Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination

Overvoltage Protection
and
Insulation Coordination
in Power Systems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Volker Hinrichsen

Dipl.-Ing. Simona Feier-Iova
Technische Universitt Darmstadt
High Voltage Laboratories
Siemens
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1
-1-
What is Insulation Coordination?

Definition
Definition in
in IEC
IEC 60071-1
60071-1
Definition
Definition in
in IEEE
IEEE 1313.1
1313.1
Fachgebiet
-2-
Fundamentals of Insulation Coordination

5
Magnitude of (over-)voltage / p.u.
Possible voltages without arresters

4
Withstand voltage of equipment

3
Voltages limited by arresters

0
Lightning overvoltages
(Microseconds)
Switching overvoltages
(Milliseconds)
Temporary overvoltages Highest voltage of equipment

(Seconds)
(Continuously)
Time duration of (over-)voltage
Fachgebiet
-3-
What is Insulation Coordination?

Procedure of insulation coordination [THI-01]
Three
Three elements
elements are
are involved
involved in
in the
the insulation
insulation coordination
coordination discipline,
discipline, namely:
namely:
the
the study
study of
of the
the "stresses",
"stresses", both
both electrical
electrical and
and environmental,
environmental, acting
acting on
on the
the equipment
equipment
insulation.
insulation. This
This is
is usually
usually performed
performed by
by calculations
calculations or
or field
field measurements;
measurements;
the
the study
study of
of the
the "strength"
"strength" (dielectric
(dielectric withstand
withstand characteristics)
characteristics) of
of the
the insulation
insulation (both
(both
new
new and
and aged)
aged) when
when submitted
submitted to
to such
such stresses,
stresses, taking
taking into
into account,
account, when
when applicable,
applicable,
the
the effect
effect of
of the
the environmental
environmental stresses
stresses (pollution,
(pollution, rain,
rain, snow,
snow, ice,
ice, atmospheric
atmospheric
conditions
conditions at
at large
large altidudes),
altidudes), including
including the
the study
study of
of the
the "test
"test and
and measurement
measurement
techniques"
techniques" which
which are
are employed
employed to
to assess
assess such
such strength.
strength. The
The strength
strength is
is determined
determined
by
by calculations,
calculations, based
based on
on suitable
suitable discharge
discharge models,
models, and/or
and/or by
by laboratory/factory
laboratory/factory tests,
tests,
on-site
on-site tests
tests and
and in-service
in-service measurements
measurements (diagnostics);
(diagnostics);
the
the assessment
assessment of
of the
the insulation
insulation performance
performance (usually
(usually expressed
expressed in
in terms
terms of
of risk
risk of
of
failure)
failure) in
in the
the considered
considered situation
situation of
of stresses
stresses and
and strength,
strength, including
including the
the selection
selection and
and
application
application of
of "protective
"protective devices
devices and
and techniques",
techniques", to
to establish
establish the
the final
final insulation
insulation
design
design fulfilling
fulfilling the
the specified
specified requirements.
requirements. This
This may
may be
be based
based on
on "deterministic"
"deterministic" or
or
"statistical"
"statistical" approach.
approach.
Fachgebiet
-4-
Literature (1)
[BAL-04-1]
G. Balzer
Power Systems, Part 2
Chapter 4: Insulation coordination
Script TU Darmstadt, 2004
[BAL-04-2]
G. Balzer
Elektrische Energieversorgung, Teil 2
Kapitel 4: Isolationskoordination
Skript der TU Darmstadt, 2004
[CIG-73]
CIGRE W.G. 13-02

