India China Relations

This article will start with Chronological events in India China relations and further up with various
contentious issues between India and China
Overview

India China relations date back to 2000 years

Modern relations started with Brussels conference of 1927,here several depressed nations held a conference in
which India and china issued joint statement against Western Imperialism
During Japanese attack on Manchuria in 1931 ,India supported China and held China day demanding a
boycott on Japanese goods
Asian relations conference was held in New Delhi 1947, the Chinese delegates sent by Kumintong National
party(KMT) objected to maps not showing Tibet as a part of china
Civil war broke out in china, The Peoples Republic of China (PRC) gained control and the KMT fled to Taiwan
(Formosa)
The People's Republic of China(PRC )was officially proclaimed in Peking on
October 1,1949
India was one of the first countries which recognized China in December
India supported Communist Chinas representation in UN
Indias support to china led to displeasure of USA
But India support for UN decision on declaring North Korea as aggressor during the Korean war was
appreciated by US but was unpleasant to China
Indian Ambassador K.M.Pannikar noted that whenever China had a strong government, It gained expansionist
attitude and tended to expand beyond its borders which holds true till date

The Tibet Crisis

Tibet touches the Indian borders in the north. besides India, its southern Borders touch Nepal and Burma and in
its north is Sinkiang, a province of China often called the Roof or Terrace of the world
Political system based on Buddhist faith with Dalai lama as its spiritual head
Tibet had long years of political independence till the 18th century
Conflict arose between the moguls and the Tibetans in the appointment of Dalai lama
China occupied Lhasa the capital of Tibet, Tibet was recognized as a part of china
The rising influence of Russians led Britain Lord Curzon sent troops to check these interferences this led to
treaty being signed between Britain and china, accepting suzerainty of China but the a agent of Britain was
appointed in Lhasa
The Dalai lama escaped to china
Anglo-Russian differences pertaining to Tibet were sorted out by an Entente Signed in 1907, whereby both
Britain and Russia accepted Chinese suzerainty In Tibet.
Both powers accepted to deal with Tibet through china
After the Chinese revolution of 1911,led by Dr.SunYat-sen,Tibet forced The Chinese troops to leave the plateau.
Subsequent attempts by China to reestablish its authority failed
A meeting held at Shimla in1914 which was Attended by the representatives of Britain,China and Tibet.
This meeting Confirmed the Chinese suzerainty ,but divided Tibet into two partsOuter Tibet and Inner Tibet .
The autonomy of Outer Tibet was accepted ,and China Agreed not to interfere in its internal affairs ,nor give it
representation in Chinese Parliament ,nor station its troops
Yet repeated attempts by Chinese government to control Tibet failed

The PRC government which overthrew the KMT,PRC stated liberating Tibet as its basic tasks
When Indian ambassador raised the issue with Chou En lai he stated the matter would be resolved by
negotiations soon Chinese backtracked invading Tibet in 1950
India protested but the Chinese called india as being influenced by imperialist powers
India soon recognized the Chinese suzerainty and left it as a internal Chinese matter
China refused to accept Tibetan autonomy, an agreement was signed by China and Tibet on May23 ,1951,which
recognized full Chinese sovereignty over Tibet with limited Tibetan autonomy in certain matters
Tibet became a Chinese territory
India was severely criticized on this issue

The Panch Sheel Agreement

India after Tibet crisis moved ahead to mend ties with China
These resulted in the sign ing of an
Agreement signed between India and China concerning trade and intercourse between the
"Tibet Region of China" and India.
India surrendered its extra-territorial rights in Tibet ,and accepted China's full sovereignty over Tibet.
The five principles of Panchsheel were also incorporated in the agreement.
The five principles are:
1 .Mutual respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty;
2 .Mutual non-aggression;
3 .Mutual non-interference in each others internal affairs;
4 .Equality and mutual benefit
5. Peaceful co-existence
This was followed by mutual visits to respective countries
The four year ,period after signing the Panch sheel has been described as the years of 'Sino-Indian honeymoon
'and of "Hindi-Chini Bhai-Bhai".
India even gave support to china as it laid claim on formasa
The Maps

Indias friendly relations with China soured after

Maps of China ,published in China Pictorial ,showed certain Indian territories as part of China.
In those maps,about 36,000 square miles of Indian territory in North-East, and about 12,000 square miles in
North west was shown as part of China.
When India drew the attention of China to these improper maps,Peking told New Delhi that these were
reproductions of old(KMT) maps and that China had no time to undertake a survey of China's borders .
Pending such survey ,Chinese Government would not make changes in the boundary.

Revolt in Tibet

The Chinese handling of Tibets became another contentious issue between India and China
A revolt was organised by the Tibetans against Chinese domination and interference in their religious matters.
The reason the Chinese government gave was the non cooperation of Tibetans on Land reforms organized by
the government
Khampa revolt of 1956 was claimed by authorities as a revolt organized by the upper privileged class against
the Chinese
In 1959 another uprising came up in Lhasa the Chinese blamed the US and Chaing Kai Shek(KMT leader) for
organizing such revolt and crushed it ruthlessly
Tibet lost its autonomy

Dalai Lama fled to India and was granted political asylum in India under the condition not to promote anti china
sentiments has been in India since 1959
China was unhappy with India giving asylum thought India had supported the Suzerainty of China over Tibet

Border Dispute

China began intrusions in India's territory, to justify their action, the accused that Indian armed personnel had
'unlawfully intruded 'into 'Chinese territory '
The entire Sino-Indian border can be generally divided into three areas :the border to the east of Bhutan ,the
central border across Uttar Pradesh ,Punjab and Himachal Pradesh ,and the border separating Jammu &
Kashmir from Chinese territories of Sinkiang and Tibet.
The border dispute relates mainly to McMahon Line in North-East, and Ladakh in North-West.

