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CYCLES
BORN-HABER CYCLES
CONTENTS
Lattice Enthalpy
Definition of enthalpy changes
Born-Haber cycle for sodium chloride
Calculation of Lattice Enthalpy
Born-Haber cycle for magnesium chloride
Na+(g)
Cl(g)
Na+ Cl(s)
Na+ Cl(s)
Na+(g)
Cl(g)
Example
highly EXOTHERMIC
strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
a lot of energy is released as the bond is formed
relative values are governed by the charge density of the ions.
Na+(g)
Cl(g)
Na+(g) + Cl(g)
NaCl(s)
Na+ Cl(s)
Example
highly ENDOTHERMIC
strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
a lot of energy must be put in to overcome the attraction
relative values are governed by the charge density of the ions.
Na+ Cl(s)
Na+(g)
Na+(g) + Cl(g)
NaCl(s)
Cl(g)
= greater attraction
= larger lattice enthalpy
= greater attraction
= larger lattice enthalpy
Effects
Melting point
Solubility
Br
O2-
Na+
-780
-742
-918
-2478
K+
-711
-679
-817
-2232
Rb+
-685
-656
-783
Mg2+
-2256
Ca2+
-2259
-3791
Units: kJ mol-1
Smaller ions will have a greater attraction for each other because of their
higher charge density. They will have larger Lattice Enthalpies and larger
melting points because of the extra energy which must be put in to separate
the oppositely charged ions.
Br
O2-
Na+
-780
-742
-918
-2478
K+
-711
-679
-817
-2232
Rb+
-685
-656
-783
Mg2+
-2256
Ca2+
-2259
-3791
Smaller ions will have a greater attraction for each other because of their
higher charge density. They will have larger Lattice Enthalpies and larger
melting points because of the extra energy which must be put in to separate
the oppositely charged ions.
Na+
Cl
K+
Cl
The sodium ion has the same charge as a potassium ion but is smaller. It has a higher
charge density so will have a more effective attraction for the chloride ion. More energy
will be released when they come together.
411
Na(s)
+ 108
+ 121
+ 500
364
> Na(g)
NaCl(s)
Na(s) + Cl2(g)
This
Thisisisan
anexothermic
exothermicprocess
processso
so
energy
is
released.
Sodium
energy is released. Sodium
chloride
chloridehas
hasaalower
lowerenthalpy
enthalpy
than
the
elements
which
than the elements whichmade
madeit.it.
-1
VALUE
VALUE==- -411
411kJ
kJmol
mol-1
1
NaCl(s)
NaCl(s)
Na(s)
>
Na(g)
Na(g) + Cl2(g)
2
Na(s) + Cl2(g)
This
Thisisisan
anendothermic
endothermicprocess.
process.
Energy
is
needed
to
separate
Energy is needed to separatethe
the
atoms.
Sublimation
involves
atoms. Sublimation involves
going
goingdirectly
directlyfrom
fromsolid
solidtotogas.
gas.
-1
VALUE
VALUE==++108
108kJ
kJmol
mol-1
1
NaCl(s)
Na(s)
3
NaCl(s)
>
Na(g)
Cl2(g) >
Cl(g)
Na(g) + Cl(g)
3
Na(g) + Cl2(g)
2
Na(s) + Cl2(g)
Breaking
Breakingcovalent
covalentbonds
bondsisisan
an
endothermic
process.
Energy
endothermic process. Energyisis
needed
neededtotoovercome
overcomethe
the
attraction
the
atomic
nuclei
attraction the atomic nucleihave
have
for
forthe
theshared
sharedpair
pairofofelectrons.
electrons.
-1
VALUE
VALUE==++121
121kJ
kJmol
mol-1
1
NaCl(s)
Na+(g) + Cl(g)
Na(s)
3
NaCl(s)
>
Na(g)
Cl2(g) >
Cl(g)
Na(g) + Cl(g)
2
Na(s) + Cl2(g)
All
AllIonisation
IonisationEnergies
Energiesare
are
endothermic.
Energy
is
endothermic. Energy isneeded
needed
totoovercome
the
attraction
overcome the attractionthe
the
protons
in
the
nucleus
have
protons in the nucleus havefor
for
the
theelectron
electronbeing
beingremoved.
removed.
-1
VALUE
VALUE==++500
500kJ
kJmol
mol-1
1
NaCl(s)
Na+(g) + Cl(g)
Na(s)
3
NaCl(s)
>
Na(g)
Cl2(g) >
Na+(g) + Cl(g)
Cl(g)
Na(g) + Cl(g)
Na(g) + Cl2(g)
Cl(g) + e
>
Cl(g)
Na(s) + Cl2(g)
Electron
Electronaffinity
affinityisisexothermic.
exothermic.
Energy
is
released
Energy is releasedas
asthe
thenucleus
nucleus
attracts
an
electron
to
the
outer
attracts an electron to the outer
shell
shellofofaachlorine
chlorineatom.
atom.
-1
VALUE
VALUE==- -364
364kJ
kJmol
mol-1
1
NaCl(s)
Na+(g) + Cl(g)
Na(s)
3
NaCl(s)
>
Na(g)
Cl2(g) >
Na+(g) + Cl(g)
Cl(g)
Na(g) + Cl(g)
Na(g) + Cl2(g)
Cl(g) + e
6
>
Cl(g)
Na(s) + Cl2(g)
1
NaCl(s)
Na+(g) + Cl(g)
= -
+ 1
Na+(g) + Cl(g)
Na(g) + Cl(g)
3
Na(g) + Cl2(g)
Na(s) + Cl2(g)
1
NaCl(s)
Na+(g) + Cl(g)
= -
+ 1
Na+(g) + Cl(g)
Na(g) + Cl(g)
3
Na(g) + Cl2(g)
OR
Na(s) + Cl2(g)
NaCl(s)
>
Mg2+(g) + 2Cl(g)
Mg(g) + 2Cl(g)
3
Mg(g) + Cl2(g)
Mg (g) + 2Cl(g)
+
x2
Cl(g)
Mg(g)
Cl2(g) >
4
Mg2+(g) + 2Cl(g)
MgCl2(s)
>
Cl(g)
x2
Mg(s) + Cl2(g)
1
Lattice Enthalpy of MgCl2
Mg2+(g) + 2Cl(g) > MgCl2(s)
MgCl2(s)
BORN-HABER
CYCLES
THE END