You are on page 1of 36

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH

Chng 3
BIEU DIEN CAC VAT THE HNH HOC TREN O THC
Vat the la cac khoi hnh hoc phc tap hoac n gian, biu din cc vt th
khng gian ln bn v k thut ngi ta s dng ph bin phng php hnh chiu
thng gc kt hp vi hnh ct, mt ct. Ngoi ra cn minh ha thm bng hnh chiu
trc o, hnh chiu phi cnh ca vt th.
Phng php hnh chiu thng gc
t vt th cn biu din gia mt ngi quan st v mt phng hnh chiu
tng ng. Hnh chiu ca vt th l hnh biu din nhn c bng cch chiu thng
gc cc ng bao, cc cnh thuc b mt ca vt th ln mt phng hnh chiu tng
ng. Cc ng bao thy, cnh thy biu din bng nt lin c ban. Cc ng bao
khut, cnh khut th hin bng nt t.
3.1 Cc hnh chiu c bn
Theo TCVN 5-78 qui nh dng 6 mt ca hnh hp lm 6 mt phng hnh chiu
c bn. Sau khi chiu thng gc vt th ln cc mt phng hnh chiu ta tri cc mt
ca hnh hp cho trng vi mt phng hnh chiu P1 (c chn lm mt phng ca
bn v) su hnh biu din thu c gi l cc hnh chiu c bn ca vt th.
- Hnh chiu t trc: hnh chiu ng (mt ng chnh)
- Hnh chiu t trn: hnh chiu bng
- Hnh chiu t tri: hnh chiu cnh (mt bn)
- Hnh chiu t phi: hnh chiu cnh
- Hnh chiu t dui
- Hnh chiu t sau (mt ng sau)

Trang 76

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH

Hnh 3.1
+ Thng thng ch cn s dng ba mt phng hnh chiu (hoc 2 MP hnh
chiu): Hnh chiu ng hnh chiu bng hnh chiu cnh. Vit Nam thng s
dng ba mt phng hnh chiu gc t th 1 ( cc nc Anh, M, H Lanngi ta
b tr hnh chiu theo phng php chiu gc t th 3, mt phng hnh chiu
c t gia mt ngi quan st v vt th cn biu din).
+ S lng hnh chiu trn bn v cn t nht, nhng phi din t hnh
dng, cu to ca vt th.

Hnh 3.2

+ Khi dng hnh chieu cong trnh hay bo phan cong trnh ngi ta bo tr sao
cho hnh chieu ng the hien c nhieu nhat cac net ac trng ve hnh dang va
kch thc cua cong trnh.

Trang 77

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH

Hnh 3.3

3.2 Hnh chieu phu va hnh chieu rieng phan


a. Hnh chieu phu: Bieu dien hnh chieu cua mot vat the, khi hnh chieu c
ban cua no khong phan anh ay u ac trng ma con b bien dang ve hnh dang kch
thc th ngi ta chieu bo phan ay len mot mat phang hnh chieu phu. Nh vay
hnh chieu phu la hnh chieu cua mot bo phan cua vat the len mot mat phang khong
song song vi mat phang hnh chieu c ban.
Hnh chieu phu thng c at ngay canh hnh bieu dien chnh vi ung v tr
lien he, neu hnh chieu phu at v tr khac th phai ghi chu.
b. Hnh chieu rieng phan: la hnh chieu mt bo phan nho cua vat the len mot
mat phang hnh chieu c ban no c s dung khi khong can thiet ve ay u hnh
chieu cua toan bo vat the. Hnh chieu rieng phan c gii han bang net ln song.
Cho phep ve hnh chieu rieng phan vi ty le ln hn ty le cua hnh chieu c ban lien
quan nham lam ro hnh dang cau tao cua bo phan can bieu dien.

V du: Hnh chieu phu cua mat bch nhn theo hng A, hnh chieu phu c
xoay i mot goc cho de nhn, can ghi ky hieu xoay bang mui ten tren ten goi cua
hnh chieu (quy nh xoay theo chieu kim ong ho), neu hnh chieu phu ve phong to
th can ghi chu ty le.

Trang 78

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH

Hnh chieu rieng phan

Hnh 3.4

Hnh chieu phu

3.3 Hnh chieu cua mot so khoi hnh hoc n gian


1. Khoi lang tru:
a. Khoi lang tru ng : la khoi co cac mat ben vuong goc vi hnh phang
ay khoi.
b. Khoi lang tru xien : la khoi ma cac mat ben khong vuong goc vi hnh
phang ay khoi va co hai hnh phang ay song song nhau.
Cach dng hnh chieu : Ta dng hnh chieu cua ay tren va ay di khoi lang
tru roi noi cac nh ay tng ng, ta co hnh chieu cua cac canh ben khoi lang tru.

Hnh 3.5
Trang 79

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


2. Khoi chop: la khoi co cac mat ben la nhng tam giac.
a. Khoi chop ng co hnh chieu nh chop nam trong hnh phang ay chop.
b. Khoi chop xien co hnh chieu nh chop nam ngoai hnh phang ay chop.
Cach dng hnh chieu: Ta dng hnh chieu cua ay chop, dng hnh chieu cua
nh chop roi noi hnh chieu nh chop vi cac hnh chieu nh cua ay chop e co
hnh chieu cac canh ben cua khoi chop.

