ECOBA Environmental Requirements PDF

Regulations regarding
Coal Ash Utilisation in Europe
Hans-Joachim Feuerborn
European
Coal Combustion
Products Association
NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005
Content
1. Introduction
2. Regulations for use of coal ash in
- cement production
- concrete
- road construction
3. Environmental regulations
4. Concluding remarks
Introduction
Production of CCPs in Europe (EU-15) in 2003

Fly Ash
67.8 %
9.3 %
17.2 %
FGD Gypsum
SDA Product, 0.8%
Bottom Ash
Boiler Slag, 3.2 %
FBC Ash 1.7 %
total amount 65 million tonnes

Introduction
Utilisation of CCPs in Europe (EU-15) in 2003
Utilization in construction Industry
and Underground Mining
52.4%
Restoration of Open
Cast Mines, Quarries
and Pits
35.9%
Disposal, 3.7%
Temporary stockpile, 8.0%
total amount 65 million tonnes

Introduction
Demands of the construction market

availability of huge amounts of material
constant quality (continuous process)
sufficient product properties (grain size
distribution, surface,reactivity, ...)
long term availability
meeting of technical requirements
environmental compatibility
Introduction
Utilisation of fly ash in the construction industry and in
underground mining in Europe (EU 15) in 2003
Concrete
Addition
Concrete Blocks
27.8%
Blended
Cement
11.3%
5.8%
23.4%
Road
Construction,
Filling
Application
25.9%
Cement
Raw Material
Infill, 3.3%
Others, 2.5%
(total utilisation 21.1 million tonnes)

Introduction
Utilisation of Bottom Ash in the Construction Industry
and Underground Mining in Europe (EU 15) in 2003
Road Construction,
Filling Application
33.1%
4.6%
48.2%
Others
10.4%
Cement
Concrete
Blocks
3.7%
Concrete
(total utilisation 2.7 million tonnes)

Introduction
Utilisation of Fly Ash in the cement and concrete
industry in Europe (EU 15) from 1993 to 2003
clinker raw material
blended cement
concrete
utilization in million tonnes
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Regulations for use of coal ash for cement

Chemical parameters of fly ashes from coal and lignite
Parameter
Fly ash from Coal
Fly Ash from Lignite
SiO2
36 60
18 80
Al2O3
23 35
1 19
FeO3
3 17
1 22
CaO
0,3 8,5
2 52
CaOfrei
0,1 25
MgO
0,5 5,4
0,5 11
K 2O
0,5 6
0,1 2
Na2O
0,1 3,5
0,01 2
SO3
0,1 2,1
1 15
Regulations for use of coal ash for cement

Requirements for Siliceous and Calcareous
Fly Ash by DIN EN 197-1
Parameter
siliceous fly ash

V
calcareous fly ash

W1
W2
5 % by mass
Loss on ignition
Reactive calcium oxide1)
10 % by mass
Free calcium oxide
1 % by mass 2)
10 15 % by
mass
15 % by mass
25 % by mass
Reactive silicon dioxide3)
Compressive strength at 28d4)
10 N/mm
Expansion5)
10 mm
1)
CaOreactiv = total CaO reduced by fraction calculated as CaCO3 and CaSO4

CaOfree-= amount up to 2,5 % by mass accepted when soundness is given (see 5))
3)
SiO2reactiv = fraction of SiO2 which is soluble after treatment with HCl and boiling KOH-solution
4)
mortars with ground fly ash as binder, amount < 40m between 10 and 30 % by mass
5)
mixture of 30 % by mass ground fly ash, 70 % by mass cement
2)
10
Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete
Utilisation of fly ash as an addition to concrete has

a long history in several countries.
In 1994, the first European Standard EN 450

"Fly Ash for Concrete" was published.
About 6 million tonnes of fly ash are used

as concrete addition every year in Europe.
In May 2005, the harmonized standard EN 450 part 1

and part 2 was published. This standard has to be
introduced to national law in 2006.
11
Chemical Requirements for Fly Ash for Concrete by EN 450

