Bathymetric Chart of the Sea Floor

DASAR LAUTAN

Physiographic Map of the Sea Floor

3-D Computer Generated Image of the East Pacific Rise

Relief of Sea Floor (Bentuk Dasar Laut)

Major relief ocean bottom : * Continental margin
* Ocean basin floor
* Mid ocean ridge
Continental margin: * Continental Shelf
* Continental Slope
* Continental Rise
Ocean basin floor: * Oceanic rise
* Abyssal floor
* Seamount dan Guyot
* Trenches (palung)
Mid ocean ridge (punggung ditengah samudera):
- Mid Atlantic Ridge
- Mid Indian Ridge
- Pacific-Atlantic Ridge
- East Pacific Rise

Basins are depressions of the sea floor more or less equidimensional in form and of variable extent.
Canyon are relatively narrow, deep depressions with steep
slopes, the bottoms of which grade continuously downward.
Continental (or island) shelves are zones adjacent to a continent
(or around an island) and extending from the low-water line to
the depth at which there is usually a marked increase of slope
to greater depth.
Continental (or island) slopes are the declivities seaward from
the shelf edge into greater depth.

Plains are flat, gently sloping or nearly level regions of the sea
floor, e.g. an abyssal plain.
Ridges are long, narrow elevations of the sea floor with steep
sides and irregular topography.
Seamounts are isolated or comparatively isolated elevations
rising 1000 m or more from the sea floor and of limited extent
across the summit.
Sills are the low parts of the ridges separating ocean basins from
one another or from the adjacent sea floor.
Trenches are long, narrow, and deep depressions of the sea floor,
with relatively steep sides.

Asal usul Ocean Basin (Dasar Lautan)

(1) Continental Drift
Pergerakan daratan gunung-gunung dalam skala yang lebih luas
pergerakan benua (movement of continent) continental
drift Pergerakan massa benua pada permukaan bumi
(2) Sea Floor spreading
Mengapa benua bergerak relatif terhadap yang benua lainnya
berkembang teori sea floor spreading
Kerak (crust) dasar benua yang baru dan materi kulit (mantle)
bagian atas yang kaku bertambah sepanjang rangkaian deretan
gunung-gunung pada dasar lautan dan bergerak tegak lurus
menjauhi punggung (ridges) gunung-gunung tersebut.

(3) Mencakup proses secara menyeluruh : Plate Tectonic

Ada sejumlah lempengan (plate) utama kedalam mana batuan
atau lithosphere dapat di pisah-pisahkan.
Interaksi antara lempengan ini saat mereka bergerak
menghasilkan bentuk-bentuk struktur kerak bumi yang
dapat diamati.
Tectonic (Junani) pembentukan Struktur Kerak bumi.

Geological Periods
Precambrian
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Early Carboniferous
Late Carboniferous
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
Late Jurassic
Cretaceous
K/T extinction
Eocene
Miocene
Modern
Future World
Future
Future

4.6 B 514 Ma
458 Ma
425 Ma
390 Ma
356 Ma
306 Ma
255 Ma
237 Ma
195 Ma
152 Ma
94 Ma
66 Ma
50.2 Ma
14 Ma

570 Ma solidification
Gondwana, hard shell anim.
separation, coldest
Laurentia collides with Baltica
pre-Pangea, equatorial forests
western Pangea is complete
deserts, reptiles, major ext.
Life begins to rediversify,Pangea
Dinosaurs, Pangea starts to break
Pangea rifts apart, Atlantic
New oceans, India
end of dinosaurs
India collides with Asia
Modern look

+50 Ma N. Atlantic widens, Med. vanish

+100 Ma new subduction
+250 Ma new Pangea

Precambrian
break-up of the
supercontinent, Rodinia,
which formed 1100
million years ago. The
Late Precambrian was an
"Ice House" World, much
like the present-day.

Cambrian
Animals with hard-shells
appeared in great
numbers for the first time
during the Cambrian. The
continents were flooded
by shallow seas. The
supercontinent of
Gondwana had just
formed and was located
near the South Pole.

Ordovician
During the Ordovician ancient
oceans separated the barren
continents of Laurentia,
Baltica, Siberia and
Gondwana. The end of the
Ordovician was one of the
coldest times in Earth
history. Ice covered much of
the southern region of
Gondwana.

Devonian
By the Devonian the early
Paleozoic oceans were
closing, forming a "prePangea". Freshwater fish
were able to migrate from the
southern hemisphere
continents to North America
and Europe. Forests grew for
the first time in the
equatorial regions of Artic
Canada.