Switching overvoltages in EHV and UHV systems with special reference
to closing and reclosing transmission lines
ELECTRA 30 (1973) pp. 70-122
[CIG-79-1]
CIGRE WG 33.02
Phase-to-phase Insulation Co-ordination:
Part 1: Switching overvoltages in three-phase systems
ELECTRA 64 (1979) pp. 138-158
[CIG-79-2]
CIGRE WG 33.03
Phase-to-phase Insulation Co-ordination
Part 2: Switching impulse strength of phase-to-phase external insulation
ELECTRA 64 1979, pp. 158-181
Fachgebiet
-5-
Literature (2)
[CIG-79-3]
CIGRE WG 33.06
Part 3: Design and testing of phase-to-phase insulation
ELECTRA 64 1979, pp. 182-210
[CIG-79-4]
CIGRE TF 33-03.03
Part 4: The influence of non-standard conditions on the switching impulse strength
of phase-to-phase insulation
ELECTRA 64 1979, pp. 211-230
[CIG-91]
CIGRE WG 33.01
Guide to procedures for estimating the lightning performance of
transmission lines, CIGRE technical brochure No. 63, 1991
buch_020.pdf
[CIG-92]
CIGRE WG 33-07
Guidelines for the evaluation of the dielectric strength of external
insulation, CIGRE technical brochure No. 72, 1992
buch_019.pdf
[DOR-81]
H. Dorsch
berspannungen und Isolationsbemessung bei Drehstrom-Hochspannungsanlagen
Siemens AG, Erlangen, 1981 (ISBN 3-8009-1325-9)
Fachgebiet
-6-
Literature (3)
[ERI-88]
A.J. Eriksson, K.-H. Weck

Simplified procedures for determining representative substation impinging lightning
overvoltages, CIGRE report 33-16, 1988
[ETG-93]
ETG-Fachbericht 49
ETG-Tage '93: Isolationskoordination in Hoch- und Mittelspannungsanlagen
vde-Verlag GmbH Berlin, Offenbach (ISBN 0341-3934)
[FGH-78]
FGH Technischer Bericht 1-240

Isolationskoordination auf der Grundlage der neuen DIN/VDE-Bestimmung 0111
FGH, Mannheim, Juli 1978
[HIL-99]
A. R. Hileman
Insulation Coordination for Power Systems
Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, Basel, 1999
[HIN-00]
V. Hinrichsen
Metalloxidableiter: Grundlagen
Siemens AG Berlin, 1. Auflage 2000
AbleiterBuch.pdf
[HIN-01]
V. Hinrichsen
Metalloxidableiter: Grundlagen
Siemens AG Berlin, Edition 1, 2001
ArresterBook.pdf
Fachgebiet
-7-
Literature (4)
[HIN-03]
V. Hinrichsen
Latest Designs and Service Experience with Station-Class Polymer Housed Surge Arresters
World Conference on Insulators, Arresters & Bushings
Marbella (Mlaga), Spain, November 16-19, 2003, Proceedings pp. 85-96
pub_048.pdf
[KIN-05]
V. Hinrichsen
Latest Testing Requirements and Emerging Standards for Transmission Line Arresters
World Conference on Insulators, Arresters & Bushings
Hong Kong, November 27-30, 2005
inmr_2005_paper.pdf
[KIS-84]
I. Kishizima, K. Matsumoto, Y. Watanabe, New facilities for phase switching impulse

tests and some test results, IEEE PAS TO3 No. 6, June 1984 pp. 1211-1216.
[KOE-93-1]
D. Knig, Y. N. Rao
Teilentladungen in Betriebsmitteln der Energietechnik
vde-Verlag, Berlin, Offenburg, 1993, ISBN 3-8007-1764-6
[KOE-93-2]
D. Knig, Y. N. Rao
Partial discharges in Power Apparatus
vde-Verlag, Berlin, Offenburg, 1993, ISBN 3-8007-1760-3
Fachgebiet
-8-
Literature (5)
[PAR-68]
L. Paris, R. Cortina
Switching and lightning impulse discharge characteristics of large air gaps and long insulation
strings, IEEE Trans on PAS, vol 87, No. 4, April 1968, p. 947-957
[RUD-99-1]
R. Rudolph, B. Richter
Dimensioning, testing and application of metal oxide surge arresters in medium voltage networks
3rd Edition, 1999, ABB Switzerland, 26 pages (also available in German)
application_guide_medium_voltage_networks.pdf
[RUD-99-2]
R. Rudolph, B. Richter
Bemessung, Prfung und Einsatz von Metalloxid-Ableitern in Mittelspannungsnetzen
ABB Schweiz AG, Wettingen (CH), 3. Auflage 1999
Anwendungsrichtlinien_Mittelspannung.pdf
[THI-01]
L. Thione
Insulation coordination in electrical power systems theory and application
Tutorial, ALPI, Milan, 2001 (www.alpiass.com)
buch_018.pdf
Fachgebiet
-9-
Literature (6)
[WEC-07]
K.-H. Weck
Standardization of insulation withstand levels for UHV systems in
IEC TC 28 Insulation co-ordination
IEC/CIGRE UHV Symposium Beijing 18-21 July 2007, report 5-4
5-4_KHWeck.pdf
Overview on CIGRE publications (very interesting!): Cigr Catalogue of Publications 01/07/2005