Parameter
Requirements
Test Frequency
Loss On Ignition
max. 5.0 w.-%
SO3
max. 3.0 w.-%
Cl
max. 0.01 w.-%
CaOfree
max. 2.5 w.-%1)
d:
w:
m:
daily
once per week
once per month
1)
fly ash with CaOfree higher than 1 w.-% but less

than 2.5 w.-% must comply with the requirements
for soundness
12

Physical Requirements for Fly Ash for Concrete by EN 450
Parameter
Requirements
Test Frequency
Soundness 1)
max. 10 mm
Fineness 2)
max. 40 w.-%
Fineness variation
3) 10 w.-%
after 28 days
min 75 %
2m
after 90 days
min 85 %
2m
3) 150 kg/m3
Activity index
Density variation
d : daily
w: once per week
m: once per month
2 m: twice per month
1)
required only if CaOfrei > 1,0 w.-%

mass proportion in % of the ash retained when wet sieved
on a 0,045 mm mesh sieve
3)
average value as declared by the producer
2)
13
EN 450-1
Fly ash for concrete - Part 1:
Definition, specifications and conformity criteria
EN 450-2
Conformity evaluation
14

EN 450-1: Fly ash for concrete
Definition of fly ash

fine powder of mainly spherical particles, derived from
burning of pulverized coal, with or without co-combustion
materials, which has pozzolanic properties and consists
essentially of SiO2 and Al2O3,...
Reactive SiO2 min 25 % by mass

Reactive CaO max 10 % by mass
15

New items of EN 450

Introduction of three categories of loss on ignition
Introduction of two categories of fineness
Acceptance of fly ash obtained from co-combustion
Consideration of processing plants as
production plants
16

LOI Categories of EN 450-1
Category
LOI in % by mass
min
max
5.0
2.0
7.0
4.0
9.0
17

Fineness Categories of EN 450-1

Category
Amount retained on a
0.045 mm mesh sieve
in% by mass
Fineness variation from

declared value
in percentage points
40
10
12
no requirement
18

Types of Co-combustion Materials

1
Vegetable material like wood chips, straw, olive

shells and other vegetable fibres
Green wood and cultivated biomass
Animal meal
Municipal sewage sludge
Paper sludge
Petroleum coke
Virtually ash free liquid and gaseous fuels
19
Limitation of Co-combustion Materials

Minimum percentage of coal (Kc) shall not be less than 80 %
by mass of the fuel
Maximum proportion of ash from co-combustion
materials (M) shall not be greater than 10 % by mass of the
fly ash
K1 A1 + K 2 A 2 + .... + Kn An
10 %
M = 100
K c A c + (K1 A1 + K 2 A 2 + .... + Kn An )
Ki and Kc are the proportions of co-combustion materials
and coal being fired
Ai and Ac are the ash contents of the co-combustion
materials and the coal
20

The new standard covers also fly ash

produced by:
classification
blending
selection
grinding
sieving
carbon
reduction
drying
21

Processing Plants in Europe
United Kingdom
classification (BS 3892)

carbon reduction (ST I - process)
STI separation unit

installed at:
- Longannet Power
Station (Scotland)
- Didcot Power
Station (England)
22

The Netherlands
silo, mixing and sieving installation

(SMZ centre, Rotterdam)
SMZ Center in
Maasflakte near
Rotterdam
construction in 1995
capacity
250.000 tpa
(source: Vliegasunie)
23

France
re-drying facilities (Carling, Hornaing)
Carling; capacity 80 tph

Hornaing; capacity 50 tph

(source: Surschiste)
24

Germany
re-drying facility (Lnen)
capacity
60.000 tpa
(source: SEG)
25

Comparison of the chemical requirements of EN 450: 1994 / 2005
EN 450:1994-09
DIN EN 450-1:2005-05
LOI
5.0 % by mass
cat. A:
5.0 % by mass
cat. B: 2.0 and 7.0 % by mass
cat. C: 4.0 and 9.0 % by mass
Cl
0.1 % by mass
0.1 % by mass
SO3
3.0 % by mass
3.0 % by mass
CaOfree
2.5 % by mass1)
2.5 % by mass1)
CaOreactive
10 % by mass
10 % by mass
SiO2reactive
25 % by mass,
based on definition
25 % by mass2)
1)
2)
if CaOfree-amount is > 1.0 % by mass soundness has to be proven

requirement to be fulfilled for fly ash obtained from co-combustion
26
Comparison of the chemical requirements of EN 450: 1994 / 2005

