INTEGRALS

5.1
Areas and Distances
Friday, January 29, 2010
In this section, we will learn that:
We get the same special type of limit in trying to find
the area under a curve or a distance traveled.
AREA PROBLEM

We begin by attempting to solve

the area problem:

Find the area of the region S that lies

under the curve y = f(x) from a to b.
AREA PROBLEM

This means that S, illustrated here,

is bounded by:

 The graph of a continuous function f [where f(x) ≥ 0]

 The vertical lines x = a and x = b
 The x-axis
RECTANGLES
For a rectangle, the
area is defined as:

 The product of the

length and the width
TRIANGLES

The area of a
triangle is:

 Half the base times the

height
POLYGONS
The area of a polygon
is found by:

 Dividing it into triangles

and adding the areas
of the triangles
AREA PROBLEM

However, it isn’t so easy to find the area

of a region with curved sides.

 We all have an intuitive idea of what the area

of a region is.

 Part of the area problem, though, is to make this

intuitive idea precise by giving an exact definition
of area.
AREA PROBLEM
We first approximate the region S by
rectangles and then we take the limit of
the areas of these rectangles as we increase
the number of rectangles.

 The following example illustrates the procedure.

AREA PROBLEM Example 1

Use rectangles to
estimate the area
under the parabola
y = x2 from 0 to 1,
the parabolic
region S illustrated
here.
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

We first notice that the area of S must be

somewhere between 0 and 1, because S
is contained in a square with side length 1.

 However, we can
certainly do better
than that.
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

Suppose we divide S
into four strips
S1, S2, S3, and S4 by
drawing the vertical
lines x = ¼, x = ½,
and x = ¾.
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

We can approximate
each strip by a
rectangle whose base
is the same as the
strip and whose
height is the same as
the right edge
of the strip.
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

In other words, the heights of these rectangles

are the values of the function f(x) = x2 at the
right endpoints of the subintervals
[0, ¼],[¼, ½], [½, ¾],
and [¾, 1].
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

Each rectangle has

width ¼ and
the heights are (¼)2,
(½)2, (¾)2, and 12.
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

If we let R4 be the sum of the areas

of these approximating rectangles,
we get:

R4   1
4 4
1 2
 
1
4 2
1 2
 
1
4 4
3 2
 1
1
4
2

 15
32

 0.46875
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

We see the area A of

S is less than R4.

So, A < 0.46875

AREA PROBLEM Example 1

Instead of using the

rectangles in this
figure, we could use
the smaller rectangles
in the next figure.
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

Here, the heights are

the values of f at
the left endpoints of
the subintervals.

 The leftmost rectangle

has collapsed because
its height is 0.
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

The sum of the areas of these approximating

rectangles is:

L4   0   
1
4
2 1
4 4
1 2
 
1
4 2
1 2
 
1
4 4
3 2

 327
 0.21875
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

We see the area of S

is larger than L4.

So, we have lower

and upper estimates
for A:
0.21875 < A <0.46875
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

We can repeat this

procedure with a larger
number of strips.
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

The figure shows what happens when

we divide the region S into eight strips of
equal width.
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

By computing the sum of the areas of

the smaller rectangles (L8) and the sum of
the areas of the larger rectangles (R8),
we obtain better lower and upper estimates
for A:
0.2734375 < A < 0.3984375
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

So, one possible answer to the

question is to say that:

 The true area of S lies somewhere

between 0.2734375 and 0.3984375
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

We could obtain better

estimates by increasing
the number of strips.
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

The table shows the results of similar

calculations (with a computer) using n
rectangles, whose heights are found with
left endpoints (Ln)
or right endpoints
(Rn).
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

In particular, we see
that by using:

 50 strips, the area

lies between 0.3234
and 0.3434
 1000 strips, we
narrow it down
even more—A lies
between 0.3328335
and 0.3338335
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

A good estimate is obtained by averaging

these numbers:
A ≈ 0.3333335
AREA PROBLEM
From the values in the
table, it looks as if Rn
is approaching 1/3 as
n increases.

 We confirm this in
the next example.
AREA PROBLEM
From this figure, it appears that, as n
increases, Rn becomes a better and better
approximation to the area of S.
AREA PROBLEM
From this figure too, it appears that, as n
increases, Ln becomes a better and better
approximations to the area of S.

© Thomson Higher Education

AREA PROBLEM
Let’s apply the idea of Examples 1 and 2
to the more general region S of the earlier
figure.
AREA PROBLEM
We start by
subdividing S into n
strips
S1, S2, …., Sn of equal
width.
AREA PROBLEM
The width of the interval [a, b] is b – a.

So, the width of each of the n strips is:

ba
x 
n
AREA PROBLEM
These strips divide the interval [a, b] into n
subintervals
[x0, x1], [x1, x2], [x2, x3], . . . , [xn-1, xn]

where x0 = a and xn = b.
AREA PROBLEM
Let’s approximate the i th strip Si by
a rectangle with width ∆x and height f(xi),
which is the value of f at the right endpoint.