The McMahon Line

India has always treated the McMahon Line as the lawfully demarcated border between India and China, China
on the other hand has always called it a Imperialist line
The McMahon Line was decided in1914 at a conference of the representatives of British India, Tibet and
China ,held at Shimla
The conference was held to sort out border differences between Nepal ,Bhutan, Sikkim and Tibet.
The Secretary of State for India Arthur Henry McMahon represented India in Conference
The boundary between Outer Tibet and India was demarcated at the high mountain peaks, this could also be
viewed as natural boundary between the nations
China has not ratified it till date

Ladakh

Ladakh has always been a part of J&K

The State was under British paramountcy till independence and later acceded to India, as an integral part of
India
It was made clear in a note sent by India to China in1899 that Aksai Chin as a part of Indian territory.
The revenue records of the State of Jammu& Kashmir also confirm that Aksai Chin was always apart of Ladakh
region of Jammu &Kashmir

The dispute

A road was built by the Chinese across the Aksai China area during1956-57.
The road was meant to open Western Tibet to Chinese immigrants and to divert its trade from its traditional
southward direction into Western China and the Soviet Union
There was a protest from the Chinese side of Indian troops intruding into its territories (Be-Je)Barahooti,
India rejected it and claimed it to be Indian territory
When India raised a issue it was stated as KMT old map mistake
Soon Chou En Lai wrote letter stating thousands of sq. kilometers to be Chinese territory and stated
McMohan line as a British Imperialistic aggression on China
After years of silence China suddenly started claiming territories
The situation got worse with arrest of Indian troops in Akaishin
Various meetings with Chinese leadership bore no fruit
Pressed by strong public sentiments ,Nehru decided to pursue the'forward policy 'which meant that India
was to exercise its effective control upto its borders
By the end of 1961,about 50 posts were established by Indian forces all along the border.

China soon signed concluded agreements with Pakistan a US ally!

As China prepared for armed action against India ,
Unfortunately Indian defence forces were not allowed to fully prepare to face the aggression.
Political leadership of Nehru and Defence Minister V.K.Krishna Menon refused to agree with army's
assessment of likely Chinese aggression.
On July12,1962 an Indian police post in Galban Valley in Ladakh was seized by the Chinese and jawans
were taken in captivity.
Indian protest was ignored,a good part of Indian territory was occupied
The Chinese launched a massive attack on October20,1962 in North-East Frontier Agency(NEFA )as well as
in the Ladakh Sector.
Meanwhile ,on the urgent request of India ,both Britain and the United States rushed necessary war material
needed by the Indian army particularly for mountain warfare
Suddenly on November 21,196 2 the Chinese announced unilateral cease-fire.
China had made a three-point proposal for ceasefire on October26 ,1962.
1. China had suggested that both countries accept Ceasefire and agree to honour the line of actual
control(LOC ) and that both The armies withdraw 20km from the LOC on their sides
2. if India refused to withdraw ,China would unilaterally withdraw 20 km from the north of LOC,
provided both countries respected the line of control.
3. the two Prime Ministers should confer to find a solution to the problem.
India rejected The proposals, and suggested that China restore the status quo ante as on September8,1962. This
was not accepted by China
China initiated a powerful anti-India campaign by propagating that India was no longer non-aligned and that
it was firmly in the American imperialist camp

The Colombo Proposals

a conference of six non-aligned countries was convened by Sri Lankan Prime Minister in Colombo on
December10,1962
The recommendations were discussed by Sirimavo Bandarnaike with PM of India and China
The Conference felt Cease fire be used to secure peace between the nations
As suggested by Chou En-lai to Nehru,
China should withdraw its posts in the western sector by 10 kilometers;
India should maintain its existing military position in both the sectors ;
The area vacated by China should remain demilitarized and it should be managed by neutral posts to be chosen
by the two countries
In NEFA the line of actual control(LAC ) accepted by both the countries should be treated as cease fire line
In the middle sector, position as on September 8,1962 be maintained;
India was satisfied this but China added riders on this agreement such as
1. Only China should maintain its civil posts in the western demilitarized zone and
India would not have any right in the area.
2. Indian presence be completely forbidden in the demilitarized zone
3. Indian troops must not move upto the McMahon Line in the eastern sector
These conditions were not acceptable to India the proposal didnt take off
During the Bangladesh war China in UN while standing by Pakistan called Indian action on East Pakistan as
Gangster Logic
China repeatedly vetoed Bangladesh membership in UN, the irony being it took two decades for China to get its
membership granted as US vetoed it for which India supported
Indias first Nuclear test

India conducted first nuclear test in 1974 which was primarly for peaceful energy needs of India
But China called it as Nuclear blackmail against smaller neighbors and assured Pakistan against such
blackmails and supported Pakistan in the Kashmir issue

Sikkim

In 1947,popular vote rejected Sikkim joining Indian Union PM JL.Nehru accepted to a special protectorate
status for Sikkim by which controlled its external affairs, defence, diplomacy and communications and Sikkim
had Administrative autonomy
A state council and constitutional government was established under the Chogyal(monarch)
The Chogyal became extremely unpopular which led to riots
The Sikkim PM appealed to India to accept it as a state, Indian army moved in and by referendum Sikkim
became a state of Indian Union
First, the 35th Amendment laid down a set of conditions that made Sikkim an "Associate State," a special
designation not used by any other state.
Later, the 36th Amendment repealed the 35th Amendment, and made Sikkim a full state, adding its name to
the First Schedule of the Constitution
China accused India of expansionism
China accepting the suzerainty of India over china took time
In 2000, the seventeenth Karmapa, Urgyen Trinley Dorje, who had been confirmed by the Dalai Lama and
accepted as a tulku by the Chinese government, escaped from Tibet, seeking to return to the Rumtek
Monastery in Sikkim
China was in a tight situation as a protest to India would mean Chinese acceptance of Indian control over
Sikkim
Soon it was made clear that China expected India to accept Tibet & Taiwan as Chinese territory which soon
India acknowledged with visit of the then PM A.B.Vajpayee but with a twist of with the PM stressing Tibet
Autonomy within China
The two countries agreed to a new trade route between them through Sikkim and Tibet ,implying that China
"accepted " Sikkim as an Indian state
For the first time,China removed Sikkim from its website of independent Asian countries
In 2004 China finally ceased treating Sikkim as an "independent nation annexed by India
Later when Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visited India ,he categorically told PM Manmohan Singh that China
regarded Sikkim as an 'inalienable part of India '
The Nathu La (or the 'Pass of Listening Ear 'in Tibetan Language),which was for a long time used as route of
trade between China and India ,via Tibet and Sikkim ,was closed in 1962 during the border war
A gap of 44 years the Nathu la was reopened as the route of' silk trade 'between Tibetan Autonomous Region of
China ,and Sikkim the State of India on July6, 2006 .