Hnh 3.6
3. Khoi non:
a. Khoi non ng : la khoi non co ng truc non vuong goc vi hnh tron
ay non.
b. Khoi non xien : la khoi non co truc non khong vuong goc vi hnh tron
ay non.
Cach dng hnh chieu : Dng hnh chieu cua hnh tron ay non, dng hnh
chieu nh non, noi hnh chieu nh non va hnh chieu ay non tao nen cac hnh
chieu cua ng sinh mat non.
Trang 80

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH

Hnh 3.7

4. Khoi tru:
Khi khoi non co nh S vo tan, ta co cac ng sinh song song nhau tao nen
khoi tru.
a. Khoi tru ng : la khoi co cac ng sinh vuong goc vi ng tron ay
b. Khoi tru xien : la khoi co cac ng sinh khong vuong goc vi ng tron ay.
e dng hnh chieu cua khoi tru, ta dng hnh chieu cua ng tron ay tren va
ng tron ay di tru roi noi chung lai bang hai ng sinh bien.

Hnh 3.8
Chu y : Vi khoi non ta ch nghien cu loai co mat ay song song vi MPHC
P2 va khoi tru loai co mat ay song song vi MPHC bang va song song nhau.

Trang 81

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


Hnh chieu cua khoi cau c bieu dien nh hnh ve 3.9

Hnh 3.9
Khi dng hnh chieu vat the phc tap ngi ta phan tch no thanh nhung bo
phan hnh hoc n gian hn. Ve hnh chieu cua cac bo phan nay roi tap hp chung
lai e co hnh chieu cua vat the a cho.
V du : Cho vat the nh hnh ve

Hnh 3.10

Ta phan tch vat the c cau tao t 3 bo phan n gian.


Khoi A: Hop ch nhat nam ngang tren co khuyet mot phan.
Khoi B: Hop ch nhat thang ng tren co uc mot lo hnh tron.
Khoi C: Khoi lang tru tam giac.
Trang 82

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


Ta dng hnh chieu cac bo phan nay va tap hp cac hnh chieu cua chung,
chnh la hnh chieu cua toan bo vat the a cho. Sau o ghi kch thc cua no len cac
hnh chieu. Noi chung, cac kch thc cua mot vat the gom ba loai: kch thc bao,
kch thc nh hnh va kch thc nh v (kch thc bao la kch thc dai nhat,
rong hoac sau nhat va cao nhat cua vat the, kch thc nh hnh la kch thc dung
e xac nh o ln cua cac bo phan cau tao nen vat the, kch thc nh v la kch
thc dung e xac nh v tr tng oi gia cac bo phan khac nhau cua vat the),
hnh 3.11.

Hnh 3.11
3.4 iem thuoc mat ngoai khoi
Qui tac : iem thuoc mat ngoai khoi th hnh chieu cua iem cung thuoc hnh
chieu mat ngoai khoi o.
V du 1 : Cho khoi chop SABC, cho M SAC biet M1 tm M2 (hnh 3.13)
Cach lam 1 : Gan M vao oan SM SBC co S1 H1, dong tm S2H2 M1 S1H1
th M2 S2H2.
Cach lam 2 : dung mat phang phu tr
+ S dung mat phang R cha M va song song vi MPHC P2
+ Tm giao tuyen phu cua mat phang R va khoi a cho: v mp R MPHC P1
nen hnh chieu ng giao tuyen phu 112131 mat phang R1
+ Ta co ngay 11 21 31 dong tm 12 22 32
+ M1 2131 th M2 22 32
Trang 83

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH

Hnh 3.12

Hnh 3.13

V du 2 : Cho khoi non nh S, biet M thuoc mat ngoai khoi non, co M1 tm M2


(M thay tren MPHC P1)

Hnh 3.14
Giai :
Gan M vao ng sinh SA cua non, tm hnh chieu con lai cua ng sinh S2
A2, tm hnh chieu con lai cua M M1 S1A1, M2 S2 A2
Hoac dung mat phang phu tr R cha M va song song MPHC P2 tm giao tuyen
phu (ng tron 12) dong tm hnh chieu con lai cua M (M1 11 21 M2 12 22 ).
Trang 84

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


V du 3 : Cho hnh chieu cua mat cau, M thuoc mat cau, co M2 tm M1 (biet M
thay tren mat phang hnh chieu P2 va thay tren mat phang hnh chieu P1)

(a)

Hnh 3.15

(b)

