,375 mol; n H2 O =
= 0,5625 mol
22,4
18
o
+ O2 , t
Ta c s phn ng chy: 0,125C x H y N
0,375CO 2 + 0,5625H 2 O
H : C 3 p n ng l D.
*
Cch lm ny cho php thao tc tnh ngay trn s liu v th tch v khi lng m khng cn chuyn qua s mol, hu
ht cc php tnh u c th nhm c.
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0985052510
A. C3H8
B. C3H6
C. C4H8
D. C3H4
p s: C. C4H8
Hng dn gii:
p dng phng php t chn lng cht, ta gi s hn hp ban u c 11 mol, trong c 10 mol
kh O2 v 1 mol X.
Gi CTPT ca X l CxHy, ta c s phn ng:
C x H y + (10 - x)O 2 xCO 2 +
y
H2O
2
y
2
8x + y = 40
32
24
16
y
8
B. 80 ml
C. 100 ml
D. 150 ml
p s: C. 100 ml
Hng dn gii:
Cch 1: Phng php Bo ton khi lng.
Phn ng ca H3PO4 vi KOH to ra bt c mui no cng c t l: n H2O = mKOH = 0,15 mol
T s phn ng: KOH + H 3 PO 4
mH3 PO4 = 15,5 + 0,15 18 - 0,15 56 = 9,8 gam hay 0,1 mol
T d dng c p n ng l C.
Cch 2: Phng php xp x ha.
D cha bit thnh phn mui khan gm nhng mui g (c th l K3PO4 hoc K2HPO4 hoc
KH2PO4 hoc hn hp ca 2 trong 3 mui ), ta vn c:
m mui = m K + m H + m PO3 = 15,5 gam vi m K = 39 0,15 = 5,85 gam v m H << m K ; m PO3
4
9,65
0,101 mol .
95
T d dng suy ra p n ng l C.
3, Phn bit c nhng c trng ca hnh thc thi trc nghim so vi t lun v ng dng
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0985052510
Mt bi ton trc nghim hon ton khng n gin l mt bi tp t lun c 4 p n (trc nghim
t lun + 4 p n), mt cu hi trc nghim hon chnh v c cht lng, nht l cc cu hi trong
thi H u c 4 p n nhiu hm cha nhiu dng . Khi gii mt bi tp trc nghim, nht thit
phi bm st v i chiu lin tc vi 4 p n m bi a ra, t c nhng nhn nh ng n
v ph hp, gip ta c th a ra nhng gii php nhanh nht v hiu qu nht cho cc yu cu ca bi
ton. Phng php khai thc cc thng tin t 4 p n tng nhanh tc v hiu qu ca vic gii ton
c gi chung l phng php Chn ngu nhin.
*
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AD+G
D + H2O E + H
E + G mui clorat
E + G nc javel
Cc cht A, D, E v G c th l:
A
KClO
KCl
KClO4
A.
B.
C.
D.
p s: B. KCl, K, KOH, Cl2
D
E
K
KOH
K
KOH
K
KOH
C A, B, C u ng
G
Cl2
Cl2
Cl2
Hng dn gii:
Tt c cc p n cho u c cng kt qu vi D, E, G chng t cc kt qu chc chn l
ng. Do ta ch cn quan tm n cht A.
tm A, ta xt ring phn ng A D + G. V D v G chc chn l K v Cl2 nn A phi khng
cha O A l KCl p n ng l B.
VD2: Chia hn hp kim loi Cu, Al thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
-
Phn th nht nung nng vi oxi ti phn ng hon ton thu c 18,2 gam hn hp 2 oxit.
Ho tan hon ton phn th hai bng dung dch H2SO4 c, nng thy bay ra 8,96 lt SO2 (ktc).
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0985052510
B. NaOOC-COOH
C. NaOOC-COONa
D. NaOOC-CH=CH-COONa
p s: C. NaOOC-COONa
Hng dn gii:
Khng cn mt cng gii chi tit bi ton, ch cn mt nhn xt: t chy hon ton A khng thu
c H2O trong CTPT ca A khng cn cha nguyn t H l ta c th tm c p n ng l
C.
VD4: Hn hp 3 ancol n chc, bc mt A, B, C c tng s mol l 0,08 mol v tng khi lng l
3,387 gam. Bit B, C c cng s nguyn t cacbon, M B < M C , v 3n A = 5(n B + n C ) . Cng thc cu to
ca ancol B l:
A. CHCCH2OH hoc CH2=CHCH2OH
B. CHCCH2OH hoc CH3CH2CH2OH
C. CH2=CHCH2OH hoc CH3CH2CH2OH
D. CHCCH2OH hoc CH2=CHCH2OH hoc CH3CH2CH2OH
p s: A. CHCCH2OH hoc CH2=CHCH2OH
Hng dn gii:
Khng cn mt cng gii chi tit bi ton, ta ch cn nhn xt nh sau :
V B v C l 2 ru c cng s C m M B < M C B khng th l ru no cc p n B, C, D
u b loi.
Vy p n ng l A.
- Trong mt s trng hp c bit, gi t 4 p n thm ch cn l c s duy nht ta tm ra p
n ng m bng cc phng php thng thng khc khng th lm c.
VD5: Nung hn hp gm Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 cho n khi khi lng khng i thu c 6,9 gam
cht rn. Khi lng ca Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 trong hn hp X theo th t l:
A. 8,4 gam v 1,6 gam
106a + 84b = 10
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a 0,01509 mol
b = 0,1 mol
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0985052510
Do , p n l B.
*
- Ngoi ra, mt trong nhng c trng quan trng nht ca bi thi trc nghim l khng c
barem im cho tng nh, trong bi thi t lun, ta c th c trnh by ti a tt c nhng bc gii
thc hin c hy vng c thm im, cho d cha c c kt qu cui cng nhng i vi bi thi
trc nghim th ch c kt qu chn p n cui cng mi c dng tnh im.
Tuy nhin, iu khng c ngha l qu trnh lm bi trc tr thnh v ngha, mi mt d
kin ca bi ton u hm cha nhng ngha nht nh, cho d cha gii m c ht cc d kin
hoc cha xu chui chng li vi nhau c th ta vn c th gii hn li cc kh nng c th ng
nht. Trong cc trng hp ny, vic khai thc thng tin, bm st vo 4 p n l rt cn thit v cho hiu
qu cao.
VD6: t chy hon ton 1 lt hn hp kh gm C2H2 v hirocacbon X sinh ra 2 lt kh CO2 v 2 lt
hi H2O (cc th tch kh v hi o cng iu kin nhit , p sut). Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C2H6
B. C2H4
C. CH4
D. C3H8
Nu ch khai thc c d kin 1 (rt d dng nhn ra) th th sinh cng loi c 2 p n, xc sut chn c
p n ng trong 2 p n cn li l 50% - 50%. Tng t nh vy, nu ch khai thc c d kin 2 th cng loi b c 1
p n.
VD7: un nng cht H2N-CH2-CONH-CH(CH3)-CONH-CH2-COOH trong dung dch HCl (d), sau
khi cc phn ng kt thc thu c sn phm l:
A. H2N-CH2-COOH, H2H-CH2-CH2-COOH
B. H3N+-CH2- COOHCl , H3N+-CH2-CH2- COOHCl
C. H3N+-CH2- COOHCl , H3N+-CH(CH3)- COOHCl
D. H2N-CH2-COOH, H2N-CH(CH3)-COOH
(Trch thi tuyn sinh H C khi B 2008)
p s: C. H3N+-CH2- COOHCl , H3N+-CH(CH3)- COOHCl
Hng dn gii:
- V ipeptit ban u cha 1 n phn c nhnh CH3 nn sn phm phn ng thy phn bng HCl
(khng lm thay i mch C) cng phi c nhnh CH3 loi p n A v B.
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0985052510
H 3 PO 4
Ca(H 2 PO 4 )2
Tnh khi lng dung dch H2SO4 70% dng iu ch c 468 kg Ca(H2PO4)2 theo s
bin ha trn. Bit hiu sut ca c qu trnh l 80%.
(Trch cu III.2 thi tuyn sinh H C khi B 2004)
p s: 700 kg.
Hng dn gii:
y l mt cu hi hon ton khng kh, nhng i hi th sinh phi c kinh nghim th mi bt
ng ngi ra v c c kt qu tt.
i vi th sinh nhiu kinh nghim, nhn vo s , ta c th nhn bit ngay ra y l s quy
trnh iu ch supephosphat kp.
Nu hiu nh vy, s y trn s l:
Ca 3 (PO 4 )2
+ H 2 SO 4
H 3 PO 4
+ Ca 3 (PO 4 )2
Ca(H 2 PO 4 )2
468 4 3
100 100
98
= 700 kg
234 3 2
70 80
+ H 2 SO 4
H 3 PO 4
+ Ca(OH)2
Ca(H 2 PO 4 )2
V d ny cho thy rt r vai tr cc k quan trng ca kinh nghim lm bi trong cc k thi, vic hiu ng ngi
ra c th quyt nh s ng sai ca vic gii ton!
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0985052510
Cng chnh bi v th m vic hc phng php gii ton Ha hc khng th cng nhc thnh
nhng dng bi hay cng thc tnh nh Ton hay L, cng l phng php gii ton y nhng t
vo mt bi ton c th vi nhng phn ng Ha hc c th th cch tnh s khc, ch khng th my
mc thay s vo cng thc hay p dng bin i nh dng bi theo kiu Ton v L c. Cc cng
thc hay dng bi trong gii ton Ha hc c rt nhiu nhng phm vi p dng cho mi cng thc li kh
hp v i hi rt nhiu iu kin, ch cn bi ton thay i mt d kin nh l cng thc tnh hay cch
bin i cng phi thay i theo v do , thy khng khuyn khch cc em gii ton theo cc cng thc
cng nhc nu nh phm vi ng dng ca n khng nhiu, nht l khi cc em cn cha nm c bn
cht v cc iu kin lm cho cng thc y ng.
Thng thng, nhng phn ng dng trong bi ton Ha hc thng l cc phn ng quen thuc,
c trng cho cc nhm cht v khng qu kh. Tuy nhin, trong thi H, cc d kin Ha hc trong
bi ton thng c lm lt lo, vng vo che giu phng php chnh (phng php quyt nh),
mt khc, thi H cng thng cho cc bi tp i hi phi kt hp nhiu phng php gii, khin
cho cc em d lng tng trong vic la chn phng php hn l v mt Ha hc ca bi ton. Do ,
vic hc tp phng php gii ton cng l mt ni dung n tp quan trng cn c u tin, sao cho
ngay khi c xong bi, cc em c th ch ra c nhng du hiu ca cc phng php gii
ton, bit ngay c bi ton gii n phi dng nhng phng php no, thm ch l c th
gii bng bao nhiu cch. iu ny l khng d thc hin, khi m nhn thc ca gio vin trong vic
ging dy phng php cn nhiu hn ch, nng lc v thi gian ln lp cn c hn. Ngay c cc sch
tham kho hin nay trn th trng cng ch ch yu chy theo th hiu ch cha p ng c yu
cu, s u sch tham kho v phng php rt nhiu nhng phn ln vn ch lt qua phn c s
phng php v sa vo vic a v d ri gii, hu nh cha c cun no sc khi qut, ch r c
cc du hiu nhn bit phng php gii ton gip cc em c c thun li khi lm bi.
VD: Phng tia la in qua mt bnh kn cha O2 ta thu c mt hn hp gm O2, O3 iu kin
tiu chun c t khi hi vi hiro l 18. Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng ozn ha?
Hng dn gii:
*
12
2O3 , ta d dng c: n O2 p =
3
1 = 1,5 mol
2
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0985052510
1,5
100% = 33,33%
1,5 + 3
2O3
Trc p:
Phn ng:
2 x
3
1-x
2 x
3
Sau p:
T gi thit, ta c:
M hh
2
32 (1 - x) + 48 x
3 = 2 36 x = 0,3333
=
1-x+x
3
H% = 33,33%
Hoc:
O2 (M = 32)
18 x 2 = 36
O3 (M = 48)
n O2 d = 3n O3
2
1 - x = 3 x
3
12
x = 0,3333
H% = 33,33
nt
Ms
36
9
=
=
=
ns
Mt
32
8
H% =
3
100% = 33,33%
9+3
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November 2009
September 2009
20th Kt hp 3 phng php: Quy i - Trung bnh - ng cho gii nhanh bi ton Ha hc
July 2009
12th p n chi tit cho thi tuyn sinh H - C nm 2009 (khi A m 825)
02nd Chc cc em ln ng thi tht tt nh!
May 2009
April 2009
March 2009
November 2008
September 2008
July 2008
June 2008
29th Chin thut chn ngu nhin trong bi thi trc nghim Ha hc (phn 1)
29th p n chi tit cho thi tuyn sinh H - C mn Ha khi A nm 2007
27th nh gi y hn ngha ca phng php ghp n s
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0985052510
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0, 48
= 0, 03(mol )
16
Ta c bo ton nguyn t N: n HNO3 =n HNO3 (pu O trong oxit) + n HNO3 (pu oxi hoa - khu) + n NO
Bo ton khi lng : mO = mhh mkl = 2, 71 2, 23 = 0, 48( g ) nO =
+2
+3e
Mt khc: n HNO (pu O trong oxit) = 2n O ( cho H 2 O); n HNO (pu oxi hoa - khu) = 3.n NO ( Do N +5
N O)
3
3
n
=
n
=
0,
04.1
=
0,
04(
mol
)
Bi gii:
: khng cn s dng; pp phn tch sn phm chy
axit
NaOH
Ta c: axit panmitic, axit stearic no n chc nn khi chy to n H2O = n CO2 cn axit linoleic khng no c
2 lin kt i trong gc HC v n chc nn khi chy cho: 2naxit = n CO2 n H2O
15,232 11, 7
= . Theo p n th m = 3 x = tha mn p n C.
m 9
3
to
M x Oy +
yCO
xM
yCO 2 .
{ + {
{
Cch 2: 123
nx (mol)
17,92
n (mol)
ny =
22,4
ny=0,8 (mol)
= 0,8 (mol)
o
+3
M
{ + H 2SO4 M 2 (SO4 )3 +
nx (mol)
+4
SO2
{
+H 2 O
20,16
= 0,9( mol )
22,4
nx 0, 6
x 3
=
= Fe3O4
ny 0,8
y 4
Cu 8: Cho dung dch Ba(HCO3)2 ln lt vo cc dung dch: CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2, NaOH, Na2CO3, KHSO4,
Na2SO4, Ca(OH)2, H2SO4, HCl. S trng hp c to ra kt ta l
A. 4.
B. 7.
C. 5.
D. 6.
Bi gii:
Ba(HCO3)2 + 2NaOH BaCO3 +Na2CO3 +2H2O.
Ba(HCO3)2 + Na2CO3 BaCO3 + 2NaHCO3.
Ba(HCO3)2 + 2KHSO4 BaSO4 +K2SO4 +2H2O +CO2 .
Ba(HCO3)2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaHCO3.
Ba(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 BaCO3 +CaCO3 + 2H2O.
Ba(HCO3)2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2H2O +CO2 .
Cu 9: ipeptit mch h X v tripeptit mch h Y u c to nn t mt aminoaxit (no, mch h, trong
phn t cha mt nhm NH2 v mt nhm COOH). t chy hon ton 0,1 mol Y, thu c tng khi
lng CO2 v H2O bng 54,9 gam. t chy hon ton 0,2 mol X, sn phm thu c cho li t t qua nc
vi trong d, to ra m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 120.
B. 60.
C. 30.
D. 45.
Bi gii: Gi CT ca amino axit l: CnH2n+1NO2
0,1
0,3n
(3n-1/2).0,1
0,3n.44 + (3n-0,5).0,1.18 = 54,9 n = 3.
O2
Vy khi t chy: C2nH4nN2O3 +
2nCO2
0,2 mol
0,2.2.3 =1,2 mol = s mol CaCO3.
m CaCO3 = 1,2 .100 = 120 gam
Theo bo ton electron: 3.nx = 2.n SO2 3.nx = 2.0,9 n.x=0,6
Cu 10: Hn hp Z gm hai axit cacboxylic n chc X v Y (MX > MY) c tng khi lng l 8,2 gam. Cho
Z tc dng va vi dd NaOH, thu c dd cha 11,5 gam mui. Mt khc, nu cho Z tc dng vi mt
lng d dd AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 21,6 gam Ag. CT v % khi lng ca X trong Z l
A. C3H5COOH v 54,88%.
B. C2H3COOH v 43,90%.
C. C2H5COOH v 56,10%.
D. HCOOH v 45,12%.
Bi gii:
PP tng gim khi lng:
1 mol axit phn ng vi NaOH th khi lng tng 22 gam
11,5 8, 2
= 0,15(mol )
x
: 11,5 -8,2 x =
22
V axit tham gia p trng gng nn phi c HCOOH ( Y) v MY<MX.
2
Ti liu luyn thi i hc nm 2010 - 2011
y
H + O 2 xCO 2 + H 2 O x = 1,5 ankan : CH 4 ( loi B)
Cch 2: C
x y
{
{
2
0,2 (mol)
0,2.x = 0,3
0,9
y
=0,45 mol 0, 2. = 0, 45 y = 4,5
2
2
(loi A, D)
Cu 14: Pht biu no sau y khng ng?
A. Trong cc dd: HCl, H2SO4, H2S c cng nng 0,01M, dd H2S c pH ln nht.
B. Nh dd NH3 t t ti d vo dd CuSO4, thu c kt ta xanh.
C. dd Na2CO3 lm phenolphtalein khng mu chuyn sang mu hng.
D. Nh dd NH3 t t ti d vo dd AlCl3, thu c kt ta trng.
Bi gii: Kt ta xanh sau tan to dung dch mu xanh lam thm khi NH3 d (to phc)
Cu 15: Dy gm cc cht u tc dng vi H2 (xc tc Ni, t0) to ra sn phm c kh nng phn ng vi
Na l:
A. C2H3CH2OH, CH3COCH3, C2H3COOH. B. C2H3CHO, CH3COOC2H3, C6H5COOH.
C. C2H3CH2OH, CH3CHO, CH3COOH.
D. CH3OC2H5, CH3CHO, C2H3COOH.
Bi gii:
Tc dng c vi H2 (c lin kt bi); sn phm p tc dng c vi Na ( - OH; -COOH) (A)
Cu 16: Mt loi phn supephotphat kp c cha 69,62% mui canxi ihirophotphat, cn li gm cc cht
khng cha photpho. dinh dng ca loi phn ln ny l
A. 48,52%.
B. 42,25%.
C. 39,76%.
D. 45,75%.
Bi gii: Gi s c 100 gam phn supephotphat kp c: Ca(H2PO4)2
P2O5
234 gam
142 gam
69,62 gam
42,25 gam
Cu 17: Cho 13,74 gam 2,4,6-trinitrophenol vo bnh kn ri nung nng nhit cao. Sau khi phn ng
xy ra hon ton, thu c x mol hn hp kh gm: CO2, CO, N2 v H2. Gi tr ca x l
A. 0,60.
B. 0,36.
C. 0,54.
D. 0,45.
3
2
2
2
{
{
1 4 2 43
2
2
y
2x+y=7.0,06 y=0,3
{
{
x
13,74
229
= 0,06( mol )
3
0,06. = 0,09
2
3
0,06. = 0,09
2
n = 0,06+0,3+0,09+0,09=0,54 mol
Cu 18: Hn hp X gm 1 ancol v 2 sn phm hp nc ca propen. T khi hi ca X so vi hiro bng
23. Cho m gam X i qua ng s ng CuO (d) nung nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c
hn hp Y gm 3 cht hu c v hi nc, khi lng ng s gim 3,2 gam. Cho Y tc dng hon ton vi
lng d dd AgNO3 trong NH3, to ra 48,6 gam Ag. Phn trm khi lng ca propan-1-ol trong X l
A. 65,2%.
B. 16,3%.
C. 48,9%.
D. 83,7%.
Bi gii:
M X = 46 2 anol CH3OH v 2 sn phm hp nc ca propen (C3H7OH :c 2 ng phn; M = 60)
32
60 46 =14
T l s mol l 1: 1
Gi s mol: propan-1-ol (x mol)
propan-2-ol (y mol)
CH3OH : (x+y) mol
46
60
46 32 =14
Theo tng gim khi lng:
1 mol ancol tham gia p vi CuO th khi lng CuO gim 16 gam ( ca O)
3, 2.1
a=
= 0, 2(mol )
a
3,2
16
Ta c: n 3ancol = 0,2 mol
o
CuO , t
CuO , t
CuO , t
propan-1-ol
C2 H 5CHO ; propan-2-ol
Xeton; CH3OH
HCHO
1
23
1 42 43
1 4 2 43 1 4 2 4 3
14 2 43
( x+ y )
x
HCHO
23
1 (x+y)
4Ag
{
AgNO3 /NH3
4.(x+y)
(x+y)
AgNO3 /NH3
-C(O)-CH
Ko
C 2 H 5CHO
2{
Ag CH
1 4 2 43
; 1 43 4 2 4 433
AgNO3 /NH3
2x
( x + y ) + x + y = 0, 2
x = 0,025
48, 6
y = 0,075
4( x + y ) + 2 x = 108
1,5
.100%= 16,3 %
9,2
Cu 19: Cho phn ng: 2C6H5-CHO + KOH C6H5-COOK + C6H5-CH2-OH
Phn ng ny chng t C6H5-CHO
A. va th hin tnh oxi ha, va th hin tnh kh.
B. ch th hin tnh oxi ha.
C. ch th hin tnh kh.
D. khng th hin tnh kh v tnh oxi ha.
+1
+3
-1
Bi gii: 2C6H5- C HO + KOH C6H5- C OOK + C6H5- C H2-OH
Cu 20: Ha tan hon ton 2,44 gam hn hp bt X gm FexOy v Cu bng dd H2SO4 c nng (d). Sau
phn ng thu c 0,504 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v dung dch cha 6,6 gam hn hp
mui sunfat. Phn trm khi lng ca Cu trong X l
A. 39,34%.
B. 65,57%.
C. 26,23%.
D. 13,11%.
Bi gii: pp quy i cht oxi ha ( SO2 thnh O: nhn 2 e)
2,44 gam X gm FexOy v Cu c th to ra ti a:
0,504
Hn hp Fe2O3 v CuO c khi lng: 2,44 +
.16 = 2,8 gam
22,4
Gi: s mol Fe2O3 x
;
CuO y
y
Fe2(SO4)3 x
CuSO4
160 x + 80 y = 2,8
x = 0,0125
Ta c:
%m Cu = 26,23 %
400 x + 160 y = 6,6 y = 0,01
m propan-1-ol =0,025.60=1,5(g); m hh =0,2.23.2=9,2(g) %m propan-1-ol =
Cu + H2SO4 + O2
a
a
a
a 64a + 16a = 8 a = 0,1 mol
Fe + H2SO4
(2)
FeSO4 + H2
0,1
0,1
Fe + CuSO4
(3)
FeSO4 + Cu
0,2x -0,1
0,2x -0,1
0,2x -0,1
Ta c: mkim loi = m Cu (3) + mFe d = (0,2x 0,1).64 + (0,3-0,2x ).56 = 12,4 x = 1,25
Cu 22: Trn 10,8g bt Al vi 34,8g bt Fe 3O4 ri tin hanh
phan ng nhit nhm trong iu kin khng co
khng khi. Hoa tan hoan
toan
hn
hp rn
sau phan
ng bng
dd H2SO4 loang
(d) thu c 10,752 lit khi H2
(ktc). Hiu sut cua phan
ng nhit nhm la
A. 80%
B. 90%
C. 70%
D. 60%
Bi gii: 8Al + 3Fe3O4
4Al
O
+
9Fe
2 3
0,4
0,15
8x
3x
4x
9x
(0,4-8x) (0,15-3x)
4x
9x
Khi phn ng vi H2SO4 long:
10,752
Al+H 2SO 4 Al3+ +H 2 ; Fe+H 2SO 4 Fe 2+ +H 2 ; n H2 =
= 0, 48 .
22,4
0,04.8
Theo bo ton electron, ta c:(0,4-8x).3 + 9x.2= 0,48.2 x = 0,04 mol H% =
.100 = 80%
0,4
Cu 23: Hn hp M gm
anhit X (no, n chc, mach
h) va hircacbon Y, co tng
s mol la 0,2 (s mol
cua X nho hn cua Y). t chay
hoan
toan
M, thu c 8,96 lit khi CO 2 (ktc) va 7,2g H2O. Hircacbon Y la
A. CH4
B. C2H2
C. C3H6
D. C2H4
Bi gii: Phn tch sn phm chy:
anhit X (no, n chc, mach
h): CnH2nO ; mt khc ta c:
7,2
8,96
n H2O
=0,4 (mol) ; n CO2 =
=0,4 (mol) n H 2O = n CO2 Y l anken hoc xicloankan.
18
22,4
(CnH2n : anken (n 2 ) hoc xicloankan (n 3) )
n CO2 0,4
=
= 2 . Nn X l HCHO v Y l C3H6
Mt khc CTB =
n M 0,2
Cu 24: Cac dung dich
phan
ng c vi Cu(OH)2 nhit thng la
A. glixeron, axit axetic, glucoz
B. long
trng
trng, fructoz, axeton
C. anhit axetic, saccaroz, axit axetic
D. fructoz, axit acrylic, ancol etylic
Bi gii: glixeron, glucoz th hin tnh cht ca ancol a chc cn axit axetic th hin tnh axit
Cu 25: Cho dd X cha KMnO4 va H2SO4 (loang)
nong
la
A. t capron; nilon-6,6, polietylen
B. poli (vinyl axetat); polietilen, cao su buna
C. nilon-6,6; poli(etylen-terephtalat); polistiren
D. polietylen; cao su buna; polistiren
5
3+
Bi gii: Al
+ OH
Al(OH)3 + Al(OH) 4
0,1x
0,39
0,09
(0,1x -0,09)
0,39 = 0,09.3 + (0,1x 0,09).4 x = 1,2 M
Cu 29: Phat biu nao sau y khng ung
?
A. dd m
c cua Na2SiO3 va K2SiO3 c goi la thuy tinh long
B. am
chay
magie co th c dp
tt bng
cat kh
C. CF2Cl2 bi cm
s dung
do khi thai ra khi quyn
thi pha huy tng
ozon
D. Trong phong
thi nghim,
N 2 c iu
ch bng
cach
un nong
dd NH4NO2 bao
hoa
0
t
Bi gii: 2Mg + SiO2
Si + 2MgO
Cu 30: Co 4 dd ring bit:
CuSO4, ZnCl2, FeCl3, AgNO3. Nhung
vao
mi dd mt thanh Ni. S trng hp
xut hin
n mon
in
hoa la
A. 1
B. 4
C. 3
D. 2
Bi gii: CuSO4 v AgNO3
Cu 31: Thuy phn este Z trong mi trng axit thu c hai cht hu c X va Y (M X < MY). Bng
mt phan
ng co th chuyn
hoa X thanh
Y. Cht Z khng th la
A. metyl propionat
B. metyl axetat
C. etyl axetat
D. vinyl axetat
Bi gii: Ch mt phn ng chuyn X thnh Y nn buc s nguyn t C trong X, Y phi bng nhau
( Khng th l A: CH3OH ; C2H5COOH)
Cu 32: Tng
s hp cht hu c no, n chc, mach
h, co cung
cng thc phn t C 5H10O2, phan
ng
c vi dd NaOH nhng khng co phan
ng trang
bac la
A. 4
B. 5
C. 8
D. 9
Bi gii:
Phn ng c vi NaOH nn ch c th l axit hoc este.
axit : CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH ; CH3CH2CH(CH3)COOH ; CH3CH(CH3)CH2COOH ;
CH3C(CH3)2COOH
Este : CH3CH2CH2COOCH3 ; CH3CH(CH3)COOCH3 ; CH3CH2COOC2H5
CH3COOCH2CH2CH3 ; CH3COOCH(CH3)2
( Khng tnh este : HCOO C4H9 : v chng c th tham gia p trng gng)
Cu 33: Hoa tan hoan
toan
2,45 gam hn
hp X gm
hai kim loai kim
th vao
200 ml dd HCl 1,25M, thu
c dung dich
Y cha cac cht tan co nng
mol bng
nhau. Hai kim loai trong X la
A. Mg va Ca
B. Be va Mg
C. Mg va Sr
D. Be va Ca
Bi gii:
V dung dch Y cha cc cht tan c nng bng nhau s mol 2 kim loi kim th bng nhau = n
HCl d (nu c). nHCl = 0,25 mol
M + 2HCl
MCl2 + H2
a
2a
a
9 + 40
Ta c : nHCl d = a 0,25 2a= a a = 0,1 M = 24,5 =
. Nn 2 kim loi l Be v Ca
2
Cu 34: Cho cac cn bng
sau
(I) 2HI (k)
H2 (k) + I2 (k) ;
6
Cch 1: Y cho NaOH thy xut hin thm kt ta Y c HSO 3 . n = 0,1 mol < n Ba 2 + = 0,15 mol
2
SO2 + OH
+ HSO 3
SO 3
0,3
0,4
0,1
0,2
nFeS2 = 0,15 mol m = 18 gam
SO 2 + OH
HSO3
{ {
123
m
m
60
+O2 ,t o
60
m
60
FeS2 2SO 2 ;
;
{
{
HSO3 + OH
H 2O + SO32 ; SO32 + Ba 2+ BaSO3
{
m
m
123
{ {
14 2 43
( mol )
( mol )
a
120
60
m
a
60
21, 7
m
a = 217 = 0,1( mol )
= 0,3 m = 60.0,3 = 18, 0( g )
60
m + a = n = 2.n
a = 0,1
Ba ( OH )2 + nNaOH = 0, 4( mol )
OH
60
Cu 37: Cho s chuyn
hoa sau
0
+ H 2 ,t
xt,t
+Z
C 2 H 2
X
Y
Cao su buna N
Pd,PbCO
t 0 ,xt,p
3
Cac cht X, Y, Z ln
lt la :
A. benzen; xiclohexan; amoniac
B. axetanehit; ancol etylic; buta-1,3-ien
C. vinylaxetilen; buta-1,3-ien; stiren
D. vinylaxetilen; buta-1,3-ien; acrilonitrin
Bi gii:Z l CH2=CHCN (acrilonitrin). Ch c p n D tha mn
Cu 38: t chay hoan toan mt lng hn
hp X gm
2 ancol (u no, a chc, mach
h, co cung
s nhom
OH) cn
va u V lit khi O 2, thu c 11,2 lit khi CO 2 va 12,6 gam H2O (cac th tich
khi o ktc). Gia tri
cua V la
A. 14,56
B. 15,68
C. 11,20
D. 4,48
Bi gii:
12,6 11,2
= 0,2 mol.
cch 1: Do l ancol no nn: n ancol = n H 2O - n CO2 =
18 22,4
n CO2 0,5
=
=2,5. mt ancol l C2H4(OH)2 .
S nguyn t C =
n ancol 0,2
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t oxi
7
C H O (dk:a n) +
O 2 nCO 2 + (n+1)H 2 O
n = 2
{
cch 2: 1 n4 2n4+24 2a 4 4 4 3
1 4 2 43
n = 2,5
;a = 2
2
1
44
2
4
43
x.n = 0,5
x
x.(n +1)=0,7
n = 3
x.
(3.n +1 a )
2
3.2,5+1-2
= 0, 65 V = 14, 46(l )
2
Cu 39: Hn hp X gm
alanin va axit glutamic. Cho m gam X tac dung
hoan
toan
vi dd NaOH (d), thu
c dd Y cha (m+30,8) gam mui.
Mt khac,
nu
cho m gam X tac dung
hoan
toan
vi dd HCl, thu c dd
Z cha (m+36,5) gam mui.
Gia tri cua m la
A. 112,2
B. 165,6
C. 123,8
D. 171,0
Bi gii: Gi s mol: ala x ( c 1 nhm NH2 ; 1 nhm COOH)
Glu y ( c 1 nhm NH2 ; 2 nhm COOH)
+ Tc dng NaOH ta c: x + 2y = 1,4 (*)
+ Tc dng HCl ta c: x + y = 1
(2*)
Gii (*), (2*) x = 0,6 mol; y = 0,4 mol m = 0,6. 89 + 0,4. 147 = 112,2 gam
Cu 40: Trong cac cht : xiclopropan, benzen, stiren, metyl acrylat, vinyl axetat, imetyl ete, s cht co kha
nng lam
mt mau
nc brom la
A. 5
B. 4
C. 6
D. 3
Bi gii: xiclopropan ( Cng m vng); stiren, metyl acrylat, vinyl axetat (C6H5-CH=CH2 ; CH2=CHCOO-CH3 ; CH3COO-CH=CH2 : cng Br2 vo CH=CH2)
II. PHN
RING [ 10 cu ]
A. Theo chng trinh
Chun
(10 cu, t cu 41 n
cu 50)
Cu 41: Phat biu nao sau y ung?
A. Khi un C2H5Br vi dd KOH chi thu c etilen ( sai, do to ra hn hp: CH2=CH2 v C2H5OH)
B. dd phenol lam
phenolphtalein khng mau
chuyn
thanh
mau
hng
( Sai, do : Phenol c tnh axit rt yu
ch khng c tnh baz phenolphtalein chuyn mu hng)
C. Day
cac cht : C2H5Cl, C2H5Br, C2H5I co nhit si tng dn
t trai sang phai (Do M tng dn)
D. un ancol etylic 1400C (xuc tac H2SO4 c)
thu c imetyl ete ( Thu c ietyl ete:
C2H5 O C2H5 ch khng phi imetyl ete : CH3 O CH3 )
Cu 42: Cho cac cp
cht vi ti l s mol tng ng nh sau :
(a) Fe3O4 va Cu (1:1)
(b) Sn va Zn (2:1)
(c) Zn va Cu (1:1)
(d) Fe2(SO4)3 va Cu (1:1)
(e) FeCl2 va Cu (2:1)
(g) FeCl3 va Cu (1:1)
S cp
cht tan hoan
toan
trong mt lng d dung dich
HCl loang
nong
la
A. 4
B. 2
C. 3
D. 5
Bi gii:
Fe
3O 4 + 8HCl 2FeCl3 +FeCl 2 +4H 2 O
123
123
a
2a
(a) Fe3O 4 ; Cu (1:1):
+ Cu CuCl 2 +2FeCl 2 .
2FeCl
1 2 33 {
a
2a
(b) Sn ; Zn (2:1) +HCl muoi
(d) Fe 2 (SO 4 )3 ; Cu (1:1): trong dd HCl: Fe 2 (SO4 )3 + Cu
{ 2 FeSO 4 + CuSO4
1 4 2 43
a
n O2 =0,2.
Cu 45: dd X cha cac ion: Ca2+, Na+, HCO3 va Cl , trong o s mol cua ion Cl la 0,1. Cho 1/2 dd X phan
Cu 46: Hn hp X gm
CuO va Fe2O3. Hoa tan hoan
toan
44 gam X bng
dd HCl (d), sau phan
ng thu
c dd cha 85,25 gam mui.
Mt khac,
nu kh hoan toan 22 gam X bng
CO (d), cho hn hp khi thu
c sau phan
ng li t t qua dd Ba(OH)2 (d) thi thu c m gam kt tua.
Gia tri cua m la
A. 76,755
B. 73,875
C. 147,750
D. 78,875
Bi gii:
Cch 1: Ta c: 2nO2- (oxit) = nCl- = a (mol) (trong 44 gam X)
mCl- - mO2- = 41,25 a. 35,5 a.16 = 41,25 a = 1,5 mol
Trong 22 gam X c nO2- (oxit) = 0,375 mol nBaCO3 = nCO2 = 0,375 mol. m = 73,875 gam
Cch 2: Tng gim khi lng:
Khi tham gia p vi HCl th c 1 mol O2- thay bng 2 mol Cl- khi lng mui tng 71-16= 55 (g)
x
85,25 44= 41,25
41, 25
x=
= 0, 75(mol ) Nu trong 22 g ( gim 1 na) th nO (oxit) = 0,375(mol )
55
nCO2 = nCO = nO (oxit) = 0,375(mol ) m BaCO3 =0,375.197=73,875(g)
Cu 47: Cho mt s nhn
inh
v nguyn nhn gy nhim
mi trng khng khi nh sau :
(1) Do hoat ng
cua nui la
(2) Do khi thai cng nghip,
khi thai sinh hoat
(3) Do khi thai t cac phng tin
giao thng
(4) Do khi sinh ra t qua trinh
quang hp cy xanh
(5) Do nng
cao cua cac ion kim loai : Pb2+, Hg2+, Mn2+, Cu2+ trong cac ngun nc
Nhng nhn
inh
ung
la :
A. (1), (2), (3)
B. (2), (3), (5)
C. (1), (2), (4)
D. (2), (3), (4)
Cu 48: Thuy phn hoan
toan
1 mol pentapeptit X, thu c 2 mol glyxin (Gly), 1 mol alanin (Ala), 1 mol
valin (Val) va 1 mol Phenylalanin (Phe). Thuy phn khng hoan
toan
X thu c ipeptit Val-Phe va tripeptit
Gly-Ala-Val nhng khng thu c ipeptit Gly-Gly. Cht X co cng thc la
A. Gly-Phe-Gly-Ala-Val
B. Gly-Ala-Val-Val-Phe
C. Gly-Ala-Val-Phe-Gly
D. Val-Phe-Gly-Ala-Gly
Bi gii: pentapeptit X
+ Ala + Val + Phe
Gly
9
thi thu
c 3,36 lit khi H2 (ktc). Phn trm khi lng cua Cu trong X la
A. 19,81%
B. 29,72%
C. 39,63%
D. 59,44%
Bi gii:Ta c :
3,36
Zn + 2KOH K 2 ZnO 2 +H 2 ; n Zn = n H2 =
= 0,15 mol n Cu =0,25-0,15= 0,1 mol n Zn /n Cu = 3/2
22,4
2.0,1.64
n Zn :3x; n Cu : 2x 81.3x + 80.2x = 40,3 x = 0,1 mol %m Cu =
.100%= 39,63%
40,3
Cu 50: Cho cac cht : (1) axit picric; (2) cumen; (3) xiclohexanol; (4) 1,2-ihiroxi-4-metylbenzen; (5) 4metylphenol; (6) -naphtol. Cac cht thuc loai phenol la:
A. (1), (3), (5), (6)
B. (1), (2), (4), (6)
C. (1), (2), (4), (5)
D. (1), (4), (5), (6)
B. Theo chng trinh
Nng cao (10 cu, t cu 51 n
cu 60)
Cu 51: Cho 0,3 mol bt Cu va 0,6 mol Fe(NO3)2 vao dd cha 0,9 mol H2SO4 (loang).