Normalization of Ties

There was no full ambassadorial relations from 1962 to 1974 though the embassies functioned
After negotiations in 1975 India decided to decided to send an ambassador to china, the ambassador being
Future President K.R.Narayanan
China responded sending its ambassador
The border issue still had strained impact on ties
PM Moraji desai in 1978 stated no progress could be made unless the border issues are resolved
In 2003 PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee visit to china both appointed special representatives to explore relations
between the two countries, India appointed brajesh Mishra

Despite various discussions there has been no acceptance even on Line of Actual control (LAC)
The main stumbling block appeared to be the rigid traditional Chinese position that
there should be"swap "of territories .
China would give up Aksai Chin in the east, but only if India transferred Arunachal Pradesh to China

POST-MAO CHINA AND INDIA

With the death of Mao in 1976 and the defeat and defeat of Indira Gandhi a new climate came up
Indias the then Foreign Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited china but the PM Moraji Desai had stated
that the border issue was the key to better relations
The visit had to be cut short as China attacked Vietnam which was with respect to the influence of Soviet
influence in the region
Overall the relations improved
Post 1980 with the return of Indira Gandhi,took forward the good work of Moraji Desai in improving the
ties
She met the then Chinese Premier Hua Kuo-feng in May 1980 at Belgrade, during President Tito's funeral
This was the first meeting at this level since Chou-Nehru meeting in1961.
China adopted the policy that the complicated border problem should best be left alone ,while the two
countries proceed to build up economic, trade ,cultural ,social and political relationship .India agreed
China had begun to suggest that it could recognize McMahon Line in the east only if it was allowed to
hold on to the areas in Ladakh that it had occupied
Rajiv Gandhi was the first Prime Minister ,after Nehru ,to pay an official visit to China.
Prime Minister Narasimha Rao paid a return visit to China in1993.
During this visit the two countries agreed to keep the border dispute apart ,but develop friendly relations in
other field
Until the border dispute is resolved, Rao and Li Peng agreed to maintain peace on Line of Actual
Control(LAC) .

Agreement for Confidence-Building Measures,1996

During a FAO meet

On world food problem in Rome in November 1996 ,Prime Minister H. D.Deve Gowda met Chinese Premier Li
Peng and assured him that Dalai Lama would not be allowed to engage in political activity on the Indians oil
China responded positively Chinese president visited India
The significant among the talks at that time was Agreement on Confidence Building Measures in the Military
Field along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas
There was agreement on Confident building measures
Both countries agreed to reduce military presence in the LAC and no military aircraft would be flown without
either permission along LAC
Three other agreements were also concluded by India and China .
These were:
(i)the agreement for the continuation of Indian Consulate in Hong Kong after this British colony was restored to
China in July 1997;
(ii)an agreement for Cooperation between two countries to fight against smuggling of arms and narcotics and
other economic offences;
(iii)an agreement to regulate maritime transport including avoidance of double taxation in this regard .
In a interesting turn of events China refused to support Pakistan in the Kargil war

Post Pokhran II ,1998

China bitterly opposed nuclear tests by India and supported the sanctions against India
But soon after India endured the sanctions China seemed to be open towards relations with India
The former diplomat visit to China K.R.Narayanan was seen groundbreaking development
CONTENTIOUS ISSUES BETWEEN INDIA AND CHINA ,IN NEWS AND VARIOUS STAND POINTS

Chinas String of Pearls and Indias Enduring Tactical Advantage

A team of Booz Allen consultants, in a report for the Pentagon, coined the term string of pearls to describe
Chinas attempts to gain a strategic foothold in the Indian Ocean
This is assertive diplomacy primarily geared towards strengthening its economic and security ties with countries
as diverse as Pakistan, Myanmar and Sri Lanka
In some cases this firming up of ties has led to joint port construction or nlargement deals, such as with Pakistan
at Gwadar, or with Sri Lanka at Hambantota
China unfortunately is a prisoner of its own geography as it is positioned far from some of the worlds most
strategically salient shipping lanes, where the US and Indian Navies hold sway
China has fast growing need for oil which it is dependent on the sea route which is strategically favourable of
India
The popularly known Malacca Dillemma(explained later) is a thorn in Chinas great ambitions of forceful
hegemony in Asia
It is to solve this crisis of dependence on Indian ocean routes pushed China to move towards port of Gwadar
which it depends on to some extend its sway in the region the disadvantage being the instability in Pakistan and
the distance add to it the rugged environment adds to Chinese woes
China 's investments in India's strategic neighbourhood are seen by some as part of a concerted strategy by the
Chinese PLA to limit, if not contain, India's power projection abilities.
Sittwe and Coco Islands in Myanmar, alleged investments in port facilities in Thailand and Cambodia,
Chittagong in Bangladesh, Hambantota in Sri Lanka, Gwadar in Pakistan along with investments in the
Maldives are said to be components of this String of Pearls

Indias Tactical Advantages

The unresolved land border issue and Tibet, both of which are intrinsically linked, are the focal points of SinoIndian tension and are likely to remain so in the future
In case of a war it could be a land based war along the Himalayan north east
Indian Navys role under such conditions will be minimal
In case of a war India has multiple options in the sea one being a naval blockade to reduce the imports that
china depends on primarily energy based
But china has been stocking up oil for long to make its hand strong during such circumstances

Breaking the String of pearls

Indias natural peninsular formation means that it has been described by some as akin to an unsinkable aircraft
carrier jutting out into the Indian Ocean in short India is geographically well placed in the Indian ocean
Any naval taskforce venturing into the Bay of Bengal with hostile intentions would have to contend with Indias
airforce and naval aviation, operating not only from the mainland, but also from the Andaman and Nicobar
archipelago in the Andaman Sea
Even if the String of pearls is activated that would make Chinas naval strength dispersed in the region while a
concentrated Indian strength holds tactical advantage
A massive deployment outside one of pearls of China would force China deescalate any assault on Indian land
as it happened during Kargil war were Indian Navys stationing of its fleet 13 nautical miles outside Karachi
In one such India in 2012 opened its INS Baaz at Cambell Bay, overlooking the Strait of Malacca
The base, about 300 nautical miles from Port Blair, will also include an upgraded airbase, will soon be
operating heavier military planes from the Indian Air Force fleet like the just-inducted Hercules C-130J Super
Hercules meant for special forces' operations.