Giai : iem M thuoc mat cau nen hnh chieu cua no cung thuoc hnh chieu cua
mat cau (hoac no cung thuoc mot vong tron V nao o cua mat cau)
Ta gan M vao ng tron cua mat cau co v tr song song vi 1 mat phang
hnh chieu.
V du : gan M2 vao V2 (V // MPHC P2) giong tm M1 V1
(Hnh ve 3.15a: mp v // MPHC P2 hoac hnh ve 3.15b: mpv // MPHC P1 )
Nh vay e tm hnh chieu cua iem thuoc mat ngoai khoi ta s dung phng
phap gan iem vao ng thang thuoc mat ngoai khoi hoac phng phap mat phang
phu tr cha iem, chu y e de dang thc hien tren o thc, mat phang phu tr luon
c chon la mat phang co v tr ac biet.
3.5 Giao ng thang va khoi.
Giao iem la iem co tnh chat va thuoc ng thang va thuoc mat ngoai
khoi. e giai bai toan ta thng s dung 2 phng phap:
Phng phap 1 : Mat ngoai khoi c tao bi cac hnh phang, nh vay ap dung
bai toan tm cac giao iem cua oan thang va cac hnh phang thuoc mat ngoai khoi.

Trang 85

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


Phng phap 2 : Lap mat phang phu tr cha ng thang
- Tm giao tuyen phu cua mat phang phu tr va mat ngoai khoi.
- Tap hp cac giao iem cua ng thang a cho vi giao tuyen phu.
- Tap hp o chnh la cac giao iem phai tm.
Chu y : Mat phang phu tr luon c chon la mat phang bang hoac mat phang
mat hoac mat phang chieu.
Sau khi tm c cac giao iem ta xet thay khuat: phan ng thang nam trong
khoi mac nhien b khuat, phan nam ngoai khoi xet thay khuat nh thong thng.
- Giao iem nam hnh phang thay: giao diem thay.
- Giao iem thuoc hnh phang khuat: giao iem khuat.

mp phu tr
K

mp phu tr

Hnh 3.16
ng thang va khoi thng co ba trng hp sau :
1. ng thang bat ky va khoi ac biet.
Khai niem ac biet dung e ch nhng khoi co mat ngoai (a giac phang hoac
mat cong) nhng v tr vuong goc vi MPHC.
Ta ap dung tng t nh khi tm giao cua ng thang bat ky va hnh phang
ac biet.
Ta co ngay mot hnh chieu cua giao iem MPHC ma mat ngoai khoi vuong
goc. Tm hnh chieu con lai cua giao iem bang phng phap dong.
V du: Tm giao cua ng thang m va ay lang tru khoi tam giac.
Giai : Do khoi lang tru co cac mat ben vuong goc vi MPHC P2 nen ta co ngay
hnh chieu bang cac giao iem la I2 va K2. dong tm I1 va K1.
I = AABB x m
I2 = A2A2 B2B2 x m2
K = BBCC x m
K2 = B2B2 C2C2 x m2
Xet thay khuat nh hnh ve.
Trang 86

; I1 = A1A1 B1B1 x m1
; K1 = B1B1 C1C1 x m1

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH

(a)

(b)

Hnh 3.17
V du tng t khi ng thang n cat khoi tru ng (Hnh ve 3.17b).
2.ng thang ac biet va khoi bat ky.
Trng hp nay ta cung co ngay mot hnh chieu cua giao iem, tm hnh chieu
con lai bang phng phap gan iem hoac s dung mat phang phu tr.
V du 1: tm giao iem cua ng thang m va khoi SABC, biet m MPHC P2

Hnh 3.18
(a)

(b)

Giai :
V m P2 nen K2 m2 (suy bien ve 1 iem)
Gan K2 vao S2H2 dong tm S1H1 S1H1 x m1 = K1
Xet thay khuat nh hnh ve 3.18b.
Trang 87

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


V du 2: tng t nh v du 1 khi m vi MPHC P1 ; ta co ngay K1 m1 ; s
dung mat phang phu tr (mp R) song song vi MPHC P2 va cha K1 co giao tuyen
phu 112131, dong tm 122232 122232 x m2 cho ta 2 giao iem K2 va K2
K2 = S2B2C2 x m2 ; K2 = S2C2A2 x m2
Xet thay khuat (Hnh ve 3.18a).
3.ng thang bat ky va khoi bat ky.
Trng hp nay ta cha co thong tin g ve giao iem, muon tm giao iem ta
phai ap dung cac phng phap nh a biet :
- Bai toan tm giao ng thang vi cac hnh phang cua mat ngoai khoi.
- Hoac s dung mat phang phu tr cha ng thang e tm giao iem.
V du 1: tm giao cua oan MN va khoi chop SABC (Hnh 3.19)
Cach giai 1: cac mat ben khoi chop la nhng tam giac co v tr bat k. Nh vay
ta tr lai bai toan tm giao iem cua oan thang bat ky va hnh phang bat ky.
- Dung mat phang phu tr R cha MN va vuong goc vi MPHC P1
(M1N1 mpR1)
- Tm giao tuyen phu cua mpR cat khoi chop. Ta co ngay hnh chieu ng cua
giao tuyen phu 112131 dong tm 122232
- Giao tuyen 122232 x M2N2 tai I2 va J2 dong tm I1 va J1
- Xet thay khuat (hnh ve 3.19a).
Cach giai 2: dung mat phang phu tr R cha MN va i qua nh S cua chop ;
Mat phang R cat chop SABC theo giao tuyen S34 S34 cat MN cho ta giao iem I
va J (hnh ve 3.19b)

a.

b.
Hnh 3.19
Trang 88

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


V du 2: tm giao iem oan AB va khoi non nh S.