2+
+
3+
3Fe
+ 4H + NO 3
+ NO + 2H2O
(2)
3Fe
0,6
1,0
1,0
0,2
T (1), (2) nNO = 0,4 mol V = 8,96 lt
Cu 52: Phat biu nao sau y khng ung
?
A. Trong mi trng kim,
mui Cr(III) co tinh
kh va bi cac cht oxi hoa manh
chuyn
thanh
mui
Cr(VI).
B. Do Pb2+/Pb ng trc 2H+/H2 trong day in
hoa nn Pb d dang
phan
ng vi dd HCl loang
ngui,
giai phong
khi H2.
C. CuO nung nong
khi tac dung
vi NH3 hoc CO, u
thu c Cu
D. Ag khng phan
ng vi dd H2SO4 loang
nhng phan
ng vi dd H2SO4 c nong.
11
B GIO DC & O TO
---------------------- CHNH THC
( thi c 06 trang)
H v tn th sinh: .
S bo danh:
Cho bit nguyn t khi o ca cc nguyn t:
H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27; S = 32; Cl = 35,5; K = 39; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Mn =
55; Fe = 56; Cu = 64; Zn = 65; Br = 80; Ag = 108; Ba = 137, Sn = 119; Mn = 55
Cu 1: Dung dch X gm 0,1 mol H+, z mol Al3+, t mol NO3 v 0,02 mol SO42 . Cho 120 ml dung dch Y
gm KOH 1,2M v Ba(OH)2 0,1M vo X, sau khi cc phn ng kt thc, thu c 3,732 gam kt a. Gi tr
ca z, t ln lt l:
A. 0,020 v 0,012
B. 0,020 v 0,120
C. 0,012 v 0,096
D. 0,120 v 0,020
Hng dn:
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch ta c : 0,1 + 3z = t + 0,04
nBa2 0, 012 mol <n SO2 = 0,02
4
Ba 2 SO42
BaSO4
=> nBaSO4 = 0,012 mol => mBaSO4 = 2,796 gam < 3,732 gam
=> mAl ( OH )3 = 3,732 - 2,796 = 0,936 gam => nAl ( OH )3 = 0,012 mol.
Theo bi ta c
OH
=0,168
H OH
H 2O
Al 3
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4H
1,6
a = 4b
3,6
b m ol
CHO
2H
0,4
C6 H 5 C H C H 2 10e
C6 H 5 C OOH C O32
7
Mn 3e
Mn
3 C6H5-CH=CH2 + 10 KMnO4 3C6H5-COOK + 3K2CO3 + 10 MnO2 + KOH + 4H2O
* Nhn xt:
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nOH = 0,612 mol; nAl ( OH )3 = 0,108 mol => nOH trong kt ta = 0,324 < 0,612
=> s mol OH- trong Al(OH)4 = 0,288 mol => 0,4x +0,8y=0,108 + (0,288:4)
Vy => x = 0,21 => x : y = 7 : 4
* Nhn xt:
y l mt bi tp mc TBK, hc sinh ch cn ch v qu trnh phn ng ca cc cht v do y l bi
ton hn hp nn phng php gii l p dng phng trnh ion thu gn
Cu 7: Cho cc pht biu sau v cacbohirat:
(a) Glucoz v saccaroz u l cht rn c v ngt, d tan trong nc.
(b) Tinh bt v xenluloz u l polisaccarit
(c) Trong dung dch, glucoz v saccaroz u ha tan Cu(OH)2, to phc mu xanh lam.
(d) Khi thy phn hon ton hn hp gm tinh bt v saccaroz trong mi trng axit, ch thu c mt loi
monosaccarit duy nht.
(e) Khi un nng glucoz (hoc fructoz) vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 thu c Ag.
(g) Glucoz v saccaroz u tc dng vi H2 (xc tc Ni, un nng) to sobitol.
S pht biu ng l:
A. 6
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
Hng dn:
+ Sobiton l cht c hnh thnh t Glu v Fru khi cho chng tc dng vi H2
+ Saccaroz l mt loi disaccarit c to nn bi 1 gc Glucozo v 1 gc fructozo
+ Tinh bt l mt polisacarit cacbohidrat cha hn hp amilozo v amilopectin, t l phn trm amilozo v
amilopectin thay i ty thuc vo tng loi tinh bt, t l ny thng t 20:80 n 30:70. Tinh bt c ngun
gc t cc loi cy khc nhau c tnh cht vt l v thnh phn ha hc khc nhau. Chng u l cc polimer
cacbohidrat phc tp ca Glucozo
+ Xenluloz l mt loi polisacarit c hnh thnh b cc gc Glucozo => to nn hp cht c cha 3
nhm OH t do => CTCT l: (C6H7O2[OH]3)n
Cu 8: Khi cho 0,15 mol este n chc X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH (d), sau khi phn ng kt thc th
lng NaOH phn ng l 12 gam v tng khi lng sn phm hu c thu c l 29,7 gam. S ng phn cu
to ca X tha mn cc tnh cht trn l:
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 2
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Hng dn
Theo bi ta c nNaOH = 0,3 mol
nNaOH : nEste = 2 : 1 => l este to bi axit v phenol (v cho X l n chc)
RCOOR` + 2NaOH => RCOONa + R`ONa + H2O
0,15
0,3
0,15
mEste =29,7 + 0,15.18 12 = 20,4 gam => KLPT ca este l 136 => CTPT C8H8O2
Cc ng phn ca E: C-COO-C6H5; HCOOC6H4 CH3 (c 3 ng phn o, p, m).
Tng cng c 4 p.
Cu 9: Pht biu no sau y l sai?
A. Tinh th nc , tinh th iot u thuc loi tinh th phn t.
B. Trong tinh th NaCl, xung quanh mi ion u c 6 ion ngc du gn nht.
C. Tt c cc tinh th phn t u kh nng chy v kh bay hi.
D. Trong tinh th nguyn t, cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt cng ha tr.
Hng dn:
Cu hi ny nm gn nh trng trong bi v hp cht lin kt ion v lin kt cng ha tr thuc chng trnh
ha hc 10
+ th rn, NaCl tn ti di dng tinh th ion. Trong mng tinh th NaCl, Na+ v Cl- c phn b lun
phin u n trn cc nh ca cc hnh lp phng nh. Xung quanh mi ion u c mt ca 6 ion ngc du
gn nht
+ Tnh cht chung ca hp cht ion: Rt bn vng v lc ht tnh in gia cc ion ngc du trong tinh th ion
rt ln. Cc hp cht ion u kh rn, kh nng chy, chng ta nhiu trong nc v khi ha tan trong nc,
chng dn din, cn trng thi rn th chng khng dn in.
+ Tnh cht ca cc cht c lin kt cng ha tr: chng c th tn ti trng thi rn, lng hoc kh. Chng
khng dn in mi trng thi
+ Trong tinh th phn t: chng c cu to t nhng phn t c sp xp mt cch u n, theo mt trt t
xc nh trong khng gian v chng lin kt vi nhau bi lc tng tc yu gia cc phn t cc nt mng.
Trong cc tinh th phn t, cc phn t vn tn ti nh nhng n v c lp v ht vi nhau bng lc tng
tc yu => chng d nng chy, d bay hi
+ Trong tinh th nguyn t: chng c cu to t nhng nguyn t c sp xp mt cch u n theo mt
trt t nht dnh trong khng gian => to nn mng tinh th v nhng im nt ca mng tinh th l nhng
nguyn t lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt cng ha tr. Do lc lin kt cng ha tr trong tinh th nguyn t ln
=> tinh th nguyn t kh bn vng, rt cng, nhit nng chy v nhit si kh cao
Cu 10: Pht biu no sau y l sai?
A. Na2CO3 l nguyn liu quan trng trong cng nghip sn xut thy tinh.
B. nhit thng, tt c kim loi kim th u tc dng c vi nc.
C. Nhm bn trong mi trng khng kh v nc l do c mng oxit Al2O3 bn vng bo v
D. Theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, nhit nng chy ca kim loi kim gim dn
Hng dn:
+ Nguyn liu chnh sn xut thy tinh l: Ct thnh anh (ct trng SiO2), vi v soa (Na2CO3)
+ trong iu kin thng ch c cc kim loi Ba, Ca v Sr l c kh nng tc dng c vi nc cn Be
khng tc dng vi H2O d nhit cao, Mg tc dng chm vi H2O nhit thng to ra Mg(OH)2, tc
dng nhanh vi hi nc nhit cao to thnh MgO
Cu 11: Cho cc pht biu sau:
(a) Khi t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon X bt k, nu thu c s mol CO2 bng s mol H2O th X l
anken.
(b) Trong thnh phn hp cht hu c nht thit phi c cacbon.
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Xicloankan
- ng phn l nhng cht c cng cng thc phn t nhng khc nhau v mt cng thc cu to
V d: CH3COOH (c M = 60) v C3H7OH (M = 60) chng khng c coi l ng phn ca nhau
- Cc phn ng ha hc hu c thng xy ra chm v theo nhiu hng khc nhau trong cng mt iu kin
2.9 14 1 1 2
- Gi tr k trong cng thc l k
2 < 4 => khng th to nn c vng benzene
2
(k y l s lin kt pi + s vng)
Cu 12: Cho s phn ng :
(1) X + O2
xt , t
xt , t
(2) X + H2
axit cacboxylic Y1
ancol Y2
xt , t 0
Y3 + H2O
(3) Y1 + Y2
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Cu 2 Fe3 Ag
Cu Fe 2 Ag
Cu 14: Cho 1,82 gam hn hp bt X gm Cu v Ag (t l s mol tng ng 4 : 1) vo 30 ml dung dch gm
H2SO4 0,5M v HNO3 2M, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c a mol kh NO (sn phm kh duy
nht ca N+5). Trn a mol NO trn vi 0,1 mol O2 thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho ton b Y tc dng vi H2O,
thu c 150 ml dung dch c pH = z. Gi tr ca z l:
A. 1
B. 3
C. 2
D. 4
Hng dn:
nCu = 0,02 ; nAg =0,005 => Tng s mol e cho ti a = 0,02.2 +0,005.1 = 0,45
nH = 0,09 mol; nNO = 0,06 (d)
Cu + FeCl3 => CuCl2 + FeCl2 ; Ag + FeCl3
(D vo v tr ca cp oxi ha kh
4, 56
0, 03 mol
152
Gi s phn ng xy ra va th nCr = 0,06 = nH 2 < nH 2 gii phng = 0,09 => Nhm d.
nH 2 gii phng = 0,09 v nCr2O3
2 Al Cr2 O3
Al2 O3 2Cr
H NO3 Fe 2
Fe3 NO H 2O
Cu 18: Chia hn hp gm hai n chc X v Y (phn t khi ca X nh hn ca Y) l ng ng k tip
thnh hai phn bng nhau:
- t chy hon ton phn 1 thu c 5,6 lt CO2 (ktc) v 6,3 gam H2O.
- un nng phn 2 vi H2SO4 c 1400C to thnh 1,25 gam hn hp ba ete. Ha hi hon ton hn hp
ba ete trn, thu c th tch ca 0,42 gam N2 (trong cng iu kin nhit , p sut).
Hiu sut ca phn ng to ete ca X, Y ln lt l:
A. 30% v 30%
B. 25% v 35%
C. 40% v 20%
D. 20% v 40%
Hng dn:
P1 : nCO2 = 0,25 ; nH 2O = 0,35 => Hai ancol ban u l no, n chc. nCn H 2 n1OH = 0,1mol
=> S C TB l 2,5 => Hai ancol l C2H5OH v C3H7OH. Theo phng php ng cho
a mol
0,5
C 2 H5 OH
2,5
b mol C 3 H7 OH
0,5
P2: nete = 0,015 mol = nH 2O , n2 ancol p = 0,03 mol => n2 ancol d = 0,07 mol
m2 ancol d =
2 ancol
a b 0,07
b 0,04
Hiu sut este ha ca X v Y l 40% v 20%
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* Nhn xt:
y l bi tp kh hay, i hi hc sinh phi vn dng nhiu mng kin thc gii: phng php trung
bnh, phng php ng cho, phng php bo ton khi lng
Bi tp ny i vi nhiu em hc sinh TB hoc TBK s mt nhiu thi gian gii quyt.
Cu 19: Cho cc t sau: t xenluloz axetat, t capron, t nitron, t visco, t nilon-6,6. C bao nhiu t thuc
loi t poliamit?
A. 2
B. 1
C. 4
D. 3
Hng dn:
_ Poliamit l nhng polime tng hp c cha nhiu nhm chc amit (-CO-NH-) (cn c gi l nhm peptit)
trong phn t.
+T nilon -6,6: c iu ch bng phn ng trng ngng hai loi monome l
hexametyleniamin (H2N-[CH2]6-NH2 v axit aipic HOCO-[CH2]4-COOH
+ T nilon 6 (t capron) c tng hp t axit 6- amino hexanoic H2N-[CH2]5-COOH
+ T nilon 7 (t enan) c tng hp t axit 7- amino heptanoic H2N-[CH2]6-COOH
+ T nitron thuc loi t vinylic c tng hp t vinyl xianua (CH2=CH-CN - acrilonitrin) nn c gi l
poliacrilonitrin
+ T lacsan thuc loi t polieste c tng hp t axit terephtalic v etylen glicol.
CH3COOH
+ Xenlulz
Xenlulz triaxetat
T axtat (hay t xenluloz axetat)
+ T visc c to ra t : xenlulz, CS2, dd NaOH, dd H2SO4
Cu 20: Cho cc phn ng:
(a) Sn + HCl (long)
+
S phn ng m H ca axit ng vai tr oxi ha l:
A. 3
B. 6
C. 2
D. 5
Hng dn:
H+ ng vai tr l cht oxi ha => khi 2 H 2e
H2
Trong s cc phn ng a ra th:
(a) Sn + HCl (long)
SnCl2 + H2
(b) FeS + H2SO4 (long)
FeSO4 + H2S
(c) MnO2 + HCl (c)
MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O
(d) Cu + H2SO4 (c)
CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O
(e) Al + H2SO4 (long)
Al2(SO4)3 + H2
(g) FeSO4 + KMnO4 + H2SO4
Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O
Vy c 2 phng trnh tha mn yu cu
* Nhn xt:
Cu ny c th chuyn sang mc hi : Trong cc phng trnh phn ng trn, c bao nhiu phn ng to ra
cht kh trng thi n cht (hoc hp cht)
Cu 21: Hn hp X gm O2 v O3 c t khi so vi H2 l 22 . Hn hp kh Y gm metylamin v etylamin c t
khi so vi H2 l 17,833. t chy hon ton V1 lt Y cn va V2 lt X (bit sn phm chy gm CO2,
H2O v N2, cc cht kh khi o cng iu kin nhit , p sut). T l V1 : V2 l:
A. 3 : 5
B. 5 : 3
C. 2 : 1
D. 1 : 2
Hng dn:
O2 O3
4
3
mO
nO3 3nO2
44
b mol O 3 48
12
a mol CH3-NH2
9,334
31
nCH3 NH 2 2nC2 H5 NH 2
35,66
b mol C2H5-NH2 45
4,666
T da vo phng trnh phn ng t chy ta lp ra t l x : y => kt qu
Cu 22: Triolein khng tc dng vi cht (hoc dung dch) no sau y?
A. H2O (xc tc H2SO4 long, un nng)
B. Cu(OH)2 ( iu kin thng)
C. Dung dch NaOH (un nng)
D. H2 (xc tc Ni, un nng)
Hng dn:
Cng thc ca Triolein l (C17H33COO)3C3H5 (trong phn t vn cha 1 lin kt pi)
0
t , xt
(C17H33COO)3C3H5 + H2O
3C17H33COOH + C3H5(OH)3
0
t
(C17H33COO)3C3H5 + NaOH
3C17H33COONa + C3H5(OH)3
0
t , xt
(C17H33COO)3C3H5 + H2
(C17H35COO)3C3H5
Cu 23: hiro ha hon ton 0,025 mol hn hp X gm hai anehit c khi lng 1,64 gam, cn 1,12 lt H2
(ktc). Mt khc, khi cho cng lng X trn phn ng vi mt lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 th thu
c 8,64 gam Ag. Cng thc cu to ca hai anehit trong X l:
A. OHC-CH2-CHO v OHC-CHO
B. H-CHO v OHC-CH2-CHO
C. CH2=C(CH3)-CHO v OHC-CHO
D. CH2=CH-CHO v OHC-CH2-CHO
Hng dn:
Ta c nH2 0, 05 mol; n Ag 0, 08 mol
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nAg
n Andehit
0, 08
3, 2
0, 025
2a+4b=0,08 mol
b 0, 015 mol
Th kt qu:
+ Nu l p n C => m = 70.0,01 + 58.0,015 = 1,57 gam < 1,64 gam => Loi
+ Nu l p n D => m = 56.0,01 + 72.0,015 = 1,64 gam (TM)
* Nhn xt:
+ y l mt bi tp rt hay, i hi hc sinh phi c s bin lun th mi c th c c kt qu
+ Nhiu em hc sinh c th la chn theo hng chn x v y ln lt l s mol v th bm my tnh
cui cng cng s c c kt qu phng n ko bit bin lun th no.
Cu 24: Cho 200 gam mt loi cht bo c ch s axit bng 7 tc dng va vi mt lng NaOH, thu c
207,55 gam hn hp mui khan. Khi lng NaOH tham gia phn ng l:
A. 31 gam
B. 32,36 gam
C. 30 gam
D. 31,45 gam
Hng dn:
+ Trc tin chng ta cn phi ghi nh c mt s khi nim:
+ Ch s acid: L khi lng cht KOH tnh theo miligam (mg) dng trung ha ht lng axit bo cn tn
ti trong 1 gam cht bo
RCOOH + KOH => RCOOK + H2O
7
Theo bi ch s acid bng 7 => ta c nKOH .103 1, 25.10 4 mol
56
Vy trong 200 gam cht bo cn lng KOH l 200.1, 25.104 0, 025 mol
=> S mol ca NaOH dng trung ha lng acid d l: nNaOH = nKOH = 0,025 mol
=> S mol H2O to ra: 0,025 mol
Gi a l s mol ca NaOH ban u => s mol NaOH p trieste: a 0,025
(RCOO)3C3H5 + 3NaOH => 3RCOONa + C3H5(OH)3
a 0, 025
s mol glixerol thu c:
3
LBTKL:
mcht bo + mNaOH = mmui + mglixerol + mH 2 O
200 + 40a = 207,55 + 92
a 0, 025
+ 18 x 0,025 a = 0,775 mNaOH = 31 gam
3
* Nhn xt:
y l mt bi tp khng qu kh, nhng i hi cc em hc sinh phi ghi nh khi nim v ch s acid, l
ch s m t em hc sinh ti bi n ch l 1 bi tp nh trong sch gio khoa phn lipit
Qua bi ny thy mun nhc v nhn mnh mt iu l cc em cn phi ch nhng chi tit nh nht
c hc trong sch gio khoa. Bi qua mt loi cc bi, cu hi trong thi ny cng nh thi khi A,
cc em d dng nhn thy c nhng iu m cc em thng t lu tm ti n li c trong thi.
Cu 25: Thc hin cc th nghim sau:
(a) Nung NH4NO3 rn.
(b) un nng NaCl tinh th vi dung dch H2SO4 (c)
(c) Sc kh Cl2 vo dung dch NaHCO3.
(d) Sc kh CO2 vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 (d).
(e) Sc kh SO2 vo dung dch KMnO4.
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D.4
(NH4NO2 => N2 + H2O)
t 250 C
NaCl tinh th + H2SO4 c
N aHSO4 HCl
t 400 C
NaCl tinh th + H2SO4 c
N a 2SO4 HCl
Cl H 2O
HCl HClO
Cl2 + NaHCO3
2
NaCl H 2 O CO2
HCl NaHCO3
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 d => CaCO3 + H2O
SO2 + KMnO4 + H2O => K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2SO4
KHSO4 + NaHCO3 => K2SO4 + Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
PbS + HCl
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H2O + C
CO + H2
x
x
x
2H2O + C
CO2 + 2H2
2y
y
2y
Theo phng trnh v theo gi thit ta c : 2x + 3y = 0,7 (1)
CO + CuO
CO2 + Cu
H2 + CuO
H2O + Cu
p dng bo ton eletron ta c : 2nCO + 2nH 2 = 2nCu = 3nNO => nCO + nH 2 = 0,6 mol
=> 2x +2y = 0,6 (2)
T cc phng trnh (1), (2) ta c : x = 0,2 ; y = 0,1
Vy %CO = 28,57%
Cu 29: Cho dy cc cht: phenyl axetat, anlyl axetat, metyl axetat, etyl fomat, tripanmitin. S cht trong dy
khi thy phn trong dung dch NaOH (d), un nng sinh ra ancol l:
A. 4
B. 2
C. 5
D. 3
Hng dn:
phenyl axetat: CH3-COO-C6H5 + NaOH => CH3COONa + C6H5ONa + H2O
anlyl axetat: CH3COO-CH2-CH=CH2 + NaOH => CH3COONa + CH2=CH-CH2-OH
metyl axetat: CH3COOCH3 + NaOH => CH3COONa + CH3-OH
etyl fomat: HCOOC2H5 + NaOH => HCOONa + C2H5-OH
tripanmitin: (C15H31COO)3C3H5 + NaOH => 3 C15H31COONa + C3H5(OH)3
37
35
Cu 30: Trong t nhin clo c hai ng v bn: 17
Cl chim 24,23% tng s nguyn t, cn li l 17
Cl . Thnh
phn % theo khi lng ca
37
17
Cl trong HClO4 l:
A. 8,92%
B. 8,43%
Hng dn:
35
17 Cl = 100 - 24,23= 75,77%
C. 8,56%
D. 8,79%
% v khi lng ca
37
17
Cl trong HClO4 =
0, 2423.37
.100% 8,92%
1 35, 4846 16.4
37
17
Cl : 24, 23.
37
25, 26%
35, 4846
37
17
35, 4846
.100% 35,3135%
1 35, 4846 16.4
Cu 31: luyn c 800 tn gang c cha hm lng st 95%, cn dng x tn qung manhetit cha 80%
Fe3O4 (cn li l tp cht khng cha st). Bit rng lng st b hao ht trong qu trnh sn xut l 1%. Gi tr
ca x l:
A. 959,59
B. 1325,16
C. 1394,90
D. 1311,90
Hng dn:
y l mt bi tng i d, ch i hi hc sinh vn dng tt cng thc tnh ton lin quan v hiu
xut ca phn ng, ca qu trnh iu ch v sn xut.
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800.95
760 tn
100
0,8 x
.56.3 tn
232
Do lng st b hao ht trong qu trnh sn xut l 1% (hiu xut ca qu trnh l 99%)
0,8 x
99
=> Khi ta c biu thc:
.56.3
760 x 1325,16
232
100
* Lu : Bi ton ny nu nh chng ta lm tnh v lm trn cc php tnh th mc sai s s rt ln. V
th khi lm bi tp tnh ton th chng ta nguyn cc biu thc dng phn s, n cui cng mi c
php lm trn.
Cu 32: Ancol v amin no sau y cng bc?
A. (C6H5)2NH v C6H5CH2OH
C. (CH3)3COH v (CH3)3CNH2
B. (CH3)2CHOH v (CH3)2CHNH2
D. C6H5NHCH3 v C6H5CH(OH)CH3
Hng dn:
y l mt bi tp kh n gin, ch i hi cc em hc sinh nm c r khi nim v bc ca ancol v bc
ca amin
+ Bc ca Ancol l bc ca nguyn t C m nhm OH c gn vo
(Bc ca nguyn t C, l s ch cho ta bit c bao nhiu nguyn t C khc c gn vo nguyn t C m ta xt)
+ Bc ca Amin l bc s ch cho ta bit c bao nhiu nguyn t C gn vo nguyn t N
=> Qua d dng ta xc nh c kt qu l p n D
A. (C6H5)2NH v C6H5CH2OH
C. (CH3)3COH v (CH3)3CNH2
Bc 2
Bc 1
Bc 3
Bc 1
B. (CH3)2CHOH v (CH3)2CHNH2
D. C6H5NHCH3 v C6H5CH(OH)CH3
Bc 2
Bc 1
Bc 2
Bc 2
Cu 33: Hn hp X gm Fe(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3. Thnh phn % khi lng ca N trong X l
11,864%. C th iu ch ti a bao nhiu gam hn hp 3 kim loi t 14,61 gam X?
A. 7,68 gam
B. 10,56 gam
C. 6,72 gam
D. 3,36 gam
Hng dn:
Ta chn theo hng quy i hn hp X v dng gm c 3 nguyn t: kim loi A, N v O
Theo bi ra ta c: mA + mN + mO = 14,61 gam
m
Mt khc theo ra ta li c: % N N .100% 11,864 gam
mX
=> Lng st c trong Fe3O4 l
mO
16
3.
mN
14
16mO 48mN 0
mA 7, 68
mO 5, 20
11,864m 11,864m 88,136 m 0
m 1, 73
A
O
N
N
Cu 34: Hp th hon ton 2,24 lt CO2 ( ktc) vo 100 mol dung dch gm K2CO3 0,2M v KOH x mol/lit,
sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c dung dch Y. Cho ton b Y tc dng vi dung dch BaCl2 d,
thu c 11,82 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca x l:
A. 1,0
B. 1,4
C. 1,2
D. 1,6
Hng dn:
Theo bi t nBaCO3 0, 06 mol ; nK 2CO3 0, 02 mol
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netthubuon - 03203.832.101
HCO30,06
OH
0,06
CO2
0,1
2-
CO3
0,04
Vy kh
OH
+ 2 OH
0,08
0,14 mol
CMKOH 1, 4
Cu 38: Nhit phn 4,385 gam hn hp X gm KClO3 v KMnO4, thu c O2 v m gam cht rn gm
K2MnO4, MnO2 v KCl . Ton b lng O2 tc dng ht vi cacbon nng , thu c 0,896 lt hn hp kh Y
(ktc) c t khi so vi H2 l 16. Thnh phn % theo khi lng ca KMnO4 trong X l:
A. 74,92%
B. 72,06%
C. 62,76%
D. 27,94%
Hng dn:
CO
C
O2
CO 2
Theo bi ta c :
12
x mol 28 CO
32
x y 0, 04
Theo bi x
y 3
KClO3
KCl O2
3
y
netthubuon - 03203.832.101
86 x 74 y 3, 08 gam
x 0, 01 mol
Theo phng trnh => ta c
3x+3y=0,12 mol
y=0,03 mol
Vy % s mol ca vinyl axetat l: 25%
II. PHN RING [10 cu]
Th sinh ch c lm mt trong hai phn (Phn A hoc B)
A. Theo chng trnh chun (10 cu, t cu 41 n cu 50)
Cu 41: Trong qu gc chn rt giu hm lng:
A.ete ca vitamin A
B. este ca vitamin A
C. -caroten
D. vitamin A
Hng dn:
Gc rt giu Beta-carotene v cht chng oxy ha lycopene (by mi ln so vi c chua), v
zeaxanthin. N cha nng Beta carotene cao nht ca bt k tri cy, thc vt no c bit n (mi ln
nhiu hn c rt). Beta carotene l tin vitamin A c mu c tm thy t ct li ca cc loi tri cy v rau
qu, t m ti b ng. N chuyn i thnh vitamin A trong c th, v c nhiu c tnh bo v t bo.
Cht Beta-carotene trong Gc h tr mnh m chc nng sinh sn bng cch tng cng sn xut tinh
trng, v sau khi n c i thnh vitamin A. N chnh l cht dinh dng quan trng ng mt vai tr ti u
trong s pht trin phi thai khe mnh.
Cc cht Lycopene v Beta-carotene trong Gc qu tng cng sc khe ca da bng cch gim thiu
thit hi oxy ha trong m
Ngoi ra, c hai cht Lycopene v Beta-carotene cho thy c s hot ng bo v chng li cc nguy
c au tim. Ngoi ra, Lycopene, c nhiu trong qu Gc, gip gim BPH, cn c gi l tng sn tuyn tin
lit lnh tnh. Ngoi ra cn c bng chng tt cho thy Lycopene c th gip lm gim nguy c ung th tuyn
tin lit.
Trong 100g tht gc (mng ) cha 15mg-carotene v 16mg lycopen. Qu gc cng chn th hm lng
carotene s gim cn hm lng lycopen li tng ln.
Cu 42: Cht hu c X mch h c dng H2N-R-COOR' (R, R' l cc gc hirocacbon), phn trm khi lng
nit trong X l 15,73%. Cho m gam X phn ng hon ton vi dung dch NaOH, ton b lng ancol sinh ra
cho tc dng ht vi CuO (un nng) c anehit Y (ancol ch b oxi ha thnh anehit). Cho ton b Y tc
dng vi mt lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 12,96 gam Ag kt ta. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 2,67
B. 4,45
C. 5,34
D. 3,56
Hng dn:
14
Theo bi ra ta c: % N
.100% 15, 73% R R ' 29
R R ' 60
Do R v R l cc gc hidrocacbon => R l CH3- (15) v R l CH2 (14)
H2NCH2COO- CH3
CH3OH
HCHO
4Ag
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-16-
1
= 2,67 gam
4
Cu 43: Nhit phn mt lng AgNO3 c cht rn X v hn hp kh Y. Dn ton b Y vo mt lng d
H2O, thu c dung dch Z. Cho ton b X vo Z, X ch tan mt phn v thot ra kh NO (sn phm kh duy
nht). Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Phn trm khi lng ca X phn ng l
A.25%
B. 60%
C. 70%
D. 75%
Hng dn:
2 AgNO3
2 Ag 2 NO2 O2
Vy => m = (60 + 29).nAg.
x mol
x mol x mol 0,5x mol
4 NO2 O2 2 H 2O
4 HNO3
x mol 0,5x mol
x mol
3 Ag 4 HNO3
3 AgNO3 NO 2 H 2 O
x mol x mol
(Ag cn d 0,25x mol)
Theo cc phng trnh phn ng th ta nhn thy rng Ag phn ng ht 0,75x mol
=> Phn trm khi lng ca X phn ng l: 75%
Cu 44: Pht biu no sau y l sai?
A. Nhm l kim loi dn in tt hn vng.
B. Ch (Pb) c ng dng ch to thit b ngn cn tia phng x.
C. Trong y hc, ZnO c dng lm thuc gim au dy thn kinh, cha bnh eczema, bnh nga
D. Thic c th dng ph ln b mt ca st chng g.
Hng dn:
Th t dn in ca mt s kim loi: Ag > Cu > Au > Al > Sn > Fe > Cr
Cu 45: Cho dy cc cht sau: Al, NaHCO3, (NH4)2CO3, NH4Cl, Al2O3, Zn, K2CO3, K2SO4. C bao nhiu cht
trong dy va tc dng c vi dung dch HCl, va tc dng c vi dung dch NaOH?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
Hng dn:
Cht va tc dng c vi dung dch HCl v va tc dng vi dung dch NaOH : Al, NaHCO3, (NH4)2CO3,
Al2O3 v Zn theo cc phng trnh phn ng:
Al HCl
AlCl3 H 2
NaAlO2 H 2
Al NaOH H 2 O
NaCl H 2 O CO2
NaHCO3 HCl
Na2 CO3 H 2O
NaHCO3 NaOH
NH 4Cl H 2O CO2
( NH 4 )2 CO3 HCl
Na2CO3 NH 3 H 2O
( NH 4 )2 CO3 NaOH
AlCl3 H 2O
Al2 O3 HCl
NaAlO2 H 2O
Al2 O3 NaOH
Zn HCl ZnCl
Zn NaOH
Na2 ZnO2 H 2
H2
netthubuon - 03203.832.101
+ Andehit C HO c th chuyn i v dng C H 2OH (khi tc dng vi H2) hoc C OOH (khi tc dng
vi oxi) => va c tnh oxi ha va c tnh kh
+ Phenol d tham gia phn ng th hn benzene v do nh hng ca nhm OH lm tng mt electron
cc v tr ortho v para (iu ny sch gio khoa c c ni ti nhiu v r hn)
1
+ Anken:
C C C C C
C C C C
C
Mi mt mi tn l ch 1 v tr ca lin kt i (=)
+ Xicloankan (ch c vng 3 cnh mi tham gia phn ng vi dung dch nc Brom
C
C C
C C
C
C C
C
C
C
C
netthubuon - 03203.832.101
Trong 2 cht ni trn th c duy nht 1 cht c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng gng l mantoz
Mantoz => 2Ag
=> mAg = 0,01.0,25.2 = 0,005 mol
Vy tng s mol ca Ag l: 0,095 mol
Cu 52: Cho s phn ng:
H 2O
HCN
X2
(1) CH3CHO
X1
H , t0
Mg
CO2
HCl
(2) C2H5Br
Y1
Y2
Y3
ete
Cc cht hu c X1, X2, Y1, Y2, Y3 l cc sn phm chnh. Hai cht X2, Y3 ln lt l
A. axit 3-hirxipropanoic v ancol propylic.
B. axit axetic v ancol propylic.
C. axit 2-hirxipropanoic v axit propanoic.
D. axit axetic v axit propanoic.
Hng dn:
C
OH
+ HCN
CHO
OH
+ H2O
CN
H+ ,
COOH
Cu 54: Cho m gam bt Cu vo 400 ml dung dch AgNO3 0,2M, sau mt thi gian phn ng thu c 7,76
gam hn hp cht rn X v dung dch Y. Lc tch X, ri thm 5,85 gam bt Zn vo Y, sau khi phn ng xy ra
hon ton thu c 10,53 gam cht rn Z. Gi tr ca m l
A.3,84
B. 6,40
C. 5,12
D. 5,76
Hng dn:
Theo bi th :
Cu
Cu
dd Y
AgNO3
Ag
0,08 mol
2+
Cu
ran X
Ag
7,76 gam
Cu
Zn
+
5,85 gam
dd Y
2+
Cu
+ Zn (neu co)
ran Z
+
Ag
Ag
10,53 gam
Gi x l s mol ca AgNO3 tham gia phn ng => trong dung dch Y cha: Cu2+ 0,5x mol; Ag+ (0,08 x) mol
Cu y mol
V y l s mol ca Cu cn d trong rn X: Rn X c
=> 108x + 64y = 7,76 gam
Ag x mol
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-20-
Cu2+ + 2e => Cu v
Ag+
+
1e => Ag => Tng s mol electron nhn: 0,08 mol
0,5x
x
(0,08-x)
(0,08-x)
nZn = 0,09 mol
Zn
2e
=> Zn2+
0,04 mol
0,08
Vy qu => Zn cn d sau phn ng mZn d = 0,05.65 = 3,25 gam
Tng khi lng Cu; Ag v Zn d to thnh l: 7,76 + 10,53 = 18,29 gam
Vy => mCu + mAg = 18,29 3,25 = 15,04 gam
Vy khi lng ca Cu ban u l mCu = 15,04 0,08.108 = 6,4 gam
* Nhn xt:
+ y l mt bi tp kh hay, nu cc em c khng k s rt d b sai trong qu trnh gii.
+ Cm t sau mt thi gian phn ng lm cho bi ton tr nn hay hn v khin cho nhiu em hc sinh
lung tng bi cc em ngh rng theo bi hn hp rn X s cha Cu d v Ag, dung dch Y ch cha Cu2+.
Nhng khi ta kim tra lng Ag c to ra khi s l 0,08.108 = 8,64 gam > 7,76 gam
+ Qua bi tp ny, thy xin nhn mnh mt iu na l cc em cn phi ch hn na trong qu trnh c
bi. Ch tng cu tng ch trong bi hn ch v trnh nhng sai lm mc phi khi c khng k .
+ Trong bi ny, chng ta c th bin i hng hi theo cch l
+ Xc nh lng Cu tham gia phn ng
+ Xc nh khi lng Ag c hnh thnh trong hn hp X
Vi cch hi nh th th t trn ta s thip lp c phng trnh sau => (0,5x + y).64 + 0,08.108 = 15,04 gam
T 2 phng trnh thit lp c trn, ta s d dng c c: x = 0,018 mol v y = 0,091 mol
=> Kt qu
Cu 55:Pht biu khng ng l
A.Etylamin tc dng vi axit nitr nhit thng to ra etanol
B.Protein l nhng polipeptit cao phn t c phn t khi t vi chc nghn n vi chc triu
C.Metylamin tan trong nc cho dung dch c mi trng baz
D.ipeptit glyxylalanin (mch h) c 2 lin kt peptit
Hng dn:
C2H5NH2 + HNO2 => C2H5OH + N2 + H2O
Mun c 2 lin kt peptit th n phi c to nn t 3 phn t aminoaxit
Cu 56: Hn hp X gm hai axit cacboxylic no, mch h Y v Z (phn t khi ca Y nh hn ca Z). t
chy hon ton a mol X, sau phn ng thu c a mol H2O. Mt khc, nu a mol X tc dng vi lng d dung
dch NaHCO3, th thu c 1,6a mol CO2. Thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Y trong X l
A. 46,67%
B. 25,41%
C. 40,00%
D. 74,59%
Hng dn:
T d kin ca bi ton:
+ a mol X tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaHCO3, th thu c 1,6a mol CO2.
=> C mt acid l n chc (HCOOH) v mt acid l a chc
+ a mol X, sau phn ng thu c a mol H2O
=> S nguyn t H trong c hai acid u l 2
Vy => cng thc ca cc acid Y v Z ln lt l: HOOH v (COOH)2
x m ol
C OOH
C =1
0,4
1,6
y m ol
C O OH
C O OH
C = 2
0,6
3x = 2y
Chn t l mol ca cc cht trong hn hp X l :
x = 2 mol v y = 3 mol
netthubuon - 03203.832.101
2.46
100 25, 41%
2.46 3.90
* Nhn xt: y l mt bi tp tng i kh, i hi nhiu v mt suy lun v t duy.