It has been also been described by certain Chinese analysts as a metal chain which could lock China out of the
Indian Ocean
India has primarily focused on controlling the choke points to put its stamp in the Indian ocean

Indian Sphere of Influence against the Chinese string of Pearls

SOUTHWEST INDIAN OCEAN

Indias security relationships in the region are anchored by its close relationship with Mauritius
Since 2003, the Indian Navy has also provided maritime security through periodic patrols of Mauritian
waters including anti-piracy patrols in 2010
The Indian Navy has assisted with maritime security in the Seychelles EEZ under a 2003 defence
cooperation agreement under which it provided anti-piracy patrols in early 2010
In July 2007 the Indian Navy opened an electronic monitoring facility in northern Madagascar at the head of
the Mozambique Channel and reportedly has also been granted limited berthing rights in Madagascar for
Indian naval vessels.
In 2006, India and Mozambique entered a defence cooperation agreement that envisages joint maritime
patrols, supply of military equipment, training and technology transfer

North Western Indian Ocean

the ability of India to extend its security presence in the northwest Indian Ocean has also been
constrained by US predominance in the Gulf, leaving little room for India
Despite these constraints, India is developing security relations in the region, particularly with Qatar
Qatar see India as partially balancing their security relationships with the United States
Since 2003, India has entered into several defence agreements with Oman dealing with training, maritime
security cooperation and joint exercises
The Indian Air Force uses the Thumrait air base for transit purposes and Oman has offered the Indian
Navy berthing facilities in support of anti-piracy patrols
In 2008 India also entered into a security agreement with Qatar which, according to some reports, includes
Indian security guarantees.

Central Indian Ocean

The two island chains that dominate the central Indian Ocean are the British administered Indian Ocean
Territory (which hosts the US air and naval base on Diego Garcia) and the Maldives.
In 1988, India sent troops and naval forces to the Maldives to support President Gayoom in an attempted
coup by Sri Lankan mercenaries.
In August 2009, a security agreement was formalised that will significantly enhance Indias capabilities in
the central Indian Ocean.
The Indian government has decided to station a Defense Attach at Male, the capital of Maldives.
Additionally, India has also decided to position its Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) Dhruv an additional
period of two years beyond April 2012.
India has been granted use of the former British naval and air base on Gan Island, part of the
southernmost group of islands in the Maldives
As part of the agreement, India is also building a system of 26 electronic monitoring facilities across the
Maldives archipelago
According to the Maldivian President, the installations are to protect the Maldives large EEZ from illegal
fishing.

North East Indian Ocean

Indias has direct security presence in the Andaman Sea

The operational radius of aircraft based there encompasses the Malacca Strait and large portions of the South
China Sea
Indias security relationships in the region are anchored by Singapore.
Singapore sees India as having an important security role in the region, acting as a balance to other extraregional powers, including China, the United States and Japan
Singapore has been granted long term use of Indian facilities to conduct air and army training.
It has been stated that there is an arrangement allowing for frequent visits of Indian naval vessels to
Singapores Changi Naval Base
With respect to Indonesia a defence Cooperation Agreement was signed in 2001.
In 2002 concerns about the potential use of the Andaman Sea as a communication route with extremist
groups in the region the commencement of biannual coordinated naval patrols between the Indian and
Indonesian navies in the Six-Degree Channel at the northern entrance to the Malacca Strait.
The Strait of Malacca, which represents a key choke point between the Indian and Pacific Oceans,
forms a focus of Indias maritime security ambitions in the northeast Indian Ocean
This Strait has prime importance when handling China
Malacca Strait being one of the busiest in the world, is prone to high levels of piracy and India has been
maintaining a presence in the region
Indian Navys expansion program in the coming decades would give it the capability to act somewhere
between a free-rider navy and a constable navy as such maintaining maritime policing
But The United States, particularly with its base at Diego Garcia and its naval facilities in Singapore
and the Gulf, seems likely to remain the predominant naval power

Link for image below

https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=zhk81n6mNAeo.kRjwxoemez4s

Indias Two key Geo strategies

The Mackinder and Mahan approach Indian Choices
What or who are Mackinder and Mahan?
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Alfred Thayer Mahan was a United States Navy flag officer, geostrategist
Mahans approach towards National Greatness fairly depended on the Sea power of an Nation as sea was
prime mover of trade in peace time and enable control over trade during war
The strategic locations such as Choke points ,Canals
What is a choke point?

In military strategy, a choke point (or chokepoint) is a geographical feature on land such as a
valley, defile or a bridge, or at sea such as a strait which an armed force is forced to pass, sometimes on
a substantially narrower front, and therefore greatly decreasing its combat power, in order to reach
its objective.
The advantage of the choke point holder is that even if the defender is inferior than the opponent the
cannot considerably defend himself as at a choke point the numerical strength in the Choke point is
considerably decreased
The strategists who support sea strength approach are colloquially Mahans

Indias Mahan advantage

The Malacca Dilemma
In 2003, Hu Jintao in a speech to senior party members at an economic work conference highlighted
what he called the Malacca Dilemma.
According to then President Hu, 80% China's trade passes through the 600-mile waterway including its
oil imports
China's oil demand is expected to rise by several million barrels a day by 2015 with no equivalent rise in
domestic production
This has left China scrambling for alternative sources and one option that has gained momentum is the
Sino Myanmar pipeline, scheduled to be finished September 2013
The pipe line does not solve Chinas problems as its demand is beyond that.
The Malacca Dilemma is approximately 1000 km long but at several points is narrow as 15 kilometers.
At their absolute narrowest, near Singapore, the width of the strait is only 2.8 kilometer
China's fears a hostile power could seize control of the straits and block nearly all of China's energy
imports. You know who china is worried about???
Both land based artillery and airpower can effectively deny China the use of the strait
It is observed that land-based planes were more effective at maritime interdiction than carrier-based
planes
This suggests that an adversary without carriers (we have carriers :-P) could still seal the strait
effectively.
The recent addition to Indian naval power being the Arihant, went critical, and its first indigenous
aircraft carrier, the Vikrant
Malacca Strait carries 1/3 of the international trade.
There were four proposals that would help middle-eastern oil get to China faster
The first was a proposal to spend 20 billion dollars to dig a canal across Thailand's Isthmus of Kra.