EN 450:1994-09
DIN EN 450-1:2005-05
SiO2,
Al2O3,
Fe2O3,
CaO
amount of SiO2,
Al2O3, Fe2O3,
CaO to be provided
on request
amount of
SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 70 % by
mass1)
Na2Oeq
to be provided on
request
5.0 % by mass (as Na2Oeq)1)
MgO
4.0 % by mass (as Na2Oeq)1)
P2O5soluble
100 mg/kg1)
1)
requirement to be fulfilled for fly ash obtained from co-combustion
27
Comparison of the physical requirements of EN 450: 1994 / 2005

requirement
EN 450:1994-09
fineness
40 % by mass
(residue on
45 m mesh sieve)
fineness variations 10 % by mass
1)
(deviation from
declared value)
density variation
1)
1)
150 kg/m
DIN EN 450-1:2005-05
cat. N: 40 % by mass
cat. S: 12 % by mass,
cat. N: 10 % by mass
cat. S: (note: the 10 % percentage
points are not applicable)
1)
200 kg/m
average value as declared by the producer
28

Comparison of the physical requirements of EN 450: 1994 / 2005
requirement
EN 450:1994-09
DIN EN 450-1:2005-05
soundness1)
max. 10 mm (50/50)2) max. 10 mm (30/70)3)
activity index
after 28 days
after 90 days
75 %
85 %
75 %
85 %
initial setting time
120 min more than cement

paste with test cement 4)5)
water demand
category N: not valid

category S: 95 % of that for
test cement alone
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
required only if amount of free calciumoxide is > 1 % by mass

paste made from 50 % by mass of fly ash and 50 % by mass of cement
requirement is assumed to be met for fly ash produced by combustion of pure coal
29

EN 450-2 "Conformity evaluation"
DIN 18990
Fly ash for concrete
Attestation of conformity
EN 450-2
30

Producer
Factory production control
Internal quality control
Autocontrol testing of fly ash samples
Certification body
Initial inspection
Evaluation of results of autocontrol testing
Audit testing of fly ash samples
31

Producer
operator of a production plant
or
a person (natural or legal) authorised
by the production plant
The producer is named in the certificate

of conformity !
32

... The producers documentation and procedures for the
production control shall be described in a works quality
manual. The manual has to contain:
statement on aims and organisation structure,
responsibilities and powers of responsible staff
production and quality control techniques,
processes and systematic actions that will be used
inspections and tests during and after production,
and test frequency
33

production
control
scope of the production control according to EN 450-2

= responsility of the producer / owner of certificate
stack
boilerl
=
internal
quality
control
+
responsibility
power plant operator
FGD
DENOX
KAT
ESP
internal
fly ash
quality control
- fineness
silo 1 EN
- LOI
450
non
EN
450
silo 2
Q II
QI
autocontrol
testing
final product
auto-control
testing
fly ash
responsibility producer
34

01234
EN 450-1
Part 1: Definitions,
specifications and
conformity criterea
AnyCo Ltd, PO Box 21, B-1050

05
01234-CPD-00234
EN 450-1
EN 450-2
Part 2:
Fineness Category: N
Declared value of
fineness in case of category N: 25 %
Loss on ignition Category : A
Particle density: 2300 kg/m3
Dangerous Substance: NL, F
35
Regulations for use of coal ash

Use of fly ash as aggregate (harmonized)
EN 12620 Aggregates for Concrete
EN 13055 Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete
These standards contain characteristics of
aggregates and conformity criteria. As harmonized
standards categories are defined which allow
restriction based on national experience!
National application documents in Germany!
DIN 20000-104: Aggregates for concrete
DIN 20000-105: Lightweight aggregates for
concrete.
36
Use of fly ash in road construction
Soil stabilisation
Landscaping
Dams and embankments
Hydraulically bound bearing layers
Asphalt filler
Additions to concrete
37