 Then, the area of the

i th rectangle is f(xi)∆x.
AREA PROBLEM
What we think of intuitively as the area of S
is approximated by the sum of the areas of
these rectangles:
Rn = f(x1) ∆x + f(x2) ∆x + … + f(xn) ∆x
AREA PROBLEM

Here, we show this approximation for

n = 2, 4, 8, and 12.
AREA PROBLEM
Notice that this approximation appears to
become better and better as the number of
strips increases, that is, as n → ∞.
AREA PROBLEM Definition 2

The area A of the region S that lies

under the graph of the continuous function f
is the limit of the sum of the areas of
approximating rectangles:

A  lim Rn
n 

 lim[ f ( x1 )x  f ( x2 )x  ...  f ( xn )x]

n 
AREA PROBLEM Equation 3

It can also be shown that we get the same

value if we use left endpoints:

A  lim Ln
n 

 lim[ f ( x0 )x  f ( x1 )x  ...  f ( xn 1 )x]

n 
SAMPLE POINTS
In fact, instead of using left endpoints or right
endpoints, we could take the height of the i th
rectangle to be the value of f at any number xi*
in the i th subinterval [xi - 1, xi].

 We call the numbers xi*, x2*, . . ., xn*

the sample points.
AREA PROBLEM
The figure shows approximating rectangles
when the sample points are not chosen to be
endpoints.
AREA PROBLEM Equation 4

Thus, a more general expression for

the area of S is:

A  lim[ f ( x1*)x  f ( x2 *)x  ...  f ( xn *)x]

n
SIGMA NOTATION
We often use sigma notation to write sums
with many terms more compactly.

For instance,
n

 f ( x )x  f ( x )x  f ( x )x  ...  f ( x )x

i 1
i 1 2 n
AREA PROBLEM
Hence, the expressions for area
in Equations 2, 3, and 4 can be written
as follows: n
A  lim  f ( xi ) x
n 
i 1
n
A  lim  f ( xi 1 )x
n 
i 1
n
A  lim  f ( xi *)x
n 
i 1
AREA PROBLEM Example 3

Let A be the area of the region that lies under

the graph of f(x) = cos x between x = 0 and
x = b, where 0 ≤ b ≤ π/2.

a. Using right endpoints, find an expression for A

as a limit. Do not evaluate the limit.

b. Estimate the area for the case b = π/2 by taking

the sample points to be midpoints and using four
subintervals.
AREA PROBLEM Example 3 a

Since a = 0, the width of a subinterval

is:
b0 b
x  
n n

 So, x1 = b/n, x2 = 2b/n, x3 = 3b/n, xi = ib/n,

xn = nb/n.
AREA PROBLEM Example 3 a

The sum of the areas of the approximating

rectangles is:

Rn  f ( x1 )x  f ( x2 )x  ...  f ( xn )x

 (cos x1 )x  (cos x 2 )x  ...  (cos x n )x
 b  b   2b  b   nb  b 
  cos     cos    ...   cos  
 n  n   n  n   n  n 
AREA PROBLEM Example 3 a

According to Definition 2, the area is:

A  lim Rn
n 

b b 2b 3b nb
 lim (cos  cos  cos  ...  cos )
n  n n n n n
 Using sigma notation, we could write:
b n ib
A  lim  cos
n  n n
i 1
AREA PROBLEM Example 3 b

With n = 4 and b = π/2, we have:

∆x = (π/2)/4 = π/8
So, the subintervals are:
[0, π/8], [π/8, π/4], [π/4, 3π/8], [3π/8, π/2]

 The midpoints of these subintervals are:

x1* = π/16 x2* = 3π/16

x3* = 5π/16 x4* = 7π/16
AREA PROBLEM Example 3 b

The sum of the areas

of the four rectangles is:
4
M 4   f ( xi *)x
i 1

 f ( /16)x  f (3 /16)x © Thomson Higher Education

 f (5 /16)x  f (7 /16)x

    3    5    7 
  cos    cos    cos    cos 
 16  8  16  8  16  8  16 8
  3 5 7 
  cos  cos  cos  cos   1.006
8 16 16 16 16 
AREA PROBLEM Example 3 b

So, an estimate
for the area is:

A ≈ 1.006 © Thomson Higher Education

DISTANCE PROBLEM
Now, let’s consider the distance problem:

Find the distance traveled by an object during

a certain time period if the velocity of the
object is known at all times.

 In a sense, this is the inverse problem of the velocity

problem that we discussed in Section 2.1
CONSTANT VELOCITY

If the velocity remains constant, then

the distance problem is easy to solve
by means of the formula
distance = velocity x time
DISTANCE PROBLEM Example 4

Suppose the odometer on our car is

broken and we want to estimate the
distance driven over a 30-second time
interval.
DISTANCE PROBLEM Example 4

We take speedometer
readings every five
seconds and record
them in this table.
DISTANCE PROBLEM Example 4

If we add similar estimates for the other time

intervals, we obtain an estimate for the total
distance traveled:
(25 x 5) + (31 x 5) + (35 x 5)
+ (43 x 5) + (47 x 5) + (46 x 5)
= 1135 ft
DISTANCE PROBLEM Example 4

We could just as well have used the velocity

at the end of each time period instead of
the velocity at the beginning as our assumed
constant velocity.

 Then, our estimate becomes:

(31 x 5) + (35 x 5) + (43 x 5)
+ (47 x 5) + (46 x 5) + (41 x 5)
= 1215 ft
DISTANCE PROBLEM
The similarity is explained when we sketch
a graph of the velocity function of the car
and draw rectangles whose heights are
the initial velocities for
each time interval.
DISTANCE PROBLEM
The area of the first rectangle is 25 x 5 = 125,
which is also our estimate for the distance
traveled in the first five seconds.

 In fact, the area of each

rectangle can be
interpreted as a distance,
because the height
represents velocity and
the width represents time.
DISTANCE PROBLEM
The sum of the areas of the rectangles is
L6 = 1135, which is our initial estimate for the
total distance traveled.
DISTANCE PROBLEM

The more frequently we measure

the velocity, the more accurate our
estimates become.