It fell through due to domestic opposition in the region one of the notable reasons being strong
opposition from Malaysia and Singapore as their ports would lose its importance
The next as Gwadar in Pakistan to Xinjiang, problem never ending instability in Pakistan
The third alternative was building a pipeline that would start in Iran, go through Pakistan, India and
finally on to China fails as its too long and will need a lot of co operation from others
The only success china has achieved is the Sino Myanmar pipelines but they are unsafe compared to
seaborne shipping as ships can change routes but pipes pass through miles which is not under Chinese
territory and hostile neigbourhood
It gets even worser as Myanmar is a nation under transition and Obama made his visit after his election
victory.
All these points add leverage to Indias advantage in case of a war with china yet China has been
recklessly stocking up oil to stand its ground

It is these advantages which also pushes China into establish the String of Pearls
The problem with Mahan advantage is that how far is china interested in defending its pearls on the
long run under Naval blockade
It must also be remembered that weakest of weak spots for China is its sea lines of
communications (SLOCs) in the Indian Ocean region.

Halford Mackinder

Sir Halford John Mackinder was an English geographer, academic, the first Principal of University
Extension College
Mackinders Heartland theory is the diametrically opposite of Mahans approach

The Heartland theory hypothesized a huge empire being brought into existence in the Heartlandwhich
wouldn't need to use coastal or transoceanic transport to remain coherent
In short Nations greatness is all about Land

Handling the Chinese Mackinder

India is strategically on the downside when it comes to the continental pressure while the Tibetan side of
China is plains which china could quickly marshal its troops with its better infra India is yet to develop
strong infra on the Indian side
In case of a armed attack from the Chinese side India ,requires stand-off deterrent systemssuch as
longer range missiles and greater reach in air power which India has to some extend
One more approach can be using the Confidence Building Measures such as joint patrolling from
escalating the issue
A notable step forward in increasing Indian strength is the recent decision to proceed with the creation
of a new mountain strike corps of nearly 40,000 troops to be deployed along the disputed China border
region by the end of 2016
In recent years, India has tested and deployed several long-range land- and sea-based missiles to acquire
a credible second-strike capability and the welcome addition of Agni V
Remember the Depsang incursion by China in Indian territory were China established camps in the
region which was de escalated by diplomatic channels yet India camped its forces near the Chinese side
The standoff took 3 weeks to reside, This was an isolated camp, 19 kms inside what the India considered
its side of the LAC
Remember Sumdorong Chu Valley Incident another example of Chinese escalation
1. At the end of 1986, India granted statehood to Arunachal Pradesh, which is an area claimed by
China but administered by India.
2. The military movements in Tawang, taken in conjunction with this political action were seen as
a provocation by the Chinese.
3. India followed it up with operation Falcon and Chequer board which India responded by moving
troops face to face in the region soon the situation was frozen and both sides decided to move
forward towards talks
The latest in the line of intrusion being Chinese troops apprehended five Indian nationals in the Chumar
area of Ladakh, well inside the Indian territory, and took them to their side of the border perhaps the
first incident of this kind along the Line of Actual Control.
From above it becomes clear a good balance of Mahan and Mackinder would enable India towards
strengthening its hand in the region
There also a issue of confusion in the issue of border management
The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), a Central Armed
Police Force (CAPF) mans the LAC.
The ITBP does not come under the Indian Army or its operational control.
In case of on incursion a confusion arises who to take order due to duel control as in MOD or MEA
There is also a standpoint with regard to demilitarization of Siachen which is a irritant between India
and Pakistan which is at Indias advantage and also an irritant for china on the long run

The Pearls in Space

Chinese interest in Sri Lanka & Pakistan

A private Sri Lankan company Supreme Sat has entered into a partnership agreement with China Great
Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC)
GWIC is China's State-owned company and is assisting Supreme Sat with regard to design, manufacture
and launch of satellites
China is also assisting with the promotion of space science by developing a Space Academy, the
Pallekelle Space Centre
China has also been assisting been Maladives and Nepal in the field of Information technology
In December 2012 China declared its global navigation system Beidou operational for the Asia-Pacific
region.
Pakistans space agency has a cooperation agreement with China for the use of this system
China has been in the using technology to move bilateral agreements towards its neighbours

ONGC Videsh & Vietnam Issue

Vietnam had given oil exploration blocks to India

East China sea is as a whole a disputed zone between
i) People's Republic of China (PRC)
ii) Philippines
iii) Vietnam
iv) Malaysia
v) Brunei
vi) Indonesia
This was followed by opposition by China calling it a disputed zone
India later suspended the exploration as it found it unviable
Following meet between November Vietnam and India the two sides signed eight pacts of which the
ones on energy cooperation and protection of information in defence will intensify the already close ties
in these two sectors.

China & Pakistan All weather Partnership against India

One of the notable partnership between China Pakistan is the Gwadar port transfer to China which has
been explained earlier and also in http://mrunal.org/2012/11/diplomacy-durand-line-baluchistan-gwadarport-indiapakistanafghanistaniranian-interests.html by mrunal

The Nuclear Relations

Indigenous 1,100 MW nuclear reactor series called ACP 1000 which is set to be a major technological
advance for Beijing is to be sold to Pakistan which raised Indian concerns and India has made its objects
Chinese argument, sources said, continue to hover around the point that all this cooperation falls within
the Sino-Pak nuclear cooperation agreement which precedes Chinese accession to the NSG(1975)
This cannot be seen as a reaction to Indo US nuclear deal as The Chinese admission to NSG was made
effective June 10, 2004.

As early as April 10, 2005, well before the USA-India nuclear deal, Pakistani officials had announced
that Pakistan and China had reached an agreement whereby Beijing would provide two 300-megawattselectric-capacity nuclear power reactors to Pakistan

East China Sea Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ)

China announced that it now had an Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ) in the East China Sea
China has often claimed its rise to be a peaceful development its actions in general being otherwise

What is an ADIZ?