(a)

Hnh 3.20

(b)

Cach giai 1 : dung mat phang phu tr cha AB va vuong goc vi MPHC P1 .
q
Ta co giao tuyen phu C
1 D1 A1 B1 mpR1 .
q
Gan ng sinh e tm C
2 D2 (hnh chieu bang giao tuyen phu).
q
C
2 D2 x A2B2 tai I2 va J2 , dong tm I1 va J1 .

xet thay khuat hnh ve 3.20 a.


Cach giai 2 : dung mp phu tr R i
qua 3 iem A, B, va nh S cua non.
Tm giao tuyen phu S34 cua mat
phang R va khoi non. Giao tuyen phu
S34 cat AB cho ta hai giao iem I va J
(hnh 3.20b)

V du 3 : Tm giao cua oan AS


va khoi lang tru xien DEF DEF
Dung mat phang phu tr cha AS
va vuong goc MPHC P2 tm giao tuyen
phu 123 tm I va J (Hnh 3.21)
Hnh 3.21
Trang 89

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH

Hnh 3.22

V du 4 : Cho hnh chieu khoi a dien ABCD. Tm giao cua ng thang l cat
khoi a dien (hnh 3.22)
Giai: Chon mat phang phu tr K cha l va vuong goc vi MPHC P1 .
Ve giao cua K va khoi a dien: giao tuyen phu la t giac MNIQ.
Ve giao cua ng l vi giao phu va tm, ta co hai giao iem K va H.
Xet thay khuat: Giao iem thay
Tren mot MPHC khi no thuoc mat ben tha tren hnh chieu o:
- Tren MPHC P1 ta co K1 thay; H1 thay.
- Tren MPHC P2 ta co K2 khuat; H2 thay.
Nh vay ng l cat khoi tai hai iem vao va ra khoi la K va H.
V du 5 : Ve giao cua ng thang l vi mat tru. (hnh 3.23)
Giai : s dung MP phu tr K cha l va song song vi cac ng sinh cua
mat tru.
- mp K (l x t = A) vi t song song vi cac ng sinh cua tru.
- mp K cat cac ng chuan cua tru hai iem 1 va 2, giao phu se la hai
ng sinh i qua 1 va 2.
Trang 90

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


- Cac giao iem K va H cua cac ng sinh nay vi l se la giao cua l vi tru.
- Xet thay khuat :
+ Tren MPHC P2 : iem K thay; iem H khuat.
+ Tren MPHC P1 : iem H thay; iem K khuat.
l

Hnh 3.23
3.5 Giao tuyen mat phang va khoi :
La tap hp cac iem va thuoc mat phang va thuoc mat ngoai khoi.
1. Khi khoi co mat ngoai la cac a dien phang :
Giao cua mat phang va khoi a dien la mot hay nhieu a giac, co canh la cac
giao tuyen cua cac mat ben cua a dien vi mat phang va cac nh la cac giao iem
cua cac canh khoi a dien vi mat phang.

Hnh3.24
Trang 91

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


Phng phap xac nh giao tuyen:
- Xac nh nh cua giao bang cach tm cac giao iem cua cac canh thuoc
khoi a dien vi mat phang a cho.
- Xac nh cac canh cua giao bang cach tm cac giao tuyen cua cac mat ben
thuoc khoi a dien vi mat phang a cho.
- Nh vay van e ve giao thc chat la van e tm giao tuyen cua hai mat
phang hoac tm giao iem cua oan thang va hnh phang.
- Sau khi tm c cac iem chung cua mat phang va mat ngoai khoi, ta noi
chung lai e tao thanh giao.
- Khi noi chu y: ch c noi hai ien chung cung thuoc mot mat phang tao
nen mat ben cua khoi a dien.
- Xet thay khat: hai iem chung cung nam tren hai hnh phang thay th giao
tuyen thay. Neu co mot hnh phang khuat th giao tuyen khuat.
V du 1: tm giao tuyen cua mat phang chieu ng R va khoi chop SABC
(hnh 3.25)

Hnh 3.25
Giai: V mp R MPHCP1 nen ta co ngay hnh chieu ng cua giao tuyen
112232 v1R.
Dong tm 122232 (12S2A2; 22S2B2 va 23S3C3)

Trang 92

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


V du 2: Tm giao tuyen cua mat phang Q va khoi chop SABC (Hnh 3.26)