Cu 57: Cho cc pht biu sau:
(a) C th dng nc brom phn bit glucoz v fructoz
(b) Trong mi trng axit, glucoz v fructoz c th chuyn ha ln nhau
(c) C th phn bit glucoz v fructoz bng phn ng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3
(d) Trong dung dch, glucoz v fructoz u ha tan Cu(OH)2 nhit thng cho dung dch mu xanh lam
(e)Trong dung dch, fructoz tn ti ch yu dng mch h
(f) Trong dung dch, glucoz tn ti ch yu dng mch vng 6 cnh (dng v )
S pht biu ng l
A.5
B. 2
C. 4
D. 3
Hng dn:
Cng thc cu to dng mch h ca glucoz v fructoz:
C C C C C CHO
C C C C C CH2OH
OH OH OH OH OH
OH OH OH OH O
Trong dung dch Brom th nhm CHO ca glucoz tham gia phn ng
-CHO + Br2 + H2O => -COOH + 2HBr
+ Trong dung dch hu nh ch c hai dng glucozo vng 6 cnh dng v
+ Do c nhiu nhm OH lin k nhau, nn Glu v Fru u c tnh cht ca ru a chc
Cu 58: Thc hin cc th nghim sau:
(a) Nhit phn AgNO3
(b) Nung FeS2 trong khng kh
(c) Nhit phn KNO3
(d) Cho dung dch CuSO4 vo dung dch NH3 (d)
(e) Cho Fe vo dung dch CuSO4
(g) Cho Zn vo dung dch FeCl3 (d)
(h) Nung Ag2S trong khng kh
(i) Cho Ba vo dung dch CuSO4 (d)
S th nghim thu c kim loi sau khi cc phn ng kt thc l
A. 3
B. 5
C. 2
D. 4
Hng dn:
Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
+ AgNO3 => Ag + NO2 + O2
+ KNO3 => KNO2 + O2
+ Fe + CuSO4 => Cu + FeSO4
+ Ag2S + O2 => 2Ag + SO2
+ FeS2 + O2 => Fe2O3 + SO2
+ Zn + FeCl3 (d) => ZnCl2 + FeCl2
+ CuSO4 + NH3 + H2O => (NH4)2SO4 + [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2.
+ Ba + H2O + CuSO4 (d) => BaSO4 + Cu(OH)2 + H2
Qua c 3 th nghim thu c kim loi sau khi cc phn ng kt thc
* Nhn xt:
- y l mt cu hi i hc hc sinh phi ghi nh nhiu v mt l thuyt v cc em hc sinh thng d nhm
cu ny.
- Cu ny ngoi cch hi trn c th chuyn v dng hi theo hng c bao nhiu phng trnh phn ng to ra
n cht
- Qua cu ny, thy mun nhc chng ta phi ghi nh l cc kim loi kim (Na, K, Li) v kim th (Ca, Ba) khi
cho vo dung dch mui th chng s phn ng vi nc trc, sau sn phm c to thnh mi tc dng
tip vi mui. Mt khc i vi st th ta phi lun ghi nh v v tr ca cp oxi ha kh
Fe3
Fe 2
Cu 59: Ha tan 25 gam hn hp X gm FeSO4 v Fe2(SO4)3 vo nc, thu c 150 ml dung dch Y. Thm
H2SO4 (d) vo 20ml dung dch Y ri chun ton b dung dch ny bng dung dch KMnO4 0,1M th dng
ht 30 ml dung dch chun. Phn trm khi lng FeSO4 trong hn hp X l
A. 31,6%
B. 9,12%
C. 13,68%
D. 68,4%
Hng dn:
Ta c s chuyn ha:
2
Fe 1e
Fe
Theo nh lut bo ton electron ta c:
Mn 5e
Mn
%mFeSO4 68, 4%
* Nhn xt:
- y l mt cu i hi cc em hc sinh hiu c bn cht ca qu trnh phn ng v kh nng xt bi ton
da trn c s ca phng php bo ton electron.
- Nu nh cc em hc sinh khng lm r c s bin i ca cc nguyn t, i vit phng trnh phn ng c
th th mt nhiu thi gian.
- Cu ny mc TBK
Cu 60: Cho 5,6 gam CO v 5,4 gam H2O vo mt bnh kn dung tch khng i 10 lt. Nung nng bnh mt
CO2 (k) + H2 (k) (hng s cn
thi gian 8300C h t n trng thi cn bng: CO (k) + H2O (k)
bng Kc = 1). Nng cn bng ca CO, H2O ln lt l
A. 0,018M v 0,008 M
B. 0,08M v 0,18M
C. 0,012M v 0,024M
D. 0,008M v 0,018M
Hng dn:
[CO] = 0,02M; [H2O] = 0,03M
CO2 (k) + H2 (k)
CO (k) + H2O (k)
Ban u: 0,02
0,03
P.ng:
x
x
x
x
C.bng: 0,02-x 0,03-x
x
x
2
CO2 . H 2
x
Ta c biu thc K C
1
x 0, 012 M
CO . H 2O (0, 02 x)(0,03 x)
Vy nng cn bng ca CO, H2O ln lt l: 0,008M v 0,018M
* Nhn xt: y l mt cu hi mc TB, ch cn cc em nh c cng thc v cch tnh. Nhng y l
mng kin thc ha hc lp 10, nn nhiu em khng .
netthubuon - 03203.832.101
0985052510
I. C S Ca Phng Php
2. p dng v mt s ch
a) khi lng mui (trong dung dch) = tng khi lng cc ion m
B. 0,02.
C. 0,035.
D. 0,01.
Hng dn:
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch ta c:
0,01x1 + 0,02x2 = 0,015x2 + Xx1 x = 0,02 p n B
Dng 2: Kt hp vi nh lut bo ton khi lng
V D 2: Dung dch A cha hai cation l Fe2+: 0,1 mol v Al3+ : 0,2 mol v hai anion l Cl-: x
mol v SO42- : y mol. em c cn dung dch A thu c 46,9 gam hn hp mui khan.
Gi tr ca x v y ln lt l:
A. 0,6 v 0,1
B. 0,5 v 0,15
C. 0,3 v 0,2
D. 0,2 v 0,3
Hng dn:
vukhacngoc@gmail.com
http://my.opera.com/saobanglanhgia
0985052510
C. 2,4 gam.
B. 1,8 gam.
D. 3,12 gam.
Hng dn:
Nhn xt: Tng s mol x in tch ion dng (ca 2 kim loi) trong 2 phn l
Bng nhau Tng s mol x in tch ion m trong 2 phn cng bng nhau.
O2 2 ClMt khc: nCl- = nH+ = 2nH2 = 1,792/ 22,4 = 0,08 (mol)
Suy ra: nO (trong oxit) = 0,04 (mol)
Suy ra: Trong mt phn: mKim Loi - m oxi = 2,84 - 0,08.16 = 1,56 gam
Khi lng hn hp X = 2.1,56 = 3,12 gam
p n D
Dng 3: Kt hp vi bo ton nguyn t
V D 4: Cho hn hp X gm x mol FeS2 v 0,045 mol Cu2S tc dng va vi HNO3 long,
un nng thu c dung dch ch cha mui sunfat ca cc kim loi V gii phng kh NO duy
nht, Gi tr ca x l:
A. 0,045.
B. 0,09.
C. 0,135.
D. 0,18.
Hng dn:
- p dng bo ton nguyn t:
Fe3+ : x mol ; Cu2+ : 0,09 ; SO42- : ( x + 0,045) mol
vukhacngoc@gmail.com
http://my.opera.com/saobanglanhgia
0985052510
- p dng nh lut bo ton in tch (trong dung dch ch cha mui sunfat)
Ta c : 3x + 2.0,09 = 2(x + 0,045)
x = 0,09
p n B
V D 5: Dng dch X c cha 5 ion : Mg2+ , Ba2+ , Ca2+ , 0,1 mol Cl- v 0,2 mol NO3-. Thm
dn V lt dung dch K2CO3 1M vo X n khi c lng Kt ta ln nht thig gi tr ti thiu
cn dng l:
A. 150ml.
B. 300 ml.
C. 200ml.
D. 250ml.
Hng dn:
C th qui i cc ion Mg2+, Ba2+, Ca2+ thnh M2+
M2+ + CO32- MCO3
Khi phn ng kt thc, phn dung dch cha K+, Cl-, v NO3p dng nh lut bo ton ton in tch ta c:
nk+ = nCl- + nNO3- = 0,3 (mol) suy ra: s mol K2CO3 = 0,15 (mol)
suy ra th tch K2CO3 = 0,15/1 = 0,15 (lt) = 150ml
p n A
Dng 4: Kt hp vi vic vit phng trnh dng ion thu gn
V D 6: Cho ha tan hon ton 15,6 gam hn hp gm Al v Al2O3 trong 500 dung dch
NaOH 1M thu c 6,72 lt H2 (ktc) V dung dch X. Th tch HCl 2M ti thiu cn cho vo
X thu c lng kt ta ln nht l:
A. 0,175 lt.
B. 0,25 lt.
C. 0,25 lt.
D. 0,52 lt.
Hng dn :
Dung dch X cha cc ion Na+ ; AlO2- ; OH- d (c th). p dng nh lut Bo ton in tch:
n AlO2- + n OH- = n Na+ = 0,5
Khi cho HCl vaof dung dch X:
H+
OH H2O
H+
(1)
(2)
(3)
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B: 0,24 lt
C: 0,3 lt
D: 0,4 lt
Hng dn:
nNa+ = nOH- = nNaOH = 0,6M
Khi cho NaOH vo dung dch Y(cha cc ion :Mg2+;Fe2+;H+ d;Cl-) cc ion dng s tc dng
vi OH- to thnh kt ta .Nh vy dung dch thu c sau phn ng ch cha Na+ v Cl-.
=>nCl- = nNa+=0,6 =>VHCl=0,6/2= 0,3 lt ==> p n C.
V d 8: ha tan hon ton 20 gam hn hp X gm Fe,FeO,Fe3O4, Fe2O3 cn va 700ml
dung dch HCl 1M thu c dung dch X v 3,36 lt kh H2 (ktc). Cho NaOH d vo dung dch
X ri ly ton b kt ta thu c em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i th
lng cht rn thu c l :
A: 8 gam
B: 16 gam
C: 24 gam
D:32 gam
Hng dn:
Vi cch gii thng thng ,ta vit 7 phng trnh ha hc,sau t n s,thit lp h phng
trnh v gii. Nu p dng nh lut bo ton din tch ta c :
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
S mol HCl ha tan Fe l : nHCl = 2nH2 =0,3 mol
S mol HCl ha tan cc oxit =0,7- 0,3 = 0,4 mol
Theo nh lut bo ton din tch ta c
nO2-(oxit) =1/2 nCl- = 0,2 mol ==>
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III . BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1: Dung dch X c cha a mol Na+ ,b mol Mg2+ ,C mol Cl- v d mol SO42-.. Biu thc lin
h gia a,b,c,d l
A: a+2b=c+2d
B:a+2b=c+d
C:a+b=c+
D : 2a+b=2c+d
Cu 2:C 2 dung dch,mi dung dch u cha 2 cation v 2 anion khng trng nhau trong cc
ion sau K+ :0,15 mol, Mg2+ : 0,1 mol,NH4+:0,25 mol,H+ :0,2 mol, Cl- :0,1 mol SO42- :0,075
mol NO3- :0,25 mol,NO3- :0,25 mol v CO32- :0,15 mol. Mt trong 2 dung dch trn cha
A: K+,Mg2+,SO42- v Cl-;
B : K+,NH4+,CO32- v Cl-
C :NH4+,H+,NO3-, v SO42-
D : Mg2+,H+,SO42- v Cl-
Cu 3: Dung dch Y cha Ca2+ 0,1 mol ,Mg2+ 0,3 mol,Cl- 0,4 mol,HCO3- y mol. Khi c cn
dung dch Y th c mui khan thu c l :
A: 37,4 gam
B 49,8 gam
C: 25,4 gam
D : 30,5 gam
Cu 4 : Mt dung dch cha 0,02 mol Cu2+;0,03 mol K+,x mol Cl- v y mol SO42-.Tng khi
lng cc mui tan c trong dung dch l 5,435 gam. Gi tr ca x v y ln lt l:
A:0,03 v 0,02
B: 0,05 v 0,01
C : 0,01 v 0,03
D:0,02 v 0,05
Cu 5: Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS2 v x mol Cu2S vo dung dch HNO3 va
, thu c dung dch X ch cha 2 mui sunfat ca cc kim loi v gii kh NO duy nht. Gi
tr l :
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A :0,03
B :0,045
C:0,06
D:0,09
Cu 6: Cho m gam hn hp Cu,Zn,Mg tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO3 long, d. C
cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c (m+62). Gam mui khan. Nung hn hp mui khan trn
n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn c khi lng l:
A: (m+4) gam
B: (m+8) gam
C: (m+16) gam
D: (m+32)gam
B 22,6 gam
C: 26,6 gam
D : 6,26 gam
Cu 8: Trn dung dch cha Ba2+;OH- 0,06 mol v Na2+ 0,02 mol vi dung dch cha HCO30,04 mol; CO32- 0,03 mol va Na+. Khi lng kt ta thu c sau khi trn l
A: 3,94 gam
B 5,91 gam
C: 7,88 gam
D : 1,71 gam
Cu 9:Ha tan hon ton 5,94 gam hn hp hai mui clorua ca 2 kim loi nhm IIA vo nc
c 100ml dung dch X. lm kt ta ht ion Cl- c trong dung dch X,ngi ta cho dung
dch X trn tc dng va vi dung dch AgNO3. Kt thc th nghim, thu c dung dch
Y v 17,22 gam kt ta. Khi lng mui khan thu c khi kt ta dung dch Y l:
A: 4,86 gam
B: 5,4 gam
C: 7,53 gam
D : 9,12 gam
Cu 10: Dung dch X cha 0.025 mol CO32-;0,1 mol Na+;0,25 mol NH4+ v 0,3 mol Cl-. Cho
270ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M vo v un nng nh (gi s H2O bay hi khng ng k).
Tng khi lng dung dch X v dung dch Ba(OH)2 sau qu trnh phn ng gim i l :
A: 4,125 gam
B: 5,296 gam
C: 6,761 gam
D : 7,015 gam
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Cu 11: Trn 100ml dung dch AlCl3 1M vi 200ml dung dch NaOH 1,8M n phn ng hon
ton th lng kt ta thu c l :
A: 3,12 gam
B: 6,24 gam
C: 1,06 gam
D : 2,08 gam
Cu 12: Dung dch B cha ba ion K+;Na+;PO43-. 1 lt dung dch B tc dng vi CaCl2 d thu
c 31 gam kt ta. Mt khc nu c cn 1 lt dung dch B thu c 37,6 gam cht rn khan.
Nng ca 3 ion K+;Na+;PO43- ln lt l:
A:0,3M;0,3M v 0,6M
B: 0,1M;0,1M v 0,2M
C: 0,3M;0,3M v 0,2M
D : 0,3M;0,2M v 0,2M
Cu 13: Cho dung dch Ba(OH)2 n d vo 100ml dung dch X gm cc ion: NH4+, SO42-,
NO3-, ri tin hnh un nng th c 23,3 gam kt ta v 6,72 lt(ktc) mt cht duy nht.
Nng mol ca (NH4)2SO4 v NH4NO3 trong dung dch X ln lt l :
A: 1M v 1M
B: 2M v 2M
C: 1M v 2M
D : 2M v 1M
Cu 14:Dung dch X cha cc ion : Fe3+,SO42-,NH4+,Cl-. Chia dung dch X thnh 2 phn bng
nhau:
-Phn 1 tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaOH,un nng thu c 0.672 lt kh (ktc) v 1,07
gam kt ta
-Phn 2 tc dng vi lng d dung dch BaCl2, thu c 4,66gam kt ta
Tng khi lng cc mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch X l
A:3,73 gam
B: 7,04 gam
C: 7,46 gam
D : 3,52 gam
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t vn
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Hng dn gii:
a, Phn tch bi ton
Biu thc cho:
mhh = 56x + 72y + 232z + 160t
B
(1)
ne cho = 3x + y + z
(2)
m = 56(x + y + 3z + 2t )
(3)
x : 56 A + 3B = 56
y : 72 A + B = 56
z : 232 A + B = 56
t :160 A = 56
A = 0, 7
B = 5, 6
V do , m = 0, 7 A + 5, 6 B
T kt qu ca bi ton, ta c th khi qut ha thnh mt cng thc tnh:
mhh mFe
m
2 + ne = Fe 3
16
56
Trong ne l s electron trao i (echo v cng bng enhn) bc oxh th 2.
B
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III.
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Kt lun
Mt s bi tp tng t
4, 44,08 gam mt oxit st FexOy c ha tan ht bng dung dch HNO3 long, thu c
dung dch A. Cho dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch A, thu c kt ta. em nung lng kt
ta ny nhit cao cho n khi lng khng i, thu c mt oxit kim loi. Dng H2
kh ht lng oxit ny th thu c 31,92 gam cht rn l mt kim loi. Tm cng thc oxit?
R
5, m gam bt kim loi st ngoi khng kh mt thi gian, thu c 2,792 gam hn hp
A gm st kim loi v ba oxit ca n. Ha tan tan ht hn hp A bng dung dch HNO3 long,
R
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thu c mt mui st (III) duy nht v c to 380,8 ml kh NO duy nht thot ra (ktc). Tr s
ca m l?
6, Hn hp A gm Fe v ba oxit ca n. Ha tan ht m gam hn hp A bang dung dch
HNO3 long, c 672 ml NO thot ra (ktc) v dung dch D. em c cn dung dch D, thu c
50,82 gam mt mui khan. Tr s ca m l?
R
9, m gam phoi bo st (A) ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian bin thnh hn hp rn
(B) c khi lng 13,6 gam. Cho B tc dng hon ton vi dung dch axit sunphuric c nng
thy gii phng ra 3,36 lt kh duy nht SO2 (dktc). Tnh khi lng m ca A?
10, Cho 20 gam hn hp Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 ha tan va ht trong 700 ml HCl 1M, thu
c 3,36 lt H2 (ktc) v dung dch D. Cho D tc dng vi NaOH d, lc kt ta to thnh v
nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l ?
RT
Tn trng s sng to ca ngi khc cng l mt cch pht trin, nng cao kh
nng sng to ca bn thn mnh ^^
T
Lin h tc gi:
TU
in thoi: 098.50.52.510
T
TR
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A. Qu na
B. Qu cam
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C. Qu th
D. Qu bi
B.
C.
D.
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Cc cht A, D, E v G c th l:
1.
Hp cht no sau y c tnh axit mnh nht?
A. CCl3-COOH
B.CH3COOH
C. CBr3COOH
D. CF3COOH
Nhn xt: Cho d khng c khi nim g v mnh yu ca acid y, nhng cn c
vo bin thin tnh cht trong dy Halogen, c th d on p n ng l B hoc D
2.
Hn hp X gm 2 axit no: A1 v A2. t chy hon ton 0,3mol X thu
c 11,2 lt kh CO2 (ktc). trung ha 0,3 mol X cn 500ml dung dch NaOH 1M.
Cng thc cu to ca 2 axit l:
A. CH3COOH v C2H5COOH
B. HCOOH v C2H5COOH
C. HCOOH v HOOC-COOH
D. CH3COOH v HOOC-CH2-COOH
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Nhn xt: s nguyn t C trung bnh = nCO2/n(acid) = 5/3 mt trong 2 acid phi l
HCOOH p n c th l B hoc C.
3.
t chy mt axit no a chc Y ta thu c 0,6 mol CO2 v 0,5 mol nc.
Bit mch cacbon l mch thng. Cho bit cng thc cu to ca Y
A. HOOC-COOH
B. HOOC-CH2-COOH
C. HOOC-C(CH2)2-COOH
D. HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH
Nhn xt: cn c vo cc p n c th thy acid cho l acid 2 chc, no, do CTPT
l CnH2n-2O4 nacid = nCO2 nH2O = 0,1 mol; s nguyn t C = nCO2/nacid D ng
4.
C 2 cht hu c X v Y u cha cc nguyn t C, H, O. 2,25 gam cht
X tc dng va vi 50 ml dung dch KOH 1M. t chy hon ton 3 gam cht Y
c 4,4 gam CO2 v 1,8 gam H2O.
Bit cht X tc dng vi Na2CO3 gii phng CO2. Cng thc phn t ca cht X
l:
A. CH3COOH
B. HOOC-CH2-COOH
C. (COOH)2
D. Kt qu khc
Nhn xt: nH2O = nCO2 acid/ester no, n chc A hoc D ng
5.
Cng thc n gin nht ca mt axit hu c X l (CHO)n. Khi t chy 1
mol X ta thu c di 6 mol CO2 cng thc cu to ca X l:
A. HOOC-CH=CH-COOH
B. CH2=CH-COOH
C. CH3COOH
D. Kt qu khc
Nhn xt: X phi c 6 C nn p n l D
1.
Cc cht A, E, F l
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5.
Ha tan 7,2 gam mt hn hp gm 2 mui sunfat ca 2 kim loi ha tr
(II) v (III) vo nc c dung dch X (Gi thit khng c phn ng ph khc). Thm
vo dung dch X mt lng BaCl2 va kt ta ion SO42- th thu c kt ta BaSO4
v dung dch Y. Khi in phn hon ton dung dch Y cho 2,4 gam kim loi. Bit s mol
ca mui kim loi ha tr (II) gp i s mol ca mui kim loi ha tr (III), bit t l s
khi lng nguyn t ca kim loi ha tr (III) v (II) l 7/8. Xc nh tn hai loi:
A. Ba v Fe
B. Ca v Fe
C. Fe v Al
D. Cu v Fe
Nhn xt: khng gii bi ton cng thy Fe v Cu c t l khi lng 7/8 D ng
6.
Khi cho 17,4 gam hp kim Y gm st, ng, nhm phn ng ht vi
H2SO4 long d ta c dung dch A; 6,4 gam cht rn; 9,856 lt kh B 27,30C v 1
atm. Phn trm khi lng mi kim loi trong hp kim Y l:
A. Al: 30%; Fe: 50% v Cu: 20%
B. Al: 30%; Fe: 32% v Cu: 38%
C. Al: 31,03%; Fe: 32,18% v Cu: 36,79%
D. Al: 25%; Fe: 50% v Cu: 25%
Nhn xt: phn trm khi lng ca kim loi trong hn hp thng l nn chn p n C.
(hoc B)
7.
Ha tan hon ton mt t oxit FexOy bng dung dch H2SO4 c nng ta
thu c 2,24 lt SO2 (o ktc), phn dung dch em c cn th thu c 120 gam
mui khan. Cng thc FexOy l:
A. FeO
B. Fe2O3
C. Fe3O4
D. B hoc C ng
Nhn xt: c SO2 sinh ra oxit st cho phi c tnh kh A hoc C
8.
Cc cht A, B, C, D, E v F l:
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b) ng hon ton
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Nhn xt: t t l CO2 v H2O ru cn tm phi c cng thc dng C3H8Ox loi
p n B
Nhn xt: t 4 p n X l este, 4,4 gam X tc dng vi NaOH to ra 4,8 gam mui
ca acid hu c Y gc ru trong X nh hn 23 D ng.
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Nhn xt: C A, B, C u l kim loi kim v kim th, c bit l A v B rt ging nhau
(cng l kim loi kim) rt nhiu kh nng D ng, cng c th C ng nhng xc sut t
hn.
Nhn xt: tnh kh ca mt cht ch th hin khi gp cht oxi ha mnh hn chn
ngu nhin B hoc C (v KMnO4 l cht oxi ha rt mnh v quen thuc) hoc c th chn
ngay C v trong B c NaOH khng c tnh oxi ha.
Nhn xt: Kim loi d acid phi ht loi C, chn ngu nhin 3 p n cn li, cn
d kim loi khng th cn Fe(NO3)3 loi A, chn ngu nhin 2 p n cn l li, cn d
kim loi khng th cn Cu(NO3)2 loi D.
Nhn xt: khi lng mui < khi lng este gc ru c khi lng nh hn 23
C ng
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i li nhn nh
Qua y, ta cng c th thy c vai tr cc k quan trng ca chin thut chn ngu
nhin, khi i thi trc nghim, tt nht l u tin thc hin sng lc p n chn ngu nhin
trc, sau mi dng kin thc, phng php bi bn gii quyt vn . C rt nhiu bi
ton m nu khng s dng p n cho pha di th khng th gii c, hoc c nhiu khi
phi c p n di ta mi tm c ng phng php. Ngoi ra, thc hin sng lc p n
cng l cch rt tt ta kim tra li kt qu gii bng cc phng php bi bn khc.
Hy vng bi vit trn l thc s hu ch i vi cc em.
Chc cc em hc tt v vt qua cc k thi sp ti vi kt qu tt nht!
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GII TON HA HC
V NGH THUT M THC
I.
t vn
Sau khi bi vit Bi ton kinh in ca Ha hc: bi ton 9 cch gii ca ti ph bin
tr li trn cc din n mng (trc tng c post ln forum ca CLB Gia s H Ni
nm 2006), ti nhn c kh nhiu thng tin th v, rt nhiu Topic, Entry v c Email
phn hi (a s l ca cc gio vin) vi nhng tiu rt hp dn nh: Bi ton kinh in
li vo lch s, Bi ton kinh in khng cn l 9 cch gii, Cch th 10 cho bi ton
ca Sao bng, Qu tht l rt vui khi thy bi vit ca mnh n c vi s ng bn c
v to ra mt s thch nho nh cho nhng ai mun pht trin bi ton ny, nhng cng phi
bt ci cho ci s hiu thng ca tui tr. Cm hng lm ti mun vit bi ny, nh mt
cu chuyn vui v cho tt c mi ngi.
Gii mt bi ton Ha hc bng nhiu phng php l mt trong nhng ni dung quan
trng trong ging dy Ha hc trng ph thng nhm kch thch kh nng sng to v t duy
ca hc sinh. Nh ti tng cp trn mt din n:
Phng php Gio dc ta hin nay cn rt g b v hn ch tm suy ngh, sng to ca
hc sinh. Bn thn cc em hc sinh, khi i mt vi mt bi ton cng thng c tm l t hi
lng sau khi gii quyt c n bng mt cch no , m cha ngh n chuyn ti u ha
bi ton, gii quyt n bng cch nhanh nht. Gii quyt mt bi ton Ha hc bng nhiu cch
khc nhau l mt cch rt hay pht trin t duy v rn luyn k nng hc Ha ca mi ngi,
gip ta c kh nng nhn nhn vn theo nhiu hng khc nhau, pht trin t duy logic, s
dng thnh tho v vn dng ti a cc kin thc hc. i vi gio vin, suy ngh v bi ton
v gii quyt n bng nhiu cch cn l mt hng i c hiu qu tng qut ha hoc c
bit ha, lin h vi nhng bi ton cng dng, iu ny gp phn h tr, pht trin cc bi tp
hay v mi cho hc sinh.
Tuy nhin, vic rn luyn vic gii ton Ha hc bng nhiu phng php nhm hng
n mc tiu rn luyn k nng v t duy, khng c ngha rng chng ta phi gii bi ton bng
cng nhiu cch cng tt. y, cn phn bit r khi nim phng php v cch. Vic
lm dng, i khi l ph din mt bi ton cho c nhiu cch lm l khng cn thit v t hiu
qu trong hc tp.
i vi mt bi ton, nhng phng php t duy gii quyt l th nguyn liu khng
nhiu nhng nhng cch lm nhng mn n c xo xo, ch bin t l rt nhiu. Tuy
nhin, i t mt s t nguyn liu m iu ch ra c nhiu mn n ngon l mt cng vic
khng h n gin. Nu khng kho ch bin th sn phm thu c s khng u tay, cc mn
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V d v phn tch
bt bo ha k
Khi t chy:
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5
O2 2CO2 + H 2O
2
7
O2 2CO2 + 3H 2O
+
2
9
+
O2 3CO2 + 3H 2O
2
C2 H 2 +
C2 H 6
C3 H 6
-
C2 H 2 + 2 Br2 C2 H 2 Br4
C3 H 6 + Br2 C3 H 6 Br2
nH 2 O =
28,8
= 1, 6mol
18
nBr2 =
500 20%
= 0, 625mol
160
26 x + 30 y + 42 z = 24,8 g
x = 0, 4mol
x + 3 y + 3 z = 1, 6mol
y = z = 0, 2mol
kx + ky + kz = 0,5mol
k = 1, 6
2kx + kz = 0, 625mol
%VC2 H 2 = 50%
%VC2 H6 = %VC2 H6 = 25%
( )
x + y + z = 1mol
x = 0,5mol
0, 625
= 1, 25
2 x + z =
0,5
y = z = 0, 25mol
24,8( x + 3 y + 3 z )
M = 26 x + 30 y + 42 z =
1, 6
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%VC2 H2 = 50%
%VC2 H6 = %VC2 H6 = 25%
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Cch 3: Phng php trung bnh +Phng php bo ton nguyn t v khi lng +
Phng php i s
Gi CTPT trung bnh ca c hn hp X l Cx H y
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t v khi lng, ta c:
mC = mX mH = 24,8 1, 6 2 = 21, 6 g
nC = 1,8mol
y 1, 6 2 16
=
=
1,8
9
x
Do phn ng cng Brom bin Hydrocacbon cho thnh hp cht no, nn CTPT ca sn
2
0, 625 2
9
= 2,5 x =
phm l: Cx H16 x Br2 x + 2 vi x + 2 =
9
9
9
0,5
4
Vy CTPT trung bnh ca hn hp X l C9 H 4
4
x + y + z = 0,8mol
x + 3 y + 3 z = 1, 6mol
2 x + 3 y + 3 z = 1,8mol
x = 0, 4mol
y = z = 0, 2mol
%VC2 H 2 = 50%
%VC2 H6 = %VC2 H6 = 25%
Cch 4: Phng php trung bnh +Phng php bo ton nguyn t v khi lng +
Phng php ng cho.
Gi CTPT trung bnh ca c hn hp X l Cx H y
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t v khi lng, ta c:
mC = mX mH = 24,8 1, 6 2 = 21, 6 g
nC = 1,8mol
y 1, 6 2 16
=
=
1,8
9
x
Do phn ng cng Brom bin Hydrocacbon cho thnh hp cht no, nn CTPT ca sn
2
0, 625 2
9
= 2,5 x =
phm l: Cx H16 x Br2 x + 2 vi x + 2 =
9
9
9
0,5
4
Vy CTPT trung bnh ca hn hp X l C9 H 4
4
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(C2H2, C2H6) (C = 2)
C=
C3H6 (C = 3)
75%
25%
(C2H6, C3H6) (H = 6)
50%
50%
H=4
C2H2 (H = 2)
nBr2
nX
0, 625
= 1, 25
0,5
(
(
a 14 x 0,5 = 24,8
a x 0, 25 = 1, 6
ax = 1,8
a = 0,8
x =
4
a = 0,8mol
x + y + z = 0,8mol
x + 3 y + 3 z = 1, 6mol
2 x + 3 y + 3 z = 1,8mol
x = 0, 4mol
y = z = 0, 2mol
%VC2 H 2 = 50%
%VC2 H6 = %VC2 H6 = 25%
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nBr2
nX
0, 625
= 1, 25
0,5
(
(
a 14 x 0,5 = 24,8
a x 0, 25 = 1, 6
ax = 1,8
a = 0,8
x =
4
a = 0,8mol
(C2H2, C2H6) (C = 2)
C=
C3H6 (C = 3)
1
4
75%
25%
(C2H6, C3H6) (H = 6)
50%
50%
H=4
C2H2 (H = 2)
nBr2
mC = mX mH = 24,8 1, 6 2 = 21, 6 g
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nX
0, 625
= 1, 25
0,5
nC = 1,8mol = nCO2
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Trong bi ging Phng php phn tch h s v ng dng trong vic gii nhanh bi
ton Ha hc ti c nu mt kt qu rt quan trng l: nX =
nH 2O nCO2
1 k
x + y + z = 0,8mol
x + 3 y + 3 z = 1, 6mol
2 x + 3 y + 3 z = 1,8mol
x = 0, 4mol
y = z = 0, 2mol
%VC2 H 2 = 50%
%VC2 H6 = %VC2 H6 = 25%
nBr2
mC = mX mH = 24,8 1, 6 2 = 21, 6 g
nX
0, 625
= 1, 25
0,5
nC = 1,8mol = nCO2
Trong bi ging Phng php phn tch h s v ng dng trong vic gii nhanh bi
ton Ha hc ti c nu mt kt qu rt quan trng l: nX =
nH 2O nCO2
1 k
nCO2
nX
1,8 9
= v CTPT trung bnh ca X s l C9 H 4
4
0,8 4
(C2H2, C2H6) (C = 2)
C3H6 (C = 3)
C=
1
4
75%
25%
(C2H6, C3H6) (H = 6)
C2H2 (H = 2)
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50%
50%
H=4
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nBr2
nX
0, 625
= 1, 25
0,5
(1)
mC = mX mH = 24,8 1, 6 2 = 21, 6 g
y 1, 6 2 16
=
=
1,8
9
x
nC = 1,8mol
16
x
9
(2)
x=
9
4
x + y + z = 0,8mol
x + 3 y + 3 z = 1, 6mol
2 x + 3 y + 3 z = 1,8mol
x = 0, 4mol
y = z = 0, 2mol
%VC2 H 2 = 50%
%VC2 H6 = %VC2 H6 = 25%
Cch 10: Phng php trung bnh + bt bo ha k +Phng php bo ton nguyn
t v khi lng + Phng php ng cho
Gi CTPT trung bnh ca c hn hp X l Cx H 2 x + 22k trong k l s lin kt trung
bnh ca hn hp X v a l s mol ca 24,8 gam hn hp X.
T phn ng ca X vi Br2, ta c: k =
nBr2
nX
0, 625
= 1, 25
0,5
(1)
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mC = mX mH = 24,8 1, 6 2 = 21, 6 g
y 1, 6 2 16
=
=
1,8
9
x
nC = 1,8mol
16
x
9
(2)
x=
9
4
(C2H2, C2H6) (C = 2)
C=
C3H6 (C = 3)
1
4
75%
25%
(C2H6, C3H6) (H = 6)
50%
50%
H=4
C2H2 (H = 2)
Cch 11: Phng php trung bnh + bt bo ha k +Phng php bo ton nguyn
t v khi lng + Phng php phn tch h s v ng dng
Gi CTPT trung bnh ca c hn hp X l Cx H 2 x + 22k trong k l s lin kt trung
bnh ca hn hp X.
T phn ng ca X vi Br2, ta c: k =
nBr2
mC = mX mH = 24,8 1, 6 2 = 21, 6 g
nX
0, 625
= 1, 25
0,5
nC = 1,8mol = nCO2
Trong bi ging Phng php phn tch h s v ng dng trong vic gii nhanh bi
ton Ha hc ti c nu mt kt qu rt quan trng l: nX =
nH 2O nCO2
1 k
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nC2 H 2 =
3nX nH 2O
2
= 0, 4mol
nBr2
nX
0, 625
= 1, 25
0,5
(
(
a 14 x 0,5 = 24,8
a x 0, 25 = 1, 6
ax = 1,8
a = 0,8
x =
4
a = 0,8mol
nC2 H 2 =
3nX nH 2O
2
= 0, 4mol
Mt bi tp tng t
t chy hon ton 11g hn hp A cha axetilen, propilen v metan thu c 12,6 gam
nc. Mt khc, 5,6 lt hn hp trn phn ng va vi dung dch cha 50 gam Brom. Xc
nh thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca hn hp ban u. Bit cc th tch kh c o iu
kin tiu chun.
( Bi tp 16, trang 211, sch Gii ton Ha hc 11, L Trng Th (ch bin))
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Tng kt
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2 Fe + O2
3Fe + 2O2
Fe3O4
4 Fe + 3O2
2 FeO
2 Fe2O3
Fe + 4 HNO3
Fe( NO3 )3 + NO + 2 H 2O
3FeO + 10 HNO3
3Fe3O4 + 28HNO3
3Fe2O3 + 6HNO3
3Fe( NO3 )3 + NO + 5H 2O
9Fe( NO3 )3 + NO + 14 H 2O
2Fe( NO3 )3 + 3H 2O
(1)
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ne cho = 3x + y + z = 0,3
(2)
m = 56(x + y + 3z + 2t )
(3)
( 2 ) 8 + (1) = 80 ( x + y + 3z + 2t ) = 14, 4
Chia phng trnh mi ny cho 80 ri nhn vi 56, ta d dng c c kt qu cn tm:
m = 56 ( x + y + 3 z + 2t ) =
14, 4
56 = 10, 08 g
80
Cch 1.2:
Nhn thy cc h s ca phng trnh (1) u chia ht cho 8. Ta c cch bin i di y:
Chia phng trnh (1) cho 8 ri cng vi phng trnh (2), ta c:
( 2) +
(1) = 10
8
( x + y + 3z + 2t ) = 1,8
m = 56 ( x + y + 3 z + 2t ) =
1,8
56 = 10, 08 g
10
Cch 1.3:
Nhn thy nu bin i t phng trnh (1) v (2) v ton b biu thc (3) th cc h s ca x, y,
z, t u phi chia ht cho 56, ta c thm cch bin i sau:
Nhn phng trnh (1) vi 7 (v cc h s ca phng trnh (1) chia ht cho 8) v nhn
phng trnh (2) vi 56 ri cng li, ta c:
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A (1) + B ( 2 ) = ( 3)
x
y
z
t
: 56 A + 3B = 56
: 72 A + B = 56
: 232 A + B = 168
:160 A = 112
A = 0, 7
B = 5, 6
V do , m = 0, 7 (1) + 5, 6 ( 2 ) = 10, 08 g
Cch 1.5:
Nhn thy n t ch xut hin trong phng trnh (1) v biu thc (3), do nu bin i t (1)
v (2) ra (3) th h s ca t ch ph thuc vo (1).