A section of international airspace over which a country declares its right to identify aircraft, ostensibly
to protect itself from foreign threat.
Customary international law with no jurisdiction rights

Impact

A country would use radar to detect unexpected aircraft flying in the ADIZ and observe them
If a countrys plane enters this zone communication would be set up and inquired if no threat to the host
country that is the end if a threat a aircraft interception would be followed up

In News

Chinas ADIZ encompasses the Diaoyu/Senkaku islands claimed by both China and Japan.
The background of Diaoyu/Senkaku has been explained in http://mrunal.org/2012/08/diplo-daioy.html
by Mrunal
The first time an overlapping ADIZ has been declared in an area where there is a sovereignty dispute.
This issue began after USA transferred its control of the Islands to Japan
For four decades, China and Japan had adhered to a tacit agreement over the status of the islands i.e
Japan would retain administrative control and claim sovereignty, and China would contest the
sovereignty but not challenge Japan's administrative control.
This understanding ended when Japan nationalized the island to prevent right wing leader of Japan
leader from buying the island
The Diplomat pointed out, China is engaging in lawfare using international institutions to achieve
strategic goals
This development led to an immediate spiking of tensions with its neighbours, Japan, South Korea and
Taiwan, as well as with the United States.
The United States sent two B-52 bombers into the air zone claimed by China. A couple of days later,
Japan and South Korea followed suit, sending aircraft into the zone without informing the Chinese
authorities
Chinese officials have defended their move by pointing to Japans already established - and larger ADIZ in the East China Sea
China also announced that it would not be establishing such zones near Indian border

Possibilities in future

Beijing's attempts to enforce the ADIZ in future could result in accidental military clashes with Japanese
and US military aircraft in the zone
China could set up a similar ADIZ in the South China Sea, using the same tactic to assert its maritime
claims
USA has already warned against ADIZ being established by China in disputed South China Sea region

North Eastern Insurgencies and Chinese involvement

Indian security personnel have indicated that the armed groups in Northeast India have sustained their
armed violence due to the uninterrupted flow of weapons from across the border in Myanmar

The suspects in Myanmar are the Karen National Union (KNU) and the Kachin Independence Army
(KIA)
But the most effective illegal weapons trader in Myanmar is the armed ethnic group, the United Wa State
Army (UWSA).
The UWSA is the military wing of the United Wa State Party (UWSP) founded in 1989 with members of
Wa National Council (WNC), which represent the Wa ethnic group
The UWSA declared its own Wa State Government Special Administrative Region within Myanmar on
January 1, 2009, but not recognized by the Government of Myanmar
The Wa state predominantly depends on China and works on the line on Chinese needs
The Wa and Chinese relationship is primarily symbiotic in nature
Most commodities within the Wa State are from China and the currency of exchange is the Renminbi
On the other hand Wa gives China the strategic depth in Myanmar as Chinese influence has been
dwindling as Myanmar is under transition and USA has been showing interest in the region along with
India
The total strength of the UWSA is 30, 000 armed cadres with 10, 000 auxiliary force.
Its writ is written large in these border areas and its dependence on China for financial and other support
makes the UWSA a stakeholder in increased Chinese influence

In 2008 report, Jane's Intelligence Review reported that Chinaprovided the Wa with advanced
weapons to build up their defenses.
These allegations have been dismissed by China but the Wa-China connection is deep seated and
actively supported by the Chinese government
The UWSAs biggest source of revenue is its involvement in the illegal small arms network across South
and Southeast Asia.
It manufactures Chinese weapons with an informal franchise, procured from Chinese ordnance
factories.
The main motive is to sell these weapons for huge profit to Northeastern Indian armed groups who are
lucrative consumers of such weapons.
The arms manufacturing unit in the Wa territories are supported by the Chinese factories in Yunnan.
It is this indirect and direct Chinese in the northern eastern sector that has been affecting peace in Indian
side
/*Personal opinion*/Besides India has a lone Siliguri Corridor(Chicken neck) is the only way for India
to reach its North eastern half has been a irritant for india perhaps Land agreement with Bangladesh
could strengthen Indias hand as Bangladesh could give route for armed forces

Arunachal Pradesh & Chinas claim

The Chinese logic

China bases it claim on the argument that historical ties existed between the Tawang monastery in
Arunachal Pradeshand the Lhasa monastery .
Hence, the Chinese logic is that givenTibet is now part of China, Arunachal Pradesh should form a
part of it.
China did capture Tawang in 1962 but the hostile locality and lack of infrastructure and logistics made
china pull back
China has upgraded its military presence in Tibet very close to the Lineof Actual Control (LAC) in
Arunachal Pradesh
On the border with India, China has deployed 13 Border Defence Regiments amounting to around
300,000 PLAtroops. Airfields have also been established at Hoping, Pangta and Kong Ka respectively .
India has responded to this Chinese military build-up by taking a strategic decision in October 2011 to
deploy the Brahmos supersonic cruise missile, which has a flight range of 290 km
A five year expansion plan to induct 90,000 more troops and deploy four more divisions in the eastern
sector is also underway
Already , ther e are 120,000 Indian troops stationed in the eastern sector , supported by two Sukhoi 30
MKI squadrons from Tezpur in Assam
In April 2012, Indiasuccessfully tested the 5000km range Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM),
Agni V
The Agni V can reach Chinese cities like Beijing and Shanghai.
China already possesses ICBM capabilities ranging from 5,500 km to 8,000 km i.e Dongfeng 31
This is termed as security dilemma, Security dilemma by definition implies that when the first state
arms itself, the second state fearing the first states armament, in turn arms itself. leading to a vicious
cycle

Chinas Tibetan headache

Hanisation of Tibet

This was done by engineering large scale migration of Han Chinese into Tibet with the ultimate aimof
reducing Tibetans to a minority in their own land
In 1987, the late Panchen Lama said, The expense of keeping one Chinese in Tibet is equal to that of
four in China. Why should Tibet spend its money to feed them? ... Tibet has suffered greatlybecause of
the policy of sending a large number of useless people.
To encourage migration from mainland China, the Chinese Government announced a slew of attractive
benefits and concessions for its employees and settlers.
The benefits to migrant were :
(1) housing, healthcare,
(2) special leave to China, cultural and educational facilities, high altitude allowance;
(3) 87 per cent higher wages than in China,
(4) special tax exemptions and loans at low interest rates.
(5) Above all, the one child policy did not apply to Chinese settled in Tibet.
Chinas Tibet Policy, Tibet was given favourable treatment:
(1) Tibetan businesses enjoyed a preferential tax rate of three per cent lower than mainland China
(2) farmers and herdsmen were exempted from taxes and administrative charges.
(3) Banks have enjoyed a preferential interest rate of two points lower than the mainland as well as
low rate on insurance premiums.
All this has ensured a double digit growth for TAR for a decade.
But these have not helped Tibetans greatly as the Hanisation has reduced their end of profit
The situation has been the Tibets working and Hans controlling
The outcome of this has been the marginalisation of Tibetans in their own homeland
China has never loosened its grip in the region for its abundant natural resourses

Chinese Religious Intolerance:

Dalai Lama is at the heart of the Buddhist culture of Tibet.