Silurian
Laurentia collides with
Baltica closing the northen
branch of the Iapetus Ocean
and forming the "Old Red
Sandstone" continent. Coral
reefs expand and land plants
begin to colonize the barren
continents.

Early Carboniferous
During the Early
Carboniferous the Paleozoic
oceans between Euramerica
and Gondwana began to
close, forming the
Appalachian and Variscan
mountains. An ice cap grew
at the South Pole as fourlegged vertebrates evolved in
the coal swamps near the
Equator.

Late Carboniferous
By the Late
Carboniferous the
continents that make up
modern North America
and Europe had collided
with the southern
continents of Gondwana
to form the western half
of Pangea. Ice covered
much of the southern
hemisphere and vast coal
swamps formed along
the equator.
Permian
Vast deserts covered
western Pangea during
the Permian as reptiles
spread across the face of
the supercontinent. 99%
of all life perished during
the extinction event that
marked the end of the
Paleozoic Era.

Formation of the Rocky Mountains

http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/parks/province/rockymtn.html

Triassic
The supercontinent of
Pangea, mostly
assembled by the
Triassic, allowed land
animals to migrate from
the South Pole to the
North Pole. Life began to
rediversify after the great
Permo-Triassic extinction
and warm-water faunas
spread across Tethys.
Jurassic
By the Early Jurassic,
south-central Asia had
assembled. A wide
Tethys ocean separated
the northern continents
from Gondwana. Though
Pangea was intact, the
first
rumblings
of Mountains
Subduction
zone Rocky
continental break up
could be heard.

Late Jurassic
The supercontinent of Pangea
began to break apart in the
Middle Jurassic. In the Late
Jurassic the Central Atlantic
Ocean was a narrow ocean
separating Africa from
eastern North
America. Eastern Gondwana
had begun to separate form
Western Gondwana

Cretaceous
During the Cretaceous the
South Atlantic Ocean
opened. India separated from
Madagascar and raced
northward on a collision
course with Eurasia. Notice
that North America was
connected to Europe, and that
Australia was still joined to
Antarctica.

Collision of continental crust

K/T extinction
The bull's eye marks the
location of the Chicxulub
impact site. The impact
of a 10 mile wide comet
caused global climate
changes that killed the
dinosaurs and many
other forms of life. By
the Late Cretaceous the
oceans had widened, and
India approached the
southern margin of Asia.

Eocene
50 - 55 million years ago
India began to collide
with Asia forming the
Tibetan plateau and
Himalayas. Australia,
which was attached to
Antarctica, began to
move rapidly northward.

3-2 Sea-Floor Spreading

Whereas oceanic ridges indicate tension,
continental mountains indicate compressional
forces are squeezing the land together.

Sedimentary Rocks Squeezed by Compression

Miocene

20 million years
ago, Antarctica
was coverd by
ice and the
northern
continents were
cooling
rapidly. The
world has taken
on a "modern"
look, but notice
that Florida and
parts of Asia
were flooded by
the sea.

Last Ice Age

When the Earth

is in its "Ice
House" climate
mode, there is
ice at the
poles. The polar
ice sheet
expands and
contacts
because of
variations in the

Modern World
We are entering a
new phase of
continental collision
that will ultimately
result in the
formation of a new
Pangea
supercontinent in
the future. Global
climate is warming
because we are
leaving an Ice Age
and because we are
adding greenhouse
gases to the
atmosphere.

Modern World

If we continue
present-day
plate motions
the Atlantic will
widen, Africa will
collide with
Europe
closingthe
Mediterranean,
Australia will
collide with S.E.
Asia, and
California will
slide northward
up the coast to
Alaska.

Future +100

Future +250

Bukti-bukti bahwa benua pernah bersatu:

(1) Umur Batuan: * fossil
* Umur radioaktif batuan

(2) Kehidupan purbakala dan Cuaca:

rekaman fossil lingkungan masa lalu

(3) Orientasi magnet benua:

* perubahan posisi kutub (polar wandering)

* Pembalikan arah magnet (magnetic reversal)

(4) Sea Floor Spreading

* Umur batuan makin semakin jauh dari MOR
* Orientasi magnit batuan

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Evidence for Continental Drift: Puzzle

Figure 1-8a Tectonic Plates

According to Wegner, the continents are sections of a past super

continent called Pangea, which broke apart and drifted to their
present locations.

Evidence for Continental Drift: Fossils

Now-Extinct Life Forms
Preserved
in the Geologic Record
tell a story

Source: J. C. Carton/Carto/Bruce Coleman, Inc. New York

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Evidence for Continental Drift: Rock Record

Pangaea 200 to 300 Millions of Years

Before the Present

Source: William E. Ferguson

Sea-Floor Spreading:
3-2 Movement at ridges
Axis of the oceanic ridge is offset by transform
(strike-slip) faults which produce lateral
displacement. Ridges and rifts indicate movement.