H s ca (1) l A =
56 2
= 0, 7
160
Vy: 0, 7 (1) + B ( 2 ) = ( 3)
ng nht cc h s ca x, y, z, t 2 v ca phng trnh mi ny, ta d dng tm ra B = 5, 6
Do , m = 0, 7 (1) + 5, 6 ( 2 ) = 10, 08 g
C. Ghp n gii h:
Cch 1.6:
Trong bi tp ny, phng php ghp n gii h c thc hin vi 2 biu thc sau :
nFe = x + y + 3z + 2t
(4)
nO = y + 4z + 3t
(5)
ne cho = 3 x + y + z = 3 ( x + y + 3 z ) 2 ( y + 4 z + 3t ) = 0,3
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x + y + 3 z + 2t = 0,18
y + 4 z + 3t = 0,12
T , c kt qu m = 56 ( x + y + 3z + 2t ) = 10, 08 g
Cc phng php i s c nhc im l "ton hc ha" bi ton Ha hc kh nhiu, tuy
nhin nn tng ca n vn l nhng hiu bit Ha hc. Hn na, vic rn luyn cc k nng tnh ton
v bin i biu thc i s cng gp mt vi tr khng nh trong vic pht trin t duy sng tao cho
hc sinh. c bit, y l phng php ph hp vi cc em hc sinh THCS, vn cha c nhng
kin thc su sc v Ha hc v cha c hng dn nhiu c th vn dng tt cc phng php
khc nh Bo ton electron hay Quy i.
II. Nhm cc phng php bo ton:
Cch 2.1: Phng php bo ton khi lng
Cho hn hp A tc dng vi dung dch HNO3, theo nh lut bo ton khi lng, ta c:
(6)
m
56
12 + (0,1 +
3m
m
1
3m
) 63 = 242 + 0,1 30 + (0,1 +
) 18
56
56
2
56
NO + 2H 2O
Ta thy c th gii li bi ton theo phng php bo ton nguyn t v khi lng i vi Oxi
nh sau:
(12 m )
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+ 3 16 0,1 = 0,1 16 +
3
16 0,1
2
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Fex Oy +
(4 + 2 y) H
+ NO3 xFe3+ + NO +
(2 + y) H O
12
56 x + 16 y
(7)
56 x + 16 y = 120
(8)
Fe 3e Fe3+
O2 + 4e 2O 2
N +5 + 3e N +2
Ta c phng trnh:
m
12 m
2, 24
3 =
4+
3 m = 10, 08 g
56
32
22, 4
Fe + n Fe +3 + 3 n e
N +5 + 3e N +2
Ta c phng trnh:
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12 2
3 n
56 2 + 16n
= 0,1 3
n=
4
3
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nFe =
12
4
56 2 + 16
3
xFe
+2 y
xFe +3 +
( 2 y 3x ) e
N +5 + 3e N +2
Ta c phng trnh:
12
2 y 3x
56 x + 16 y
= 0,1 3
x 3
=
y 2
12
3 = 0,18mol mFe = 0,18.56 = 10, 08 g
200
Thc ra, cc cng thc Fe3O2 hay Fe2O4 u l nhng cng thc gi nh, mang tnh cht quy i. Trong
3
cch lm 3.1, ta hon ton c th chn CTPT trung bnh ca A dng Fe3On , Fe4On , hoc Fen O2 , Fen O3 ,
m khng nh hng n kt qu ca bi ton. y, ti chn gi tr
Fe0 Fe +3 + 3e
N +5 + 3e N +2
Do , nFe = nNO = 0,1 mol v nFe2O 3 =
12 56 0,1
= 0, 04 mol
160
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Vi nFe = nNO = 0,1 mol , ta suy ra phn khi lng cn li l ca Fe2O3, trong :
nO 3
=
nFe 2
mO 12 5, 6 16 3 3
=
=
=
m = 10, 08 g
mFe m 5, 6 56 2 7
0,7
5,6
0,3
12
Fe 0 Fe +3 + 3e
O 0 + 2e O 2
N +5 + 3e N +2
Do , ta c h phng trnh :
56 x + 16 y = 12
3 x = 2 y + 0,3
x = 0,12
y = 0,18
+O2
Fe0
+O2
Fe3+
+HNO3
mFe2O3 = 12 +
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0,3
16 = 14, 4 g
2
m = 2
14, 4
56 = 10, 08 g
160
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Phng php quy i l phng php rt hay v ph hp gii quyt nhanh nhng bi ton
loi ny, tuy nhin, y cng l mt phng php cn kh mi m thm ch i vi mt s gio vin,
do vic p dng cho a s hc sinh vn cn nhiu kh khn. Khi vn dng phng php ny cn
lu l vic vn dng c th rt linh hot nhng nguyn tc chung phi c m bo, l s bo
ton nguyn t, bo ton electron, . ca hn hp mi so vi hn hp c quy i.
*
mFe =
10
Cng thc tnh trn hon ton ph hp vi cc kt qu thu c t cch 1.1, 1.2,1.3, 1.4, 1.5,
2.4,
Trong qu trnh hc, vic hc thuc my mc cc cng thc tnh m khng hiu r phng php
dn n cng thc l iu rt khng nn, tuy nhin, nu c hng dn c th, t m th vic
nh mt cng thc tnh quan trng, p dng c cho nhiu bi tp, nhiu thi, cng l mt la
chn khn ngoan ca th sinh.
VI. Mt s cch lm khc:
Cch 6.1: Phng php s hc
Gi s lng Fe phn ng vi O2 ch to ra Fe2O3
T s mol O2 phn ng ta tnh c s mol Fe:
4 Fe + 3O2 2 Fe2O3
nFe =
4 12 m
3
32
m 4 12 m
=
+ 0,1
56 3
32
m = 10, 08 g
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m
10m
160 =
56 2
7
10m
1
12
S mol O2 cn thiu l: nO2 =
7
32
V s mol e do lng O2 cn thiu phi bng s mol e do N5+ trong HNO3 thu gim xung
10m
1
12 4 = 0,1 3
N+2 trong NO nn ta c phng trnh:
7
32
Gii ra, ta c: m = 10,08g
*
Tng kt chung:
Gii mt bi ton bng mt vi cch l iu ht sc bnh thng trong Ha hc, nhng vi 18
cch th qu l c bit, c l v th m bi ton ny tng nhiu ln c la chn vo cc thi
i hc trong khong 20 nm tr li y. Mc d vy, 18 cch gii c gii thiu y ch l nhng
cch lm tiu biu nht c la chn, phn loi v sp xp cho hp l, logic v d hiu. Nu c
trin khai th s cch lm hon ton c th cn nhiu hn th (nh ch thch phn cc phng
php trung bnh v quy i).
Trong s cc cch lm trn, ta thy c s ph hp kh r gia nhiu cch khc nhau v c th
la chn ra mt s phng php gii nhanh nht l: s dng cng thc tnh nhanh, cc phng php
quy i, phng php bo ton electron, . Vic la chn s dng phng php no l hon ton
ph thuc vo nng lc t duy ca tng ngi, cng nh ph hp vi trnh hiu bit v la tui
ca hc sinh.
Hy vng bi vit ny phn no cung cp c mt ci nhn tng i y , ton din v
hp l cho dng ton ny.
Chc cc bn v cc em dy tt v hc tt!
Mt s bi tp tng t:
1, Cho m(g) hn hp gm A gm 1,08 Al v hn hp FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Fe. Tin hnh nhit
nhm c hn hp B. Nghin nh sau chia B lm 3 phn bng nhau
Phn 1 cho vo HNO3 c nng, d c dung dch C v 0,448lt kh NO (ktc)
Phn 2 cho tc dng vi lng d NaOH thu c 0,224 lt H2 (ktc)
Phn 3 cho kh CO vo thu c 1,472g cht rn D .
Tnh m.?
2, Ha tan hon ton mt oxit FexOy bng dung dch H2SO4 c, nng thu c 2,24 lt SO2
(ktc), phn dung dch c cn c 120 gam mui khan. Xc nh cng thc ca oxit.
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3, Nung x mol Fe trong khng kh mt thi gian thu c 16,08 gam hn hp H gm 4 cht rn,
l Fe v 3 oxit ca n. Ha tan ht lng hn hp H trn bng dung dch HNO3 long, thu c
672 ml kh NO duy nht (ktc). Tr s ca x l?
4, 44,08 gam mt oxit st FexOy c ha tan ht bng dung dch HNO3 long, thu c dung
dch A. Cho dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch A, thu c kt ta. em nung lng kt ta ny
nhit cao cho n khi lng khng i, thu c mt oxit kim loi. Dng H2 kh ht lng
oxit ny th thu c 31,92 gam cht rn l mt kim loi. Tm cng thc oxit?
5, m gam bt kim loi st ngoi khng kh mt thi gian, thu c 2,792 gam hn hp A
gm st kim loi v ba oxit ca n. Ha tan tan ht hn hp A bng dung dch HNO3 long, thu c
mt mui st (III) duy nht v c to 380,8 ml kh NO duy nht thot ra (ktc). Tr s ca m l?
6, Hn hp A gm Fe v ba oxit ca n. Ha tan ht m gam hn hp A bang dung dch HNO3
long, c 672 ml NO thot ra (ktc) v dung dch D. em c cn dung dch D, thu c 50,82 gam
mt mui khan. Tr s ca m l?
7, Mt lng bt kim loi st khng bo qun tt b oxi ha to cc oxit. Hn hp A gm bt
st b oxi ha gm Fe, FeO, Fe3O4 v Fe2O3. ti to st, ngi ta dng hidro kh nhit
cao. kh ht 15,84 gam hn hp A nhm to kim loi st th cn dng 0,22 mol H2. Nu cho 15,84
gam hn hp A ha tan ht trong dung dch H2SO4 m c, nng, th s thu c bao nhiu th tch
kh SO2 iu kin tiu chun ?
8, Ho tan m(g) hn hp gm Fe v cc oxit ca Fe trong HNO3 d thu c 4,48l NO2 v
145,2 g mui khan . Tnh m?
9, m gam phoi bo st (A) ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian bin thnh hn hp rn
(B) c khi lng 13,6 gam. Cho B tc dng hon ton vi dung dch axit sunphuric c nng thy
gii phng ra 3,36 lt kh duy nht SO2 (dktc). Tnh khi lng m ca A?
10, Cho 20 gam hn hp Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 ha tan va ht trong 700 ml HCl 1M, thu c
3,36 lt H2 (ktc) v dung dch D. Cho D tc dng vi NaOH d, lc kt ta to thnh v nung trong
khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l?
Cc bi ging ca Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc c th c s dng, sao chp, in n,
phc v cho mc ch hc tp v ging dy, nhng cn phi c ch thch r rng v tc gi.
Tn trng s sng to ca ngi khc cng l mt cch pht trin, nng cao kh nng
sng to ca bn thn mnh ^^
Lin h tc gi:
V Khc Ngc - in thoi: 098.50.52.510
a ch: P308, t 33, TT242B Minh Khai, Hai B Trng, H Ni
Hoc: Phng Ha sinh Protein Vin Cng ngh Sinh hc
Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam
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t vn
p n chi tit
p n: B
Cho t t HCl v Na2CO3 u tin to ra mui acid, t l phn ng 1:1 (cc t l ny u
nhm c trong u)
C kh thot ra HCl d (a-b) mol
p n B.
Bi ny lm trong 20 - 30s
p n: A
Ag+ mnh nht loi C, D v ch cn xt th t Cu2+ v Fe2+ p n A
Bi ny lm trong 10 - 15s
p n: D
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46g = 0,5 mol M = 888 M 3 gc acid = 888 41 44*3 = 715 M trung bnh =
715/3 S C trung bnh khong = (715 : 3) : 14 (php tnh lin tc, ko cn gi tr trung gian) =
17,0238 p n B hoc D.
Lm ngc li: 17 * 14 = 714 = 715 1 p n D.
(cc gi tr 41, 45, 92, 888 l hon ton c th tnh nhm c nh rn luyn k nng tnh)
Bi ny lm trong 40 60s.
p n: D
Bi ny nhn thong qua cng c th on l p n B hoc D (va l kinh nghim c 2 p n
cng s C, va l c th tnh nhm: 8,4 = 1,4 x 6 nh rn luyn k nng tnh).
Cng nh k nng tnh, c th thy nCO2 < 0,4 (8,96lt) so vi nH2O ~ 0,6 (9g = 0,5 mol, 10,8 =
0,6 mol) th nh hn kh nhiu p n D.
(Hoc tnh s mol CO2, N2, H2O ri tnh t l: C : H : N ta c kt qu l p n D)
Bi ny lm trong 20-30s
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p n: A
Thc ra bi ny c th nhn thong qua cng thu c p n ng da vo suy lun: log100 = 2
p n A hoc B, y > x (v CH3COOH l acid yu hn) p n A
(hoc t in ly, thay vo cng thc tnh nng , ri ly log[H+] th cng s ra kt qu)
Bi ny lm trong 10-20s
p n: B.
Bi ny nu c k nng tnh tt th cng hon ton c th nhn ra kt qu ch trong 10s.
Suy lun: + HCl theo t l 1:1 anken (loi C), sn phm c 1 Cl khi lng 35,5 vi
%m = 45, 223 ~ 50% Anken ban u c M > 36 mt cht p n B (3C = 36)
(hoc, ly 35,5 : 0,45223 M ca hidrocacbon suy ra p n)
Bi ny lm trong 10s 15s
p n: D
D acid mui Fe3+
Nh k nng tnh c th nhm ngay ra hn hp gm 0,1 mol Fe v 0,1 mol Cu cho 0,5mol e.
Dng ng cho cho hn hp X thu c t l NO : NO2 = 1:1 (nhm c) hay l x v x
mol
Bo ton e: 3x + x = 0,5 x = 0,125 mol V = 5,6 lt (Tt c u c th tnh nhm c
hoc on c)
Bi ny c th gii trong vng 30s 50s
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p n: A
Anken cng nc ch cho 1 ru khi v ch khi anken l Ank-1-en hoc l Anken i xng
Bi ny ch cn 10-15s
p n: B.
T bi tnh 2 cht c dng mui amoni RCOOR + NaOH RCOONa + (R 1H) +
H2O vi t l mol cc cht l 1:1 v bng 0,2 mol (nhm)
Bo ton khi lng, ta c: m = [(24 + 7 + 46) + 40 27,5 18]*0,2 = 14,3 (ch cn bm my
tnh 1 ln, cc gi tr 46; 40; 27,5 l c th nhm c)
Bi ny c th gii trong vng 40 60s
p n: C
y l mt phn ng rt quen thuc trong qu trnh hc cng nh gii ton (thm ch mt s em
cn thuc lng c h s): 1 4 1 2 2.
(Cho d phi vit phn ng ra th cng rt nhanh)
Bi ny c th gii trong 15-20s
p n: A
y l mt bi tp rt rt quen thuc. Ta d dng thy X, Y, Z l C2H4, C3H6 v C4H8 m khng
cn phi suy ngh nhiu (M + 28 = 2M M = 28 C2H4).
0,1C3 0,3CO2 30g CaCO3 (M = 100 qu quen thuc, c th nhm c)
Bi ny c th gii trong 10-15s
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p n: D
SGK ghi r l H2 c th kh c oxit ca cc kim loi ng sau Al trong dy hot ng v
chng ta chp nhn iu ny.
Bi ny c th gii trong 10-15s
p n: B
Tnh nhm: 43,2/108 = 0,4 mol t l Andehit : Ag = 1:4 Andehit 2 chc B hoc C.
Tnh nhm: 4,6/23 = 0,2 mol t l Ru : Na = 1:2 Y c 2 nhm OH p n B
Bi ny c th gii trong 20-30s
p n: A.
T d kin 1 acid cho c 2C, t d kin 2 acid cho l acid 2 chc p n A
Bi ny c th gii trong 10-15s
p n: D
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch (tng in tch dng = tng in tch m), ta c:
0,12*3 + 4a = 0,24*2 + 2a a = 0,06 mol
Bi ny c th gii trong 15-20s
p n: A.
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T gi thit ta c: Ca(HCO3)2 1 mol v CaCO3 5,5 mol CO2: 7,5 mol Glucose: 3,75
mol Tinh bt: (180 18)*3,75/0,81= 750, trong gi tr 180 v 18 l nhm c hoc bit t
trc, cc phn ng Ha hc v h s hnh dung trong u.
Bi ny c th gii trong 30s 40s.
p n: C
Ch ch hp th hon ton, c ngha l CO2 tc dng ht vi Ba(OH)2, vi CO2 0,12
mol v BaCO3 0,08 mol, d dng suy ra Ba(HCO3)2 0,02 mol Ba(OH)2 0,1mol a = 0,04.
(Trong bi ny, gi tr M = 197 ca BaCO3 l phi bit trc hoc nhm c)
Bi ny lm trong 20-30s
p n: D
D dng nhm ra X gm 0,05 mol mi cht, hay l 0,1 mol acid M trung bnh = 53
Ch l y, s mol C2H5OH l 0,125 mol nn lng phn ng phi tnh theo cc acid.
M = (53 + 46 18)*0,1*0,8 = 6, 48 (cc gi tr 53, 46, 18 l phi thuc hoc tnh nhm c)
Bi ny c th lm trong 30-40s
p n: D
p dng phng php tng gim khi lng.
M cht rn gim = 15,6 + 9,2 24,5 = 0,3g = s mol H c gii phng = s mol ru phn
ng.
p n: C
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Br2 ch gim X phn ng ht, Br2 d M trung bnh = 6,7/0,2 = 33,5 (nhm) B
hoc C
p n: C
5,6g Fe 0,1 mol Fe phn ng vi H2SO4 long 0,1 mol Fe2+ oxh bi KMnO4 0,1 mol
Fe3+ - cho 0,1mol e KMnO4 nhn 0,1 mol e, m Mn+7 + 5e Mn+2 V = 0,1/5/0,5 = 0,04
C.
Bi ny lm trong 30-40s
p n: A
(Ru khng no Acid khng no)
Bi ny ch cn 10-15s
p n: C
Este 0,1 mol (nhm) v NaOH 0,04 mol Este d m = (15 + 44 + 23)*0,04 = 3,28g
Bi ny lm trong 20-30s
p n: A
4 cht tr NH4Cl, ZnSO4
Bi ny lm trong 10-15s
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p n: A
0,1 mol NO 0,3 mol e trao i 0,3 mol Ag 0,15 mol andehit M = 6,6/0,15 = 44
CH3CHO hoc 0,3 mol HCHO (v l, loi)
Bi ny lm trong 15-20s
p n: B
0,005 mol Cu (nhm) 0,005 mol Cl2 0,01 mol NaOH phn ng, trong NaOH d =
0,05*0,2 = 0,01 mol CM = 0,02/0,2 = 0,1M
Bi ny lm trong 15-20s
p n: A.
Bi ny khng cn phi suy ngh nhiu, 10-15s
p n: A
Bi ny cng khng phi suy ngh nhiu, 5-10s
p n: B
Tng gim khi lng: (13,95 10,3)/36,5 = 0,1 mol HCl (tnh nhm) = 0,1 mol a.a M =
103
R = 103 44 16 = 43 C3H7Bi ny lm trong 15-20s
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p n: B
Bi ny qu quen thuc, cng khng cn gii thch nhiu, lm trong 5-10s
p n: D
Bi ny nu c k ton b cu hi v p n th rt mt thi gian, nhng nu suy lun mt cht
th chn ngay c p n ng l D v ngay v u tin ch c D ng vi X, do khng cn quan
tm n Y (ch cn c v u tm mnh ng vi X trc)
Bi ny lm trong 10-15s
p n: B
Bi ny lm trong 10-15s
p n: B
nH+ = 0,5 mol (nhm), trong nH+ phn ng = 5,32/22,4*2=0,475 mol nH+ d = 0,025
CM = 0,1M pH = 1
Bi ny gii trong vng 15-20s
p n: B
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p n: D
Bi ny ch mt thi gian vic c v p n, ch khng mt sc ngh.
Lm trong 15-20s
p n: D
Bi ny nhn thong qua cng c th thy p n l B hoc D (h s phi nh trong u ri)
D dng suy ra c p n D
Bi ny lm trong 10-15s
p n: A
Bi ny ch nhn vo cu hi v m, lm trong 10-15s
p n: C
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p n: A
i vi 1 mt xch PVC (-C2H3Cl-), sau khi Clo ha s c CTPT dng -C2H3-xCl1+xLp t s: 35,5(x+1)/(24+3-x+35,5(1+x) = 0,6396
Gii ra c x = 1/3
Tc l c 3 mt xch phn ng th c 1 nguyn t Clo ng vi 1 phn t Cl2
Bi tp ny vn khng h kh, nhng mt thi gian 1 cht trong lc gii, c th lm trong vng
40-60s
p n: C
Cu ny rt d, khng cn phi suy ngh nhiu, ch 5s l c kt qu.
p n: B
Vi k nng tnh tt, ta c th nhm nhanh CO2 0,15 mol, N2 0,025 mol cht em t c
3C B
Bi ny lm trong 10-15s
p n: C
C th on ngay ra vi t l nh vy O2 d, Z gm O2 v CO2, ta dng ng cho t
l 1:1 (nhm)
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p n: D
p dng tng gim khi lng: m = 0,05(96 16) + 2,81 = 6,81g (ton b php tnh ny c th
nhm c, t cc gi tr 96; 0,05 n kt qu ca c php tnh)
Bi ny gii trong 15-20s
p n: D
Cc kim loi trc Al
Bi ny ch cn 5 10s
p n: B
Loi cc p n c etilen v butin-2.
Bi ny lm trong 10-15s
p n: C
Cu ny khng cn phi suy ngh nhiu, 5 10s
p n: C
T d kin 1, ta c k = (2/3)2/(1/3)2 = 4.
Gi s mol C2H5OH l x, thay vo biu thc tnh k, ta c : (0,9)2/0,1(x 0,9) = 4, gii ra c x
= 2,925 mol
im cn lu nht trong bi tp ny l khng c b qua nng ca H2O trong biu thc
tnh (khc vi cc phn ng xy ra trong dung dch nc)
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p n: A
l HCN v H2 (dung dch KMnO4 ch phn ng ct mch C vi keton trong mi trng acid)
Bi ny lm trong 5-10s
p n: B
Ru khng no khng bn, chuyn ha thnh andehit
Bi ny lm trong 5-10s
p n: D
Dng Cu kh Ag+ nn bo ton in tch hoc bo ton e, ta c kt qu l D
Bi ny rt d dng gii c trong 10-15s
p n: C
Ch c Cr3+ mi c tnh cht lng tnh.
Bi ny lm trong 5-10s
p n: C
Ch 1 kt ta, v Al3+ v Zn2+ c tnh lng tnh, Cu2+ v Zn2+ c kh nng to phc vi NH3
Bi ny lm trong 5-10s
III.
Mt s tng kt
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Qua vic gii nhanh cc bi tp trong thi tuyn sinh H C khi A nm 2007 mn Ha, ta
rt ra mt s kt lun nh sau:
1, T l kin thc lp 12 ngy cng chim u th v gi vai tr ch o trong thi H vi
khong 80% cu hi cho cc ni dung lin quan (t l ny c phn cao hn so vi cc nm trc).
Tuy nhin, Ha hc v Ton hc khng ging nh Vt l hay Sinh hc, kin thc thi mn Ha
mang tnh lin tc, i hi th sinh vn phi nm vng nhng nguyn l, nhng nh lut v nhng
phng php t duy Ha hc ct li c tch ly t lp 10, lp 11. an xen vo mi cu hi ta vn
thy mt s thng nht, s lin tc v kin thc.
2, thi Ha hc d rt c gng v c cht lng cao, th sinh phi c kin thc Ha hc v
t duy logic tng i mnh th mi c th vn dng tt chin thut chn ngu nhin mt cch c
hiu qu. Mc d vy, trong thi vn bc l nhiu im yu trong suy ngh, nhn thc ca ngi ra
(ti s phn tch c th trong mt bi vit khc sau) nn vn cha thc s phn loi tt c th
sinh v nu tnh to, th sinh hon ton c th vt qua d dng nhng phng n nhiu
3, gii nhanh c mt bi ton m rng hn l mt thi Ha hc, i hi s kt hp
nhun nhuyn v hiu qu 4 yu t: kin thc, k nng, kinh nghim v phng php (ch l ti
xp phng php hng th yu, cui cng), m mi mt yu t u i hi mt qu trnh rn
luyn tch cc v ng hng (nn cn phi c hng dn). Nhng mc thi gian lm bi ti t
ra trong p n l trong iu kin l tng, vi mt hc sinh hi t c 4 yu t trn v trong
iu kin nh vy th mt thi H (d tng c nh gi l kh) cng c th gii quyt c
trong vng 15-20 pht. Tt nhin, tm l thc t trong phng thi s khc v khng c nhiu hc
sinh hi t c 4 yu t trn, song, phi ni nh vy cc em thy v t tin rng vic gii trn
vn thi H trong vng 30 pht khng phi l iu khng th v trong 60-90 pht th l iu
hon ton c th
Hy vng l qua nhng g trnh by trn, cc em th sinh nm nay s t tm ra cho mnh mt
hng t duy ng, mt cch lm bi nhanh v c hiu qu. Cc em hc sinh chun b cho k thi nm
sau cng c c mt thng tin b ch tm ra cho mnh mt phng n n tp ph hp nht nhm
nng cao c 4 yu t trn.
Chc cc em hc tt v thi tt!!!
Cc bi ging ca Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc c th c s dng, sao chp, in n,
phc v cho mc ch hc tp v ging dy, nhng cn phi c ch thch r rng v tc gi.
Tn trng s sng to ca ngi khc cng l mt cch pht trin, nng cao kh nng
sng to ca bn thn mnh ^^
Lin h tc gi:
V Khc Ngc Phng Ha sinh Protein Vin Cng ngh Sinh hc
Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam
in thoi: 098.50.52.510
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p n chi tit:
p n: A
Cu ny khng cn thi gian suy ngh nhiu, ch cn c ln lt tng phn ng v nh du li,
10-15s
p n: D
Cu ny cng khng cn nhiu thi gian, ch cn c bi, nh du qua tng cht ri m,
hoc loi tr Al2(SO4)3 v K2SO3, 10-15s
p n: A
nCO2 = 0,2 mol (nhm), nOH- = 0,25 mol (nhm: (1+2*2)/2 = 2,5 0,25) 0,05 mol CO32v 0,15 mol HCO3- (nhm bo ton C + bo ton in tch m) 0,05 mol Ba2+ b kt ta
9,85g (nhm)
Bi ny lm trong 15-20s
p n: C
nFeO = nFe2O3 xem hn hp cho l 0,01 mol Fe3O4 (M = 232 quen thuc) p n C
(t l Fe3O4 : HCl = 1:8 cng rt quen thuc, hoc nhm nhanh: Fe3O4: 0,4mol O2- 0,8 mol H+)
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Bi ny lm trong 10-15s
p n: B
D kin 1 c gc NO3D kin 2 c gc NH4+
Bi ny lm trong 5-10s
p n: D
Cu ny kh n gin, ch cn c ln lt tng p n l chn c p n ng. Thm ch,
p n D vi ni dung ngn hn thng c c trc tin (theo tm l thng thng ca hc sinh)
(D l mui amoni hu c, khng phi este)
Cu ny 5-10s
p n; A
Cu ny kh n gin, 5-10s
p n: A
y l 1 cu tng i di.
V CuO d 2 ru phn ng ht, MY = 27,5 < 29 trong hn hp Y c H2O.
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M H 2O + M aldehyde
Bi ny cn 40-60s
p n: D
Cu ny kh d, chc bn no cng nh v lm ng: 3 xylen + etylbenzen
Bi ny lm trong 5-10s
p n: B
(a thm s liu: V = 1 lt). Nhn thong qua cng thy H+ d l 0,02 mol pH = 2 (nhm)
Bi ny rt d, lm trong 5-10s
p n: C
D kin 1: phn tch h s th tch kh gim = th tch H2 phn ng t l:1:2
D kin 2 Ru Z l ru 2 chc
p n: C
Cu ny qu d, ch cn 5s
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p n: C
Cu ny cng kh d, Al 0,1mol v Fe 0,1 mol (nhm) khi tc dng vi Ag+ c th cho ti
a 0,6mol e trong khi Ag+ ch c 0,55 mol Ag+ b kh ht, m = 0,55*108 = 59,4g
Cu ny cn 15-20s
p n: C
Y c kh nng trng gng Y l HCOOH hoc mt aldehyde
- Y l HCOOH Ru Z l CH3OH tch nc khng th ra anken
- Y l aldehyde Ru ban u khng no tch nc cng khng th ra anken
(cc p n cn li u ng hoc cha chc sai)
Cu ny cn 20-30s
p n : A
Catot (ch ca cation Na+, loi B v C)
Cu ny qu d, 5-10s.
p n: C
p dng phng php tng gim khi lng: m = 5,48 + 22*0.06 = 6,8g
Cu ny cn 15-20s
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p n: A
2,24 lt NO2 0,1 mol e 0,1 mol Ag 0,05 mol Aldehyde (loi tr HCHO) M = 72
p n A
Cu ny 15-20s
p n: B
Cu to mch C (ru acid) c th l: 4 = 1 + 3 = 2+ 2 = 3 (thng v nhnh) + 1 c 4 ng
phn
Cu ny 15-20s
p n: C
Cu ny cng rt d, ch cn 5-10s
p n: D
y l Bi ton kinh in qu quen thuc, cho nhanh, ta p dng cng thc tnh nu
trong bi ging nh gi y hn ngha ca phng php ghp n s:
nNO = 0,06 mol (nhm) 0,18 mol e trao i
mFe = 0,7*11,36 + 5,6 *0,3 = 8,96g hay 0,16 mol mFe(NO3)3 = 38,72g
Bi ny cn 20 -30s.
p n: B
y l mt kin thc c bn v cu to bng tun hon, khng c g trao i thm
Cu ny cn 10-15s
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p n: B
Phn ng ca Al vi NaOH c t l 1:1 (nhm d dng v to ra NaAlO2 c Na : Al = 1:1) do
Al d. H2 0,4 mol (nhm) s e Al v Na cho l 0,8 mol (vi t l Al : Na = 1:1) Al = Na =
0,2 mol Al d = 0,2 mol m = 5,4g (tt c u tnh nhm c)
Cu ny cn 20-30s
p n: C
Cu ny cng khng kh nu hc k v nh c CTPT ca 2 loi t ny.
Cu ny cn 20-30s
p n: A
X l mui cacbonat X1 l oxit X2 l kim (loi B) Y l mui acid l NaHCO3
Cu ny cn 20-30s
p n : B
Cu ny khng c, c k , ln lt tng cht v nh du li l c p n ng.
Cu ny cn 10-15s
p n : C
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p n: B
Hn hp X gm 3 Hidrocacbon c cng 3C. Do d dng tm ra CTPT trung bnh ca X l
C3H6,4 3CO2 + 3,2H2O
Khi lng cn tm: m = 0,3*44 + 18*0,32 = 18,96g
p n: A
Kt ta l 0,6 mol Al(OH)3 (46,8/78 nhm c) 0,6 mol Al3+ ban u c 0,1 mol
Al4C3 v 0,2 mol Al (nhm c) 0,3 mol CH4 + 0,3 mol H2 (nhm c) a = 0,6
Cu ny lm trong 15-20s
p n: D
Cu hi ny khng kh, nhng i hi cc em phi nh danh php v bit cch vit li cho ng
CTCT.
Cu ny lm trong 10-15s
p n: D
Cu ny lm trong 5s
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p n: C
mgim = mO = 0,32g n(CO, H2) = nO = 0,02 mol V = 0,448 lt (tt c u c th nhm rt
nhanh)
Cu ny cn 10-15s
p n: A
Cu ny rt d, nh l HCl c Cl- trng thi oxh thp nht khng cn tnh oxh, tnh oxh
ch do H+ gy ra c phn ng no c gii phng H2 l ok.
Cu ny ch cn 5s
p n: B
Cu ny kh d, ch cn 5-10s
p n: B
Cu ny ch cn 5s
p n: D
Cu ny ch cn 5-10s, ch oleic l acid khng no
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p n: C
nH+ = 0,08 + 0,04 = 0,12 mol, nCu = 0,05 mol m t l phn ng to NO l:
Cu + 4H+ NO H+ ht, Cu d NO = 0,12/4 = 0,03 mol 0,672 lt (nhm c ht)
Cu ny cn 20-30s
p n: B
250kg 4000 mol VC. T l 2CH4 -C2H3Cl- (bo ton C) V = 4000*2/0,5/0,8 = 448
Cu ny cn 20-30s
p n: C
mtng = mO = 1,2g nO = 0,075 mol nHCl = 0,15 mol V = 75ml (nhm c ht)
Cu ny cn 15-20s
p n: D
Cu ny l thun ty l thuyt, ch cn nh l ok, 5s.
p n: D
Z c M = 16 trong Z cn H2 (M = 2) d v C2H6 (M = 30) t l 1:1 (M trung bnh l
trung bnh cng) hay H2 - 0,01 mol, C2H6 0,01 mol H2 phn ng l 0,03 mol, trong 0,02 mol
to thnh C2H6
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p n: B
Cu ny rt d dng, tm l chung l khi ni kim loi tc dng vi Fe3+ bao gi ta cng ngh
n Fe v Cu trc (thi quen t duy) ^^
Cu ny 10-15s
p n: A
Cu ny rt d, 5-10s
p n: B
12x + y = 16*3,625 = 58 x = 4, y = 10, c 4 ng phn qu quen thuc l n-, iso, sec v
tertCu ny 10-15s
p n: D
Cu ny ch cn 10-15s
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p n: D
Phn ng hon ton m Al d Fe2O3 phn ng ht.
T d kin 2 nH2 = 0,0375mol Al d l 0,0375/1,5 = 0,025 mol, kt hp vi d kin 1
Fe sinh ra l 0,1 mol (trong Y)
Fe2O3 ban u l 0,1 mol v Al = 0,05 + 0,2 = 0,25 mol m = 16 + 0,25*27 = 22,75g
p n: A
Cu ny rt d, 1 quy tc ca n mn in ha v phn ng oxh kh, 5-10s
p n: D
Cc lm bi tp ny c th xem thm trong bi ging Phn tch h s v ng dng
Khi lng hn hp trc v sau c bo ton KLPT (M) t l nghch vi s mol kh
M = 12 * 2 * 3 = 72 C5H12
p n: B
Cu ny ch cn cn thn 1 cht l ok, 10-15s
p n: D
Cu ny c nguyn vn trong SGK, ch cn 5-10s
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p n: C
m trn mch C:
C C C C
C
Cu ny ch cn 5 10s
p n: A
Mglucose = 180 Msorbitol = 182 0,01 mol Sorbitol (nhm c ht)
M = 180 * 0,01/0,8 = 2,25g
Cu ny lm trong 15-20s
p n: D
0,01 mol Cr3+ 0,01 mol Cr+6 cho 0,03 mol e 0,015 mol Cl2.
S mol K+ phi bo ton in tch vi: 0,01 mol CrO42-, 0,03 mol Cl- (trong CrCl3) v 0,03
mol Cl- (to thnh t 0,15 mol Cl2) 0,08 mol 0,08 mol KOH
Bi ny lm trong 20-30s
p n: A
y l mt nguyn tc in ha, cc m l Zn b n mn.
Cu ny lm trong 5-10s
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p n: B
Cu ny qu n gin, 5s
p n: A
y l mt quy trnh quen thuc, iu ch Cu t qung chancopirit.
Cu ny lm trong 10-15s
p n: C
p dng phng php m ng phn trn mch C.
Cu ny lm trong 5-10s
II.
Mt s nhn xt:
Qua vic gii nhanh cc bi tp trong thi tuyn sinh H C khi A nm 2008 mn Ha, ta
rt ra mt s nhn xt nh sau:
1, thi nm nay v c bn l tng ng vi thi H nm ngoi (2007) tuy nhin c phn
d hn mt cht, th hin 2 :
Mt l, cc em hc sinh cng nh gio vin lm quen tt hn vi hnh thc thi trc
nghim cng nh cc dng bi tp thi trc nghim c th ri vo thi nn c s chun
b tt hn.
Hai l, thi nm nay khng cn nhiu cu hi kh, khng c cu hi di, cng khng
c thm c dng bi tp no mi v c sc hn, so vi thi nm ngoi.
Vi mc thi th ny, cng vi vic thi L khng qu kh v thi Ton nm nay c
phn d hn (d tnh ton di hn v phc tp hn) nm ngoi, c th d on ph im thi H nm
nay s tng i ng u hn khu vc 15-20 im. Do , kt qu thi tnh chung c l s cao
hn, im chun vo cc trng H s mc tng ng hoc cao hn nm ngoi mt cht
(khong 0,5 im), nht l cc trng c im chun nm trc trong khong 17-21.
2, T l kin thc lp 12 tip tc chim u th v gi vai tr ch o trong thi H vi
khong 80 - 85% cu hi cho cc ni dung lin quan (t l ny c phn cao hn so vi cc nm
trc, k c nm 2007). Tuy nhin, Ha hc v Ton hc khng ging nh Vt l hay Sinh hc, kin
thc thi mn Ha mang tnh lin tc, i hi th sinh vn phi nm vng nhng nguyn l, nhng
nh lut v nhng phng php t duy Ha hc ct li c tch ly t lp 10, lp 11. an xen vo
mi cu hi ta vn thy mt s thng nht, s lin tc v kin thc.
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Pht biu ng l
A. tnh kh ca Cl mnh hn ca Br .
# p n D.
i vi cu hi loi ny, ta c th lm bng phng php loi tr nhng ch nn p dng nu
trong bi ch c 1 cp oxh kh hoc cu hi c tnh tun t, cn trong bi tp ny, cu hi c tnh
cht lin h - bc cu th ta nn lm theo kiu lit k.
Phng trnh 1 Fe3+ < Br2, phng trnh 2 Br2 < Cl2 Fe3+ < Br2 < Cl2
(ch xt ring tnh oxh, cn tnh kh s theo chiu ngc li ging nh dy in ha)
Cu ny khng kh nhng c tnh logic, kh hay. Lm trong 5-10s
Cu 2 : Dy cc nguyn t sp xp theo chiu tng dn tnh phi kim t tri sang phi l
A. P, N, F, O.
B. N, P, F, O.
C. P, N, O, F.
D. N, P, O, F.
# p n C.
Cu ny c th loi tr p n, do a s cc em u bit F l phi kim mnh nht, nn p n A
v B d dng b loi. Gia C v D cng khng kh chn c p n ng.
Nhn chung, y l mt cu hi d, ch cn 5s.
Cu 3 : Nguyn tc luyn thp t gang l
A. dng O2 oxi ho cc tp cht Si, P, S, Mn, ... trong gang thu c thp.
B. dng cht kh CO kh oxit st thnh st nhit cao.
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C. dng CaO hoc CaCO3 kh tp cht Si, P, S, Mn, ... trong gang thu c thp.