Principal use of CCPs in road construction
Filler in asphalt / concrete addition

Hydraulic bound layers
Base layer
Soil beneficiation
38

Use of fly ash in road construction
prEN 14227 Hydraulically Bound Mixtures

part 3:
Fly ash bound mixtures

definitions of mixtures for roads,
airfields and other trafficked areas
part 4:
Fly ash for hydraulically

bound mixtures
definitions of specification on physical
and chemical properties of fly ash
part 13: Soil beneficiation with fly ash

39

EN 14227- 4
Hydraulically bound mixtures- Specifications Part 4: Fly ash for hydraulically mixtures
Siliceous Fly Ash
Calcereous Fly Ash
Particle size
Particle size
Loss on Ignition
Soundness
Free calcium oxide/soundness
reactive calcium oxide
water content
water content
pozzolanic activity
hydraulic activity
DIN V ENV 13282
Hydraulic Road Binders - Composition,

specifications and conformity criteria
40
Environmental Regulations
European Construction Products Directive (1988)

requires activities of the authorities regarding emissions
of dangerous substances from construction products
Emissions to air, surface water and ground water
CEN is mandated to develop harmonised assessment

methods and harmonized approaches regarding
dangerous substances
41
Limiting values on leaching of heavy metals and

organics are set nationally in several EU member states
Leaching limit values restrict the utilisation of CCPs

in certain applications like unbound use in road
construction (e.g. embankments, grouting, filling)
Tightening up of limiting values by some EU member
states is threatening further applications of CCPs
42
Requirements for bound and unbound use of CCPs by Dutch BMD
The Building Materials Decree of the Netherlands (BoustoffBesluiten) contains rules relating to the use of building
materials and earth in construction and other works. The aim
of the Decree is to establish a general level of protection for
soil and surface waters.
The Decree accords the reuse of materials such as construction
and demolition waste and residues recovered from industrial
processes a full place in the building industry by setting clear
conditions on which their use is permitted.
The immission of anorganic leachable constituents to soil and
water is calculated by the emission of the constituent. The
calculation includes leaching behaviour of the building material,
also factors as temperatur, thickness of the building material,
degree of contact to ground water, isolation measures, a.o..
43
Requirements for bound and unbound use of CCPs by Dutch BMD
Unbounded
utilisation
Percolation (column) test
according NEN7343
Bounded utilisation
percolation at L/S=10 in mg/kg
Immission in mg/m2
Element
Antimoon
Arseen
Barium
Cadmium
Chroom
Cobalt
Koper
Kwik
Lood
Molybdeen
Nikkel
Seleen
Tin
Vanadium
Zink
Sb
As
Ba
Cd
Cr
Co
Cu
Hg
Pb
Mo
Ni
Se
Sn
V
Zn
Fluoride
Chloride
Sulfaat
Bromide
F
Cl
SO4
Br
> 10 m
0,03
0,83
2,20
0,02
0,36
0,23
0,33
0,02
0,99
0,17
0,70
0,03
0,08
1,10
2,30
3,80
560
1090
3,40
Diffusion test (standtest)