The Chinese Government has made all attempts to demonise and discredit the Dalai Lama as a traitor
and a wolf in asheep skin which Tibetans resent
The Chinese
Government has selected their own Panchen Lama - five-year old Gyaltsen Norbu, son of a yak herder
rejecting Dalai Lamas choice which has been a age old tradition

March 2008 Uprising

This is a series of riots of what started as annual observance of Tibet Uprising day
This was followed by rioting looting and killing and protests in Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and
Lhasa
Chinese administration governing Tibet stated that the unrest was motivated byseparatism and
orchestrated by the Dalai Lama
Another notable Chinese weakness came to fore as in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, in July 2011
there were bomb blasts and knifing incidents in Hotan which targeted security personnel.
In what the Chinese government termed an act of coordinated terrorism, 18 Uyghur rioters attacked
a government building and took several hostages.
These incidents show Chinese weakness despite its iron fist top down control

Why China needs Arunachal Pradesh?

Arunachal Pradesh also has great symbolic resonance for its legitimacy over Tibet
The 400 years old monastery in Tawang was the birthplace of the sixth Dalai Lama in the 17thcentury
and is the second largest Tibetan monastery after Lhasa
It is plausible that the 14th Dalai Lama chooses his successor from the Tawang monastery .
China also perceives that India makes it possible for the Dalai Lama to travel abroad, and his speeches
around the world have kept the Tibetan issue alive and questioned Chinese legitimacy over Tibet
China fears that India might itself become a base for the subversive activities of the Dalai Lamas
supporters
In short China believes getting Arunachal Pradesh for itself would give a complete legitimate touch
over the Tibet region
But the problem Tibet by itself has not been peaceful and resisting chinas grip the 2008 Tibet uprisings
being a example for the instability in the region
The Chinese insecurity in legitimacy over Tibet has lead to aggressive posturing over Arunachal Pradesh
In May 2007, China denied visa to Ganesh Koyu, an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer from
ArunachalPradesh, who was to be a part of a 107 IAS officer study visit to Beijing and Shanghai.
China pointed out that Koyu is a Chinese citizen since he is a native of Arunachal Pradesh and hence
could visit China without a visa
In June 2009, China again tried to block Indias request for US$ 2.9 billion loan from the Asian
Development Bank (ADB) as the request included US$60 million for flood management, water supply ,
and sanitation project in Arunachal Pradesh
In November 2009,China opposed the Dalai Lamas visit to Arunachal Pradesh when Jiang Y u, the
spokeswoman for Chinas foreign ministry asserted that Chinas stance on the so-called Arunachal
Pradesh is consistent.
China has been of late issuing stapled visas to people from Arunachal Pradesh the recent example being
stapled visas to two archers from Arunachal who were held back by India
These are example of Chinese assertion over Arunachal Pradesh
President Pranab Mukerjee in his visit to Arunachal Pradesh had stated Arunachal Pradesh an integral
part of India to which China reacted as India would refrain from "actions that complicate the boundary
question".

The Trans Karakoram Tract

Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK) consists of the so called 'Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK)' and
'Gilgit-Baltistan' (referred to as the 'Northern Areas' till August 2009).
PoK is part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), and hence an integral part of India
The state of Jammu and Kashmir continues to be under illegal occupation of Pakistan while the other
part remains with India after accession
PoK is of immense strategic importance, shares borders with several countries Pakistan, the Wakhan
Corridor of Afghanistan and Tajikistan to the west and the Xinjiang province of the People's Republic of
China to the north.

Where does china come in the picture?

Pakistan ceded Karakoram tract to China in 1963

The Karakoram Highway (KKH) connecting Pakistan with China and built in 1978 with Chinese
assistance runs through PoK against strong protests
The KKH is about 1280 kms long and connects Havelian rail-head near Abbotabad in the KhyberPakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan with Kashgar, in the Xinjiang region of China
China has also been undertaking many developmental projects in PoK which means china is doing
development works for Pakistan in a area that India has legitimate claims
This region is also home land of jihadis against India
The 1966 Sino-Pak accord enabled Pakistan to access Chinese weapons through the KKH.
Chinese military contributions have helped Pakistan sustain itswars on the eastern front and continue a
low intensity conflict along the LoC.
Another angle to this could be connecting China with Pakistan through various ports and highways to
secure alternate route
India, aware of Sino-Pak intentions has termed the KKH as Pakistans grand strategy aimed at
consolidating the so-called Trans-Asian axis and to isolate India and diminish its influence in
Afghanistan and Central Asia
/*opinion*/All this Sino friendly relations depends largely on peace in Pakistan and its ability to
withstand extremist onslaught and a unhappy POK population which has been neglected completely

Indias entry into East Asian Summit and Chinese reactions

In December 2005, India attended the first East Asia Summit (EAS,namely, the ASEAN Plus Six)
held in Kuala Lumpur
EAS was conceptualized under recommendation from the ASEAN plus Three (the three being
China, Japan and South Korea). This process was established in 1997 and institutionalised in 1999,
as a response to the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997.
China, Japan and South Korea have been playing a major role in community building in East Asia, in
which China, while allowing the ASEAN to remain in the drivers seat, was giving most of the
directions.
East asia has multiple importance for China for it is its key route of trade and also has the choke
point Malacca strait hence more than economic issue it also has security issues and of course
disputes with its neighbours
China together with Malaysia favoured the ASEAN +3 as the focus for community building whereas
Japan and India felt the EAS should be the focus of the East Asian Community.
China, in particular, strongly opposed the inclusion of India and Australia in the proposed EAS

Beijing even went to the extent of dispatching diplomats to Laos, then country convener for India
within the ASEAN & Asian countries to dissuade them from lobbying for their membership
Beijing failed in its plan all Southeast Asian countries supported Indias participation in the EAS,
possibly seeing it as a useful balancer to Chinas growing power,
Singapore and Indonesia were the strongest supporters of Indias inclusion in the EAS process