D. tng thm hm lng cacbon trong gang thu c thp.
# p n A.
Ch , trnh nhm ln vi nguyn tc sn xut gang!
y l mt cu hi thun ty l thuyt, nhng li ri vo mt ni dung m rt t em quan tm,
nn chc cng gy khng t kh khn.
Cu ny lm trong 10s
Cu 4 : un nng cht H2N-CH2-CONH-CH(CH3)-CONH-CH2-COOH trong dung dch HCl (d),
sau khi cc phn ng kt thc thu c sn phm l
A. H2N-CH2-COOH, H2H-CH2-CH2-COOH.
B. H3N+-CH2- COOHCl , H3N+-CH2-CH2- COOHCl .
C. H3N+-CH2- COOHCl , H3N+-CH(CH3)- COOHCl .
D. H2N-CH2-COOH, H2N-CH(CH3)-COOH.
# p n C.
y, cch vit HCl - c th gy mt cht l cho th sinh, nhng ti ngh l cng khng lm
kh c cc em, v n tng t vi cch vit mui ni ca amino acid +H3N-R-COO-, hn na, nu
c kinh nghim th cng ch cn thy rng y c 2 nhm: c to mui v khng to mui, ta khng
cn quan tm bi vit theo cch no.
Nu lm mt cch bi bn th ch cn xt v tr ct ca lin kt peptid (ch l lin kt amide v
lin kt ester c im chung rt d nh ^^)
Tuy nhin, bi ny c th lm bng cch suy lun rt thng minh nh sau: sn phm to thnh
phi c nhnh CH(CH3)- do loi ngay 2 p n A v B. Ch d kin HCl(d) l ta s c c
p n ng.
Vi cch suy lun nh vy th bi ny c th lm trong 5-10s.
y, p n gy nhiu A v B c phn hi th khi khng a nhnh vo!
Cu 5 : Cho s chuyn ho sau :
0
+ Br2 (1:1mol),Fe,t
+ NaOH (d ),t ,p
+ HCl(d )
Toluen
X
Y
Z
C. o-bromtoluen v p-bromtoluen.
D. o-metylphenol v p-metylphenol.
# p n D.
X : o-bromtoluen v p-bromtoluen ; Y : o-NaO-C6H4-CH3 v p-NaO-C6H4-CH3
Z : o-metylphenol v p-metylphenol.
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B. HCl.
C. H2SO4.
D. NaHCO3.
# p n A.
Nguyn tc lm mm nc cng ton phn (bng phng php ha hc) l dng Na3PO4 hoc
Na2CO3 loi b Mg2+ v Ca2+ di dng mui kt ta.
Cu hi ny cng thun l thuyt, kh d, lm trong 5-10s
Cu 7 : un nng hn hp gm hai ru (ancol) n chc, mch h, k tip nhau trong dy ng
ng vi H2SO4 c 1400C. Sau khi cc phn ng kt thc, thu c 6 gam hn hp gm ba ete v
1,8 gam nc. Cng thc phn t ca hai ru trn l
A. CH3OH v C2H5OH.
B. C2H5OH v C3H7OH.
C. C3H5OH v C4H7OH.
D. C3H7OH v C4H9OH
# p n A.
Ta gi chung 2 ru l ROH ete thu c l RO R , phn ng ete ha c nru = nnc = 0,1
mol Mete = 60 M R = 22 -CH3 (M = 15) v ng ng k tip l C2H5
Bi ny kh d v l mt dng bi quen thuc, cc s liu u c th nhm c, lm trong 1520s.
Cu 8 : Cho cc cht : ru (ancol) etylic, glixerin (glixerol), glucoz, imetyl ete v axit fomic. S
cht tc dng c vi Cu(OH)2 l
A. 1.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 2.
# p n B.
C th: glixerol (to phc) ; glucoz (to phc v oxi ha kh) ; ring i vi trng hp acid
formic, tuy cn mt s kin nghi ng, nhng i vi kin thc ca mt hc sinh ph thng, th hon
ton c th chp nhn c, phn ng y c th l phn ng acid base hoc l phn ng oxh kh
ca nhm aldehyde vi Cu(OH)2 (chnh xc hn l trong mi trng kim)
Bi ny kh d, va c va nh du v m, lm trong 5-10s
Cu 9 : Oxi ho 1,2 gam CH3OH bng CuO nung nng, sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp sn
phm X (gm HCHO, H2O, CH3OH d). Cho ton b X tc dng vi lng d Ag2O (hoc AgNO3)
trong dung dch NH3, c 12,96 gam Ag. Hiu sut ca phn ng oxi ho CH3OH l
A. 76,6%.
B. 80,0%.
C. 65,5%.
D. 70,4%.
# p n B.
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B. 5,0 kg.
C. 6,0 kg.
D. 4,5 kg.
# p n D.
H = 72%
2C2H5OH
C6H10O5
m(tinh bt) =
= 4,5 kg
46
72%
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B. a = b.
C. a = 4b.
D. a = 2b.
# p n B.
Bi tp ny c th gii quyt theo 2 cch:
Cch 1: Vit PTP t chy.
4FeCO3 + O2 2Fe2O3 + 4CO2 ; 4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
Cch 2: p dng nh lut bo ton e.
a mol FeCO3 a mol CO2 v cho a mol e, b mol FeS2 2b mol SO2 v cho 11b mol e.
O2 + 4e 2O-2
p dng nh lut bo ton e, ta c nO2 =
a + 11b
4
C 2 cch lm u cho ta mt kt qu l:
p sut kh trong bnh khng i
1
11
a + b = a + 2b a = b.
4
4
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Bi ny lm trong 20-30s
Cu 12 : Cho 9,12 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 tc dng vi dung dch HCl (d). Sau khi
cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, c dung dch Y; c cn Y thu c 7,62 gam FeCl2 v m gam
FeCl3. Gi tr ca m l
A. 9,75.
B. 8,75.
C. 7,80.
D. 6,50.
# p n A.
Quy i hn hp u thnh hn hp ch c FeO v Fe2O3 : FeO FeCl2 ; Fe2O3 2FeCl3
nhng khi thc hin lin hon nhiu php tnh trn my tnh bao gm c cng tr, nhn chia th
phi ht sc cn thn trong thao tc, nu khng s mc phi sai st.
C kin cho rng nn thay i cc p n nhiu, trong thm vo gi tr: 4,875 v 19,5. y
cng l mt kin hay, gi tr 4,875 cng rt c kh nng th sinh chn nhm, do khng nhn 2 s
mol Fe2O3 khi n chuyn thnh FeCl3, mc d vy, gi tr 4,875 c phn hi l. Cn gi tr 19,5 nu
a vo chc ch nhiu c cc th sinh cha bit lm cu ny, v nu c mt cht kinh nghim th
s thy l n hi ln v hi v l.
Bi ny c th lm trong 20-40s
Cu 13 : Cho dy cc cht v ion : Cl2, F2, SO2, Na+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Al3+, Mn2+, S2-, Cl . S cht v ion
trong dy u c tnh oxi ho v tnh kh l
A. 3.
B. 4.
C. 6.
D. 5.
# p n B.
C tnh oxi ha v tnh kh s oxi ha trung gian : Cl2, SO2, Fe2+, Mn2+.
Trong cu hi ny s c nhiu bn s chn nhm phi p n A, do cc hp cht ca Mn t c
ch trong chng trnh, nht l chng trnh khng phn ban. Cu hi ny l ra nn c sp xp
vo phn la chn cho th sinh phn ban th s cng bng hn.
Bi ny lm trong 10 15s.
Cu 14 : Phn ng nhit phn khng ng l
0
t
A. 2KNO3
2KNO2 + O2
0
t
NH3 + HCl
C. NH4Cl
t
B. NH4NO2
N2 + 2H2O
0
t
D. NaHCO3
NaOH + CO2
# p n D.
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0
t
2NaHCO3
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
Cc mui Cacbonate ca kim loi kim bn vi nhit nn khng b nhit phn tip trong iu
kin thng thng.
Cu hi ny kh d, lm trong 5-10s
Cu 15 : Cho dy cc cht : KAl(SO4)2.12H2O, C2H5OH, C12H22O11 (saccaroz), CH3COOH,
Ca(OH)2, CH3COONH4. S cht in li l
A. 3.
B. 4.
C. 5.
D. 2.
# p n B.
i vi cu hi loi ny c th lm theo kiu lit k hoc loi tr, y ta loi tr saccaroz v
ru etylic.
Cu hi ny kh d, lm trong 5-10s
Cu 16 : Cho 2,16 gam Mg tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 (d). Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton
thu c 0,896 lt kh NO ( ktc) v dung dch X. Khi lng mui khan thu c khi lm bay hi
dung dch X l
A. 8,88 gam.
B. 13,92 gam.
C. 6,52 gam.
D. 13,32 gam.
# p n B.
nMg = 0,09 mol ne(cho) = 0,18 mol (nhm)
nNO = 0,04 mol ne(nhn) = 0,12 mol (nhm)
ne(cho) > ne(nhn) Trong dung dch c to thnh NH4NO3
n(NH4NO3) = (0,18 0,12)/8 mol
mmui khan = m(Mg(NO3)2) + m(NH4NO3)
= (24 + 62*2)*0,09 + 80*(0,18 0,12)/8 = 13,92 gam.
bi tp ny, c mt s kin cho rng NH4NO3 khng sinh ra trong HNO3 d, iu ny l
khng ng, th oxh kh ca HNO3 ph thuc vo nng ch khng ph thuc vo lng cht.
HNO3 d nhng nng rt thp (long) th vn c th to thnh NH4NO3.
y l mt bi tp kh hay, c tnh phn loi. Nu hc sinh quen vi vic dng phng php
bo ton e trong cc bi ton c phn ng oxh kh th s khng gp nhiu kh khn lm khi pht hin
ra mu thun, mc d vn c th hi lng tng khi suy lun ra s c mt ca NH4NO3, cn nu hc
sinh cu th th rt d b mt im cu ny.
Phng n 13,32 l c tnh nhiu cao nht khi hc sinh ch tnh khi lng ca Mg(NO3)2.
Phng n 8,88 l trong trng hp ch tnh khi lng Mg(NO3)2 m s mol tnh da vo NO
....
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B. NH4H2PO4.
C. Ca(H2PO4)2.
D. CaHPO4.
# p n A.
y l mt cu hi thun l thuyt v kh d, lm trong 5s.
Nu hi thnh phn ca supephosphate n v supephosphat kp th s hay hn v kh hn.
Cu 18 : un nng mt ru (ancol) n chc X vi dung dch H2SO4 c trong iu kin nhit
thch hp sinh ra cht hu c Y, t khi hi ca X so vi Y l 1,6428. Cng thc phn t ca Y l
A. C3H8O.
B. C2H6O.
C. CH4O.
D. C4H8O.
# p n B.
d(X/Y) = 1,6428 > 1 MX > MY phn ng tch nc to anken.
X : CnH2n+2O Y : CnH2n
dX =
Y
14 n + 18
18
= 1,6428
= 0,6428
14 n
14 n
t
4KClO3
KCl + 3KClO4
O3 O2 + O
S phn ng oxi ho kh l
A. 5.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
# p n D.
Da vo s thay i s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t, c thay i s oxh l phn ng oxh kh.
y cn lu , phn ng sau vn c s thay i s oxi ha ca Cl (t oxi ha t kh) :
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O
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B. H2NCH2CH2COOH.
C. CH2=CHCOONH4.
D. H2NCH2COOCH3.
# p n D.
Da vo p n, ta thy cc cht u phn ng vi NaOH theo t l 1:1.
B. CH4 v C3H4.
C. CH4 v C3H6.
D. C2H6 v C3H6.
# p n C.
khirocacbon khng no = (4/160)/[(1,68 1,12)/22,4] = 1 Loi B.
ntrung bnh = 2,8/1,68 = 5/3 = 1,67 Loi D.
nhirocacbon khng no = (2,8 1,12*1)/0,56 = 3
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A. C6H8O6.
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B. C3H4O3.
C. C12H16O12.
D. C9H12O9.
# p n A.
i vi bi tp ny c th lm theo 3 cch:
Cch 1: Da vo cng thc tnh bt bo ha k
Axit cacboxylic no, mch h k =
3n 2 3 + 2 4n
n=2
=
2
2
CTPT ca X l C6H8O6
lm cch ny th cc em phi nm rt vng cng thc tnh bt bo ha k.
^^ c thm bi ging bt bo ha k v ng dng trong gii ton trn Blog ca ti bit
thm chi tit v hiu r hn cch xy dng cng thc tnh ny.
Cch 2: Da vo vic xy dng CTPT tng qut.
Axit cacboxylic no, mch h c CTPT tng qut dng: CxH2x+2-k(COOH)k
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t, ta c:
x + k = 3n
2 x + 2 = 4n
2k = 3n
x = 3
n = 2
k = 3
no, mch h
5n
3n
3n
= 2 + 2
n=2
2
2
2
Cch lm ny cng kh ph bin, v c bn l tng t nh cch 2, nhng khng phi gii h pt.
Bi ny lm bng cch 1 trong 20-25s.
C. thay i nhit .
# p n D.
Cn bng ha hc ch c th b chuyn dch khi thay i cc yu t nng , nhit v p sut.
Cht xc tc ch c vai tr lm tng tc phn ng (thun v nghch) m khng lm cho cn bng
chuyn dch!
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B. K.
C. Rb.
D. Li.
# p n A.
M2CO3 CO2 ; MHCO3 CO2
nmui = 0,02 mol M + 61 < 1,9/0,02 = 95 < 2M + 60 17,5 < M < 34 M l Na (23).
y l mt bi tp gii bng phng php bin lun bt phng trnh kh hay nhng cng rt
quen thuc, c th bt gp c trong cc bi tp hu c v v c v th m khng kh.
Hn na, i vi cc bi tp tm kim loi kim kiu ny, th kinh nghim lm bi cho thy trn
90% kt qu tm c l Na hoc K, trong trn 50% l Na. V th, ti hi tht vng, l ra nn i
mi loi b tm l , c th sa i s liu kt qu l Rb th hay hn (ng no th trong thi
cng c ch thch MRb)
Bi ny lm trong 20-30s.
Cu 25 : Th tch dung dch HNO3 67,5% (khi lng ring l 1,5 g/ml) cn dng tc dng vi
xenluloz to thnh 89,1 kg xenluloz trinitrat l (bit lng HNO3 b hao ht l 20%)
A. 55 lt.
B. 81 lt.
C. 49 lt.
D. 70 lt.
# p n D.
H = 80%
C6H7O2(NO3)3
3HNO3
B. 10,5.
C. 12,3.
D. 15,6.
# p n C.
Cu khng tc dng vi HCl nAl = 0,15*2/3 = 0,1 mol (nhm)
Al khng tc dng vi HNO3 c ngui nCu = 0,3/2 = 0,15 mol (nhm)
m = 27*0,1 + 64*0,15 = 12,3 gam.
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B. CH3COO-(CH2)2-COOC2H5.
C. CH3COO-(CH2)2-OOCC2H5.
D. CH3OOC-CH2-COO-C3H7.
# p n C.
Do sinh ra hn hp mui Loi A, D n(Y) = 0,1 mol.
Cch 1: Phng php bo ton khi lng
MY = [(16 + 8) 17,8]/0,1 = 62 Y l HO-CH2-CH2-OH.
(Nn tnh nhm mt s gi tr, thay v thc hin php tnh lin hon :
MY = [(160*0,1 + 100*8%) 17,8]/0,1 = 62 s rt d mc sai st)
Cch 2: Phng php tng gim khi lng
mtng = 17,8 16 = 1,8g (nhm) Mtng = 1,8/0,1 = 18 (nhm) Mgc ru = 23*2 18 = 28
-CH2-CH2 X l CH3COO-(CH2)2-OOCC2H5.
Hai cch lm thc ra c cng bn cht (xem thm nhn xt cu 29), phng php tng gim
khi lng l mt kt qu c rt ra t phng php bo ton khi lng.
*
B. 0,30.
C. 0,03.
D. 0,12.
# p n D.
pH = 12 pOH = 2 [OH d] = (0,1a 0,1*0,1)/0,2 = 0,01 a = 0,12.
Ch : t iu kin [H+][OH] = 1014 pH + pOH = 14.
y l mt bi ton dung dch quen thuc, tng i d, lm trong 15-20s
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Cu 29 : Cho 3,6 gam axit cacboxylic no, n chc X tc dng hon ton vi 500 ml dung dch gm
KOH 0,12M v NaOH 0,12M. C cn dung dch thu c 8,28 gam hn hp cht rn khan. Cng
thc phn t ca X l
A. C2H5COOH.
B. CH3COOH.
C. HCOOH.
D. C3H7COOH.
# p n B.
X tc dng hon ton X ht (KOH v NaOH c th d)
Cch 1: Phng php bo ton khi lng
3,6 + 0,06(56 + 40) = 8,28 + (3,6/X)*18 X = 60 X l CH3COOH.
Cch 2: Phng php tng - gim khi lng
m tng = 3,6 + 0,06(56 + 40) 8,28 = 1,08g 0,09 mol H2O (nhm) Macid = 3,6/0,9 = 60
(nhm) X l CH3COOH.
Thc ra 2 cch lm c cng bn cht v tng ng nhau, ty vo k nng v phng php
ca mi th sinh m la chn cch lm no cho n gin v thun li trong tnh ton.
Mc d tng ca bi ton l kh hay khi p th sinh phi dng n phng php bo ton
khi lng hoc tng gim khi lng mi c th tm c p n ng, cc p n nhiu ca bi
tp ny vn cn kh cu th v mang nng tnh hnh thc, nu hc sinh vn dng kinh nghim s
mol trn th cng c th tm ra p n l B. D kin axit cacboxylic no l tha, nn sa li
bi l axit cacboxylic n chc v thm vo p n C2H3COOH th s hay hn rt nhiu, v khi
3,6g cng l 0,05 mol C2H3COOH rt trn v s c tnh cht nhiu cao hn.
Bi ny lm trong 20-30s.
Cu 30 : Cht phn ng vi dung dch FeCl3 cho kt ta l
A. CH3NH2.
B. CH3COOCH3.
C. CH3OH.
D. CH3COOH.
# p n A.
t
H2S + O2 (d)
Kh X + H2O
0
850 C, Pt
Kh Y + H2O
NH3 + O2
# p n C.
0
t
H2S + O2 (d)
SO2 + H2O
0
850 C, Pt
NO + H2O
NH3 + O2
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B. 50%.
C. 84%.
D. 92%.
# p n D.
Qung lmit l CaCO3.MgCO3
MCO3 CO2 (ci ny nhm trong u) nMCO3 = nCO2 = 0,04 mol (nhm)
t
HBr + C2H5OH
C2H4 + Br2
C2H4 + HBr
askt (1:1mol)
C2H6 + Br2
S phn ng to ra C2H5Br l
A. 4.
B. 3.
C. 2.
D. 1.
# p n B.
t
HBr + C2H5OH
C2H5Br + H2O
C2H4Br2
C2H4 + Br2
C2H5Br
C2H4 + HBr
askt (1:1mol)
C2H6 + Br2
C2H5Br + HBr
B. V1 = 10V2.
C. V1 = 5V2.
D. V1 = 2V2.
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# p n A.
Khi lng cht rn hai th nghim bng nhau V1(64 56) = 0,1*V2(108 56*0,5)
V1 = V2 (nhm)
y l mt bi ton tng gim khi lng in hnh. Cn ch t l mol ca phn ng Fe vi
AgNO3 l 1:2, do c th thay th phng n nhiu bng : V1 = 0,65V2, l trong trng hp th
sinh qun mt iu ny, m xem t l l 1:1.
Bi ny lm trong 15-20s.
Cu 35 : Polime c cu trc mng khng gian (mng li) l
A. PE.
B.amilopectin .
C. PVC.
D. nha bakelit.
# p n D.
lm c cu ny cn phi nh v nm vng cu trc phn t ca cc polime..
Tuy nhin cu ny kh d v kh quen thuc, lm trong 5-10s..
Cu 36 : Cng thc phn t ca hp cht kh to bi nguyn t R v hiro l RH3. Trong oxit m R
c ho tr cao nht th oxi chim 74,07% v khi lng. Nguyn t R l
A. S.
B. As.
C. N.
D. P.
# p n C.
i vi mt nguyn t th: Ha tr cao nht vi H + Ha tr cao nht vi O = 8.
16 5
74,07
80 74,04
100% =
=
R = 14 R l N
2 R + 16 5
100
2 R 25,96
D. H2 (Ni, to)
C. nc Br2.
# p n C.
2,4,6-tribromphenol
C6H5OH + Br2
phn ng xy ra ngay ra trong dung dch, nhit thng, khng cn xc tc, theo t l 1:3 (d
hn nhiu so vi benzen : brom khan, nhit cao, xc tc l bt Fe (^^ chnh xc hn l FeBr3)).
Cu ny kh hay, nu khng cn thn th s c nhiu bn chn nhm p n A, v p n A l
ngc li, nh hng ca gc C6H5- n nhm OH.
Bi ny lm trong 5-10s.
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B. 4.
C. 2.
D. 5.
# p n C.
6CO2 X c 6C.
X
B. 18,24 gam.
C. 16,68 gam.
D. 18,38 gam.
# p n A.
3RCOONa + C3H5(OH)3 (nhm trong u)
Phn ng : (RCOO)3C3H5 + 3NaOH
Theo bo ton khi lng : m(x phng) = m(cht bo) + m(NaOH) m(glixerol)
m(x phng) = 17,24 + 40*0,06 92*0,06/3 = 17,80 gam. (cc gi tr 40, 92 v 0,02 l nhm
c)
B. 6.
C. 5.
D. 4.
# p n D.
Cc cht tham gia phn ng trng gng : HCHO, HCOOH, CH3CHO v C12H22O11.
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D. H3PO4, KH2PO4.
# p n B.
2H3PO4
P2O5
1<
nK
0,35
=
= 1,75 < 2
n P 0,1 2
B. etyl axetat.
C. n-propyl axetat.
D. metyl axetat.
# p n A.
Este no, n chc (mch h) CnH2nO2
Phn ng chy : CnH2nO2 + (3n 2)/2O2 nCO2 + nH2O
nCO2 = nO2 (3n 2)/2 = n n = 2 Este l C2H4O2 hay HCOOCH3 (metyl fomiat).
y l mt dng bi tp thng thng kh ph bin v khng kh.
Bi ny lm trong 20-30s.
Cu 43 : Cho cht hu c X c cng thc phn t C2H8O3N2 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH, thu c
cht hu c n chc Y v cc cht v c. Khi lng phn t (theo vC) ca Y l
A. 85.
B. 68.
C. 45.
D. 46.
# p n C.
X + NaOH cht hu c Y v cc cht v c
X l CH3CH2NH3NO3
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Y l CH3CH2NH2 (M = 45 vC).
y l mt cu hi tng i kh v chc s khin nhiu bn s lng tng trong vic xc nh CTCT ca X. C nhiu
cch tm ra CTPT ca X, thm ch nu l ngi c kinh nghim th khng cn phi suy ngh nhiu, y ti xin trnh by v
d mt li suy ngh nh sau:
V bt bo ha k = 0
y l mt bi tp i hi phi t duy logic v c kin thc tng hp tt, c tnh phn loi th
sinh cao.
Lm trong 20-30s.
Cu 44 : Hn hp rn X gm Al, Fe2O3 v Cu c s mol bng nhau. Hn hp X tan hon ton trong
dung dch
A. NaOH (d).
B. HCl (d).
C. AgNO3 (d).
D. NH3 (d).
# p n B.
Cch t duy rt n gin: ta thy Fe2O3 l mt oxit base khng c tnh lng tnh ch c th
tan c trong acid p n B.
i vi bi tp ny, ch cn ch Cu tan trong Fe3+ l lm c, ti ngh y l mt phn ng
rt c trng trong dy in ha nn s khng kh cho cc em tr li.
D kin s mol cc cht bng nhau ch cho cu hi thm cht ch (Cu v Fe3+ tc dng va
), cn i vi th sinh th khng cn phi quan tm n d kin ny cng c th tm ra p n ng.
V ch c p n B mi c th tha mn yu cu.
C th b qua d kin c s mol bng nhau m vn m bo tnh chnh xc ca cu hi bng
cch thay i cm t hn hp X tan hon ton bng hn hp X c th tan hon ton)
(Nu xt ring tng p n th:
NaOH ch ha tan c Al.
AgNO3 d ch ha tan c Al v Cu.
NH3 khng ha tan c cht no.
Vi HCl : Al tan, Fe2O3 tan, Cu tan trong Fe3+ (va ))
Bi ny lm trong 5-10s
PHN RING ------ Th sinh ch c lm 1 trong 2 phn : Phn I hoc Phn II -------
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B. 8.
C. 7.
D. 5.
# p n D.
Tr CH4, C6H6 (benzen) v C2H5OH. i vi bi tp ny, ta cng c v nh du cc cht c
tc dng (hoc khng tc dng) ri m.
Lm trong 10-15s.
Cu 46 : Th tch dung dch HNO3 1M (long) t nht cn dng ho tan hon ton mt hn hp
gm 0,15 mol Fe v 0,15 mol Cu l (bit phn ng to cht kh duy nht l NO)
A. 1,0 lt.
B. 0,6 lt.
C. 0,8 lt.
D. 1,2 lt.
# p n C.
Th tch dung dch HNO3 l t nht dung dch gm Fe2+ v Cu2+
(do Cu (v Fe d, nu c) v Fe3+ tc dng va ht vi nhau).
Bo ton e : ne cho = 0,6 mol = ne nhn nNO = 0,2 mol
Ta c th nh t l : nHNO3 = 4nNO = 0,8 mol V(HNO3) = 0,8 lt.
y l bi tp kh hay nhng khng kh v n cng kh quen thuc, i vi nhng bn c k
nng, rn luyn tch cc v c kinh nghim th ch cn 20-25s, tt c cc s liu trong p n u c
th nhm c.
Cu 47 : Cho cc phn ng :
(1) O3 + dung dch KI
0
t
(2) F2 + H2O
Cc phn ng to ra n cht l
A. (1), (2), (3).
# p n A.
O3 + KI + H2O KOH + I2 + O2
0
t
MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O
MnO2 + HCl c
t
F2 + H2O
HF + O2
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Lm trong 5-10s
Cu 48 : t chy hon ton 1 lt hn hp kh gm C2H2 v hirocacbon X sinh ra 2 lt kh CO2 v 2
lt hi H2O (cc th tch kh v hi o cng iu kin nhit , p sut). Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C2H6.
B. C2H4.
C. CH4.
D. C3H8.
# p n A.
S nguyn t C trung bnh = 2 X c 2C.
Do : V(CO2) = V(H2O) X l ankan: C2H6.
Bi ny c nhng bin lun logic kh c trng cho bi tp v phn ng t chy cht hu c, v
vy nn kh quen thuc v khng qu kh, lm trong 10-15s.
Cu 49 : Ba hirocacbon X, Y, Z l ng ng k tip, khi lng phn t ca Z bng 2 ln khi
lng phn t ca X. Cc cht X, Y, Z thuc dy ng ng
A. ankan.
B. ankaien.
C. anken.
D. ankin.
# p n C.
y l mt bi tp qu quen thuc m gn nh ti liu tham kho no c ni dung lin quan u
c, l ra nhng cu hi th ny khng nn a vo thi H.
Gi X l CaHb Z l CaHb(C2H4) = 2X X l C2H4
B. 2.
C. 4.
D. 3.
# p n B.
Ch c cc th nghim 2 v 4 xut hin n mn in ha.
Cu hi ny cng kh d v quen thuc, ch cn 5-10s.
Phn II. Theo chng trnh phn ban (6 cu, t cu 51 n cu 56)
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# p n C.
Phn ng : C6H5NH2 + NaNO2 + HCl C6 H 5 N 2+ Cl + 2H2O
Loi A, B, D Duy ch c C ng !
Phng n nhiu ca bi tp ny hi ty tin, nhng do c th ca cu hi nn c th chp
nhn c, cn phi nh phn ng mi lm c, 10 15s.
Cu 52 : Cho cc dung dch : HCl, NaOH c, NH3, KCl. S dung dch phn ng c vi Cu(OH)2
l
A. 1.
B. 3.
C. 2.
D. 4.
# p n B.
Cc dung dch phn ng c vi Cu(OH)2 l : HCl, NaOH c v NH3.
Vn lng tnh ca Cu(OH)2 l mt vn nhy cm cn nhiu tranh ci. Theo ti, khng
nn a vn ny vo trong thi.
Cu 53 : Hi thu ngn rt c, bi vy khi lm v nhit k thu ngn th cht bt c dng rc
ln thu ngn ri gom li l
A. vi sng.
B. ct.
C. mui n.
D. lu hunh.
# p n D.
Cu hi ny khng kh. y l tnh cht c bit ca Hg rt d nh ( hc trong bi S v
mi hc trong bi Ha hc v vn mi trng).
Bi ny ch cn 5s.
Cu 54 : Ba cht hu c mch h X, Y, Z c cng cng thc phn t C3H6O v c cc tnh cht : X,
Z u phn ng vi nc brom; X, Y, Z u phn ng vi H2 nhng ch c Z khng b thay i nhm
chc; cht Y ch tc dng vi brom khi c mt CH3COOH. Cc cht X, Y, Z ln lt l
A. C2H5CHO, CH2=CH-O-CH3, (CH3)2CO.
# p n C.
Nu bin lun mt cch y v tun t th:
X tc dng vi nc brom Loi B.
Cht Y ch tc dng vi brom khi c mt CH3COOH Y c nhm cacbonyl Loi A.
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B. X, Cu, Z, Y.
C. Y, Z, Cu, X.
D. X, Cu, Y, Z.
# p n B.
E0(Y-Cu) = 1,1V > 0 v E0(Cu-X) = 0,46V > 0 Tnh kh ca X < Cu < Y.
E0(Y-Cu) = 1,1V > E0(Z-Cu) = 0,47V > 0 Tnh kh ca Y > Z > Cu.
Tnh cht bc cu: tnh kh tng dn theo chiu X, Cu, Z, Y
lm cu ny cn nm vng khi nim v cch tnh sut in ng chun cng nh kin
thc v Dy th in ha ca kim loi, lm trong 20-25s.
Mt s tnh cht nh: m hn l m (cc), cng m cng kh, ....
Cu 56 : Cho mt lng bt Zn vo dung dch X gm FeCl2 v CuCl2. Khi lng cht rn sau khi
cc phn ng xy ra hon ton nh hn khi lng bt Zn ban u l 0,5 gam. C cn phn dung dch
sau phn ng thu c 13,6 gam mui khan. Tng khi lng cc mui trong X l
A. 13,1 gam.
B. 17,0 gam.
C. 19,5 gam.
D. 14,1 gam.
# p n A.
Theo bo ton khi lng, khi lng cht rn gim = khi lng mui tng.
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B. 120.
C. 360.
D. 400.
# p n C.
Phn tch bi: Cho hn hp kim loi tc dng vi dung dch hn hp cha H+ v NO -3
cn kt hp phng php Bo ton electron in tch v s dng Phng trnh ion thu gn trong
gii ton.
Hng dn gii:
D dng nhm c n Fe = 0,02 mol; n Cu = 0,03 mol v n e cho ti a = 0,12 mol
Thay vo pt ion thu gn: 4H + + NO3 + 3e NO + 2H 2 O
ta d dng nhn thy H+ v NO -3 cn d, do kim loi tan ht thnh Fe3+ v Cu2+
n H+ d = 0,4 0,5 2 - 0,12
4
= 0,24 mol = n OH- cn trung ha
3
Do , n OH
cn
V = 360 ml
Nhn xt:
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B. 8,10.
C. 16,20.
D. 4,05.
# p n B.
Phn tch bi: Nhn thy 2 este ny l ng phn ca nhau c cng M v d dng tnh
c s mol.
Hng dn gii:
Ta c n este =
66, 6
= 0,9 mol = n ru
74
o
H2 SO4 , 140 C
1Ete + 1H2 O
Phn ng tch nc to ete c t l: 2Ru
Do , n H2 O =
1
n ru = 0,45 mol
2
Nhn xt:
-
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B. I, II v IV.
C. I, III v IV.
# p n C.
y l mt cu hi c bn v n mn in ha, c 3 iu kin ca n mn in ha hi
. Do ta ch vic p dng nguyn tc chung l: nguyn t c tnh kh mnh hn ng
vai tr l cc m v b n mn. (ch l phi hiu c bn cht oxh kh ca n mn
in ha, mt s em hiu mt cch m h l kim loi hot ng hn b n mn th s
lng tng vi cp Fe C v C khng c trong dy hot ng ca kim loi)
Nhn xt:
Cu hi ny khng kh nhng cng kh hay.
Cu 5: Cho hn hp kh X gm HCHO v H2 i qua ng s ng bt Ni nung nng. Sau khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp kh Y gm hai cht hu c. t chy ht Y th thu
c 11,7 gam H2O v 7,84 lt kh CO2 ( ktc). Phn trm theo th tch ca H2 trong X l
A. 65,00%.
B. 46,15%.
C. 35,00%
D. 53,85%.
# p n B.
Hng dn gii:
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t - quy i ta s thy t chy hn hp Y = t chy hn
hp X, do ta coi nh sn phm t chy Y l t phn ng t chy X (quy i)
Do HCHO cha 1C nn n HCHO = n CO2 =
7,84
11,7
= 0,35 mol v n H2 =
- 0,35 = 0,3 mol
22,4
18
0,3
100% 46,15% (gi tr ny c th c lng c)
0,3 + 0,35
Nhn xt:
Cu hi ny kh quen thuc v n gin, tng t nh cc bi tp hiro ha hn hp
hirocacbon khng no ri t chy. (nu bi cho anehit khc th cn thm 1 php tnh
tm s mol ca anehit).
Cu 6: Cho bn hn hp, mi hn hp gm hai cht rn c s mol bng nhau: Na2O v
Al2O3; Cu v FeCl3; BaCl2 v CuSO4; Ba v NaHCO3. S hn hp c th tan hon ton trong nc
(d) ch to ra dung dch l
A. 4.
B. 2.
C. 1.
D. 3.
# p n C.
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Ch duy nht cp Na2O v Al2O3 tha mn iu kin cho (NaAlO2 c t l Na:Al = 1:1).
Cc trng hp BaSO4 v BaCO3 u c to ra kt ta. Cu khng th tan ht trong dung dch
FeCl3 c cng s mol.
Nhn xt:
-
# p n D.
Phn tch bi: do bi cung cp c khi lng v s mol ca hn hp nn ta d dng
thy bi ton phi lm bng Phng php Trung bnh (bin lun CTPT) kt hp vi Phng php
ng cho (tnh), ch chi tit c cng s nguyn t C
Hng dn gii:
liu.
Nhn xt:
y l mt bi tp kh c bn v Phng php Trung bnh, th sinh c th d dng loi b
p n A v C (2 p n nhiu kh v duyn). Vic tnh s mol bng ng cho thay cho
gii h phng trnh gip tit kim ng k thi gian lm bi.
Cu 8: X phng ha hon ton 1,99 gam hn hp hai este bng dung dch NaOH thu c
2,05 gam mui ca mt axit cacboxylic v 0,94 gam hn hp hai ancol l ng ng k tip nhau.
Cng thc ca hai este l
A. HCOOCH3 v HCOOC2H5.
B. C2H5COOCH3 v C2H5COOC2H5.
C. CH3COOC2H5 v CH3COOC3H7.
D. CH3COOCH3 v CH3COOC2H5.
# p n D.
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Phn tch bi: d dng thy bi ton c th phi s dng Phng php Bo ton khi
lng (bit khi lng ca 3 trong 4 cht trong phn ng), ch l c 4 p n u cho thy 2 este
cho l no, n chc (Phng php Chn ngu nhin)
Phng php truyn thng:
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng, ta c: m NaOH = m mui + m ru - m este = 1g
n NaOH =
1
= 0,025 mol = n ru = n mui = n este (este n chc)
40
Do , M mui =
v M ru =
2, 05
= 82
0, 025
0, 94
= 37, 6
0, 025
1,99
= 79,6
0,025
2 este phi l C 3 H 6 O 2 v C 4 H 8O 2
Cn c vo 4 p n th ch c D l tha mn.
Phng php kinh nghim:
T d kin 2,05g ta c th kt lun ngay axit trong este l CH3COOH (kinh nghim) hoc
chia th tm s mol chn (CH3COONa c M = 82)
n este = n mui = 0,025 mol (este n chc)
M este =
1,99
= 79,6 2 este phi l C 3 H 6 O 2 v C 4 H 8O 2 2 ru l CH 3OH v C 2 H 5 OH
0,025
Nhn xt:
-
Cu 9: Cho 1 mol amino axit X phn ng vi dung dch HCl (d), thu c m1 gam mui Y.
Cng 1 mol amino axit X phn ng vi dung dch NaOH (d), thu c m2 gam mui Z. Bit m2
m1=7,5. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C4H10O2N2.
B. C5H9O4N.
C. C4H8O4N2.
D. C5H11O2N.
# p n B.
Phn tch bi: bi tp phn ng ca aminoaxit vi dung dch kim hoc axit c cho bit
khi lng ca mui to thnh th ta thng p dng Phng php Tng gim khi lng.
Phng php truyn thng:
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Cng c th suy lun rng: 7,5 l 1 s l (0,5) nn s nhm NH2 phi l 1 s l, d dng loi c p
n C v D.
T 4 p n, suy ra kt qu ng phi l B.
Nhn xt:
y l mt bi tp kh c bn v n gin v Phng php tng gim khi lng,
tng ca bi ton kh hay ch tic l p n nhiu cha thc s tt, cc p n A, C, D
u c th loi d dng nu suy lun theo phng php kinh nghim, c th thay bng cc
p n khc nh: C4H11O4N, C4H9O4N, C6H13O4N, th s hay hn rt nhiu.
Cu 10: Ha tan ht m gam ZnSO4 vo nc c dung dch X. Cho 110 ml dung dch KOH
2M vo X, thu c a gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu cho 140 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo X th cng
thu c a gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 20,125.