according NEN 7345
Element
Antimoon
Arseen
Barium
Cadmium
Chroom
Cobalt
Koper
Kwik
Lood
Molybdeen
Nikkel
Seleen
Tin
Vanadium
Zink
Sb
As
Ba
Cd
Cr
Co
Cu
Hg
Pb
Mo
Ni
Se
Sn
V
Zn
Fluoride
Chloride
Sulfaat
Bromide
F
Cl
SO4
Br
max
39
435
6300
12
1500
300
540
4,5
1275
150
525
15
300
2400
2100
14000
30000
45000
90
44
Requirements for selected CCPs for use in earthworks and road
construction by German LAGA (leaching criteria)
(German federal states working group of waste)
In the requirements of LAGA different classes for
utilisation of industrial residuess in earthworks and road
construction (Z 0 to Z 2), and for disposal areas (Z 3 to Z 5)
are defined.
Class Z0: unrestricted use
Class Z1.1: restricted open use and
Class Z1.2: restricted open use with defined technical
safety measurements
Class Z2: restricted use with defined technical safety
measurements
45
Requirements for selected CCPs for use in earthworks and road construction by
German LAGA (leaching criteria)
Fly Ash
wet bottom
boiler
class
fluid.bed
combustion
source/process
Bottom Ash
dry bottom
boiler
CCP
Z2
Z2
Z2
ZO
Z 1.1 Z 1.2
Grate Ash
Z2
ZO
Boiler
Slag
Z 1.1 Z 1.2/
Z2
ZO
parameter
1)
1)
x
1)
x
colour
clouding
smell
x
1)
x
1)
1)
1)
x
1)
x
1)
1)
x
1)
x
1)
1)
x
1)
x
1)
1)
x
1)
x
1)
1)
x
1)
x
1)
1)
x
1)
x
1)
pH-value
8-13 10-13 8-13 10-12 10-12 10-12 10-12 7-12
conductivity S/cm 5000 10000 5000 500 1000 1000 1000 500
As
100
40
100
10
10
40
100
10
Pb
20
40
20
Cd
10
10
10
2
2
2
Crtot
350
300
350
15
30
15
Cu
g/l
50
50
50
Ni
40
50
40
Hg
0.2
0.2
1
2
0.2
Zn
100
100
100
Cl
mg/l
50
100
50
10
20
50
50
10
SO3
mg/l 1000 2000 1000
50
75
200
200
50
1)
1)
x
1)
x
1)
7-12
1000
10
40
2
30
50
50
0.2
100
20
75
1)
x
1)
x
1)
x
1)
x
7-12
1000
40
6-9
200
1)
1
20
200
46
Requirements for selected CCPs for use in earthworks and road construction by
German LAGA (content of trace element)
Bottom Ash /Grate Ash
CCP
source/process
class
ZO
parameter
colour
clouding
smell
As
Pb
Cd
Crtot
Cu
Ni
Hg
Zn
1)
1)
1)
mg/kg
x
1)
x
20
100
0.6
50
40
40
0.3
120
Z 1.1
1)
1)
x
1)
x
30
200
1
100
100
100
1
300
= to be declared
47
DIBt-insignificance threshhold values for evaluation of building products
unit
insignificance
threshold values
Antimon
Sb
10
Arsen
As
10
Blei
Pb
25
Cadmium
Cd
Chrom gesamt
Cr
50
CrVI
Kobalt
Co
50
Kupfer
Cu
50
Molybdn
Mo
Nickel
Ni
50
Quecksilber
Hg
Selen
Se
10
Zink
Zn
500
Zinn
Sn
40
Cyanid gesamt
CN-
50
Cyanid leicht freisetzbar
CN-
10
F-
750
Chromat
Fluorid
g/l
50
48
DIBt-insignificance threshhold values for evaluation of building products
unit
insignificance
threshold values
PAK, gesamt
Naphthalin
0,2
2
LHKW, gesamt
10
Aldrin
0,1
g/l
DDT
0,1
PCB, gesamt
0,05
Minerallkohlenwasserstoffe
200
BTX
- Benzol als Einzelstoff
20
1
Phenole
20
49
DIBt-evaluation procedure for building products
(for technical approval with use of industrial by-products in concrete, only!
Building Material
step 1
Determination of trace element content
yes
requirement
not met
Criteria met?
no
information on
environmental compatibility
comparison with
similar products
Restriction
Toxic substances (R-crierias)
yes
requirement
met
Dangerous substances
LAGA criterias Z2
50
step 2
production of leachate/
realistic situation!
2.1
determination of general parameters

no
requirement
not met
yes
harmful changes by
general characteristics
2.2
determination of trace element content
no
requirement
not met
param. ecotox.
concerned
2.3
threshhold insignificance
values, TOC met
yes
requirement
met
ecotox.harmlessness not proven

determination of biological parameters
requirement
not met
yes
ecotoxicological
no
requirement
met
51
Areas of application and tests required for cement bound products in drinking water areas
German Technical and Scientific Association of Gas and Water (DVGW)
tests to be performed
drinking water
supply
raw-water supply
and products in
drinkingwater-area
I
products in
drinkingwater-area
II+III
migration test
Appearance
TOC-loss
Arsen-loss1)
Lead-loss
Chrom-loss
mikrobiological test
DVGW-working paper
W2702)
-3)
test: +, no test: 1)test to be performed only when fly ash is used

