Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN is a method of proportioning structural elements such that computed
stresses produced in the elements by the allowable stress load combinations do not exceed specified
allowable stress (also called working stress design).
APPROVED as to materials and type of construction, refers to approval by the building official as the
result of investigation and tests conducted by the building official, or by reason of accepted principles or
tests by recognized authorities, technical or scientific organizations.
BUILDING is any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or occupancy.
BUILDING, EXISTING, is a building erected prior to the adoption of this code, or one for which a legal
building permit has been issued.
BUILDING OFFICIAL is the officer or other designated authority charged with the administration and
enforcement of this code, or the building officials duly authorized representative.
LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD) METHOD is a method of proportioning structural
elements using load and resistance factors such that no applicable limit state is reached when the
structure is subjected to all appropriate load combinations. The term LRFD is used in the design of steel
and wood structures.
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning structural elements such that the computed
forces produced in the elements by the factored load combinations do not exceed the factored element
strength. The term strength design is used in the design of concrete and masonry structures.
STRUCTURE is that which is built or constructed, an edifice or building of any kind, or any piece of work
artificially built up or composed of parts joined together in some definite manner.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER is a registered Civil Engineer with special qualification in the practice of
Structural Engineering as recognized by the Board of Civil Engineering of the Professional Regulation
Commission of the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers through the Association of Structural Engineers
of the Philippines.
APPROVAL shall mean that the proposed work or completed work conforms to this section in the opinion
of the building official.
BENCH is a relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill is to be placed.
BORROW is earth material acquired from an off-site location for use on grading on a site.
CIVIL ENGINEER is a professional engineer licensed to practice in the field of civil engineering.
CIVIL ENGINEERING is the application of the knowledge of the forces of nature, principles of mechanics
and the properties of materials to the evaluation, design and construction of civil works.
EARTH MATERIAL is any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination thereof.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY is the application of geologic knowledge and principles in the investigation
and evaluation of naturally occurring rock and soil for use in the design of civil works.
EROSION is the wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the movement of wind, water or ice.
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING is the application of the principles of soil and rock mechanics in the
investigation, evaluation and design of civil works involving the use of earth materials and the inspection
or testing of the construction thereof.
GRADE, FINISH, is the final grade of the site that conforms to the approved plan.
GRADE, ROUGH, is the stage at which the grade approximately conforms to the approved plan.
KEY is a designed compacted fill placed in a trench excavated in earth material beneath the toe of a
proposed fill slope.
PROFESSIONAL INSPECTION is the inspection required by this code be performed by the civil
engineer, geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist. Such inspections include that performed by
persons supervised by such engineers or geologists and shall be sufficient to form an opinion relating to
conduct of the work.
SITE is any lot or parcel of land or contiguous combination thereof, under the same ownership, where
grading is performed or permitted.
SLOPE is an inclined ground surface the inclination of which is expressed as a ratio of vertical distance to
horizontal distance.
TERRACE is a relatively level step constructed in the face of a graded slope surface for drainage and
maintenance purposes.
III. GENERAL
AGRICULTURAL BUILDING is a structure designed to house farm implements, hay, grain, poultry,
livestock or other horticultural products. The structure shall not be a place of human habitation or a place
of employment where agricultural products are processed, treated or packaged, nor shall it be a place
used by the public.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning structural elements such that
computed stresses produced in the elements by the allowable stress load combinations do not exceed
specified allowable stress (also called working stress design).
ASSEMBLY BUILDING is a building or portion of a building for the gathering together of 50 or more
persons for such purposes as deliberation, education, instruction, worship, entertainment, amusement,
drinking or dining, or awaiting transportation.
BALCONY, EXTERIOR, is an exterior floor system projecting from a structure and supported by that
structure, with no additional independent supports.
DEAD LOADS consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment incorporated into the building or
other structure.
DECK is an exterior floor system supported on at least two opposing sides by an adjoining structure
and/or posts, piers, or other independent supports.
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are buildings and other structures that are intended to remain operational in the
event of extreme environmental loading from wind or earthquakes.
GARAGE is a building or portion thereof in which motor vehicle containing flammable or combustible
liquids or gas in its tank is stored, repaired or kept.
GARAGE, PRIVATE, is a building or portion of a building, not more than 90 sq. m. in area, in which only
motor vehicles used by the tenants of the building on the premises are kept or stored.
LIMIT STATE is a condition in which a structure or component is judged either to be no longer useful for
its intended function (serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe (strength limit state).
LIVE LOADS are forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials, occupants,
and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movements, and restrained dimensional
changes. Permanent loads are those loads in which variations over time are rare or of small magnitude.