B. 12,375.
C. 22,540.
D. 17,710.
# p n B.
Phn tch bi: bi tp v phn ng ca ion Zn2+ vi dung dch kim cn ch n tnh
lng tnh ca Zn(OH)2 v nn vit phn ng ln lt theo tng bc.
y, lng KOH trong 2 trng hp l khc nhau nhng lng kt ta li bng nhau
Zn bo ton th trng hp 1, sn phm sinh ra gm Zn(OH)2 v Zn2+ d, cn trng hp
th 2, sn phm sinh ra gm Zn(OH)2 v ZnO 2-2 .
2+
Hng dn gii:
Cch 1: Tnh ln lt theo tng bc phn ng.
c 2 trng hp, ta u c phn ng to thnh kt ta: Zn 2+ + 2OH - Zn(OH)2 (1)
vi n Zn2+ =
1
0,11 2
n OH- =
= 0,11 mol
2
2
1
(0,14 - 0,11) 2
n OH- (2) =
= 0,015 mol
4
4
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(3)
Do , m = 20,125g
Phng php kinh nghim:
V trng hp 1 KOH thiu, trng hp 2 KOH li d (so vi phn ng to kt ta), do ,
s mol ZnSO4 phi nm trong khong (0,11;0,14) v khi lng ZnSO4 tng ng phi nm trong
khong (17,71;20,125). Xt c 4 p n th ch c B l tha mn.
*
Cch ngh ny cho php tm ra kt qu m hon ton khng cn phi tnh ton g ng k!!!
Nhn xt:
y l mt bi tp kh quen thuc v kim loi c oxit v hiroxit lng tnh, nu c
hng dn v rn luyn tt th thc s khng qu kh, iu quan trng nht l xc nh
c ng qu trnh v sn phm ca phn ng sinh ra trong mi trng hp. p n
nhiu ca cu hi cha thc s tt, l ra nn chn cc gi tr nm trong khong (17,71;
22,54) nh phn tch trn. p n 12,375 thc s l rt v duyn khi s mol tng
ng, thm ch cn rt l !!?
Cu 11: Hirocacbon X khng lm mt mu dung dch brom nhit thng. Tn gi ca
X l
A. etilen.
B. xiclopropan.
C. xiclohexan
D. stiren.
# p n C.
y l mt cu hi l thuyt kh c bn v n gin, c th xem l mt cu cho im. (A
v D c phn ng cng vo ni i, B c phn ng cng m vng)
Cu 12: Cho lung kh CO (d) i qua 9,1 gam hn hp gm CuO v Al2O3 nung nng n
khi phn ng hon ton, thu c 8,3 gam cht rn. Khi lng CuO c trong hn hp ban u l
A. 0,8 gam.
B. 8,3 gam.
C. 2,0 gam.
D. 4,0 gam.
# p n D.
Phn tch bi: bi tp phn ng kh oxit kim loi bng cht kh v cho bit khi lng
cht rn trc v sau phn ng thng lm bng phng php Tng gim khi lng, trong bi
tp ny cn ch chi tit: Al2O3 khng b kh bi cc cht kh thng thng nh CO.
Phng php t n gii h phng trnh:
Gi s mol 2 cht trong hn hp u l a v b.
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B. C2H5OH v CH2=CH-CH2-OH.
C. CH3OH v C3H7OH.
D. C2H5OH v CH3OH.
# p n A.
Phn tch bi: ete n chc, mch h khi t chy cho n CO2 = n H2O = 0,4 mol (nhm)
ete khng no, 1 ni i loi ngay p n C v D.
Phng php truyn thng:
p dng bo ton nguyn t v khi lng, ta c:
m O = 7,2 - m C - m H = 1,6g
M ete = 72 (C 4 H 8O)
Do , p n ng l A.
Phng php kinh nghim:
bi mun thng qua phn ng t chy ca 1 ete tm CTCT ca c 2 ru ete
phi c to thnh t c 2 ru p n A l ete CH3-O-CH2-CH=CH2 (M = 72) v p n B
l ete C2H5-O-CH2-CH=CH2 (M = 86), d dng thy ch c A l cho s mol ete trn (0,1 mol)
Nhn xt:
y l mt bi tp kh c bn v quen thuc v ete (thy cho lm mt bi y ht lp
hc thm). p n nhiu bi ny cha tht tt khi th sinh d dng loi p n C v
D v c th m c mt cch d dng bng phng php kinh nghim.
Cu 14: Dy gm cc cht u tc dng c vi dung dch HCl long l
A. AgNO3, (NH4)2CO3, CuS.
# p n B.
Cu hi ny tng i d, phn ln th sinh s lm bng phng php loi tr: loi A v c
CuS, loi C v BaSO4 v loi D v KNO3. Tuy nhin, c th c nhiu th sinh s phi bn khon v
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trng hp HCOONa, y l phn ng theo kiu axit mnh y axit yu ra khi dung dch mui
(to ra cht in ly yu hn).
Cu 15: Cho phng trnh ha hc: Fe3O4 + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NxOy + H2O
Sau khi cn bng phng trnh ha hc trn vi h s ca cc cht l nhng s nguyn, ti
gin th h s ca HNO3 l
A. 46x 18y.
B. 45x 18y.
C. 13x 9y.
D. 23x 9y.
# p n A.
Phng php truyn thng:
p dng phng php cn bng electron, ta c:
3Fe
+8
3Fe +3 + e
(5x - 2y)
xN +5 + (5x-2y) N x O y 1
Cu 16: X phng ha mt hp cht c cng thc phn t C10H14O6 trong dung dch NaOH
(d), thu c glixerol v hn hp gm ba mui (khng c ng phn hnh hc). Cng thc ca
ba mui l:
A. CH2=CH-COONa, HCOONa v CHC-COONa.
B. CH3-COONa, HCOONa v CH3-CH=CH-COONa.
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B. 30,0.
C. 15,0.
D. 20,0.
# p n C.
Hng dn gii:
Trong bi ging v xc nh CTPT cht hu c, thy cho cc em cng thc:
mCO2 = m - mdd gim = 10 - 3,4 = 6,6g n CO2 = 0,15 mol
H % = 90%
2CO 2
0,15
180
2
= 15g
Do , m =
0, 9
Nhn xt:
-
B. C2H5OH v C4H9OH.
C. C2H4(OH)2 v C4H8(OH)2.
D. C3H5(OH)3 v C4H7(OH)3.
# p n C.
Hng dn gii:
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T t l CO2 : H2O = 3 : 4 d dng suy ra CTPT trung bnh ca 2 ancol cho l C3H8Ox
(no nn CTPT trng vi CT thc nghim), t d dng c p n l C (2 < 3 < 4)
Nhn xt:
Bi tp ny rt c bn v rt d, p n nhiu li qu hin nn cng lm cho bi ton tr
nn d hn. p n B l qu v duyn so vi d kin a chc ca bi. C th thay
bng p n C2H4(OH)3 v C4H8(OH)3 hoc C2H4(OH)2 v C4H8(OH)3 kim tra cc
kin thc khc (iu kin ru bn, khi nim ng ng, ) th hay hn.
Cu 19: Cho 3,68 gam hn hp gm Al v Zn tc dng vi mt lng va dung dch
H2SO4 10% thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 ( ktc). Khi lng dung dch thu c sau phn ng l
A. 101,48 gam.
B. 101,68 gam.
C. 97,80 gam.
D. 88,20 gam.
# p n A.
Hng dn gii:
Khi phn ng vi kim loi hot ng, ion H+ ca axit b kh theo phng trnh:
2H + + 2e H 2
m H2 SO4 =
n H2 SO4 = n H2 =
98 0,1
= 98g
10%
2, 24
= 0,1 mol (phn ng va )
22, 4
Nhn xt:
Bi tp ny rt quen thuc v rt d, hu ht cc php tnh u c th nhm c d dng.
Cu 20: Nu cho 1 mol mi cht: CaOCl2, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, MnO2 ln lt phn ng vi
lng d dung dch HCl c, cht to ra lng kh Cl2 nhiu nht l
A. KMnO4.
B. K2Cr2O7.
C. CaOCl2.
D. MnO2.
# p n B.
Hng dn gii:
Trong phn ng ca HCl vi cht oxh, Cl2 c th sinh ra t cht oxh v cht kh. Trong
trng hp ca cu hi ny, ch c CaOCl2 l cht oxh c cha Cl.
Xt ring 3 cht cn li, ta thy, vi cng mt cht kh, cng qu trnh oxh (Cl- Cl2) th
s mol Cl2 nhiu nht khi cht oxh nhn nhiu e nht. Do , p n ng l K2Cr2O7 (nhn 6e).
So snh vi CaOCl2, ta tm c p n ng.
Nhn xt:
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Cu 21: Cho 0,25 mol mt anehit mch h X phn ng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3
trong NH3 thu c 54 gam Ag. Mt khc, khi cho X phn ng vi H2 d (xc tc Ni, t0) th 0,125
mol X phn ng ht vi 0,25 mol H2. Cht X c cng thc ng vi cng thc chung l
A. CnH2n-1CHO (n 2).
B. CnH2n-3CHO (n 2).
C. CnH2n(CHO)2 (n 0).
D. CnH2n+1CHO (n 0).
# p n A.
Hng dn gii:
T d kin v phn ng trng gng, ta d dng c t l X : Ag = 1:2 v s mol X l
anehit n chc d dng loi p n C.
T d kin v phn ng Hiro ha, ta d dng c t l: X : H2 = 1:2 v s mol X c 2 lin
kt , trong c 1 lin kt nhm chc -CHO gc Hocacbon ca X cn 1 lin kt
(khng no, 1 ni i).
Nhn xt:
Cu hi ny rt d, cng l 1 cu cho im.
Cu 22: Ha tan hon ton 12,42 gam Al bng dung dch HNO3 long (d), thu c dung
dch X v 1,344 lt ( ktc) hn hp kh Y gm hai kh l N2O v N2. T khi ca hn hp kh Y
so vi kh H2 l 18. C cn dung dch X, thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 97,98.
B. 106,38.
C. 38,34.
D. 34,08.
# p n B.
Phn tch bi: Bi ton v kim loi tc dng vi HNO3 thu c sn phm kh th ta
thng dng Phng php bo ton electron gii. Trong bi tp ny, bi cho d kin c v
s mol e cho (s mol kim loi) v s mol e nhn (s mol sn phm kh c th tnh c), do ,
bi c v nh tha d kin. Trong nhng trng hp ny ta phi ch so snh s e cho v s
e nhn, vi cc kim loi c tnh kh mnh nh Al, Mg, Zn th cn phi ch n s c mt ca
NH4NO3 trong dung dch sau phn ng.
Phng php truyn thng:
D dng c nY = 0,06 mol (nhm) v nAl = 0,46 mol
p dng phng php ng cho cho hn hp Y, ta c:
N2 (M = 28)
18 x 2 = 36
N2O (M = 44)
*
0,03 mol
0,03 mol
44 + 28
N2 = N2O = 0,03 mol
2
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n e cho = 0, 46 3 = 1,38 mol > n e nhn = 0,03 18 = 0,54 mol , do , trong dung dch phi c
1,38 - 0,54
= 0,105 mol
8
Vic s dng ng cho hoc tnh cht trung bnh cng thay cho gii h phng trnh gip rt ngn
ng k khi lng tnh ton trong bi.
Cch lm ny cho php hn ch ti a vic tnh ton, tt c hu nh u da trn suy lun v tnh nhm
(khng cn tnh s mol cc kh trong Y, khng cn tnh s mol v khi lng NH4NO3)
Nhn xt:
y l mt dng bi tp kh v c cm by chi tit c NH4NO3 tuy nhin, n cng l
mt kiu bi rt quen thuc v tng c mt trong thi H khi B nm 2008, do ,
cu ny thc ra khng qu kh. Khi lng tnh ton cng khng thc s nhiu nu th
sinh bit cch vn dng cc k nng tnh nhanh hoc phng php kinh nghim.
Cu 23: Cho 3,024 gam mt kim loi M tan ht trong dung dch HNO3 long, thu c 940,8
ml kh NxOy (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) c t khi i vi H2 bng 22. Kh NxOy v kim loi
M l
A. NO v Mg.
B. N2O v Al
C. N2O v Fe.
D. NO2 v Al.
# p n B.
Phn tch bi: Cng nh bi tp trc, bi ton v kim loi tc dng vi HNO3 thu c
sn phm kh th ta thng dng Phng php bo ton electron gii.
Hng dn gii:
T M = 44, ta d dng suy ra kh NxOy l N2O v loi tr ngay 2 p n A v D.
Khi :
n e cho = n e nhn =
0,9408
8 = 0,336 mol
22,4
M=
3, 024
= 9n n = 3 v M = 27 (Al)
0,336
n
Nhn xt:
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Cu 24: Cho 10 gam amin n chc X phn ng hon ton vi HCl (d), thu c 15 gam
mui. S ng phn cu to ca X l
A. 8.
B. 7.
C. 5.
D. 4.
# p n A.
Phn tch bi: tng t cu 9, bi tp phn ng ca aminoaxit vi dung dch kim hoc
axit c cho bit khi lng ca mui to thnh th ta thng p dng Phng php Tng gim
khi lng.
Hng dn gii:
Vi amin n chc, 1 mol amin (v d: -NH2) khi phn ng vi HCl to thnh mui (v d NH3Cl) th khi lng tng 36,5g.
n amin =
15 - 10
36,5
M amin =
m
10
=
= 73 Amin l C 4 H11 N
5
n
36,5
B. AgNO3 v Zn(NO3)2.
C. Zn(NO3)2 v Fe(NO3)2.
D. Fe(NO3)3 v Zn(NO3)2.
# p n C.
p dng nguyn tc phn ng trong dy in ha v quy tc alpha, ta thy: ion kim loi trong
dung dch sau phn ng phi l nhng ion c tnh oxh yu nht (kim loi to thnh c tnh kh yu
nht), 2 ion phi l Zn2+ v Fe2+.
Nhn xt:
Cu hi ny kh c bn v rt d, c th xem l 1 cu cho im.
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# p n A.
Phn ng mu biure ch xy ra i vi cc peptide c t 2 lin kt peptide tr ln (to ra sn
phm c mu tm c trng).
Nhn xt:
Cu hi ny kh d, mc d kin thc v phn ng biure khng c din gii tht r rng
trong SGK v chc cng khng nhiu hc sinh quan tm nhiu n phn ng ny nhng cc em
vn c th tm c p n ng nh phng php loi tr.
Cu 27: Cho 6,72 gam Fe vo 400ml dung dch HNO3 1M, n khi phn ng xy ra hon
ton, thu c kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch X. Dung dch X c th ha tan ti
a m gam Cu. Gi tr ca m l
A. 1,92.
B. 0,64.
C. 3,84.
D. 3,20.
Phn tch bi: Tng t bi tp 1 v 22, bi ton v kim loi tc dng vi HNO3 thu c
sn phm kh th ta thng dng Phng php bo ton electron gii. Trong bi tp ny, bi
cho d kin v s mol e cho (s mol kim loi) v s mol HNO3 tham gia phn ng, ta nn s dng
4
cng thc tnh nhanh: n HNO3 = 4n NO = n e nhn tm nhanh s mol e nhn, t so snh vi s
3
mol e cho rt ra cc kt lun cn thit v sn phm oxh to thnh.
Hng dn gii:
Cch 1: Tnh ton theo trnh t phn ng
D dng tnh nhm c: n HNO3 = 0,4 mol v nFe = 0,12 mol.
Xt: Fe + 4HNO 3
3+
cn li
3Fe 2+ .
= 0,06 mol .
Cu 2+ + 2Fe 2+ , ta d dng c kt qu
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n Fe = a + b = 0,12 mol
n e = 2a + 3b = 0,3 mol
a = b = 0,06 mol
0,3
= 2,5
0,12
0,5
0,06 mol
0,5
0,06 mol
3+2
Fe2+ = Fe3+ = 0,06 mol
2
n Cu =
0,3 - 2 0,12
= 0,03 mol hay 1,92g
2
Nhn xt:
y l mt dng bi tp rt quen thuc v khng qu kh. Khi lng tnh ton cng
khng thc s nhiu nu th sinh bit cch vn dng cc k nng tnh nhanh v phng
php kinh nghim, c bit l phng php quy i.
Cu 28: Mt hp cht X cha ba nguyn t C, H, O c t l khi lng mC : mH : mO =
21:2:4. Hp cht X c cng thc n gin nht trng vi cng thc phn t. S ng phn cu to
thuc loi hp cht thm ng vi cng thc phn t ca X l
A. 5.
B. 4.
C. 6.
D. 3.
# p n A.
Kinh nghim tm cng thc thc nghim l tm cch bin i cho cc nguyn t c s lng
t (Oxi, Nit, cc Halogen, ...) v dng n v (1).
Do , y ta nhn 4 : mC : mH : mO = 84 : 8 : 16, do CTPT cn tm l C7H8O.
D dng c kt qu l 5 ng phn (3 crezol, ancol benzylic v metoxibenzen)
Nhn xt:
Cu hi ny kh d, c th xem l mt cu cho im. Tuy nhin, cc em cn lu khi m s
ng phn, d nhm vi p n B. (c th so snh vi C7H7Cl li ch c 4 ng phn)
Cu 29: Cho dy cc cht v ion: Zn, S, FeO, SO2, N2, HCl, Cu2+, Cl-. S cht v ion c c
tnh oxi ha v tnh kh l
A. 4.
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B. 6.
C. 5.
D. 7.
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# p n C.
Cc em thng nh 1 nguyn tc l: cht va c tnh oxh, va c tnh kh thng l cht c
mc oxh trung gian (cha phi cao nht, cha phi thp nht). Nhng cn 1 nguyn tc na l:
tnh cht ha hc ca 1 cht l do tnh cht ca cc b phn cu to nn cht v tng tc
gia cc b phn gy ra (c th l tnh cht ca cc ion, ca gc nhm chc, ca cc nguyn
t, )
Cu hi ny thc ra khng kh, nhng nu cc em khng nm vng nguyn tc 2 th s b
qun mt trng hp HCl v chn nhm vo p n A. Ch l HCl c c tnh oxh ca H+ (trong
phn ng vi kim loi ng trc H trong dy hot ng Ha hc) v tnh kh ca Cl- (trong phn
ng vi cht oxh mnh to ra Cl2).
Cu 30: Nung 6,58 gam Cu(NO3)2 trong bnh kn khng cha khng kh, sau mt thi gian
thu c 4,96 gam cht rn v hn hp kh X. Hp th hon ton X vo nc c 300 ml
dung dch Y. Dung dch Y c pH bng
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 1.
Bi ton nhit phn mui nitrat trong cho bit khi lng cht rn trc v sau phn
ng ta thng dng phng php Tng gim khi lng.
Khi nhit phn mui nitrat oxit th sn phm kh sinh ra va hp th vo H2O
to ra HNO3.
Hng dn gii:
S ha phn ng, ta c: Cu(NO3 )2 CuO .
C 1 mol Cu(NO3 )2 phn ng th khi lng gim l: 62 2 - 16 = 108g
m theo bi th m gim = 6,58 - 4,96 = 1,62g n Cu(NO3 )2 =
1, 62
= 0,015 mol
108
Vic s dng bo ton nguyn t v hnh dung v qu trnh phn ng(khng vit ptp) gip rt ngn
ng k thi gian lm bi.
Nhn xt:
Bi tp ny thuc loi kh c bn v phng php Tng gim khi lng nhng nu cc
em t kinh nghim v sa vo vic vit ptp tnh th s lm tiu tn nhiu thi gian.
Cu 31: Poli (metyl metacrylat) v nilon-6 c to thnh t cc monome tng ng l
A. CH3-COO-CH=CH2 v H2N-[CH2]5-COOH.
B. CH2=C(CH3)-COOCH3 v H2N-[CH2]6-COOH.
C. CH2=C(CH3)-COOCH3 v H2N-[CH2]5-COOH.
D. CH2=CH-COOCH3 v H2N-[CH2]6-COOH.
# p n C.
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B. axit acrylic.
C. anilin.
D. phenol.
# p n D.
Cu hi ny rt d v c th xem l 1 cu cho im.
-
B. 40,00%.
C. 60,00%.
D. 50,00%.
# p n B.
Phng php truyn thng:
Nguyn t X thuc nhm VIA. Hp cht vi Hiro l H2X v oxit cao nht l XO3.
T gi thit, ta c:
X
94,12
=
X+2
100
X
94,12
=
2
5,88
X = 32
* Cch bin i t l thc ny thy tng hng dn trong qu trnh gii thi H-C khi B nm
2008
32
100% = 40% (nhm c)
32+48
# p n C.
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C2H4 +
PdCl2 , CuCl2
B. 1,12.
C. 2,24.
D. 3,36.
# p n C.
Phn tch bi:
Cho t t HCl vo dung dch cha CO32- v HCO-3 , phn ng s xy ra ln lt theo th t:
CO32- + H + HCO 3- (1) v HCO 3- + H + CO 2 + H 2 O (2)
Hng dn gii:
C th tnh ton ln lt theo tng phn ng hoc dng cng thc:
n CO2 = n H + - n CO2- = 0,2 - 0,15 = 0,05 mol
Nhn xt:
y l dng bi tp c bn v quen thuc, khng kh, nn kt hp thm mt vi phn ng
khc cu hi tr nn lt lo hn.
Cu 36: Khi t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol no, n chc, mch h thu c V
lt kh CO2 ( ktc) v a gam H2O. Biu thc lin h gia m, a v V l:
A. m = a
V
.
5,6
B. m = 2a
V
.
11, 2
C. m = 2a
V
.
22, 4
D. m = a +
V
.
5,6
Xem thm cng thc tng qut hn trong bi vit Phng php phn tch h s
V
a
a
V
V
12 +
2 +
16 = a
22,4
18
5,6
22,4 18
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B. 6.
C. 3.
D. 4.
# p n B.
Cu hi ny khng kh v cc cht cn nhn bit u kh quen thuc, d dng bt gp trong
cc bi tp nhn bit khc.
*
B. 1,182.
C. 2,364.
D. 1,970.
# p n D.
Phn tch bi:
Khi cho t t CO2 vo dung kim, cc phn ng s xy ra ln lt theo th t:
CO 2 + OH HCO -3 v HCO -3 + OH CO32- + H 2 O
Hng dn gii:
C th tnh ton ln lt theo tng phn ng hoc dng cng thc:
n CO2- = n OH - n CO2 = (0,06 + 0,12 2) 2 3
4, 48
= 0,1 mol (c th nhm c)
22, 4
Do n CO
23
Nhn xt:
Cu hi ny lp li tng ca cu 35 qu nhiu. Tuy nhin, cn ch chi tit Ba2+ cha b
kt ta ht khng chn nhm vo p n nhiu. p n nhiu ca cu hi ny kh hp l.
Cu 39: Dy cc kim loi u c th c iu ch bng phng php in phn dung dch
mui ca chng l:
A. Ba, Ag, Au.
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# p n B.
phi l cc kim loi ng sau Al trong dy in ha.
-
Cu 40: Cu hnh electron ca ion X2+ l 1s22s22p63s23p63d6. Trong bng tun hon cc
nguyn t ha hc, nguyn t X thuc
A. chu k 4, nhm VIIIB.
# p n A.
Cu hnh y ca X l: 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
-
y l mt kin thc c bn, kh d, kh quen thuc v thy tng nhn mnh trong
qu trnh n tp: i vi nguyn t c cu hnh e dng (n-1)dansb th v tr nm trong bng
tun hon tng ng s l chu k n, nhm:
IIIB VIIIB tng ng vi a + b = 3 8
+
VIIIB tng ng vi a + b = 8, 9, 10
+
IB vi a + b = 11
+
IIB vi a + b = 12
+
Cc p n nhiu lm kh ph hp.
B. 4
C. 2
D. 5
# p n B.
C3H4O2 c 2O, n chc v khng lm chuyn mu qu tm l este v phi l
HCOOCH=CH2, d dng c cc cht cn li l C2H2, HCHO, HCOOH.
Cu hi ny khng kh v v tng th tng xut hin trong thi H 2 nm trc,
y, chi tit ng ch nht l C2H2, nu cc em c quen np ngh v phn ng trng gng th s
b st trng hp ny.
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B. 2.
C. 4.
D. 3
# p n D.
Cu hi ny kh d, c th xem l mt cu cho im. Do Cr(OH)3 v Al(OH)3 u c tnh
lng tnh nn phn ng vi Ba(OH)2 d v khng to thnh kt ta, 3 kt ta l BaSO4, BaCO3
v Fe(OH)2.
Cu 43: Ha tan hon ton 14,6 gam hn hp X gm Al v Sn bng dung dch HCl (d), thu
c 5,6 lt H2( ktc). Th tch kh O2 ( ktc) cn phn ng hon ton vi 14,6 gam hn hp
X l
A. 3,92 lt.
B. 1,68 lt
C. 2,80 lt
D. 4,48 lt
# p n A.
3
H 2 ; Sn
2
S phn ng ca X vi HCl: Al
H2 .
Gi s mol 2 cht l a v b, ta c h:
m X = 27a + 119b = 14,6g
3
5,6
S phn ng ca X vi O2: Al
1
Al 2 O 3 ; Sn
2
a = b = 0,1 mol
SnO 2 .
Bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
n O2 =
1 3
( 0,1 + 2 0,1) = 0,175 mol
2 2
B. Anehit
C. Amin
D. Ancol.
# p n D.
Cu hi ny kh d, c th xem l mt cu cho im. Tuy nhin, s vn c nhiu em chn
nhm p n B hoc A.(Cacbohirat hay gluxit l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc cha nhiu
nhm hiroxi v c nhm cacbonyl (polihiroxicacbonyl))
Cu 45: Cho hn hp gm 1,2 mol Mg v x mol Zn vo dung dch cha 2 mol Cu2+ v 1 mol
Ag+ n khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c mt dung dch cha 3 ion kim loi. Trong
cc gi tr sau y, gi tr no ca x tha mn trng hp trn?
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A. 1,5
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B. 1,8
C. 2,0
D. 1,2
# p n C.
p dng nguyn tc phn ng nu cu 25, ta d dng thy 3 ion phi l Mg2+, Zn2+ v
Cu2+, ni cch khc l Ag+ phn ng ht cn Cu2+ th cha. Do , p dng nh lut bo ton
in tch th iu kin l:
1,2 2 + 2x < 2 2 + 1
p n ng l D
B. HCOOH, CH3COOH.
C. HCOOH, C2H5COOH
D. HCOOH, HOOC-COOH.
# p n D.
T gi thit, ta d dng c: C =
5
5
v s nhm chc trung bnh = . Do , d dng tm c
3
3
p n ng.
Bi ny rt d v rt quen thuc (c s liu).
Cu 47: Hp cht X mch h c cng thc phn t l C4H9NO2. Cho 10,3 gam X phn ng
va vi dung dch NaOH sinh ra mt cht kh Y v dung dch Z. Kh Y nng hn khng kh,
lm giy qu tm m chuyn mu xanh. Dung dch Z c kh nng lm mt mu nc brom. C
cn dung dch Z thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 8,2
B. 10,8
C. 9,4
D. 9,6
# p n C.
T c im ha hc ca Y, ta thy Y phi l 1 amin hu c (c khng t hn 1C) X l
mui ca amoni hu c Z l 1 mui natri ca axit cacboxylic, Z c khng qu 3C (trong c
1C trong nhm COO-) v dung dch Z c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch brom Z l
HCOONa hoc CH2=CH-COONa
D dng c nX = 0,1 mol p n ng l 9,4g hoc 6,8g.
Trong trng hp bi ny, ta buc phi chn p n ng l C, y l mt thiu st ca
bi.
Bi tp ny khng kh, ch i hi nhng suy lun c bn nhng kh hay.
Cu 48: Cho cn bng sau trong bnh kn: 2NO2 ( k ) U N2O4 (k).
(mu nu )
(khng mu)
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# p n D.
Cu hi ny tng i d (cng l mt trng tm thi H m thy gii hn) nhng i hi
cc em phi nm vng c kin thc c bn, th hin 2 :
-
Cu 49: t chy hon ton 0,2 mol mt ancol X no, mch h, cn va 17,92 lt kh O2 (
ktc). Mt khc, nu cho 0,1 mol X tc dng va vi m gam Cu(OH)2 th to thnh dung dch
c mu xanh lam. Gi tr ca m v tn gi ca X tng ng l
A. 4,9 v propan-1,2-iol
B. 9,8 v propan-1,2-iol
C. 4,9 v glixerol.
D. 4,9 v propan-1,3-iol
# p n A.
Phn tch bi:
T c im Ha hc ca X, ta thy X phi l 1 ru a chc c nhm OH k nhau loi
p n D.
Phng php truyn thng:
D dng nhm c n O2 =
17,92
= 0,8 mol
22,4
n O2
nX
=4
nCO 2 + (n+1)H 2 O
x + 7 = 3n
n=
x+1
+ 2 (x+1) chia ht cho 3 v x n
3
Do , x = 2 v n =3, p n ng l A hoc B.
C 4 nhm OH ca ru phn ng vi 1 phn t Cu(OH)2 (2 lin kt cng ha tr + 2 lin
1
kt cho nhn) n Cu(OH)2 = n X = 0,05 mol m = 4,9g
2
Phng php kinh nghim:
Ta bit 1 mol glixerol khi t chy cn 3,5 mol O2 (rt quen thuc v d dng bt gp tng
nhiu bi ton), do , t l 1:4 cho php ta d dng loi p n C.
Nhn xt:
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B. 0,609
C. 0,500
D. 3,125
# p n D.
Phn tch bi:
i vi cc bi tp v hiu sut phn ng hoc hng s cn bng (nhng phn ng c hiu
sut < 100%), ta nn gii bng m hnh trc phn ng phn ng sau phn ng.
Hng dn gii:
Gi nng N2 phn ng l x. Ta c:
N 2 + 3H 2
Trc p:
p:
0,3
x
0,7
3x
2NH 3
2x
2x
1
(1 - 2x)
2
[ NH3 ]
3
[ N 2 ][ H 2 ]
2
Do , h s cn bng l: K C =
x = 0,1M
0, 22
= 3,125
0, 2 0, 43
Nhn xt:
Cu hi ny khng qu kh trong vic tnh s mol cc cht sau phn ng, tuy nhin, c th
th sinh quen vi vic tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng este ha, phn ng phn ly axit (Kz)
m qun khng a s m vo biu thc tnh KC th kt qu s sai lch (ri vo p n nhiu A).
y, c th thm vo p n nhiu 0,32.
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Cu 52: Cho sut in ng chun ca cc pin in ha: Zn-Cu l 1,1 V; Cu-Ag l 0,46 V.
0
Bit th in cc chun E Ag
/ Ag
0
0
= +0,8V . Th in cc chun EZn2+ / Zn v ECu 2+ / Cu c gi tr ln lt
l
A. +1,56 V v +0,64 V
B. 1,46 V v 0,34 V
C. 0,76 V v + 0,34 V
D. 1,56 V v +0,64 V
# p n C.
Lm trc tip:
Cu hi ny kh d. Ch cn nh cng thc tnh sut in ng ca pin, ta d dng c:
E 0Cu 2+ /Cu = E 0Ag + /Ag - E 0Cu-Ag = 0,8 - 0,46 = +0,34V
E 0Zn 2+ /Zn = E 0Cu 2+ /Cu - E 0Zn-Cu = 0,34 - 1,1 = -0,76V
0
Zn ng trc H EZn
phi < 0
2+
/ Zn
0
Cu ng sau H ECu
phi > 0
2+
/ Cu
Nhn xt:
Cu hi ny khng qu kh, nu hc sinh nm vng cng thc tnh sut in ng th c th
tm ra p n ng rt nhanh. Cc p n nhiu cha thc s tt.
Cu 53: Nung nng m gam PbS ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian, thu c hn hp rn (c
cha mt oxit) nng 0,95 m gam. Phn trm khi lng PbS b t chy l
A. 74,69 %
B. 95,00 %
C. 25,31 %
D. 64,68 %
# p n A.
Phn tch bi:
-
Hng dn gii:
S ha phn ng, ta thy: PbS PbO , c 1 mol phn ng th khi lng gim 16g
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100 - 95
0,3125
= 0,3125 mol H% =
74,69%
100
16
207 + 32
Nhn xt:
Cu hi ny khng kh, rt c bn v in hnh.
Cu 54: Pht biu no sau y l ng?
A. Anilin tc dng vi axit nitr khi un nng thu c mui iazoni
B. Benzen lm mt mu nc brom nhit thng.
C. Etylamin phn ng vi axit nitr nhit thng, sinh ra bt kh.
D. Cc ancol a chc u phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 to dung dch mu xanh lam.
# p n C.
Cu hi ny khng kh, nhng nu kin thc khng chc chn, mt s em vn c th chn
nhm p n A mt cch ng tic. Ch l Anilin tc dng vi axit nitr nhit thp thu
c mui iazoni mi l mnh ng. y, cc em cn lu l nu chc chn mnh
C ng th khng cn phi qu bn khon vi nhng mnh cn li.
Cu 55: Dy gm cc dung dch u tham gia phn ng trng bc l:
A. Glucoz, mantoz, axit fomic, anehit axetic
B. Frutoz, mantoz, glixerol, anehit axetic
C. Glucoz, glixerol, mantoz, axit fomic.
D. Glucoz, frutoz, mantoz, saccaroz.
# p n A.
Cu hi ny kh d, cng c th xem l mt cu cho im, c th dng tm ngay ra p n
ng l A ri kim tra li bng cch loi tr glixerol (loi B, C) v saccaroz (loi D).
Cu 56: Dy gm cc cht v thuc u c th gy nghin cho con ngi l
A. penixilin, paradol, cocain.
# p n C.
Cu hi ny vn khng kh nhng ni dung cu hi li nhm ti mt phn kin thc m cc
em t quan tm trong chng trnh nn cng gy ra khng t lng tng. Ta c th d dng loi tr
cc p n A, B v D (tn gi cho thy c mt s cht l thuc gim au v khng sinh).
Cu 57: Cht hu c X c cng thc phn t C5H8O2. Cho 5 gam X tc dng va ht vi
dung dch NaOH, thu c mt hp cht hu c khng lm mt mu nc brom v 3,4 gam mt
mui. Cng thc ca X l
A. CH3COOC(CH3)=CH2.
B. HCOOC(CH3)=CHCH3.
C. HCOOCH2CH=CHCH3
D. HCOOCH=CHCH2CH3.
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# p n B.
CTPT cho thy X l hp cht n chc.
Do , n mui = n este =
5
= 0,05 mol
100
M mui =
3,4
= 68 HCOONa loi A
0,05
# p n B.
Cu hi ny kh hay nhng khng qu kh, im mu cht cc em cn nh l phenol khng
to este vi cc axit cacboxylic thng thng (y l iu thy tng nhn mnh trong qu
trnh n tp), nu qun mt chi tit ny th cc em s d chn nhm p n C, 2 p n nhiu cn
li l A v D d dng b loi v Y khng th l phenol khi iu kin phn ng l NaOH d.
*
y c mt kinh nghim l kh nng phn ng ca anhirit axit bao gi cng cao hn axit
cacboxylic tng ng do , nu axit c th phn ng th anhirit axit chc chn cng c phn ng (c 2 u
ng) nhng ngc li, anhirit c phn ng th axit cha chc phn ng c (ch 1 ci ng). V p n
ng ch c 1 nn vi suy lun nh vy, ta hiu rng, trong a s trng hp, khi c 2 p n tng ng m
1 l axit v 1 l anhirit axit th chc chn p n c anhirit axit mi l p n ng.
KCN
H O
X
CH3CH2Cl
Y
t
3
Cng thc cu to ca X, Y ln lt l:
A. CH3CH2CN, CH3CH2CHO.
B. CH3CH2NH2, CH3CH2COOH.
C. CH3CH2CN, CH3CH2COONH4.
D. CH3CH2CN, CH3CH2COOH.
# p n B.
Cu hi ny khng qu kh (thy cng tng nhn mnh ti lp hc), nu bn no quan
tm n phng php iu ch Polimetylmetacrylat th khng th khng nh. Tuy nhin, c th
mt s bn (nht l cc bn hc sinh chuyn) c th chn nhm p n C. Lu l Nitril khi thy
phn trong H2O s sinh ra mui amoni nhng trong axit mnh th li to thnh axit (yu hn) do
phn ng trao i.
Cu 60: Trng hp xy ra phn ng l
A. Cu + Pb(NO3)2 (long)
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B. Cu + HCl (long)
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C. Cu + HCl (long) + O2
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D. Cu + H2SO4 (long)
# p n C.
Cu hi ny khng kh nhng do ri vo phn kin thc lp 10, li vo 1 phn ng t c
quan tm nn chc s c 1 s bn lng tng. Tuy nhin, ta c th tm c p n ng nh d
dng loi b cc p n A, B, D m khng cn chc chn v phn ng C.
Nhn xt chung v thi:
Nhn chung thi H khi A nm nay c th ni l khng hay v hi cn v mt tng,
rt nhiu cu trong thi thuc loi thuc mt, quen tn, trong c mt s cu b trng lp
ngay trong (cu hi v phn ng ca kim loi vi HNO3, cu hi v cc phn ng theo tng nc
ca CO2 vi kim v ngc li, cu hi v phn ng ca cc ion v kim loi trong dy in ha,
cu hi v phn ng thy phn x phng ha, ). Mt s cu hi c tng th cha c khai
thc trit , cha c chiu su nn cha lm r c ci hay v kh ca cu hi.
V mt kh, thi c s phn loi nht nh nhng khng qu su sc, t l bi tp p o
so vi l thuyt l kh khn chnh i vi th sinh, nu khng c s chun b chu o v kin thc,
phng php, k nng v kinh nghim, mt bnh tnh trong phng thi th p lc tnh ton nhiu d
khin th sinh mc phi nhng sai st ng tic. l mt iu ng tic v cng l hn ch ln
nht ca thi! Tuy nhin, vi nhng th sinh c nhiu kinh nghim v chm ch luyn tp c
th d dng nhn ra cc im quen thuc trong thi v gii quyt c trong thi gian tng
i nhanh.
khc phc hn ch ca thi, cc tc gi nn khai thc su hn nhng tng c, hn ch
bt cc thao tc tnh ton hoc m ra cc c hi chn ngu nhin t p n nhiu.
*
Nhng nhn xt v p n nhiu trn ch mang tnh tham kho v c ngha vi tng cu hi ch
khng phn nh mc tiu chung ca c thi. Vic m ra cc c hi chn ngu nhin l cn thit phn
loi nhng th sinh c t duy nhanh v sng to!