Hnh 3.26

Giai : Ta lan lt tm giao tuyen cua mat phang Q va cac mat ben cua khoi:
mp Q x SAC; mp Q x SAB; mp Q x SBC. Hoac ta tm cac giao iem cua cac canh
khoi cat mat phang Q :SA x mp Q = K; SB x mp Q = N va SC x mp Q = I.
Noi K,N,I Ta co giao tuyen can tm. (e tm giao iem ta ap dung bai toan tm
giao cua ng thang va mat phang.)
Hnh ve 3.26 dien giai cach tm giao cua khoi cat mpQ.
V du: SA x mp Q phu tr cha SA va vuong goc vi MPHC P1 co giao
tuyen phu 1122 (1121 S1A1) dong tm 1222
1222 x S2A2 = K2 dong tm K1; ta co K(K1,K2)
Cac iem N va I tm tng t.
Xet thay khuat: ( Hnh 3.26)
2. Trng hp khoi co mat ngoai cong :
Giao cua mat phang vi mot mat cong la mot ng cong, neu mat cong la bac
ai so bac n, th giao cua mat phang vi mat o la ng ai so bac n.
e tm cac iem chung thuoc giao ta thng dung.
Trang 93

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


Phng phap 1: dung mat phang phu tr cat ca hai yeu to a cho (phu tr cat
mat phang theo ng thang g va cat mat cong theo ng cong l)
Giao cua ng cong l va ng thang g tai K va I se la iem chung phai tm.
Dung mot so mat phang phu tr, ta se c mot so iem chung.
Noi cac iem chung ta co giao phai tm.
Hoac s dung phng phap 2 :
Chon tren mat phang cua mat
ngoai khoi a cho (cac canh cua khoi)
nhng ng co v tr ac biet, ac trng
roi tm cac giao iem cua chung vi mat
phang a cho.

mat phang phu tr

Nh vay van e ve giao cua mot


mat phang vi mot khoi co mat ngoai
cong quy ve van e ve giao iem cua
mot ng vi mot mat cong.

mat cong

Hnh 3.27

Chu y: cac v tr ac biet thng s dung:


- Cac iem ranh gii gia phan thay va phan khuat cua giao tren tng MPHC.
- Cac iem thap nhat, cao nhat (so vi MPHC P2)
- Cac iem gan nhat, xa nhat
(so vi MPHC P1)
V du 1: Ve giao tuyen mat phang
chieu ng K va mat phang non tron
xoay nh S (hnh 3.28)
Ta nhan thay mat phang chieu
ng K cat tat ca cac ng sinh cua
non. Vay giao tuyen can tm la ng
elp co hnh chieu ng la mot oan
thang thuoc mat phang K1. Dng hnh
chieu bang cua giao bang phng
phap gan iem vao ng sinh, hoac
gan vao ng tron nam tren mat
phang non.(hnh 3.28).
Hnh 3.28

Trang 94

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


V du 2 : Tm giao cua mat phang chieu ng K vi khoi tru (hnh ve 3.29)

Hnh 3.29

Chu y:
Neu tm cang nhieu iem chung th noi ng giao tuyen o chnh xac cang
cao. Tuy nhien phai luon xac nh cac iem chung v tr ac biet nh iem cao
nhat, iem thap nhat va iem gia cua AB, co truc dai A2B2 va truc ngan C2D2 e
ve elp.
V du iem 1,2: iem thap nhat, iem cao nhat rong nhat, hep nhat.
iem 3,4: la iem sau nhat va iem nong nhat.
Neu mat non co ay la ng tron th :
- Mat phang cat qua tat ca cac ng sinh non giao la ng elp.
- Mat phang cat qua tat ca cac ng sinh non va song song vi ay non
giao la ng tron.
- Mat phang song song vi hai ng sinh cua non giao la hypecbol.
- Mat phang i qua nh non va ay non giao la hai ng sinh khac nhau
cua non.
- Mat phang cat qua nh non va tiep xuc vi ay non giao la mot ng
sinh cua non.
Neu la tru ay tron :
- Mat phang cat qua tat ca cac ng sinh tru va song song vi ay tru
giao la mot ng tron.
Trang 95

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


- Mat phang cat qua tat ca cac ng sinh tru ma khong song song ay tru
giao la mot elp.
- Mat phang cat song song vi tat ca ng sinh hnh tru va cat ay tru tai hai
iem giao la hai ng sinh cua tru.
- Mat phang cat song song vi tat ca vi ng sinh tru va tiep xuc vi ay
tru giao la mot ng sinhh tru.
V du 3 : Ve giao mat phang chieu ng K vi mat cau (hnh 3.30)

Hnh 3.30
e lam tot cac bai tap lien quan en cac mat phang nh giao iem oan thang
va khoi, giao tuyen mat phang khoiTa can biet xac nh mot iem tren mat ngoai
khoi va biet cac dang giao tuyen gia mat phang va khoi.

Trang 96

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH

Hnh3.31 trnh bay cac dang giao tuyen gia mat non, mat tru va mat phang.

Hnh 3.31a

Hnh 3.31b

Trang 97

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


3.6 Giao tuyen hai khoi
La tap hp cac iem chung thuoc mat ngoai cua ca hai khoi.
No la ng gap khuc, co the la cac oan thang hoac cac oan cong hoac
ca hai.
Hai khoi co the cat nhau hoan toan hoac khong hoan toan.