CATALOGUE_PUBLICATIONS_2005.pdf
Fachgebiet
- 10 -
Standards (1)
IEC 60071-1, Edition 8.0 (2006-01)
Insulation co-ordination Part 1: Definitions, principles and rules
IEC 60071-2, Third Edition (1996-12)
Insulation co-ordination Part 2: Application guide
IEC/TR 60071-4, First Edition (2004-06)
Insulation co-ordination - Part 4: Computational guide to insulation co-ordination and modelling of

electrical networks
IEC 60099-4, Ed. 2.1, 2006-07
Surge arresters Part 4: Metal-oxide surge arresters without gaps for a.c. systems
IEC 60099-5, Ed. 1.1, 2000-03
Surge arresters Part 5: Selection and application recommendations
DIN EN 60071-1, 1996-07
Isolationskoordination - Teil 1: Begriffe, Grundstze und Anforderungen (IEC 60071-1:1993); Deutsche Fassung EN
60071-1:1995
DIN EN 60071-2, 1997-09
Isolationskoordination - Teil 2: Anwendungsrichtlinie (IEC 60071-2:1996); Deutsche Fassung EN 60071-2:1997
IEEE 1313.1-1996
IEEE Standard for Insulation CoordinationDefinitions, Principles, and Rules
Fachgebiet
- 11 -
Standards (2)
IEEE 1313.2-1999
IEEE Guide for the Application of Insulation Coordination
IEEE C62.11-2005
IEEE Standard for Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for AC Power Circuits (> 1 kV)
IEEE C62.22-1997
IEEE Guide for the Application of Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for Alternating-Current Systems
Fachgebiet
- 12 -
Organization
1
18.10.2007
Lecture 1
25.10.2007
Lecture 2
01.11.2007
Lecture 3
Voltage stresses
08.11.2007
cancelled
in power systems
15.11.2007
Lecture 4
22.11.2007
Lecture 5
Traveling waves
29.11.2007
Lecture 6
Overvoltage protection incl. protective distance
06.12.2007
Lecture 7
Dielectric strength (incl. gap factors,
13.12.2007
Lecture 8
pollution, rain, parallel insulation, aging)
20.12.2007
Lecture 9
Insulation coordination
27.12.2007
Christmas holidays
03.01.2008
Christmas holidays
10
10.01.2008
Lecture 10
11
17.01.2008
Lecture 11
Calculation Examples
12
24.01.2008
Lecture 12
13
31.01.2008
Lecture 13
Test procedures; condition monitoring (life time aspects, partial

discharges, non-conventional approaches)
Fachgebiet
Introduction
- 13 -
Organization
Examination
Examination
Exclusively oral
Exercises
Exercises
None; but calculation examples in the lecture
Script
Script
Slides will be available for download
www.hst.tu-darmstadt.de
User: studentiso
PW: isows0708
Fachgebiet
- 14 -
Equipment
System
Insulation Coordination - Principles
Fachgebiet
System voltages
Overvoltage
protection devices
stress
versus
strength
Environment
Dielectric
strength
- 15 -

Voltages of the system
Nominal voltage Un
rounded value for characterizing the system
10 kV - 20 kV - 110 kV - 220 kV - 380 kV
System voltage
voltage at which the system is being operated
around the nominal value, but not constant
Highest system voltage Us
highest operating voltage between phases under normal conditions
12 kV - 24 kV - 123 kV - 245 kV - 420 kV (IEC 60038)
Voltages of equipment
Highest voltage for equipment Um
highest voltage between phases for which the insulation is designed
12 kV - 24 kV - 123 kV - 245 kV - 420 kV (IEC 60071-1)
Fachgebiet
- 16 -