Instances of Cyber warfare The Chinese acts

In 2011 India asked the SIM cards of all mobile companies be changed to indigenously made ones as
foreign SIMs could contain embedded worms which may affect cellular activity
The Information warfare by China is towards combined usage of network warfare tools and electronic
warfare weapons in the event early stages of war
In addition china has been creating Information Warfare(IW) militia which primarily consists of
personnel from IT sector and academia for their offensive and defensive purposes
There have been reports of Chinese researchers even buying Zero day vulnerabilities

What is Zero day Vulnerability

An attack against a software vulnerability that has not yet been addressed by the software
developer/maintainer. These attacks are difficult to defend against as they are often undisclosed by the
software developer himself

China has also pulling down prominent hacking groups and transforming bring them to their side to
serve their purposes
In 2006 they arrested patriot hackers Black eagle base and shut down their site but the same group
resurfaced as Black Eagle honker base claiming to serve the state from then on
In 2009 M.K.Narayanan the then NSA of India that his office and some other departments have been
targeted on the same day Google reported sophisticated cyber attacks from China
A trojan which allows hacker to access computer remotely and download remotely and delete files was
embedded in e mail pdf attachment

The following steps must be taken to prevent such attacks

The network should be planned, owned and operationalised by defence agencies themselves.
Total network security must be planned in addition to bulk media secrecy.
Network equipment should be procured from reliable original equipment suppliers.
Multi-layer communication systems, with redundancy catered for the critical systems at all levels should
be installed
Only applications on client computers connected on network to ensure security of individual files/data
should be maintained.
Data/ information can be kept encrypted on detachable seperate hard drive, to be connected through
USB port on network computer to transmit particular file only. The file to be transmitted should only
be copied on to the computer and once transmitted be securely deleted.
Encryption and decryption should be carried out on a standalone computer

Abstract point regarding the two sides with no particular order (sourced from Pax Indica)
India is set to overtake Chinas population by 2025
China and India are worlds 2nd and 11th largest economy in dollar terms
China holds the largest reserve of foreign currency in the world i.e dollar
Chinese military budget has been increasing by 17 to 18% a year since 2007
China as popular is for is for industrialization is equally known for pollution in the country
Chindia is a word coined to refer to India and China in general for their proximity and status of future
global power, Coined by Jairam Ramesh
China started liberalization in 1978 ,13 years before India did
China is primarily about top down military discipline
In China national priorities are established by government and funded by state
In India priorities emerge after a prolonged debate ,arguments and counter arguments i.e what we call a
parliament .
In China state owned enterprises are engines of devolpment
In India private sectors are known for their entrepreneurial skills
India is land of Individual excellence despite limitations of the system, in china individual success is a
product of Chinese system
Huge population displacement is one of stand points in Chinese development
Chinas success in some parts doesnt stay in china big share goes out of china e.g of a $700 laptop
made in china only 15% stays in China
In practice made in china has been made by America in china
China has poor Banking system in place which carried a whooping $911 billion as unrecoverable loan
in 2006
China is yet to properly use its domestic savings for national productive cause hence largely depends on
FDI ,India on the other hand has been the opposite
China lags behind India when it comes to software solutions
While India manages pluralism comfortably China is yet to understand pluralism with Tibet being a
standing proof
China has overtaken US as Indias single largest trading partner /*opinion*/ which is a cause of concern
as the trade is heavily tilted towards china
Chinas FDI has been more into extraction of natural resources but Indias FDI more into IT and other
technologies
China has been accused of conserving its mineral reserves such as Iron and importing from countries
such as India
Chinese exports to India cheaper products which affects domestic producers
Freedom of press A Recently controversy in China

The Chinese-language websites of The Wall Street Journal and Reuters(recently) blocked, and those of
Bloomberg News and The New York Times have both been blocked for months
The Chinese government has been refusing visa renewal for reporters /journalists of The Times and
Bloomberg in China Why?
Because of exposing the enormous wealth amassed by relatives of senior Chinese leaders including the
big man Xi jiping himself

These journalists had scrutinized public records one of the scandals that came out was former Prime
Minister Wen Jiabao's 90-year-old mother, a retired schoolteacher, had in her name an investment in a
large Chinese financial services company valued around $100 million which is seen as tip of the iceberg
This is lifted from Indian Express/New York Times by Thomas l. Friedman
To this the Global Times(English Language Chinese Paper) responded by accusing Western media and
Thomas as the West's strategy in interfering China's political agenda-setting and future policy
orientation.
Lacking knowledge about Chinese regulations and the western media losing its hold in their home turf
now searching for new avenues thus stirring up public opinion
Areas of Co operation

India & China have co operated on numerous occasions such as WTO and the UN summits on
Environment in which both fought against binding agreements on emissions
The developed nation accused both for jeopardizing the agreement

Conclusion/* Opinion*/
To quote

Shyam Saran former IFS said Deception is an integral element of Chinese strategic culture
Arun shourie a noted journalist and former cabinet Minister stated about Chinese policy as
Claim, repeat the claim go on repeating the claim grab let time pass fellows will get used to it

India must tread carefully with an clear eye on China as for India to go big globally China is bound to be a
definite hurdle .
by Aditya Ravichandran

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Books/pdf
http://www.securitychallenges.org.au/ArticlePDFs/vol6no3Brewster.pdf
India sphere of Influence
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Pakistan Occupied Kashmir
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Indias Geostrategy and China: Mackinder versus Mahan?
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Conflicts and Cooperation India China relations
India-China Relations A New Paradigm RUP NARAYAN DAS(IDSA)
Critical Assessment of China'sVulnerabilities in Tibet Mandip- Singh(IDSA)
Chinas Perception of Indias Look East Policy and Its Implications-Baladas Ghoshal
China s Territorial Claim On Arunachal Pradesh Alternative Scenarios 2032Namrata Goswami

Of all the topics I left one being Manmohans China visit and Chinese premier visit.I think someone else
covered this earlier ,the controversy of Dam building by China and finally Japan India partnership
countering china called Security diamond .I felt Security diamond would be better off in India Japan
relations plus writing this by itself has been a herculean task for me.