Hnh 3.32
1. Cac phng phap thng s dung e tm giao tuyen
a. Phng phap 1 :
Tm giao iem cua canh khoi nay cat khoi kia hoac ngc lai.
Hoac tm mat phang ben khoi nay cat mat phang ben khoi kia hoac phoi hp
ca hai loai tren.
Tom lai o chnh la thc hien bai toan c ban tm giao iem cua oan thang va
hnh phang.
Sau khi co cac iem chung, noi chung lai ta co giao tuyen.
b. Phng phap 2 :
Tm cac iem chung nh mot so mat cat. S dung mat phang cat phu tr cat ca
hai khoi a cho (mat phang cat phu tr co the la mat phang hoac mat cong).
Tren hnh 3.33 ch ro cach tm iem chung cua mat I va II
- Dung mat phang phu tr III cat ca hai mat I va mat II
- Mat phang phu tr cat mat I theo ng AB
- Mat phang phu tr cat mat II theo ng CD
- Giao iem K cua AB cat CD la iem chung cho ca mat I va mat II do o K
thuoc giao tuyen cua chung.
Lap lai cach ve nh vay ta c mot loat iem cua ng can tm.
Trang 98

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH

III

II
Q

Hnh 3.33
Chu y:
- Mat phang cat phu tr thng chon v tr ac biet va v tr tong quat.
- Chon mat phang cat phu tr sao cho chung cat ca hai mat khoi theo nhng
ng sinh cua khoi, hoac giao tuyen phu phai co o thc de tm, de ve (thng
chon mat phang cat phu tr la mat phang chieu hoac song song vi ay khoi, hoac
cha nh non, nh thap hoac cac mat phang cat phu tr song song vi cac
MPHC).
- Cac hnh chieu cua giao tuyen thu c trong gii han cua phan chung cac
hnh chieu cua hai mat khoi.
- Khi ve hnh chieu cac iem cua giao tuyen trc tien can tm nhng iem
thng c goi la iem ac trng. o la nhng iem ma hnh chieu tach phan thay,
phan khuat cua hnh chieu giao tuyen, o la hnh chieu cac iem cua giao tuyen co
o cao nhat hoac thap nhat so vi MPHC P2 (truc Oz). Cac iem gan nhat va xa nhat
oi vi ngi quan sat (o sau, truc Oy). Cac iem tan cung ben phai va ben trai
tren cac hnh chieu cua giao tuyen (truc Ox).
- Khi noi cac iem chung e tao thanh giao tuyen cua hai khoi : Ch c noi
hai iem chung khi chung cung nam mot mat ben cua khoi nay va mot mat ben
cua khoi kia.
2. Cac bc thc hien dng giao tuyen hai khoi
- Bc 1 : Ve hnh chieu cac khoi tren cung mot o thc.
- Bc 2 : Nhan xet ng giao tuyen cua cac khoi nh sau :
+ Neu hai khoi cat nhau hoan toan trong khong gian (khoi no chui hoan toan
vao khoi kia) se tao ra hai giao tuyen khep kn tach ri nhau.
+ Neu chung cat nhau khong hoan toan trong khong gian (mot phan khoi nay
cat mot phan khoi kia) se tao ra mot giao tuyen khep kn.
- Bc 3 : Tm hnh chieu cua giao tuyen, co hai trng hp:

Trang 99

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


+ Mat ngoai khoi phang: Ta chon s dung phng phap tm cac iem chung
roi noi lai (thng ta s dung tm giao cua canh khoi nay cat khoi kia). Giao tuyen
cua trng hp nay la nhng oan thang khep kn.
+ Mat ngoai khoi co 1 hoac 2 la cong: Tm giao iem cua cac ng sinh vi
nhau, hoac ng sinh khoi nay cat mat phang khoi kia roi noi lai, hoac dung mat
phang cat phu tr e tm iem chung cua hai khoi. o chnh xac cua giao tuyen
cang cao khi ta chon so iem cang nhieu. Chu y phai tm trc cac iem chung
ac trng. Giao tuyen trong trng hp nay cung la nhng ng cong.
- Bc 4 : Xet thay khuat :
Qui tac:
- Phan giao tuyen nam tren hai mat thay se thay
- Phan giao tuyen nam tren hai mat khuat hoac mot mat thay mot mat khuat
se khuat.
- e tranh nham lan khi noi giao tuyen ta lam nh sau:
+ Khai trien hai khoi tren cung mot mat phang.
+ Tm ngay giao iem va noi tren s o.
+ anh dau mat thay (+) va mat khuat (-) tren s o.
+ Tren s o hai iem cung nam trong o vuong th noi c vi nhau.
+ Luc o ta se co ngay phan giao tuyen thay va phan giao tuyen khuat e
ve vao o thc.
3. Cac v du:

Hnh 3.34
Trang 100

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


V du 1: Tm giao tuyen hai khoi lang tru ABCABC cat DEFDEF
Giai:
- Bc 1: Ve o thc hai khoi.
- Bc 2: Nhan xet hai khoi cat nhau hoan toan, ta se co hai giao tuyen
khep kn.
- Bc 3: Tm hnh chieu cua giao tuyen.
V khoi lang tru tru ABCABC co cac mat ben vuong goc vi P2 nen ta co
ngay hnh chieu bang cua giao tuyen.
DD x ABBA=1

EE x ABBA=2

FF x ABBA=3

DD x BCBC=4

EE x BCBC=5

FF x BCBC=6

Ta co cac giao tuyen 12 22 32 va 42 52 62 dong len MPHCP1 ta c 11 21 31


va 41 51 61
- Bc 4: Xet thay khuat ta khai trien mat ngoai hai khoi nh hnh 3.34
V du 2: Ve giao tuyen cua hai thap SABC va TDEF cho nh hnh ve.