3-3 Global Plate Tectonics

Earths geomagnetic field is recorded as

new crust cools.
New crust.
Parallel bands of
crust with the same
magnetism form
along the ridge.

Segmented Ocean Ridge

Driving Mechanisms for Plate Motions

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Geomagnetic Polarity Reversals

Magnetic Anomalies

When new crust materials crystallizes,

some minerals align themselves with
Earths magnetic field, as it exists at that
time, imparting a permanent magnetic
field, called paleomagnetism, to the rock.
Periodically Earths magnetic field
polarity (direction) reverses poles.

Geologic Time
3-2 Sea-Floor Spreading
Modern humans
1_14

Extinction of dinosaurs
Flowering plants and grasses

Rocks forming at the ridge crest record the

magnetism existing at the time they solidify.
Sea floor increases in age and is more deeply
buried by sediment away from the ridge
because sediments have had a longer time to
collect.

First mammals
Earliest dinosaurs

Early reptiles
Primitive
fish

Rates of sea-floor spreading vary from 1 to 10

cm per year for each side of the ridge and can
be determined by dating magnetic anomaly
stripes of the sea floor and measuring their
distance from the ridge crest.
Continents are moved by the expanding sea
floor.

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3-3 Global Plate Tectonics

Because Earths size has not changed,

expansion of the crust in one area
requires destruction of the crust
elsewhere.
Currently, the Pacific Ocean basin is
shrinking as other ocean basins expand.

3-3 Global Plate Tectonics

Destruction of sea floor occurs in

subduction zones.

Subduction is the process at a trench

whereby one part of the sea floor plunges
below another and down into the
asthenosphere.

Seismicity is the frequency, magnitude and

distribution of earthquakes. Earthquakes
are concentrated along oceanic ridges,
transform faults, trenches and island arcs.
Tectonism refers to the deformation of
Earths crust.

3-3 Global Plate Tectonics

Benioff Zone is an area of increasingly deeper
seismic activity, inclined from the trench
downward in the direction of the island arc.

3-3 Global Plate Tectonics

Earths surface is composed of a series

of lithospheric plates. Plate edges
extend through the lithosphere and are
defined by seismicity.
Plate edges are trenches, oceanic ridges
and transform faults.
Seismicity and volcanism are concentrated
along plate boundaries.

South Figi Basin and Cross Section

Showing Benioff Zone

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3-3 Global Plate Tectonics

Movement of plates is caused by thermal

convection of the plastic rocks of the
asthenosphere which drag along the
overlying lithospheric plates.

Plate Rifting (cont'd): Earths Internal Heat Engine

Driving Mechanisms for Plate Motions

Figure 1-10
Mid-Ocean Ridge

3-3 Global Plate Tectonics

Mantle plumes originate deep within the

asthenosphere as molten rock which rises
and melts through the lithospheric plate
forming a large volcanic mass at a hot
spot.

Mantle Plume

15

3-3 Global Plate Tectonics

The Wilson Cycle

Wilson Cycle refers to the sequence of

events leading to the formation,
expansion, contracting and eventual
elimination of ocean basins.
Stages in basin history are:
Embryonic - rift valley forms as continent begins to
split.
Juvenile - sea floor basalts begin forming as
continental fragments diverge.
Mature - broad ocean basin widens, trenches
eventually develop and subduction begins.
Declining - subduction eliminates much of sea floor
and oceanic ridge.
Terminal - last of the sea floor is eliminated and
continents collide forming a continental mountain
chain.

3-4 Transform Faults

The San Andreas fault in

southern California is a
transform fault that
connects the sea-floor
spreading ridge of the
Gulf of California with
the spreading ridge off
Oregon and Washington.

3-4 Transform Faults

Because the San Andreas fault has an

irregular trace, strike-slip motion can
cause local compression or tension.

If these plate motions

continue, Baja will
splinter off California.
Fault Geometry

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3-4 Juvenile Ocean Basin

The Red Sea is a juvenile ocean basin that

is forming as the African plate diverges
from the Arabian plate.

3-4 Juvenile Ocean Basin

Hot, salty groundwater is dissolving metals from the rocks
and depositing them as metal sulfides in dense brine pools
like the Atlantis II Deep.

New basaltic ocean crust is just beginning

to form in the center of the Red Sea.

Atlantis II Deep

Quiz 1
Apa beda plate teori plate tektonik dan
continental drift

Apa yg di maksud dgn siklus wilson

Apa yang dimaksud dengan
Ridge
sill

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