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May 2009
April 2009
March 2009
November 2008
September 2008
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July 2008
June 2008
29th Chin thut chn ngu nhin trong bi thi trc nghim Ha hc (phn 1)
29th p n chi tit cho thi tuyn sinh H - C mn Ha khi A nm 2007
27th nh gi y hn ngha ca phng php ghp n s
27th Phn tch h s phn ng v ng dng trong gii nhanh bi ton Ha hc
27th Khi nim bt bo ha v ng dng trong gii ton Ha hc
27th Bi ton kinh in ca Ha hc: bi ton 9 cch gii
26th Ngh thut s dng ng cho trong gii ton Ha hc
26th Mt bi Ha thi H 2006 c nhiu cch gii hay
26th Chuyn i cc cng thc biu din phn t ng
25th Quy tc vit cng thc Cu to theo Lewis, CTCT + Dng lai ha + Hnh hc phn t
24th Phn tch h s cn bng ca phn ng v ng dng trong gii ton
24th Phng php ghp n s - nhng bin i i s
24th Hnh khng gian - chuyn : Khong cch
24th Phng php vect trong gii ton hnh hc khng gian
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B. Ca
C. Mg
D. Cu
Hng dn gii:
Ta c: n NaOH = 0,8 mol .
im mu cht nht ca bi ton l phi bin lun tm ra c thnh phn ca 48,1g
cht rn, t xc nh c s mol SO2.
NaOH c th phn ng vi SO2 theo 2 phn ng:
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NaOH + SO2
2NaOH + SO2
NaHSO3
Na 2 SO3 + H 2 O
Khi cho SO2 tc dng vi NaOH th sn phm thu c c th bao gm 1 hoc 2 trong 3
cht: NaOH d (M = 40), NaHSO3 (M = 104) v Na2SO3 (M=126).
khai thc d kin n NaOH = 0,8 mol ta tin hnh quy i: Coi 1 mol mui Na2SO3 l 2
mol NaX vi M NaX =
126
= 63g/mol
2
m hh
48,1
=
= 60,125g/mol
n hh
0,8
20,125
0,7 mol
2,875
0,1 mol
60,125
(NaOH) 40
m
22,4
=
= 32n
0,7
n
n
M l Cu
p n ng l D. Cu.
V d 2: Crackinh C4H10 thu c hn hp ch gm 5 hirocacbon c t khi hi so vi H2
l 16,325. Hiu sut ca phn ng crackinh l:
A. 77,64%
B. 38,82%
C. 17,76%
D. 16,325%
Hng dn gii:
Cracking
Phn ng: Ankan
Ankan' + Anken to ra Anken v Ankan mi c s mol
1
KLPT
bng nhau. Do , KLPT trung bnh ca hn hp cc Anken v Ankan mi ny bng
2
ca ankan ban u.
58
= 29
2
0985052510
Hn hp (M = 29)
M = 32,65
25,35
3,65
C4H10 (M = 58)
16,325 - 3,65
100% = 77,64%
16,325
p n ng l A. 77,64%
V d 3: Cho 37,6g hn hp gm 3 cht rn Fe3O4, FeO v Cu2O tc dng vi dung dch
HNO3 long d thu c 2,24 lt kh NO ktc. Khi lng ca Fe3O4 trong hn hp l:
A. 34,8g
B. 23,2g
C. 11,6g
D. 17,4g
Hng dn gii:
S cc qu trnh oxh kh trong bi:
Fe2+ - e
Fe3+
Cu + - e Cu 2+
N +5 + 3e N +2
37,6
376
g hn hp cho 1 mol electron
=
0,1 3
3
Quy i: Coi FeO v Cu2O l mt cht trung bnh X m c 72g cht ny li cho 1
mol electron.
376
M=
3
320
3
160
3
0,2 mol
0,1 mol
Do , m Fe3O4 = 23,2g
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p n ng l B. 23,2g.
V d 4: Cho 8,96 lt hn hp CO2 v NO2 (ktc) hp th vo mt lng dung dch NaOH
va to thnh cc mui trung ha, sau em c cn dung dch thu c 36,6 gam mui
khan. Thnh phn % th tch mi kh trong hn hp ban u l:
A. 25% CO2 v 75% NO2
C. 75% CO2 v 25% NO2
S cc phn ng ha hc:
36,6
= 91,5
0,4
Na2CO3 (M = 106)
Mhn hp = 91,5
14,5
50%
14,5
50%
M = 77
Vy p n ng l B. 50% CO2 v 50% NO2
B. 16,17 gam
C. 7,92 gam
D. 12,0 gam
Hng dn gii:
+ HCl
S chung ca cc phn ng ha hc: CO3
CO 2
3,36
= 0,15 mol
22,4
0985052510
MCO3 (M = 84)
KHCO3 (M = 100)
M = 14,52 = 96,8
0,15
3,2
0,03 mol
12,8
0,12 mol
T gi thit, ta c: n CO2 =
15
0,15 44 - 2,55
= 0,15 mol v n H2 O =
= 0,225 mol
100
18
C x H y xCO 2 +
y
H2O
2
CH4 (C = 1)
C = 1,5
(C = 2)
0,5
50%
0,5
50%
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C2H6 (H = 6)
H = 4,5
(H = 4)
0,5
25%
1,5
75%
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Cu
65 x + 63 y
= 63,54
x+ y
Cu29 (M = 65)
63,54 63 = 0,54
M
Cu
= 63,54
63
Cu29 (M = 63)
65 63,54 = 1,46
%65Cu29 =
27
73
27.100%
= 27%
27 + 73
Bi tp tng t:
1. KLNT trung bnh ca Brom l 79,91. Brom c 2 ng v trong t nhin l
79
Br35 v 81Br35. Tnh hm lng phn trm ca mi ng v trong t nhin?
2. KLNT trung bnh ca Antimon l 121,76. Antimon c 2 ng v trong t
nhin l 121Sb51 v 123Sb51 . Tnh hm lng phn trm ca mi ng v?
3. KLNT trung bnh ca nguyn t Bo l 10,812. Mi khi c 94 nguyn t
10
B5 th c bao nhiu nguyn t 11B5 ?
B
hh
28 x + 2 y
= 32.0,3125 = 10
x+ y
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hh
18
= 32.0,3125 = 10
H2 (M = 2)
%VN2 =
4.100%
= 30,77%
4+9
Bi tp tng t:
1, Cn thm bao nhiu lt kh N2 vo 29,12 lt hn hp kh VD trn thu c
mt hn hp mi c t khi hi so vi O2 l 0,46875.
2, Mt hn hp kh gm N2 v H2 c t khi hi so vi kh Hidro l 3,6. Sau khi
un nng mt thi gian vi bt st 550*C th thy t khi ca hn hp kh so vi
Hidro tng ln v bng 4,5.
a, Tnh thnh phn ca hn hp kh trc v sau phn ng
b, Tnh xem c bao nhiu phn trm th tch ca N2 v Hidro tham gia
phn ng. Cho bit phn ng gia N2 v H2 xy ra khng hon ton:
2NH3
N2 + 3H2
3, Khi ha tan hon ton 2,72 gam hn hp Canxi cacbua (CaC2) v Nhm cacbua
(Al4C3) vo dung dch HCl 2M ngi ta thu c mt lng kh c t khi so vi
Hidro bng 10.
a, Xc nh thnh phn phn trm khi lng ca cc cht rn ban u.
b, Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 2M ti thiu cn dng ha tan hn hp.
c, Tnh th tch kh thu c 27,3*C v 836 mm Hg
4, T khi ca mt hn hp gm O2 v O3 i vi He l 10,24. Nu cho hn hp
ny i t t qua dung dch KI c d th thu c 50 lt kh.
a, Xc nh th tch ca O2 v O3 c trong hn hp
b, Cn thm vo hn hp trn bao nhiu lt kh O3 thu c hn hp mi
c t khi so vi He l 10,667.
5, Trn 13 gam mt kim loi M c ha tr 2 ( M ng trc Hidro trong dy
Bktp) vi Lu hunh ri nung nng phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c
cht rn A. Cho A phn ng vi 300ml dung dch H2SO4 1M (acid ly d), th thu
c hn hp kh B nng 5,2 gam (t khi hi ca B vi Oxi l 0,8125) v dung
dch C.
a, Xc nh kim loi M v nng mol/lit ca dung dch C (gi s th tch
dung dch khng i). Bit rng mui MSO4 tan trong nc.
b, Cho 250ml dung dch NaOH c nng cha bit vo dung dch C th
thu c 1 kt ta. em nung kt ta n khi lng khng i th c
cht rn D nng 6,075 gam. Tnh nng mol/lt ca dung dch NaOH.
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(i hc Ti chnh 1988)
Dnh cho hc sinh lp 11
Dng 3: Tnh ton trong pha ch dung dch
X a
m
= 1
m2
A X
2, Nng mol/lit:
Trn V1 (lit) dung dch A (mol/l) vi V2 (lit) dung dch a (mol/l) vi gi thit
th tch dung dch hao ht khng ng k th ta c dung dch c nng X
(mol/l) tha mn:
V1 A (M)
X-a
X (M)
V2 a (M)
AX
X a
V
= 1
V2
A X
VD: Cn bao nhiu ml dd NaCl 3% pha 500 ml dung dch nc mui sinh l,
gi thit rng t khi ca dung dch thay i khng ng k?
(Bi thc tp Ha Sinh ca SV nm th 2 khoa Sinh hc H KHTN HN)
Nc mui sinh l l dung dch NaCl 0,9%
Cch 1:
t x, y ln lt l th tch ca NaCl 3% v H2O cn dng (0 < x,y <500).
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V = x+ y = 500 (ml)
mNaCl = x.3% = 500.0,9%
Gii h trn, ta c: x = 150 ml v y = 350 ml
Cch 2:
p dng cng thc ng cho, ta c:
NaCl (3%)
0,9
NaCl (0,9%)
2,1
H2O (0%)
VNaCl =
0,9
. 500 = 150 ml
2,1 + 0,9
Bi tp tng t:
1, Trnh by cch pha dd ethanol 50% t 2 dd ethanol 90% v 30%.
2, Cn dng bao nhiu gam nc ha tan 1,4 mol xt th thu c dung dch
25%
3, Phi ha tan bao nhiu ml dd HCl 1,6M vi 20 ml dd HCl 0,5M c dung
dch CuSO4
4, Xc nh th tch dung dch HCl 10M v th tch H2O cn dng pha thnh
400ml dd 2M
5, Xc nh lng nc cn dng ha tan 188g Kali oxit iu ch dd KOH
5,6%
6, Cn bao nhiu gam dd Fe(NO3)2 20% v bao nhiu gam H2O pha thnh 500g
dd Fe(NO3)2 8%.
Ch : Cch lm trn cn c th p dng trong cc bi ton pha ch dung dch
biu din qua pH, bn c t ly VD (Sao bng lnh gi)
Dng 4: Tnh thnh phn mui trong phn ng n baz vi a acid
y l dng ton c gii thiu c trong chng trnh Ha hc lp 9 v
Chng Nit Phospho trong Ha hc 11. Tuy nhin, cc Gio vin v Hc sinh
vn cn i theo li mn trong vic gii quyt dng Ton ny.
VD: Thm 250ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo 200ml dung dch H3PO4 1,5M
a, Tnh khi lng mui to thnh?
b, Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch to thnh?
(Bi tp 80 trang 100 Gii Ton Ha hc 11 - Nguyn Trng Th (ch bin))
Cch 1: (y chnh l li mn)
Phn ng gia NaOH v H3PO4 c th xy ra nh sau:
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NaOH
H3PO4
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H2O
(1)
H2O
(2)
nNaOH
=2
nH3 PO4
(3)
nNaOH
=3
nH3 PO4
2NaOH
H3PO4
Na2HPO4
3NaOH
H3PO4
Na3PO4
y,
nNaOH
=1
nH3 PO4
NaH2PO4
H2O
nNaOH
0, 2.5, 2 0,5
=
=
= 1,67 1 < 1,67 < 2
nH3 PO4
0, 2.1,5 0,3
0,1
= o,22M
0, 45
0, 2
=
= 0,44M
0, 45
[ NaH 2 PO4 ] =
[ Na2 HPO4 ]
nNaOH
, v nu p dng ng cho, ta c nh sau:
nH3 PO4
2/3
Na2HPO4 (n1 = 2)
n =
NaH2PO4 (n2 = 1)
M tng s mol H3PO4 l
H 3 PO4
0, 2.5, 2
0,5
=
0, 2.1,5
0,3
1/3 1
= 0,3
Nn d dng c kt qu nh trn.
Ghi ch: y khng phi l mt dng Ton hay gp v quan trng nn ngh
bn c t ly VD thm
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CaCO3 (M = 100)
M=
MgCO3 (M = 84)
0,2 mol
284
3
16
3
0,1 mol
Bi tp tng t:
1. Mt dung dch X cha 2 mui ACl2 v BCl2 (A, B l 2 kim loi thuc cng mt
phn nhm chnh v 2 chu k lien tip). Tng kh lng 2 mui l 44,5 gam.
Dung dch phn ng va vi dung dch cha AgNO3 v Pb(NO3)2 to ra kt
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ta nng 140,8 gam. Dung dch Y khi tc dng vi H2SO4 d cho ra 70,9 gam kt
ta.
a, Tnh s mol AgNO3 v Pb(NO3) cha trong dung dch Y
b, Suy ra tng s mol ACl2 v BCl2 trong dung dch X. Xc nh A, B v s
mol mi mui ACl2, BCl2.
2. Xt mt hn hp 2 mui Clorua ca 2 kim loi kim A v B vi khi lng
nguyn t ca A nh hn ca B v A, B 2 chu k lin tip. Cho 19,15g hn hp
X tc dng va vi 300g dung dch AgNO3, sau phn ng ta thu c 43,05g
kt ta v mt dung dch D.
a, Xc nh nng phn trm ca dung dch AgNO3
b, C cn dung dch D ta thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
c, nh tn v khi lng cc mui Clorua trong hn hp X
Cho: Li = 7, Na = 23, K = 39, Rb = 85, Cs = 133, Ag = 108, N = 14, Cl = 35,5, O
= 16
3. Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A v B cng c ha tr 2, c khi lng nguyn
t ca X l 19,3 gam
a, Xc nh A, B v khi lng A, B trong X bit rng khi cho X tc dng
vi dung dch HCl d ch c A tan cho ra 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc)
b, Nu ly cng mt lng X nh trn cho vo 200ml dung dch Y cha cha
AgNO3 1M v Hg(NO3)2 0,5M, tnh khi lng cht rn Z thu c (Hg =
200)
4. Mt hn hp X gm 2 mui cacbonat kim loi kim A, B thuc 2 chu k lien
tip ca bng h thng tun hon c tng khi lng l 41,9 gam.
a, Xc nh A, B v s mol mi cacbonat trong hn hp X bit rng khi cho
X tc dng vi H2SO4 d v cho kh CO2 to ra phn ng ht vi nc vi
d ta c 35 gam kt ta.
b, Dng 83,8 gam hn hp X cho tc dng vi 1 dung dch Y cha HCl 0,3M
v H2SO4 0,2M. Phi dng bao nhiu lt dung dch Y phn ng va vi
lng X trn, bit phn ng to ra CO2?
5. Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A, B (u ha tr 2) vi MA MB, mX = 9,7
gam. Hn hp X tan ht trong 200 ml dung dch Y cha H2SO4 12M v HNO3 2M
to ra hn hp Z gm 2 kh SO2 v NO c t khi ca Z i vi H2 bng 23,5 v V
= 2,588 lt (ktc) v dung dch T
a, Tnh s mol SO2 v NO trong hn hp Z
b, Xc nh A, B v khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp X
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1
y = 39,2 g
3
x 5
39, 2 28
= 0, 7 mol . Nh vy, t l = .
16
y 7
x 2
= )
y 3
1
28
Fex Oy (
Fe3O4 (
x 3
= )
y 4
x 5
= )
y 7
1
21
t cng tm ra c kt qu nh trn.
Chc cc bn tm c nhiu iu th v khi p dng linh hot phng php gii
ton ha hc ny!
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Dung dch 1
Dung dch 2
Dung dch
Khi lng
Th tch
m1
m2
m = m1+m2
V1
V2
V = V1+V2
Nng
(C% hoc CM)
C1
C2
C
Cn pha ch
S ng cho ng vi mi trng hp:
a. i vi nng % v khi lng:
b. i vi nng mol:
Pha dung dch vi dung dch: xc nh C1, C2, C v p dng cc cng thc (1) v (2).
Pha ch dung dch vi dung mi (H2O): dung mi nguyn cht c C = 0%.
Pha ch cht rn c tng tc vi H2O to cht tan vo dung dch: lc ny, do c s
tng tc vi H2O to cht tan nn ta phi chuyn cht rn sang dung dch c nng
tng ng C > 100%.
Pha ch tinh th mui ngm nc vo dung dch: tinh th c coi nh dung dch c
C < 100%, y gi tr ca C chnh l hm lng % ca cht tan trong tinh th mui ngm
ngc.
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Ch :
-
T phng php ng cho ta rt ra cng thc tnh nhanh thnh phn % s mol ca
hn hp 2 cht c khi lng phn t M1, M2 v khi lng trung bnh l:
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B.1/3.
C.3/1.
D.4/1.
Hng dn gii:
p dng cng thc (1): a / b = (15 - 20) / (40 - 20) = 1 /4 => p n A
Th d 2. Ho tan hon ton m gam Na2O nguyn cht vo 75,0 gam dung dch NaOH 12,0%
thu c dung dch NaOH 58,8%. Gi tr ca m l
A. 66,0.
B.50,0.
C.112,5.
D.85,2.
80 gam
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Coi Na2O nguyn cht nh dung dch NaOH c nng C = (80 / 62)100 = 129,0%
Theo (1): m / 75 = ( | 12,0 - 58,8| ) / ( |129,0 - 58,8| ) = 46,8 / 70,2 = 50 gam
p n B
Th d 3. thu c 42 gam dung dch CuSO4 16% cn ho tan x gam tinh th CuSO4.5H2O
vo y gam dung dch CuSO4 8%. Gi tr ca y l:
A. 35.
B.6.
C.36.
D.7.
Hng dn gii:
Coi tinh th CuSO4.5H2O l dung dch CuSO4 c nng :
C = (160.100) / 250 = 64%
Theo (1): y / x = ( |116 - 64| ) / ( |16 - 8| )
=> y = 36 gam => p n C
Dng 2. Tnh t l mol cc cht trong hn hp
Th d 4. Mt hn hp kh gm NO2 v N2O4 iu kin tiu chun c t khi i vi oxi l
2,25. Thnh phn % v th tch ca NO2 trong hn hp l:
A. 47,8%.
B.43,5%
C.56,5%.
D.52,2%
Hng dn gii:
Cch 1. S ng cho:
p n B.
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B. buten.
C.ivinyl
D.butan
Hng dn gii:
S ng cho:
B.51,7%.
C.48,3%.
D.45,0%.
Hng dn gii:
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B.45,5%.
C.54,5%.
D.40%.
Hng dn gii:
B.4/3.
C.3/4.
D.2/5.
Hng dn gii:
"Cht tan" y l Fe. % khi lng Fe trong cc qung ln lt l:
Trong qung X: C1 = 60(112/160) = 42%.
Trong qung Y: C2 = 69,6(168/1232) = 50,4%
Trong qung Z: C = (100 - 4) / 2 = 48%
Theo (1): a/b = ( | 50,4 - 48,0 | ) / ( | 42,0 - 48,0 | ) = 2/5
=> n n D
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B.50,0%
C.52,5%
D.55,0%
Hng dn gii:
Ta xem nh y l bi ton trn ln 2 "dung dch" vi "cht tan" tng ng ln lt l Al2O3 v
CuO.
i vi Al(OH)3: 2Al(OH)3 => Al2O3 c C1 = (102 / 2.78)100 = 65,4%
i vi Cu(OH)2: Cu(OH)2 => CuO c C2 = (80 / 98)100 = 81,6%
Tng hm lng Al2O3 v CuO trong hn hp X:
C = (0,731a / a)100 = 73,1%
Theo (1): m Al(OH)3 / m Cu(OH)2 = ( | 81,6 - 73,1 | ) / ( | 65,4 - 73,1 | )
=> %m Al(OH)3 = (8,5.100) / ( 8,5 + 7,7 ) = 52,5% => p n C
IV. BI TP P DNG
Cu 1: thu c dung dch HCl 30% cn ly a gam dung dch HCl 55% pha vi b gam dung
dch HCl 15%. T l a/b l:
A. 2/5.
B. 3/5.
C. 5/3.
D. 5/2.
Cu 2: pha c 100 ml dung dch nc mui c nng mol 0,5M cn ly V ml dung dch
NaCl 2,5M. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 80,0.
B. 75,0.
C. 25,0.
D. 20,0.
Cu 3: Ha tan 10 gam SO3 vo m gam dung dch H2SO4 49,0% ta c dung dch H2SO4
78,4%. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 6,67.
B. 7,35.
C. 13,61.
D. 20,0.
Cu 4: thu c 100 gam dung dch FeCl3 30% cn ha tan a gam tinh th FeCl3.6H2O vo
b gam dung dch FeCl3 10%. Gi tr ca b l:
A. 22,2.
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B. 40,0.
C. 60,0.
D. 77,8.
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0985052510
B. 47,5%.
C. 52,5%.
D. 55,0%.
B. C3H8.
C. C4H8.
D. C3H6.
B. 179,3 ml.
C. 70,0 ml.
D. 130,0 ml.
Cu 8: Thm 150 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo 120 ml dung dch H3PO4 1M. Khi lng cc
mui thu c trong dung dch l:
A. 9,57 gam K2HPO4; 8,84 gam KH2PO4.
B. 10,44 gam K2HPO4; 12,72 gam K3PO4.
C. 10,24 gam K2HPO4; 13,50 gam KH2PO4.
D. 13,05 gam K2HPO4; 10,60 gam K3PO4.
Cu 9: Ha tan 2,84 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO3 v MgCO3 bng dung dch HCl d, thu c
0,672 lt kh iu kin tiu chun. Thnh phn % s mol ca MgCO3 trong hn hp l:
A. 33,33%.
B. 45,55%.
C. 54,45%.
D. 66,67%.
Cu 10: X l khong vt cuprit cha 45% Cu2O. Y l khong vt tenorit cha 70% CuO. Cn
trn X v Y theo t l khi lng t = mx/my c qung C, m t 1 tn qung C c th iu
ch c ti a 0,5 tn ng nguyn cht. Gi tr ca t l:
A. 5/3.
B. 5/4.
C. 4/5.
D. 3/5.
Cu 11: Nhit phn hon ton 108 gam hn hp X gm Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 c cht rn Y
c khi lng bng 75,4% khi lng ca X. Khi lng naHCO3 c trong X l:
A. 54,0 gam.
B. 27,0 gam.
C. 72,0 gam.
D. 36,0 gam.
Cu 12: t chy hon ton 21,0 gam dy st trong khng kh thu c 29, 4 gam hn hp cc
oxit Fe2O3 v Fe3O4. Khi lng Fe2O3 to thnh l:
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A. 12,0 gam.
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B. 13,5 gam.
C. 16,5 gam.
D. 18,0 gam.
B. 1:3.
C. 2:1.
D. 3:1.
Cu 16: pha 500 ml dung dch nc mui sinh l (C = 0,9%) cn ly V ml dung dch NaCl
3%. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 150.
B. 214,3.
C. 285,7.
D. 350.
B. 25%.
C. 20%.
D. 30%.
Cu 18: S lt nc nguyn cht cn thm vo 1 lt dung dch H2SO4 98% (d = 1,84 g/ml)
c dung dch mi c nng 10% l:
A. 14,192.
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B. 15,192.
C. 16,192.
D. 17,192.
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Cu 19: Ha tan 2,84 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO3 v MgCO3 bng dung dch HCl d, thu c
0,672 lt kh ktc. Thnh phn % s mol ca MgCO3 trong hn hp l:
A. 66,67%.
B. 54,45%.
C. 45,55%.
D. 33,33%.
p n:
1B - 2D - 3D - 4C - 5C - 6A - 17D
8B - 9A - 10D - 11C - 12A - 13C - 14A - 15A - 16A - 17B - 18C - 19D
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m1gam
m gam
(n: max)
Gi:
S mol kim loi a
S oxi ho cao nht (max) ca kim loi l n
S mol electron nhn (2) l t mol
Ta c:
Mt khc:
ne nhn = n e (oxi) + ne (2)
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Th d 1. t chy hon ton 5,6 gam bt Fe trong bnh O2 thu c 7,36 gam hn hp X gm
Fe2O3, Fe3O4 v mt phn Fe cn d. Ho tan hon ton lng hn hp X trn vo dung dch
HNO3 thu c V lt hn hp kh Y gm NO2 v NO c t khi so vi H2 bng 19.
Gi tr ca V l:
A. 0,896.
B. 0,672.
C. 1,792.
D.0,448.
Hng dn gii:
p dng cng thc (1): ne nhn (2) => ne nhn (2) = 0,08
T dy/H2 =19 => nNO2 = nNO = x
B.11.2.
C.7,0
D. 8.4.
Hng dn gii:
p dng cng thc (2):
-> p n D.
Th d 3. Cho 11,36 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 phn ng ht vi dung dch
HNO3 long, d thu c 1,344 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, o ktc) v dung dch Y.
C cn dung dch Y thu c m gam mui khan.Gi tr ca m l:
A. 49,09
B. 35,50
C. 38,72.
D.34,36.
Hng dn gii:
p dng cng thc (2):
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B. 2,80
C.5,60.
D.4,20
Hng dn gii:
T dy/H2 =19 => nNO2 = nNO = x => ne nhn = 4x
p dng cng thc: 9,52 = 0,7.11,6 + 5,6.4x => x = 0,0625
=> V = 22,4.0,0625.2 = 2,80 lt -> p n B
Th d 5. Nung m gam bt Cu trong oxi thu c 24,8 gam hn hp cht rn X gm Cu, CuO
v Cu2O. Ho tan hon ton X trong H2SO4 c nng thot ra 4,48 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh
duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 9,6
B. 14,72
C. 21,12
D. 22,4.
Hng dn gii:
p dng cng thc (3):
M = 0,8m rn + 6,4.n e nhn (2)
=> m = 0,8.24,8 + 6,4.0,2.2 = 22,4 gam => p n D.
III. Bi tp p dng
Cu 1: m gam bt st ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian thy khi lng ca hn hp thu
c l 12 gam. Ha tan hn hp ny trong dung dch HNO3 thu c 2,24 lt kh NO (sn
phm kh duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 5,6 gam.
B. 20,08 gam.
C. 11,84 gam.
D. 14,95 gam.
Cu 2: Ha tan hon ton 10 gam hn hp X (Fe, Fe2O3) trong dung dch HNO3 va thu
c 1,12 lt NO ( ktc, sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch Y. Cho Y tc dng vi dung
dch NaOH d c kt ta Z. Nung Z trong khng kh n khi khi lng khng i c
m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 12 gam.
B. 16 gam.
C. 11,2 gam.
D. 19,2 gam.
Cu 3: Ha tan ht m gam hn hp Fe, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 trong dung dch HNO3 c,nng d c
448 ml kh NO2 ( ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng c 14,52 gam mui khan. Gi tr
ca m l:
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A. 3,36 gam.
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B. 4,28 gam.
C. 4,64 gam.
D. 4,80 gam.
Cu 4: t chy hon ton 5,6 gam bt Fe trong bnh oxi thu c 7,36 gam hn hp X gm
Fe2O3, Fe3O4 v mt phn Fe d. Ha tan hon ton hn hp X bng dung dch HNO3 thu c
V lt kh Y gm NO2 v NO c t khi so vi H2 bng 19. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 0,896 lt.
B. 0,672 lt.
C. 0,448 lt.
D. 1,08 lt.
Cu 5: Cho lung kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam Fe2O3 nung nng. Sau mt thi gian thu
c 13,92 gam hn hp X gm 4 cht. Ha tan ht X bng HNO3 c, nng d c 5,824 lt
NO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 16 gam.
B. 32 gam.
C. 48 gam.
D. 64 gam.
Cu 6: Cho 11,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 vo dung dch HNO3 long, d c V
lt kh Y gm NO v NO2 c t khi hi so vi H2 l 19. Mt khc, nu cho cng lng kh hn
hp X trn tc dng vi kh CO d th sau phn ng hon ton c 9,52 gam Fe. Gi tr ca V
l:
A. 2,8 lt.
B. 5,6 lt.
C. 1,4 lt.
D. 1,344 lt.
Cu 7: Nung m gam bt ng kim loi trong oxi thu c 24,8 gam hn hp rn X gm Cu,
CuO v Cu2O. Ha tan hon ton X trong H2SO4 c nng thot ra 4,48 lt kh SO2 (sn phm
kh duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 9,6 gam.
B. 14,72 gam.
C. 21,12 gam.
D. 22,4 gam.
Cu 8: Ha tan hon ton 18,16 gam hn hp X gm Fe v Fe3O4 trong 2 lt dung dch HNO3
2M thu c dung dch Y v 4,704 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Phn trm khi
lng Fe trong hn hp X l:
A. 38,23%.
B. 61,67%.
C. 64,67%.
D. 35,24%.
Cu 9: Cho m gam hn hp X gm Fe, Fe3O4 tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch HNO3 3,2M. Sau
khi phn ng hon ton c 0,1 mol kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht) v cn li 1,46 gam kim
loi khng tan. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 17,04 gam.
B. 19,20 gam.
C. 18,50 gam.
D. 20,50 gam.
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Cu 11: Cho 5,584 gam hn hp bt Fe v Fe3O4 tc dng va vi 500 ml dung dch HNO3
long. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton c 0,3136 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht,
ktc) v dung dch X. Nng mol ca dung dch HNO3 l:
A. 0,472M.
B. 0,152M
C. 3,04M.
D. 0,304M.
Cu 12: kh hon ton 9,12 gam hn hp cc oxit: FeO, Fe3O4 v Fe2O3 cn 3,36 lt H2
(ktc). Nu ha tan 9,12 gam hn hp trn bng H2SO4 c nng d th th tch kh SO2 (sn
phm kh duy nht, ktc) thu c ti a l:
A. 280 ml.
B. 560 ml.
C. 672 ml.
D. 896 ml.
Cu 13: Cho kh CO i qua ng s ng 16 gam Fe2O3 un nng, sau khi phn ng thu c
hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe3O4 v Fe2O3. Ha tan hon ton X bng H2SO4 c nng thu c
dung dch Y. Khi lng mui trong Y l:
A. 20 gam.
B. 32 gam.
C. 40 gam.
D. 48 gam.
Cu 14: Ha tan 11,2 gam kim loi M trong dung dch HCl d thu c 4,48 lt H2 ( ktc).
Cn nu ha tan hn hp X gm 11,2 gam kim loi M v 69,6 gam oxit MxOy trong lng d
dung dch HNO3 th c 6,72 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Cng thc ca oxit
kim loi l:
A. Fe3O4.
B. FeO
C. Cr2O3.
D. CrO.
Cu 15: Cho 37 gam hn hp X gm Fe, Fe3O4 tc dng vi 640 ml dung dch HNO3 2M
long, ung nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c V lt kh NO (sn phm kh
duy nht, ktc), dung dch Y v cn li 2,92 gam kim loi. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 2,24 lt.
B. 4,48 lt.
C. 3,36 lt.
D. 6,72 lt.
Cu 16: Cho lung kh CO i qua ng s cha 0,12 mol hn hp gm FeO v Fe2O3 nung
nng, phn ng to ra 0,138 mol CO2. Hn hp cht rn cn li trong ng nng 14,325 gam
gm 4 cht. Ha tan ht hn hp 4 cht ny vo dung dch HNO3 d thu c V lt kh NO (sn
phm kh duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca V l:
A. 0,244 lt.
B. 0,672 lt.
C. 2,285 lt.
D. 6,854 lt.
Cu 17: Cho lung kh CO i qua ng s ng 5,8 gam FexOy nung nng trong mt thi gian
thu c hn hp kh X v cht rn Y. Cho Y tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 d c dung dch
Z v 0,784 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). C cn dung dch Z c 18,15 gam
mui khan. Ha tan Y bng HCl d thy c 0,672 lt kh ( ktc). Phn trm khi lng ca st
trong Y l:
A. 67,44%.
B. 32,56%.
C. 40,72%.
D. 59,28%.
0985052510
c dung dch Z. Nhng thanh ng vo dung dch Z n khi phn ng hon ton thy khi
lng thanh ng gim 12,8 gam. Phn trm khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp X ln lt
bng:
A. 33,3% v 66,7%.
B. 61,3% v 38,7%.
C. 52,6% v 47,4%.
D. 75% v 25%.
Cu 19: Ha tan hon ton m gam Fe3O4 trong dung dch HNO3, ton b lng kh NO thot ra
em trn vi lng O2 va hn hp hp th hon ton trong nc c dung dch HNO3.
Bit th tch Oxi tham gia vo qu trnh trn l 336 ml ( ktc). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 34,8 gam.
B. 13,92 gam.
C. 23,2 gam.
D. 20,88 gam.
p n:
1B - 2C - 3C - 4A - 5A - 6A - 7D - 8B - 9C - 10D
11A - 12C - 13C - 14A - 15B - 16C - 17B - 18C - 19B - 20D.
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(CO, H2) 2
0,9
1 ,4
(CH4) 2
3
100% = 60%
2+3
(i vi bi thi trc nghim, c th suy ra ngay
p n ng l p n c %VCH 4 = 60% )
Hng dn gii:
Cch 1: t n v gii h phng trnh
Cch 2: Phn tch h s kt hp ng cho
C: 1 <
Hng dn gii:
n NaOH 0,25.2 5
=
= <2
n H3PO4 0,2.1,5 3
0,6
n Na 2HPO4
n NaH2PO4
2
n Na2HPO4 = 2n NaH2PO4
1
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p n C.
m NaH2PO4 = 0,1.120 = 12,0 (g)
V d 3: Dn 2,24l ( ktc) mt hn hp
gm etilen, propen, cc buten v axetilen qua
dung dch ng Brom d th thy lng Brom
trong bnh gim 19,2 gam. Tnh lng CaC2
cn dng iu ch c lng Axetilen c
trong hn hp trn.
A. 6,4 gam
B. 1,28 gam
C. 2,56 gam
D. Khng xc nh c v thiu d kin
2
Hng dn gii:
N 2 + 3H 2 2 NH 3
2, 24
19, 2
nhh =
= 0,1mol
nBr2 =
= 0,12mol
22, 4
160
Phn tch h s cn bng ca phn ng, ta c:
Anken + 1Br2
C2 H 2 + 2 Br2
Do , p dng phng php ng cho, ta
c:
4
(Anken)1
0,8
1,2
(C2H2) 2
0,2
1
0,1 = 0, 02mol
1+ 4
= 64 0, 02 = 1, 28 g . p n B.
V mCaC2
Qua cc v d trn cho thy, phn tch h
s cn bng phn ng c th dn n vic sp
xp mt hn hp cc cht cho vo 2 nhm
c kh nng phn ng khc nhau v do c
th s dng c phng php ng cho
gii rt nhanh, thay v dng cc phng php
khc nh a thm s liu, t n gii h hay
ghp n s. ng thi, n cng gi cho ta
vic gii cc bi ton hn hp nhiu hn 2
cht bng phng php ng cho.
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1C x H y Oz + 2,5O2 2CO2 + 2 H 2O
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t, d
dng c A l C2H4O.
V d 2: Ha tan hon ton a gam mt oxit
st bng dung dch H2SO4 m c va , c
cha 0,075 mol H2SO4, thu c b gam mt
mui v c 168 ml kh SO2 (ktc) duy nht
thot ra. Tm a,b v cng thc ca oxit cho.
Hng dn gii:
Gi cng thc ca oxit cho l FexOy.
0,168
nSO2 =
= 0, 0075mol
22, 4
Vit li phn ng:
Hng dn gii:
Cch 1: Phng php ghp n s
Cch 2: Phng php a thm s liu
Cch 3: Phng php ng cho
Cch 4: Phn tch h s phn ng
Khi lng hn hp truc v sau phn ng
c bo ton: mt = ms
Do , ta c t s:
dt
ds
H2
H2
mt
M
n
n
58
58
= t = t = s =
=
M s ms nt 16,325 2 32, 65
ns
H% =
1 100% = 77, 64%
32, 65
Dng bi ny c th p dng m rng cho
cc bi tp: craking ankan, tng hp amoniac,
ozone ha O2, oxi ha SO2 thnh SO3, ...
3. H s phn ng phn nh nh lut
bo ton nguyn t
Hng dn gii:
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Cn H 2 n + 2 2 k Ox nCO2 + (n + 1 k ) H 2O
B. CH3CHO
nX =
Hng dn gii:
nH 2O nCO2
1 k
mH 2O = 1, 26 g nH 2O = 0, 07 mol
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
M=
mAndehit = 56 0, 015 + M 0, 02 = 1, 72 g
M = 44 , ng vi p n B.
Dng bi ny c th p dng m rng cho
cc bi tp t chy cc hp cht hu c khc,
k c hp cht hu c c cha Nit.
2, 6 + 1, 2 2 1, 4
= 1,8mol
2
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1, 72
= 49,14
0, 035
Hng dn gii:
nO2 =
D. C3H5CHO
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Hng dn gii:
Cc phn ng xy ra:
NaNO3 NaNO2 +
1
O2
2
Fe3O4 + 8H + Fe 2+ + 2 Fe3+ + 4 H 2O
1
O2
2
2 Fe3+ + 2 I 2 Fe2+ + I 2
S mol Fe2O3 trong hn hp u l:
1
O2 + H 2O 2 HNO3
2
nFe2O3 =
Cn c vo h s phn ng c th thy
lng NO2 v O2 sinh ra t phn ng nhit
phn Cu(NO3)2 c hp th va trong
H2O.
Do , lng kh thot ra ng bng O2
sinh ra t phn ng nhit phn NaNO3.