Hnh 3.35a

Trang 101

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


- Bc 1: Ve o thc hai khoi.
- Bc 2: Nhan xet : Hai khoi giao nhau khong hoan toan nh vat giao tuyen
la mot ng gap khuc khep kn.
- Bc 3: Tm hnh chieu cua giao tuyen.
Ta tm giao cua canh khoi nay vi mat ngoai khoi kia nh: SBxTDEF tai 1 va 2
(SBxTDF = 1, SDxTEF = 2) bai toan giao oan thang va hnh phang.
TD x SABC tai 5 va 6 (TD x SAB = 5, TD x SBC = 6)
TE x SABC tai 3 va 4 (TE x SAB = 3, TE x SBC = 4)
Noi cac iem chung ta co giao tuyen .
- Bc 4: Xet thay khuat, ta trai lien tiep cac mat ben cua hai thap len cung
mot mat phang, ghi cac iem tm c vao v tr tng ng anh dau mat thay
(+) mat khuat (-); noi giao tuyen va xet thay khuat cua giao tuyen. (Hnh 3.35b)

Hnh 3.35b
V du 3: Ve giao cua lang tru ABCABC va khoi non nh S
- Bc 1: Ve o thc hai khoi
- Bc 2: Nhan xet: Trong hai khoi co khoi non mat ngoai cong, nh vay giao
tuyen la ng cong va hai khoi giao nhau hoan toan nen giao tuyen la hai tap hp
ng cong khep kn.
- Bc 3: Ve giao tuyen
- Khoi lang tru ABCABCco cac mat ben co v tr vuong goc vi MPHC P1
nen ta co ngay hnh chieu ng cua giao tuyen (hnh chieu ng cua giao trung vi
hnh chieu ng cua khoi lang tru)
- Tm hnh chieu bang cua giao tuyen bang phng phap gan iem vao ng
sinh cua non hoac mat phang cat phu tr song song vi ay non.
- Bc 4: Xet thay khuat (Hnh ve)
Trang 102

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH

Hnh 3.36
V du 4 : Ve giao cua hai mat tru, co cac ng sinh cua tru th 1 la nhng
ng thang chieu bang, cac ng sinh cua mat tru th hai la nhng ng mat.
Giai: V tru 1 co ng sinh la ng thang chieu bang nen ta co ngay hnh
chieu bang cua giao tuyen (hnh chieu bang giao tuyen oan cong B2A2).
Tm hnh chieu ng cua giao tuyen bang phng phap gan iem vao ng
sinh khoi 2.
V du : Gan iem E vao ng sinh 62 dong tm 61
E2 62 E1 61 . Tng t cho cac iem khac.
Chu y tm cac iem ac trng nh a phan tch phan ly thuyet, nh cao nhat
D thap nhat C. Tan cung ben phai iem A, tan cung ben trai H va K, noi cac iem
ta co hnh chieu ng cua giao tuyen .
Xet thay khuat nh hnh ve 3.37

Trang 103

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH

Hnh 3.37
4. Dng cac hnh chieu cua vat the b cat xuyen
- Khi khoi vat the b mot so hnh phang co v tr vuong goc vi MPHC P1 cat
xuyen qua, hoac hai khoi giao nhau nhng mot khoi co mat ngoai v tr vuong goc
vi MPHC P1 (ch the hien hnh chieu khoi tren o thc MPHC ma khoi vuong
goc). Vi dang bai toan nay ta co ten goi khac la hnh xuyen.
- ay ta ch xet hnh xuyen n co hnh chieu ay u cua bon vat the co
dang cac mat hnh hoc c ban (a dien, tru, non, cau) b cat xuyen bi cac mat khac
vuong goc vi MPHC P1(nh vay ta a co hnh chieu ng cua giao tuyen). Nhiem
vu ve hai hnh chieu con lai cua cac vat the o.
- Hoan thanh hnh chieu bang va hnh chieu canh cua vat the a cho bang
cach : Gan iem cua giao tuyen vao cac ng sinh cua khoi, hoac cac oan thang
thuoc mat ngoai khoi, hoac cac v tuyen cua non cua cau hoac cac mat phang phu
tr vuong goc MPHC, hoac song song ay khoi tren c s a biet hnh chieu ng
cua cac iem o, dung phng phap dong iem e tm cac hnh chieu con lai.
- Xet thay khuat : Xet thay khuat tren MPHC P2 va MPHC P3 tren c s ly
thuyet hnh hoa ve giao tuyen hai mat va ay ta coi mot mat tng trng bi cac
mat cat xuyen la phan b cat bo i cua mat kia.
Trang 104

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


- Ngoai cac oan thang, ng cong cua giao tuyen ta chu y en cac oan
thang la giao tuyen cua cac mat cat xuyen.
- Tren ban ve hoan thanh khong c duy tr moi ng dong, ng dng
hnh va ky hieu, v vay trong qua trnh thc hien ban ve nen tan dung ong tac o.
ng dong ve bang net ch manh, m.
V du 1: Hoan thien o thc cua khoi vat the b xuyen mot lan.
Giai: Ta co ngay hnh chieu ng cua giao tuyen.
- S dung mat phang phu tr R chc cac iem 11 21 31 41 Tm giao tuyen
phu dong tm cac iem 12 22 32 42
- S dung phng phap dong tm cac iem 52 62 72 82 ; 51 A1B1 52 A2B2
B

Cac iem con lai tng t.