Overvoltages
voltages exceeding the peak value of the highest system voltage
various amplitudes and shapes depending on
system configuration (grid size, degree of meshing, etc.)
origin of overvoltage (failure, switching, lightning strike etc.)
Dielectric strength of insulation

verified by type test in the laboratory with the help of
standardized test voltages (shape, amplitude)
specified test setups
specified environmental conditions
Determination of interdependence between voltages and
overvoltages of the system and necessary test voltages for the
equipment in the laboratory
Fachgebiet
- 17 -

Equipment in
the system
Equipment in
the laboratory
Variety
Variety of
of amplitudes
amplitudes and
and
shapes
shapes of
of overvoltages
overvoltages
Standardized
Standardized amplitudes
amplitudes
and
and shapes
shapes of
of test
test voltages
voltages
Variety
Variety of
of operating
operating
conditions
conditions and
and age
age
Standardized
Standardized setups
setups
and
and conditions
conditions
Variety
Variety of
of
environmental
environmental conditions
conditions
Standardized
Standardized
environmental
environmental conditions
conditions
Fachgebiet
- 18 -

Insulation phase - ground
bb 1
stressed by voltages between one phase and ground
bb 2
Insulation phase - phase
3
1
stressed by voltages between two phases
Longitudinal insulation
busbar disconnectors
stressed by voltages between same phases of

two different systems
line
3
Fachgebiet
- 19 -
Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)
Fachgebiet
- 20 -
Fachgebiet
- 21 -
...39
...39 pages
pages in
in sum
sum
Procedure
Procedure for
for
insulation
insulation
coordination
coordination
== 10
10 pages!
pages!
Fachgebiet
- 22 -
Fachgebiet
- 23 -
Fachgebiet
- 24 -
Fachgebiet
- 25 -
Fachgebiet
- 26 -
Fachgebiet
- 27 -
...125
...125 pages
pages in
in sum
sum
Fachgebiet
- 28 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination - General

The procedure for insulation coordination consists of the selection of a set of
standard withstand voltages which characterize the insulation of the
equipment.
Range I
Fachgebiet
Range II
- 29 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination - General
withstand voltage
Basic difference between ranges I and II
Minimum
Minimum of
of withstand
withstand
voltage
voltage for
for switching
switching
overvoltage
overvoltage
Range
Range IIII
gap spacing 3 m
Range
Range II
Withstand
Withstand voltage
voltage
continuously
gap spacing 0.5 m continuously
decreasing
decreasing with
with time
time
duration
duration of
of stress
stress
[FGH-78]
peak
time duration of stress

Fachgebiet
- 30 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps

Determination of the representative overvoltages Urp
The representative overvoltages are derived from real service conditions, but have
just standardized shapes.
They are determined in amplitude, shape and duration by system analysis, taking
into account overvoltage limiting devices.
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
- 31 -

Determination of the coordination withstand voltages Ucw
The coordination withstand voltages are the lowest values of withstand voltages of
each overvoltage class, for which the expected low failure rate of the equipment is not
exceeded over its full lifetime.
Derived from the representative overvoltages Urp by the coordination factor Kc.
Typical for
Germany:
0.1% per year
1 failure in
1000 years
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
- 32 -

Deterministic
Deterministic approach
approach
Statistical
Statistical approach
approach
Assumed
Assumed maximum
maximum
of
of representative
representative overvoltage
overvoltage
Statistical
Statistical distribution
distribution of
of
representative
representative overvoltages
overvoltages
Determination
Determination of
of
failure
failure probability
probability of
of insulation
insulation
Multiplication
Multiplication by
by coordination
coordination
factor
factor based
based on
on
operating
operating experience
experience
Calculation
Calculation of
of failure
failure risk
risk
depending
depending on
on assumed
assumed
coordination
coordination withstand
withstand voltage
voltage
Coordination
Coordination withstand
withstand voltage
voltage
(0% value)
Statistical
(10% value)
Assumed
Statistical U
Ucw
Assumed conventional
conventional U
Ucw
cw (0% value)
cw (10% value)
Fachgebiet
- 33 -

Determination of the required withstand voltages Urw
The required withstand voltages are determined by converting the coordination withstand
voltages to appropriate standard test conditions.
Usually different from the coordination withstand voltages.
Derived from the coordination withstand voltages Ucw by the safety factor Ks and the
atmospheric correction factor Kt or the altitude correction factor Ka.
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
- 34 -