2)test to be performed only when organic additives are used
3)test only for mortar
52
UK: Water supply regulations:
This regulation has requirements for materials, such as cementitious materials, for
use in contact with public drinking water supply. Specifications of testing is covered
by BS 6920, which gives limiting values for certain metals leachates from such material.
BS 6920
Aluminium
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Al
Sb
As
Ba
Ca
Cr
Fe
Pb
Mn
Hg
Ni
Se
Ag
max. allowable
concentration
[g/l]
200
10
50
1000
5
50
200
50
50
1
50
10
10
53
parameter
Provisional limit
Limit values
regardin
g table
1
[mg/kg]
Limit values
regarding
table 2
[mg/kg]
Limit values
for fly
ash
[mg/kg]
values for table 1
antimony
Sb
20
40
and table 2 of the
arsen
As
30
80
10
lead
Pb
100
500
300
cadmium
Cd
chrome total
Cr
200
500
300
copper
Cu
200
500
200
nickel
Ni
200
500
200
mercury
Hg
0.5
thallium
Th
0.5
Zinc
Zn
400
1000
1000
tin
Sn
30
80
30
barium
Ba
1500
beryllium
Be
10
cobalt
Co
100
selen
Se
vanadium
300
BUWAL
recommendation
(BUWAL =
Ministry for
Environment,
Forestry and
Agriculture)
Cr VI
54
Concluding Remarks
52.4 % of the total CCPs produced in Europe is produced

to meet technical requirements to replace natural materials
in construction.
CCPs are accepted as raw materials due to their chemical,
mineralogical and physical properties. The acceptance is
based on more than thirty years of experience.
For nearly every field of application technical regulations or

requirements have to considered.
55
Concluding Remarks
The new standard for fly ash for concrete introduces a
quality control system including
internal quality control by the producer
audit testing by a certification body notified by the

building authorities.
In order to avoid any negative impact on the environment
and on human health environmental regulations have been
developed in some European countries for
raw materials (trace elements, leaching behaviour)
products (prediction models for bound applications).

As a result of the environmental regulations no negative
impact on the environment or on human health by the
utilisation of CCPs has been reported so far.
56
Thank you for your attention!

Hans-Joachim Feuerborn
European Coal Combustion Products Association

www.ecoba.org
57

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Regulations regarding

Coal Ash Utilisation in Europe

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005

Production of CCPs in Europe (EU-15) in 2003

total amount 65 million tonnes

total amount 65 million tonnes

Demands of the construction market

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005

(total utilisation 21.1 million tonnes)

(total utilisation 2.7 million tonnes)

utilization in million tonnes

Regulations for use of coal ash for cement

Fly ash from Coal

Fly Ash from Lignite

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005

Regulations for use of coal ash for cement

siliceous fly ash

calcareous fly ash

Free calcium oxide

Reactive silicon dioxide3)

Compressive strength at 28d4)

CaOreactiv = total CaO reduced by fraction calculated as CaCO3 and CaSO4

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005

Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete

Utilisation of fly ash as an addition to concrete has

In 1994, the first European Standard EN 450

About 6 million tonnes of fly ash are used

In May 2005, the harmonized standard EN 450 part 1

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005

Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete

Chemical Requirements for Fly Ash for Concrete by EN 450

max. 5.0 w.-%

max. 3.0 w.-%

max. 0.01 w.-%

max. 2.5 w.-%1)

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005

fly ash with CaOfree higher than 1 w.-% but less

Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete

required only if CaOfrei > 1,0 w.-%

Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005

Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete

Definition of fly ash

Reactive SiO2 min 25 % by mass

Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete

New items of EN 450

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005

Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete

LOI Categories of EN 450-1

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005

Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete

Fineness Categories of EN 450-1

Fineness variation from

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005

Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete

Types of Co-combustion Materials

Vegetable material like wood chips, straw, olive

Green wood and cultivated biomass

Municipal sewage sludge

Virtually ash free liquid and gaseous fuels

NCAB_workshop_Nov. 23/24, 2005

Regulations for use of coal ash in concrete