- Noi cac giao iem chu y : Ch noi hai giao iem tren cung mot mat ben cua
khoi va cung mot mat phang cat.
- Xet thay khuat nh hnh ve 3.38

Hnh 3.38
Trang 105

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


V du 2: Ve giao tuyen tren mat khoi non nh S b xuyen mot lan.
Giai : Ta co hnh chieu ng cua giao tuyen.
- S dung mat phang phu tr R1 cha 21 31 61 va song song ay non (hoac gan
vao v tuyen cua non) tm giao tuyen phu tm cac iem hnh chieu bang 22 32 62
- S dung mat phang phu tr R2 (tng t) tm c 52
- Dong iem tm 12 va 42
- Gan iem vao ng sinh tm c 72
- Noi cac iem e tao thanh giao tuyen (chu y cac iem noi tren cung mot
mat phang)
- Xet thay khuat (hnh 3.39)

Hnh 3.39

Trang 106

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


V du 3: dng hnh chieu cua khoi tru b cat xuyen mot lan.

Hnh 3.40
Trang 107

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


V du 4: dng hnh chieu cua khoi thep b cat xuyen mot lan.

Hnh 3.41
Trang 108

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


3.7 Cach dng hnh chieu th ba cua khoi vat the.
ay la bai phuc vu cho luyen tap hnh dung vat the t hai hnh chieu thang goc
a cho. Chnh la qua trnh oc ban ve.
Neu ch bieu dien vat the bang hai hnh chieu thang goc se co mot so trng
hp hai hnh chieu cua hnh khoi lam ngi oc co nhieu cach hieu khac nhau ve
hnh dang cua vat the. Nen ngi ta thng ve them hnh chieu th ba e nam chc
quan he ng net va bieu dien vat the mot cach ay u va duy nhat.
Viec dng hnh chieu th ba cua khoi vat the khong the ch giai quyet bang
cach dong thong thng theo phng phap a biet trong cac bai toan hnh hoa, ma
phai trai qua cac bc sau :
- Hnh dung khoi vat the t hai hnh chieu a cho, tng tng c hnh dang
vat the trong khong gian, ve phac nhanh hnh khoi khong gian cua no. ay la bc
quan trong va quyet nh e xac nh ung hng i tm hnh chieu th ba.
- Ve hnh chieu th ba ung vi quan he ng dong vi hai hnh chieu a
cho. Khi ve lu y:
+ Hnh chieu ng va hnh chieu bang cua vat the co lien he ng dong
ng, do o co chung kch thc ngang (kch thc rong: truc Ox).
+ Hnh chieu ng va hnh chieu canh cua vat the co lien he dong ngang, do
o co chung kch thc chieu cao (truc Oz).
+ Hnh chieu bang va hnh chieu canh cua vat the co chung kch thc o sau
(kch thc xa: truc Oy).
Ta co the s dung phng phap dong hoac phng phap o e chuyen kch
thc sau t hnh chieu bang sang hnh chieu canh, kch thc cao t hnh chieu
ng sang hnh chieu canh hoac ngc lai.
Chu y net thay, net khuat cua khoi tren cac MPHC
V du : Cho hnh chieu ng va hnh chieu bang cua khoi vat the . Dng hnh
chieu canh cua khoi.(Hnh 3.42)
- T hnh chieu P1; hnh chieu P2 ta oc e xac nh hnh dang khong gian
cua khoi:
- Dung ng dong e xac nh hnh dang tng phan cua khoi
- o cao, o rong oc tren P1; o rong, o xa oc tren P2
(Phai ket hp va lien he ng net e hnh dung ra khoi)
- Dong t P1 va P2 e xac nh cac iem, cac canh tren P3
(tren P3 the hien o cao, o xa)

Trang 109

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


Hnh 3.42 bieu dien cach tm hnh chieu canh cua khoi vat the

Hnh 3.42

Trang 110

GIAO TRNH VE KY THUAT- HNH HOC HOA HNH


e ho tr cho viec thc hien lam bai tap tm giao tuyen hai khoi hoac bai tap
khoi vat the b xuyen 1 lan Hnh 3.43 trnh bay cac dang :
- Giao tuyen cua mat tru va mat lang tru (hnh a;b)
- Giao tuyen gia 2 tru (hnh c)
- Giao tuyen gia mat tru va mat non (hnh d)

Hnh 3.43

Trang 111

You might also like