Influences covered by the safety factor Ks
Differences in equipment assembly

Dispersion in product quality
Quality of installation
Aging of the installation during expected lifetime
Other unknown influences
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
- 35 -

Determination of the required withstand voltages Urw
The required withstand voltages are determined by converting the coordination withstand
voltages to appropriate standard test conditions.
Usually different from the coordination withstand voltages.
Derived from the coordination withstand voltages Ucw by the safety factor Ks and/or the
altitude correction factor Ka.
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
- 36 -

Selection of the rated and of the standard insulation level
(set of standard rated withstand voltages Uw)
Most economical set of standard withstand voltages Uw of the insulation to prove that all
the required withstand voltages are met.
For each range (I or II) a combination of only two withstand voltages defined:
Range I:
standard lightning impulse withstand voltage
standard short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage
Range II:
standard switching impulse withstand voltage
standard lightning impulse withstand voltage
For range I, only phase-to-earth standard withstand voltages are defined, which have to
cover phase-to-earth, phase-to-phase and longitudinal insulation.
Fachgebiet
- 37 -

Definitions
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
- 38 -

Examples for
... non-self-restoring insulation
(power transformers,
instrument transformers*))
*) mixed insulation
Fachgebiet
... self-restoring
insulation
(disconnectors,
insulators)
- 39 -

List of standard short-duration power-frequency withstand voltages (r.m.s. values in kV)
10
20
28
38
50
70
95
140
185
230
275
325
360
395
460
480
510
570
630
List of standard impulse withstand voltages (peak values in kV)
20
40
60
75
95
125
145
170
250
325
450
550
650
750
850
950
1050 1175
1300 1425 1550 1675 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400

[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
- 40 -

Range I:
Um = 1 kV up to and including Um = 245 kV
The standard voltage values are
all the same for
phase-to-earth-,
phase-to-phase-,
longitudinal
insulation!
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
- 41 -

Range II:
Um above 245 kV
Different standard voltage values for
phase-to-earth-,
phase-to-phase-,
longitudinal
insulation!
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
- 42 -

Outcome of insulation coordination
For three types of insulation
phase to ground
phase to phase
longitudinal
and for 4 values each of required withstand voltages Urw
required continuous operating voltage
required short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage
required switching impulse withstand voltage
required lightning impulse withstand voltage
Standardization of tests for equipment

Reduction of these 12 values to a necessary minimum number of
withstand voltages Uw of the insulation
Determination of necessary withstand voltages from tables for two
ranges of highest voltage for equipment
Fachgebiet
- 43 -
twelve
voltages
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps - Summary

Flow chart acc. to IEC 60071-1
(Figure 1)
[IEC 60071-1]
continued next slide

Fachgebiet
- 44 -
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps - Summary

Flow chart acc. to IEC 60071-1
(Figure 1) (continued)
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
- 45 -

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination

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Overvoltage Protection

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Volker Hinrichsen

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

What is Insulation Coordination?

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Fundamentals of Insulation Coordination

Magnitude of (over-)voltage / p.u.

Possible voltages without arresters

Withstand voltage of equipment

Voltages limited by arresters

Temporary overvoltages Highest voltage of equipment

Time duration of (over-)voltage

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

What is Insulation Coordination?

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

CIGRE W.G. 13-02

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

A.J. Eriksson, K.-H. Weck

FGH Technischer Bericht 1-240

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

I. Kishizima, K. Matsumoto, Y. Watanabe, New facilities for phase switching impulse

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Overview on CIGRE publications (very interesting!): Cigr Catalogue of Publications 01/07/2005

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Insulation co-ordination - Part 4: Computational guide to insulation co-ordination and modelling of

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Overvoltage protection incl. protective distance

Dielectric strength (incl. gap factors,

pollution, rain, parallel insulation, aging)

Test procedures; condition monitoring (life time aspects, partial

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Insulation Coordination - Principles

Insulation Coordination - Principles

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Insulation Coordination - Principles

Dielectric strength of insulation

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Insulation Coordination - Principles

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Insulation Coordination - Principles

stressed by voltages between one phase and ground

Insulation phase - phase

stressed by voltages between two phases

stressed by voltages between same phases of

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1

Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)