85 2
% mNaNO3 =
20
2, 24
22, 4
= 0, 01mol
100% = 85%
6. Mt s bi tp p dng:
Hng dn gii:
Cch 1: t n v gii h phng trnh
Cch 2: Phn tch h s nguyn t trong CTPT
S chuyn ha qung thnh cht rn:
nI 2nFe3O4
B. Isobutan
0985052510
D. A v B
A. C3H8O2
B. C3H8O
C. C3H8O3
D. C4H6O2
BT 7. Hn hp X gm 2 cht hu c k
tip nhau trong cng dy ng ng, phn t
ca chng ch c mt nhm chc.
Chia X lm 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: em t chy hon ton ri cho
ton b sn phm chy (ch c CO2 v H2O)
ln lt qua bnh (1) ng dung dch H2SO4
c, bnh (2) ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thy
khi lng bnh (1) tng 2,16 gam v bnh (2)
c 7 gam kt ta.
- Phn 2: cho tc dng ht vi Na d th th
tch kh H2 (ktc) thu c l bao nhiu.
A. 0,224 lt
C. 2,24 lt
B. 0,56 lt
D. 1,12 lt
BT 5. Mt hn hp X gm H2 v N2. Tin
hnh phn ng tng hp NH3 t hn hp X th
thu c hn hp Y. Bit khi lng trung
bnh ca X v Y ln lt l 7,2 v 7,826. Tnh
hiu sut tng hp NH3.
A. 60,6%
C. 8,69 %
D. 20%
B. 17,39%
BT 6. Trn 400ml hi ca mt hp cht
hu c A (cha C, H, O) vi 2 lt O2 ri t
chy. Hn hp kh sinh ra nu dn qua CaCl2
khan th th tch gim 1,6 lt. Nu dn tip qua
KOH d th th tch gim thm 1,2 lt na v
thot ra sau cng l 400ml O2 cn d. Xc nh
cng thc phn t ca A (cc th tch kh o
cng iu kin).
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nO2 =
PV
2, 4 15, 68
=
= 1, 4mol
RT 22, 4 273 + 54, 6
(
)
273
y z
C x H y Oz + x + O2 xCO2 +
4 2
M (gam)
22,4
y
H 2O
2
y z
x + (mol)
4 2
1,4
Do , ta c h phng trnh:
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y z
+
x
12 x + y + 16 z
4 2
=
22, 4
1, 4
y 3
nCO : nH O = x : =
2
2
2 2
T pt (2) suy ra:
0985052510
(1)
( 2)
x 3
= , th vo phng trnh (1), ta li c x = 3 z
y 4
H2
< 30 , d dng c kt
qu CTPT ca A l C3H4O.
Cch 2: Phng php bo ton khi lng v bo ton nguyn t
i vi mt hc sinh c rn luyn tt v phng php th y l mt bi tp rt quen
thuc. Nu ch bit p dng mt cch my mc phng php c hc th cch gii s nh
sau:
p dng bo ton khi lng cho phn ng chy, ta c:
mCO2
mH 2O
44nCO2
18nH 2O
Do , mCO2 =
44 3 11
=
18 2 3
11
67, 2 = 52,8 g , mH 2O = 67, 2 52,8 = 14, 4 g
14
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nO2 =
15, 68 2, 4
= 1, 4mol
22, 4 1, 2
nCO2
3
x
=
=
y 2n H 2O 4
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3, V Phng php
Vic ging dy phng php gii ton Ha hc l mt vn tng i kh khn, v mt
bi ton Ha hc khng nhng b chi phi bi phng php gii m cn ph thuc vo phn
ng Ha hc xy ra trong bi ton, do rt kh c th chia ra thnh cc dng bi khc nhau.
hc tp cc phng php gii ton Ha hc mt cch c hiu qu, cn thit phi c mt s
h thng ha cc phng php mt cch hp l v logic. Hc phng php v phi rt ra c
nhng du hiu nhn bit ca phng php y hnh thnh phn x t duy khi lm bi (c
ngha l nhn vo bi c th bit ngay n c th gii bng nhng phng php no).
Ni dung cc phng php c hc trong kha hc ny bao gm:
o
o
o
o
o
Phng php M
- Phng php n C , n H , k
- Cc dng k thut ng cho v bin i
Phng php bo ton khi lng v bin i
- Phng php bo ton khi lng
- Phng php tng - gim khi lng
- Bin lun v nh gi s bin i khi lng trong phn ng.
- Phng php bo ton nguyn t
Phng php bo ton electron v in tch
- Phng php bo ton electron cc dng bi
- Phng php bo ton in tch
Phn tch h s phn ng v ng dng
Cc phng php quy i
Mt s bin i trong cc bi ton thng gp
Bin lun Ha hc
Bi tp v nh:
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Khi mt thng tin a ra, c th c nhiu cch tip nhn khc nhau, i vi ngi ny l
mt li ng vin, i ngi khc, li l mt p lc. iu hon ton c th hiu, c th
thng cm c v ti mt ln na khng nh vi cc em rng: hy t tin vo nhng g mnh
c, 90 pht vt qua mt thi trc nghim nh vy khng phi l iu khng th.
Cn i vi nhng ai cho rng ti ang ph din, ti ang th hin. Xin hi, cc bn
c c bao nhiu bi ging ca ti trn mng, d c bao nhiu bui hc Online m ti
ng lp. Tht th m ni, nu khoe khoang, th hin, ti cn khng t th c th ph din
ch khng phi vi 2 ci p n c. Hn na, ti cng khng rnh ri khoe khoang nhng
th v ngha i vi ti, ti cn nhiu cng vic ngha vi bn thn mnh hn lm. Nu
vic cm ci gii thi, vit bi ging n tn sng sm cc em c thm hc liu l khoe
khoang, th hin th c l ti nn ng ca Blog v delete cc bi vit trn cc 4rum l hn.
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I. t vn :
1. K nng l g?
Hiu theo ngha n gin, k nng l bit cch lm.
Khi nim K nng rt rng v bao hm nhiu kha cnh, trong thc t chng ta vn thng nghe n
k nng hc, k nng sng, k nng mm, k nng lm vic theo nhm,
C rt nhiu nh ngha v k nng, tuy nhin chng ta c th tng hp c nh ngha n gin v
k nng nh sau: K nng (Skill) l kh nng hon thnh mt cng vic mt cch thnh tho, d dng,
kho lo kh nng ny c th hc c, hoc pht trin c thng qua o to hoc t tri nghim.
2. Ti sao phi hc v rn luyn k nng?
Ngi bnh thng ai cng bit ni, nhng nhng ngi ni gii khng nhiu; ai cng bit c nhng
khng phi ai cng c nhanh, nm ht nhng iu quan trng... S qua vi v d nh vy ta c th thy lm
mt cng vic v lm c mt cng vic l hai chuyn hon ton khc nhau.
No ta lm vic da trn 98% l thi quen (Routine). Rn luyn k nng lm vic tc l rn luyn cho
no thi quen lm vic tt. Khi ta hc cch lm mt cng vic d nh hay ln cng u l ta ang dy
cho no chng ta bit cch t duy, x l vn . Quan trng hn, l dy cho no thi quen lm vic g
cng yu cu hiu qu. Thay v cm u vo lm vic th ta tp lm n mt cch nhanh nht, thu c kt
qu cao nht. Mt ngi khi lun tm cch lm vic hiu qu nht s lun thu c kt qu tt nht, chnh
l thi quen/k nng lm vic chuyn nghip.
3. Phn loi k nng
C 3 nhm k nng chnh:
Bit cch t duy
Bit cch din t
Bit cch thao tc
C 3 nhm k nng ny u cn phi c quan tm rn luyn ng mc trong qu trnh hc. Trong
kha hc ny, vi mc tiu hng ti l k thi trc nghim nn cc k nng v t duy v tnh ton (thuc
nhm k nng thao tc) s c ti tp trung pht trin cho cc em (nu thi t lun s phi pht trin c k
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nng din t). V trong khun kh bi hc u tin, ti s trnh by mt s k nng tnh nhanh, cng l
nhng yu cu u tin dnh cho cc em c th tham gia kha hc mt cch c hiu qu.
II. Nhng im yu trong k nng tnh ca hc sinh
K nng tnh, trong c k nng tnh nhanh l mt ni dung quan trng c quan tm o to trong
bt c chng trnh gio dc no. cp tiu hc, cc em c hc cc quy tc tnh , t bng cu
chng, cho n cc du hiu chia ht, cch nhn nhm mt s vi 9, vi 11 hoc vi 5, .
Tuy nhin, qua thc t ging dy nhiu mn hc, trn nhiu i tng hc sinh vi cc mt bng
trnh khc nhau, ti u nhn thy c mt im chung, l k nng tnh ca cc em cn kh yu, m
nguyn nhn ch yu l do s th ng, li nhc trong suy ngh, dn n ph thuc qu nhiu vo cc cng
c h tr hc tp. Mt hc sinh s khng th hc v nh t mi tt nu mi ln gp t mi li m t in ra
xem, mt hc sinh khng th gii phng trnh lng gic tt nu cc gi tr c bit ca sin30o, cos120o
vn thng xuyn phi tnh bng my tnh, . tt c nhng biu hin phn nh mt s yu km v mt k
nng (ch khng phi yu v kin thc).
Trong mn Ha cng vy, ti gp rt nhiu hc sinh phi tnh s mol ca 2,24 lt kh ( ktc), hay
tnh s mol ca 3,6 gam H2O bng my tnh, . Nu tm khi lng ca NaNO3 bng cch bm
23 + 14 + 16 3 = 85 th mi mi cc em s khng th nh, v khng th bit lm th no tnh cho nhanh
gi tr . (y l cha k rt nhiu em cn cha thuc ni cc gi tr v v tr, khi lng mol nguyn t, .
trong bng tun hon)
III. Mt s kinh nghim v phng php rn luyn k nng tnh
K nng tnh nhanh nh ni trn, thuc nhm k nng thao tc do n i hi mt s thc
hnh, rn luyn thng xuyn t n hiu qu cao nht. Trong cc k thi trc nghim vi cc mn c i
hi tnh ton nh mn Ha th vic nng cao k nng tnh n mc tr thnh mt phn x c th gip gim
bt n 1/3 thi gian lm bi.
Trong Ha hc c rt nhiu k nng tnh cn phi rn luyn, nhng c 2 nhm gi tr d rn luyn
nht, thng xuyn gp nht v d t c hiu qu cao nht l: tnh khi lng mol (nguyn t, phn t,
ion, nhm chc, ...), v tnh s mol.
C nhiu phng php rn luyn k nng tnh nhanh, nhng vi kinh nghim ging dy ca c nhn
mnh, ti xin chia s mt s phng php rn luyn k nng tnh nh sau
..............<b mt>
4, i vi vic tnh s mol kh da vo th tch trong cc trng hp khng phi iu kin tiu chun,
ta da vo cng thc: nRT = PV , tuy nhin, vic p dng cng thc ny phi v cng linh hot th mi t
hiu qu cao nht, mt trong nhng sai lm ca cc em l ch bit thay s vo cng thc mt cch my mc.
Cng thc trn ch ra cho ta thy s mol kh t l thun vi p sut v t l nghch vi nhit (v
bi thng cho th tch v yu cu tnh s mol kh), v khi lng hoc % khi lng thng l s l, nhng
s mol th hu ht l s chn, nn a s cc bi tp khng cho iu kin tiu chun u ri vo nhng trng
hp c th tnh nhm c (xem thm phn bi tp v nh)
V d: Tnh s mol ca 8,96l kh (0,4 mol kh trong ktc, ci ny c th nhm ra ngay nh luyn tp
bc 3) trong cc iu kin:
-
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...........................
C = 1,2 273K
^^ nu m thay vo cng thc nRT = PV th chc l pht m, v d: 8,96l kh 54,6oC; 2,4 atm s c
s mol l:
n=
2,4 8,96
PV
=
= 0,8mol
RT 22,4
(273 + 54,6)
273
.....................
Ti xin nhc li:
Khng th gii nhanh bi ton Ha hc nu nh tng s liu, tng php tnh nh trong bi ton
khng c x l v tnh ton nhanh chng!
i loi l nh vy.
2. Nguyn nhn no dn n nhng yu km v K nng ca hc sinh
Trc ht, phi k n nhng thiu st, sai lm trong phng php Gio dc ca chng ta.
T by lu nay, chng ta nhi nht cho hc sinh mt khi lng kin thc khng l m b
qun i mt cng vic rt quan trng l rn luyn K nng cho hc sinh, ng thi cng git
cht lun kh nng sng to ca hc sinh. Chnh nhng yu km ny y nn gio dc ca
chng ta n ch khng c hiu qu, kin thc th khng nm c, khng vn dng c, Sinh
vin o to xong khng c k nng lm vic , ...
Ti kh ngc nhin khi c mt hc sinh chia s:
em ch bit quy tc nhn nhanh vi 11 thi , cn quy tc nhn 9 v nhn 5 th cha bao h c hc.
Em nh ko nhm thi ch c hc du hiu chia ht cho 2,3,5,9 thi . Hn na ko phi l tt c nhng g
c hc bn em c th nh c tt tn tt, cha ni g n ci cha c hc. L 1 thy gio em ngh thy hiu
rng hc sinh VN chng ta v ang hc qu ti qu nhiu
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n=
2,4 8,96
PV
=
= 0,8mol
RT 22,4
(273 + 54,6)
273
nu khng cn thn trong thao tc, th nhm ln cng l chuyn bnh thng. Cng d
nhin, Ha khc vi L ch l kt qu thng rt trn trnh, do m ta d pht hin ra li sai
do thao tc hn v cng v th m hc Ha, ta d thc hnh k nng tnh hn hc L.
Khi trao i v vn ny, nhiu gio vin tm s th tht l ti cng rt t khi tnh
nhm, ch l mnh i dy nhiu th quen mt, nh s thi. Ti mi c 22 tui i, thm nin
dy hc ca ti khng quen mt, nh s v ti chc l cc em hc sinh cng vy, nn
ti chn gii php tnh nhm. Khng th so snh vi nhng thin ti trn v vic tnh, nhng
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17,92 lt l 0,8 mol kh ktc, c g l kh nhm ??? (17,92 : 22,4 l php tnh qu n
gin nhm: 17:2 = 8 c d, 4*8 = 32 c ui l 2; cng d hn nu ai nh
8,96 lt l 0,4 mol)
12,6 gam H2O l 0,7 mol, c g l kh nhm ??? (12,6 = 9 + 3,6 vi 9 l 0,5 mol v 3,6
l 0,2 mol)
..................
i loi l nh vy
%m Fe2 ( SO4 )3 =
%mFe2 ( SO4 )3 =
hoc n gin hn na l:
%m Fe2 ( SO4 )3 =
80 100%
400 0,2 100%
hoc %m Fe2 ( SO4 )3 =
80 + 160 0,25
400 0,2 + 160 0,25
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Xin hi, trong s cc con s y: 0,1 hay 0,6 hay 0,55 c con s no l kh nhm ???
Ngay c php tnh: m = 0,55*108 cng chng c g l kh nhm nu bit kt hp 2 quy tc
nhn nhm vi 5 v vi 11: 108*0,5 = 108:2 = 54, 108*0,55 = 54 + 5,4 = 59,4
Ch 5-8s l c tt c nhng con s ny.
Ni tht, ti ghi 15-20s l rt chn thc, bao gm c thi gian c v phn tch.
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C g l kh nhm ???
Ti ngh rng, vi nhng bi tp th ny, hu ht cc em s vit phng trnh phn ng th
mi c t l Na:Al = 1:1. Nhng nu c ton b p n, cc em s thy ti hu nh khng h
vit phng trnh phn ng m tm cch khai thc trit thng tin t n khng tha, khng
thiu. (y cng l mt k nng). Ta ch cn hnh dung v phn ng, bit rng Na v Al ch
i vo hp cht NaAlO2 th CTPT ca NaAlO2 cng t cho ta bit ci t l 1:1 ri.
Khi c Na 0,1mol v Al 0,1 mol v tng s e m 2 kim loi ny cho l 0,8 mol. Ti
tin rng cc em s li vit thm phng trnh phn ng ca Na vi H2O ri gii h, trong khi
chng kh khn g tnh nhm. Na cho 1 e l 1 phn, Al cho 3 e l 3 phn, vi tng l 0,8
mol mi phn l 0,2 mol. Xin hi c g l kh nhm ??? (nu cn thit, mi cc bn v cc
em gi li SGK ton lp 4, phn Bi ton bit tng v t s)
...........................
y, ti ch xin trch li mt s cu trong p n nm 2008 nh vy, nu c bn hay em
no thc mc v cc cu hi khc trong p n ny, hoc p n nm 2007, ti sn sng gii
p.
4. Cn rt c bi hc g sau bi vit ny?
a, i vi cc bn gio vin
Ti hy vng bi vit ny s l mt gi m, va chng ta phi xem xt v nh gi li
vai tr ca vic rn luyn k nng cho hc sinh trong trng ph thng (ch rng khi nim
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Mt cng thc khc m ti tng gii thiu trong bi vit Phng php phn tch h s (v
c rt nhiu ngi khc chm li) l cng thc tnh hiu sut ca phn ng crackinh ankan da vo
KLPT trung bnh ca hn hp kh trc v sau phn ng:
H% = t - 1 100%
Ms
B. 60%
C. 20%
D. 80
B. 38,82%
C. 17,76%
D. 16,325%
B. Isobutan
C. Pentan
D. A v B
Nhng trong thi H-C khi A nm 2008, cng thc ny khng cn ng na!
Khi cracking hon ton mt th tch ankan X thu c 3 th tch hn hp Y (cc th tch kh o
cng iu kin nhit v p sut); t khi ca Y so vi H2 bng 12. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C6H14
B. C3H8
C. C4H10
D. C5H12
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dng tnh nhanh cc bi ton lin quan n phn ng oxh hon ton hn hp gm Fe v cc oxit
ca n. n nay, cng thc ny tr nn ht sc ph bin, cc gio vin v hc sinh hon ton khng
cn l lm g vi n. Cng thc ny cng vi phng php quy i nguyn t c xem l 2 phng
php gii nhanh nht cho cc bi ton loi ny. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng phi lc no cng ng!
Trong cc bi ton di y, dng cng thc tnh nhanh hoc quy i nguyn t c th l cch
lm nhanh nht:
1, Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ha tan ht hn hp X trong
dung dch HNO3 (d), thot ra 0,56 lt ( ktc) NO l sn phm kh duy nht. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 2,52
B. 2,22
C. 2,62
D. 2,32
B. 34,36
C. 35,50
D. 38,72
B. 4,28 gam
C. 4,64 gam
D. 4,80 gam
4, Ha tan hon ton 49,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 bng dung dch H2SO4 c,
nng thu c dung dch Y v 8,96 lt kh SO2 (ktc). Khi lng mui thu c khi c cn dung dch Y
l:
A. 160 gam
B. 140 gam
C. 120 gam
D. 100 gam
5, Cho 11,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 vo dung dch HNO3 long, d c V lt kh Y
(ktc) gm NO v NO2 c t khi hi so vi H2 l 19. Mt khc, nu cho cng lng kh hn hp X trn
tc dng vi kh CO d th sau phn ng hon ton c 9,52 gam Fe. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 2,8 lt
B. 5,6 lt
C. 1,4 lt
D. 1,344 lt
Nhng trong bi ton di y, c phng php quy i nguyn t v cng thc tnh nhanh
trn u ch ng xch dp v tc nu so vi mt cng thc khc:
Ha tan hon ton 34,8 gam mt oxit st dng FexOy trong dung dch H2SO4 c, nng. Sau phn
ng thu c 1,68 lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, o ktc). Xc nh cng thc ca oxit cho?
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1, 68
x = 0,45 mol
y = 0,6 mol
x
3
=
y
4
n Fe
3
=
nO
4
n Fe = 0,45 mol
nO =
34 ,8 - 25,2
= 0,6 mol
16
Fe3O4
M oxit =
34,8
= 232
0,15
Fe3O 4
Ha tan ht m gam ZnSO4 vo nc c dung dch X. Cho 110 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo X, thu
c a gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu cho 140 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo X th cng thu c a gam kt
ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 20,125
B. 12,375
C. 22,540
D. 17,710
y, lng KOH trong 2 trng hp l khc nhau nhng lng kt ta li bng nhau Zn2+
bo ton th trng hp 1, sn phm sinh ra gm Zn(OH)2 v Zn2+ d, cn trng hp th 2, sn
phm sinh ra gm Zn(OH)2 v ZnO2-2 .
c 2 trng hp, ta u c phn ng to thnh kt ta: Zn 2+ + 2OH - Zn(OH)2 (1)
vi n Zn2+ =
1
0,11 2
n OH- =
= 0,11 mol
2
2
1
(0,14 - 0,11) 2
n OH- (2) =
= 0,015 mol
4
4
n OH- (TH1) + n OH- (TH2) = 4n Zn2+ = (0,11 + 0,14) 2 = 0,5 mol n Zn2+ = 0,125 mol = n ZnSO4
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Do , m = 20,125 gam
*
Cng thc trn hon ton c th xy dng c mt cch n gin t ptp (1) v (2)!
Nu ch nhn vo 2 cch lm trn, nhiu ngi s cho rng cch s dng cng thc tnh nhanh
trn l nhanh hn hn so vi cch 1, tuy nhin, vic nh chnh xc c mt cng thc nh vy khi i
thi khng h n gin. Hn na, trong bi tp ny, ta cn mt cch lm khc hon ton khng cn
dng n cng thc m c phn cn n gin v nhanh hn cch s dng cng thc rt nhiu:
Cch 3: Phng php bin lun bt phng trnh
nX
M
16
8
= Y =
=
nY
MX
12
6
8 12 - 6 2
= 42
2
C3H6
Nh vy l r rng, vic s dng cng thc tnh nhanh khi gii ton Ha hc cha chc l gii
php nhanh nht v ti u nht. Mi cng thc u c kh nng ng dng c gii hn, ph thuc vo
vic ta c nhng d kin g v ta cn d kin g.
3, Rt nhiu cng thc gii ton c ngun gc chung vi nhau v ta khng nn tn thi gian
vo vic hc tng cng thc ring l m hy hc v nm cho vng ci ngun gc chung y:
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Nh vy, ch bng mt vi v d in hnh, ta c th thy rng vic s dng cng thc tnh nhanh
trong gii ton Ha hc tim n rt nhiu ri ro. Vic p dng cc cng thc tnh nhanh vo gii ton i
khi cng l cn thit v hiu qu nhng lm c nh vy nht thit phi nm vng cc iu kin cn
v nghim ng cng thc , ng thi, chng ta cng nn sng lc, la chn trong qu trnh hc,
ch nn nh nhng cng thc gc v nhng phng php gc c tnh ng dng cao, ph bin v d
c kh nng ri vo thi H nht thay v hc v s cc cng thc h qu ca chng, va tn thi gian
va d nhm ln v khng hiu qu!
Khng phi bi ton no trong thi cng c cng thc tnh nhanh!
Khng phi khi i thi, bi ton no ta cng ngh ra c cch lm nhanh nht!
Khi i thi, phng php nhanh nht cho 1 bi ton chnh l phng php m ta ngh ra c ngay
lc v gii nhanh nht thi H, iu c bn v quan trng nht l tng php tnh nh, tng bin
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c tip cn vi cc phng php t duy gii ton mi nht, nhanh nht v hiu qu nht
Lm ch hon ton cc phng php gii ton quan trng vi nhng du hiu nhn bit v
cch phn loi ht sc r rng.
+
Lm quen vi cc dng bi tp v cc phng php gii ton hon ton mi v c: gii ton
vi ng lng phn ng, phng php bin lun gii hn nghim, xp x ha cc i lng cc
nh, ng cho trong cc bi ton pH, ng cho cho cc dung dch c phn ng vi nhau, quy i
phn ng Ha hc, phng php Chn ngu nhin, cc cng thc gc trong gii ton, . c bit
l phng php m v Tnh nhanh s ng phn cc hp cht hu c.
+
Phng php t duy linh hot v gii quyt hiu qu cc yu cu ph bin trong thi nh: xc
nh CTPT, bin lun CTCT, bi tp tnh hiu sut, chui phn ng, cc bi tp so snh, nhn bit,
tch,
+
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NH GI Y HN NGHA CA
PHNG PHP GHP N S
I. t vn
Phng php ghp n s l mt phn trong s nhng phng php i s thng c
s dng gii cc bi ton ph thng. Ci tn ghp n s t lu tr nn quen thuc i
vi cc em hc sinh. Tuy nhin, qua theo di mt s din n trong thi gian qua, ti nhn thy
nhiu em hc sinh cn cha hiu r v phng php ny, dn n nhm ln phng php ghp
n s vi nhiu phng php hoc bin i i s khc.
Bi ging v phng php ghp n s tng c ti cp n vi tiu Phng
php ghp n s - nhng bin i i s. Tuy nhin, do phi gi gn mt s tm ti khm ph
ring ng thi trnh chuyn mt s tc gi c th lm dng cc thng tin trong bi vit ca ti
nh tng xy ra vi bi ging v phng php ng cho vi anh L Phm Thnh nn
bi vit trc y mi ch mang tnh cht gii thiu v mt phng php gip cc em phn
bit vi cc phng php khc.
cc em hc sinh c thm mt ti liu hay v quan trng trc k thi H sp ti cng
nh gip cho cc bn gio vin c thm mt ti liu hay phc v vic ging dy, ti vit li
bi ging ny vi nhng so snh, phn tch su sc hn nhng u nhc im ca phng
php ny. Qua bi ging, cc bn s thy nu bit t duy ng hng, bit phn tch v x l
ng cch, th phng php ghp n s khng h qu tru b nh chng ta vn tng v
hon ton c th p dng mt cch c hiu qu trong thi trc nghim. ng thi, bi vit cng
ch ra nhng ngha c bit ca phng php ghp n s trong vic gi nhng phng
php gii nhanh khc hiu qu hn. y l mt pht hin rt c o ca c nhn ti v rt c
ngha v mt l lun dy hc, cc thy c gio c th vn dng iu ny vo vic pht trin t
duy v phng php cho cc em hc sinh.
hiu r hn cc phng php gii ton v mi quan h gia chng, xin mi xem cc
ni dung hc ca lp hc "K nng, kinh nghim v phng php gii nhanh bi thi Trc
nghim Ha hc" trong blog ca ti.
II. Cc v d v phn tch
V d 1: t chy hon ton a gam hn hp hai ru no, n chc ri dn ton b sn
phm qua bnh 1 ng H2SO4 v bnh 2 ng Ca(OH)2 d thy bnh 1 tng 1,98g v bnh 2 c
8g kt ta. Tnh a?
Hng dn gii:
t cng thc phn t ca 2 ru l CnH2n+2O v CmH2m+2O v s mol tng ng l x, y.
1, Phn tch bi ton
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(1)
(2)
a = (14n+18)x + (14m+18)y
A ( nx + my ) + B ( n + 1) x + ( m + 1) y = (14n + 18 ) x + (14m + 18 ) y
ng nht h s ca nx, my, x v y, ta c h phng trnh:
nx, my : A + B = 14
x, y : B = 18
A = 4
B = 18
Nh vy, kt qu cn tm l:
a = 18 ( 2 ) 4 (1) = 1,66 g
Cch 2: Bin i i s
Ly (2) tr (1) ta c: x + y = 0, 03
Do : a = (14n+18)x + (14m+18)y = 14(nx+my) + 18(x+y) = 1,66 g
3, Phn tch ngha nhng bin i
Mi mt kt qu bin i t phng php ghp n s u cho ta nhng kt qu quan
trng trong gii ton. C th, cc kt qu bin i trn cho thy:
Cng trong cch bin i th hai (vi vic ly (2) (1)), ta c mt kt qu quan
trng m ti tng tng kt rt tng qut trong bi ging v phng php Phn tch h s v
ng dng trong gii nhanh bi ton Ha hc, bi ton ny l mt trng hp ring vi kt qu
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( x + y)
( nx + my )
a = 18 0,11 4 0, 08 = 1, 66 g
Cch 4: dng cng thc thu c t nhn xt 2
Ta c: x = nH 2O nCO2 = 0,11 0, 08 = 0, 03mol
Vi x l s mol ru ban u.
a = 14 0, 08 + 18 0, 03 = 1, 66 g
nCO2
nhh
0,11 11
=
0, 03 3
Hng dn gii:
Trc ht, xin c gii thiu li mt cch lm c trnh by trong chuyn
Phng php ghp n s thuc chng trnh n thi i hc Cao ng mn Ha hc ca i
truyn
hnh
Thnh
ph
HCM
nm
2004
(http://www.htv.com.vn/data/news/2004/6/19809/trang_1.htm):
Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong bi:
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1
CH 3OH + Na CH 3ONa + H 2
2
1
C2 H 5OH + Na C2 H 5ONa + H 2
2
1
C3 H 7OH + Na C3 H 7ONa + H 2
2
1
H 2O + Na NaOH + H 2
2
3
CH 3OH + O2 CO2 + 2 H 2O
2
C2 H 5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H 2O
9
C3 H 7OH + O2 3CO2 + 4 H 2O
2
Gi s mol ca cc cht trong hn hp ln lt l x, y, z v t.
T s mol H2 thot ra, ta c:
x + y + z + t = 1, 4
(1)
2 x + 3 y + 4 z + t = 2, 6
(2)
b = x + 2 y + 3 z = 1, 2
(3)
S mol CO2:
Kh t phng trnh (1) v (2), ta c:
(2 x + 3 y + 4 z + t ) ( x + y + z + t ) = x + 2 y + 3 z
b = 2, 6 1, 4 = 1, 2 mol
Khi lng ca X l:
a = 32 x + 46 y + 60 z + 18t
(4)
a 18 1, 4 = 14b a = 42 g
Nhn xt: Cch bin i thc hin trn hon ton mang tnh cht m mm,
rt kh c th tm thy mt c s tin hnh cc bin i trn v cng rt kh tm ra im
chung trong phng php ghp n s gia bi ton ny vi cc bi ton khc.
1, Phn tch bi ton
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x + y + z + t = 1, 4
(1)
2 x + 3 y + 4 z + t = 2, 6
(2)
b = x + 2 y + 3z
(3)
a = 32 x + 46 y + 60 z + 18t
(4)
A ( x + y + z + t ) + B ( 2 x + 3 y + 4 z + t ) = x + 2 y + 3z = b
C ( x + y + z + t ) + D ( 2 x + 3 y + 4 z + t ) = 32 x + 46 y + 60 z + 18t = a
ng nht h s v gii h phng trnh, ta d dng c:
A = -1, B = 1, C = 4, D = 14
T c kt qu:
b = ( 2 ) (1) = 1, 2mol
(5)
a = 4 (1) + 14 ( 2 ) = 42 g
Cch 2: ng nht h s
Lm nh cch 1 trn, ta thu c gi tr ca A v B, sau , tm a, ta ng nht h
s ca (1) v (5) hoc (2) v (5) thay v ng nht h s ca (1) v (2) nh trn. Kt qu thu
c hon ton ph hp vi 2 nhn xt 1 v 2 v d 1.
Cch 3: Bin i i s kt hp ng nht h s
S dng kt qu t nhn xt 3 v d 1, ta c b = ( 2 ) (1) = 1, 2mol tc l c kt qu
(5), sau thc hin ng nht h s (1) v (2) hoc (1) v (5) hoc (2) v (5).
Cch 4: Bin i i s
Tng ng vi mi cch ng nht h s trn, li c mt cch bin i i s tng
ng. y, ti ch v d trng hp bin i i s vi 2 biu thc (1) v (5).
b = x + 2 y + 3 z = ( 2 x + 3 y + 4 z + t ) ( x + y + z + t ) = 1, 2
a = 32 x + 46 y + 60 z + 18t = 18 ( x + y + z + t ) + 14 ( x + 2 y + 3 z ) = 42
Kt qu ny l tng ng vi nhn xt 2 ca v d 1.
3, Phn tch ngha nhng bin i
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1
H2
2
Do , n X = 2 nH 2 = 1, 4 mol
Cc cht trong hn hp X c dng CnH2n+2O nn: n X = nH 2O nCO2 b = 1, 2 mol
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
nO2 =
2, 6 + 1, 2 2 1, 4
= 1,8mol
2
Hng dn gii:
Trc ht, xin c gii thiu li mt s cch lm c PGS. Nguyn Xun Trng
trnh by trong bi vit 8 cch gii cho mt bi ton Ha hc ng trn tp ch Ha hc v
ng dng s ra thng /2006.
Cch 1:
Dng phng php i s, l phng php hc sinh hay s dng nht v ch yu h ch
c dy phng php ny.
Vit PTP, t h s v lp h phng trnh i s:
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2 Fe + O2 2 FeO
3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4
4 Fe + 3O2 2 Fe2O3
x + y + 3z + 2t =
y + 4z + 3t =
x+
hay:
3x + y + z = 0,3
m
56
(1)
(2)
12 m
16
(3)
y z 2, 24
+ =
= 0,1
3 3 22, 4
(4)
hay
m
v gi , l cc h s sao cho:
56
( x + y + 3 z + 2t ) + (3 x + y + z ) = 12
(*)
( + 3 ) x + ( + ) y + (3 + ) z + 2 t = 12
(1)
+ 3 = 56
+ = 72
Thay vo (*), ta c:
=80
=8
a + .0,3 = 12
a = 0,18, m = 56.0,18 = 10, 08 g
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(5)
Nhn (4) vi 3 c:
3x + y + z = 0,3
(6)
(7)
x + y + 3z + 2t = 0,18
Vy m = 56.0,18 = 10,08g
Hoc i tm gi tr ca phng trnh (3) nh sau:
Nhn (1) vi 3/8 c:
(8)
Nhn (4) vi 21 c:
21x + 7y + 7z = 2,1
(9)
Ly (8) (9) c:
(10)
y + 4z + 3t = 0,12
m = 12 1,92 = 10,08g
Cch 2:
Phng php tch, ghp cng thc kt hp vi phng php i s.
Do Fe3O4 c coi l hn hp FeO v Fe2O3 c t l mol 1:1 nn thay Fe3O4 bng
FeO.Fe2O3 ta c c hp gm 3 cht l Fe, FeO, Fe2O3.
t x, y, z l s mol ca Fe, FeO v Fe2O3, ta c h phng trnh:
56 x + 72 y + 160 z = 12
m
56
(2)
12 m
16
(3)
x + y + 2z =
y + 3z =
x+
(1)
1
y = 0,1
3
(4)
24x + 8y = 2,4
(5)
(6)
x + y + 2z = 0,18
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(7)
Nhn (4) vi 21 c:
21x + 7y = 2,1
(8)
Ly (7) (8) c:
(9)
y + 3z = 0,12
(10)
0,12.16 = 1,92g
Khi lng Fe l:
m = 12 1,92 = 10,08g
(1)
(2)
m = 56(x + y + 3z + 2t )
(3)
(4)
nO = y + 4z + 3t
(5)
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ne cho = 3 x + y + z = 3 ( x + y + 3 z ) 2 ( y + 4 z + 3t ) = 0,3
Coi 2 biu thc (4) v (5) l 2 n ca mt h 2 phng trnh, gii h ta c :
x + y + 3 z + 2t = 0,18
y + 4 z + 3t = 0,12
T , c kt qu m = 56 ( x + y + 3z + 2t ) = 10, 08 g
( tm ra cc h s 56, 16, 2, 3 trong h phng trnh trn, cng c th dng phng
php ng nht h s)
3, Phn tch ngha nhng bin i
m Fe =
(7m + 56necho )
10
(6)
trnh:
mhh = 56 ( x + y + 3 z + 2t ) + 16 ( y + 4 z + 3t ) = 12
ne cho = 3 ( x + y + 3 z ) 2 ( y + 4 z + 3t ) = 0,3
Phn tch 2 phng trnh ny, ta thy: 56 v 16 l KLNT tng ng ca Fe v O,
( x + y + 3z + 2t )
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mhh = 56 x + 16 y = 12 g
ne cho = 3 x 2 y = 0,3mol
x = 0,18mol
y = 0,12mol
(1)
n e = 3 x + 9 y + 15 y = 0 , 48 mol
(2)
m = 80(x + y + z ) + 233( y + 2 z )
(3)
ne = 3x + 9 y + 15 y = 3( x + y + z ) + 6( y + 2 z ) = 0,48mol
(Cc h s bin i ny cng c th thu c bng cch ng nht h s)
Coi 2 hng t trn l 2 n ca mt h 2 phng trnh, gii h ta c :
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x + y + z = 0,03
y + 2 z = 0,065
Thay vo biu thc (3) ta d dng c: m = 17,545 g
3, Phn tch ngha nhng bin i
Vi cch bin i nh trn, h phng trnh ta thu c chnh l mt li gi cho vic
s dng phng php quy i.
H s 56 v 32 chnh l KLNT ca Fe v S, 3 v 6 chnh l s mol e tng ng m 1 mol
nguyn t Fe v S cho tr thnh trng thi oxh Fe+3 v S+6.
4, Gii li bi ton bng cch khc
Quy i: Coi 3,76 gam hn hp Fe, FeS v FeS2 cho l hn hp 3,76 gam ca Fe v
O vi s mol tng ng l x v y.
T gi thit, ta c h phng trnh :
y = 0,065mol
ne = 3x + 6 y = 0,48mol
Do , khi lng cht rn thu c s l :
m = 160
0,03
+ 233 0,065 = 17,545 g
2
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5, Vi cc phn tch trn, c th thy ghp n s l mt trong nhng cch, nhng con
ng a ta ti vic sng to ra nhng cng thc tnh, nhng phng php gii thay th nhanh
v mnh hn. iu ny rt c ngha trong l lun dy v hc Ha hc, ngi gio vin c th
tm ti, pht trin cc phng php gii mi, da trn c s ca phng php ghp n s,
ng thi cng c th nh hng cho hc sinh ca mnh, cc em c c s ch ng trong
t duy sng to.
^^ chng ta hin c rt nhiu ti liu, rt nhiu bi ging v phng php Ha hc,
nhng c l t c ai, t c bi ging no t n s logic, tinh t v sng to trong vic ch ra mt
phng php t duy ng v hiu qu. Chng ta mi ch bit gp bi th lm nh th m
cha bit ti sao li lm nh th. Nu ch hc v bit nhiu phng php, th ta mi ch l mt
ngi th gii ton, iu quan trng l phi tm ra phng php t duy hiu qu v mt gic
quan nhy bn vi bi ton thc s tr thnh bc thy v gii ton. Hy vng qua bi ging
nh gi y hn ngha ca phng php ghp n s ny, cng vi bi ging Phng
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