All other loads are variable loads.
MARQUEE is a permanent roofed structure attached to and supported by the building and projecting over
public property.
OCCUPANCY is the purpose for that a building, or part thereof, is used or intended to be used.
WALLS
BEARING WALL is any wall meeting either of the following classifications:
1. Any metal or wood stud wall that supports more than 0.5 KN per linear meter of superimposed load.
2. Any masonry or concrete wall that supports more than 1.0 KN per linear meter superimposed loads, or any
such wall supporting its own weight for more than one story.
EXTERIOR WALL is any wall or element of a wall, or any member or group of members, that defines the
exterior boundaries or courts of a building and that has a slope of 60 degrees or greater with the
horizontal plane.
PARAPET WALL is the part of any wall entirely above the roof line.
RETAINING WALL is a wall designed to resist the later displacement of soil or other materials.
BASIC WIND SPEED, V is a 3-second gust speed at 10 meters above the ground in Exposure C and
associated with an annual probability of 0.02 of being equaled or exceeded (50-year mean recurrence
interval).
BUILDING, ENCLOSED, is a building that does not comply with the requirements for open or partially
enclosed buildings.
BUILDING, PARTIALLY ENCLOSED is a building that complies with both of the following conditions:
1. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds the sum of the areas of
the openings in the balance of the building envelope (walls and roof) by more than 10% and
2. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds 0.5 sq. m. or 1% of the
area of that wall, whichever is smaller, and the percentage of openings in the balance of the building
envelope does not exceed 20%.
BUILDING, LOW RISE, is an enclosed or partially enclosed building which complies with the following
conditions:
1. Mean roof height, h, less than or equal to 18 meters.
2. Mean roof height, h, does not exceed least horizontal dimension.
COMPONENTS AND CLADDING are elements that do not qualify as part of the main wind-force
resisting system.
DESIGN FORCE, F, is the equivalent static force to be used in the determination of wind loads for open
buildings and other structures.
DESIGN PRESSURE, p, is the equivalent static pressure to be used in the determination of wind loads
for buildings.
EFFECTIVE WIND AREA is the area used to determine GCp. For cladding fasteners, the effective wind
area shall not be greater than the area that is tributary to an individual fastener.
FLEXIBLE BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES are slender buildings and other structures that
have a fundamental natural frequency less than 1 Hz. Included are buildings and other structures that
have a height, h, exceeding four times the least horizontal dimension.
IMPORTANCE FACTOR, I, is a factor that accounts for the degree of hazard to human life and damage
to property.
RECOGNIZED LETERATURE are published research findings and technical papers that are approved by
the authority having jurisdiction.
V. EARTHQUAKE
BASE is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structure or the
level at which the structure as a dynamic vibrator is supported.
BASE SHEAR, V, is the total design lateral force or shear at the base of the structure.
BEARING WALL SYSTEM is a structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying space frame.
BRACED FRAME is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type that is
provided to resist lateral forces.
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM is an essentially complete space frame that provides support for gravity
loads.
COLLECTOR is a member or element provide to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a structure top
vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system.
COMPONENT, RIGID, is a component, including its attachments, having a fundamental period less than
or equal to 0.06 second.
CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME is a braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily
to axial forces.
DESIGN BASIS GROUND MOTION is that ground motion that has a 10% chance of being exceeded in
50 years as by a site-specific hazard analysis or may be determined by a hazard map. A suite of ground
motion time histories with dynamic properties representative of site characteristics shall be used to
represent this ground motion. The dynamic effects of the Design Basis Ground Motion may be
represented by the Design Response Spectrum.
DESIGN SEISMIC FORCE is the minimum total strength design base shear, factored and distributed.
DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the verticalresisting elements. The term diaphragm includes horizontal bracing systems.
DIAPHRAGM OR SHEAR WALL CHORD is the boundary element of a diaphragm or shear wall that is
assumed to take axial stresses analogous to the flanges of a beam.
DIAPHRAGM STRUT (drag strut, tie, collector) is the element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load
that collects and transfers diaphragm parallel to the applied load that collects and transfers diaphragm
shear to the vertical-resisting elements or distributes loads within the diaphragm. Such members may
take axial tension or compression.
DUAL SYSTEM is a combination of moment-resisting frames and shear walls or braced frames.
ELASTIC RESPONSE PARAMETERS are forces and deformations determined from an elastic dynamic
analysis using an unreduced ground motion representation.
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are those structures that are necessary for emergency operations subsequent
to a natural disaster.
FLEXIBLE ELEMENT or system is one whose deformation under lateral load is significantly larger than
adjoining parts of the system.
HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM is a horizontal truss system that serves the same function as a
diaphragm.
MOMENT-RESISTING SYSTEM is a frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces
primarily by flexure.
MOMENT-RESISTING WALL FRAME (MRWF) is a masonry wall frame especially detailed to provide
ductile behavior.
ORTHOGONAL EFFECTS are the earthquake load effects on structural elements common to the lateralforce-resisting systems along two orthogonal axes.
OVERSTRENGTH is a characteristic of structures where the actual strength is larger than the design
strength. The degree of over strength is material-and-system-dependent.
P EFFECT is the secondary effect on shears, axial forces and moments of frame members induced by
the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building system.
SHEAR WALL is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall (sometimes
referred to as vertical diaphragm or structural wall).
SHEAR WALL-FRAME INTYERACTIVE SYSTEM uses combinations of shear walls and frames
designed to resist lateral forces in proportion to their relative rigidities considering interaction between
shear walls and frames on all levels.
SOFT STORY is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the story above.
SPACE FRAME is a three-dimensional structural system, without bearing walls, composed of members
interconnected so as to function as a complete self-contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal
diaphragms or floor-bracing systems.
SPECIAL TRUSS MOMENT FRAME (STMF) is a moment-resisting frame specially detailed to provide
ductile behavior.
STORY DRIFT is the lateral displacement of one level relative to the level above or below.
STORY DRIFT RATIO is the story drift divided by the story height.
STORY SHEAR, V, is the summation of design lateral forces above the story under consideration.
STRUCTURE is an assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resist lateral
forces. Structures may be categorized as building structures or nonbuilding structures.
SUBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to anchor and transfer local forces to
primary diaphragm struts and the main diaphragm.
VERTICAL LOAD-CARRYING FRAME is a space frame designed to carry vertical gravity loads.
WALL ANCHORAGE SYSTEM is the system of elements anchoring the wall to the diaphragm and those
elements within the diaphragm required to develop the anchorage forces, including sub diaphragms and
continuous ties.
WEAK STORY is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of the story above.
VI. CONCRETE
ADMIXTURE is material other than water, aggregate, or hydraulic cement used as an ingredient of
concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its properties.
AGGREGATE is granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and iron blast-furnace slag, and
when used with a cementing medium forms a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar.
AGGREGATE, LIGHTWEIGHT, is aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 1120 kg/cu.m. or less.
AIR-DRY WEIGHT is the unit weight of a lightweight concrete specimen cured for seven days with neither
loss nor gain of moisture at 15deg.C to 27deg.C and dried for 21 days in 50 +- 7 percent relative humidity
at 23deg.C +- 1.1deg.C.
ANCHORAGE ZONE in post-tensioned members is the portion of the member through which the
concentrated prestressing force is transferred to the concrete and distributed more uniformly across the
section. Its extent is equal to the largest dimension of the cross section. For intermediate anchorage
devices, the anchorage zone includes the disturbed regions ahead of and behind the anchorage devices.
BASIC MONOSTRAND ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device used with any single 16mm or
smaller diameter bar that satisfies the anchorage device requirements of the Post-Tensioning Institutes
Specification for Unbonded Single Strand Tendons.
BASIC MULTISTRAND ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device used with multiple strands, bars
or wires, or single bars larger than 16mm diameter that satisfies the bearing stress and minimum plate
stiffness requirements of AASHTO Bridge Specifications.
BONDED TENDON is a prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through grouting.
CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS are materials, which have cementing value when used in concrete either
by themselves, such as Portland cement, blended hydraulic cements and expansive cement, or such
materials in combination with fly ash, raw or other calcined natural pozzolans, silica fume, or ground
granulated blast-furnace slag.
COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS are concrete flexural members of precast and castin-place concrete elements, or both, constructed in separate placements but so interconnected that all
elements respond to loads as a unit.
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross section in which the net tensile strain in the
extreme tension steel at nominal strength is less than or equal to the compression-controlled strain limit.
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED STRAIN LIMIT is the net tensile strain at balanced strain conditions.
CONCRETE is a mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate and water, with or without admixtures.
CURVATURE FRICTION is friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing tendon
profile.
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT is deformed reinforcing bars, bar and rod mats, deformed wire, welded
smooth wire fabric and welded deformed wire fabric.
DEVELOPEMNT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design
strength of reinforcement at a critical section.
EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d) is the distance measured from extreme compression fiber to
centroid of tension reinforcement.
EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS is the stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses have occurred,
excluding effects of dead load and superimposed load.
EMBEDMENT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section.
EXTREME TENSION STEEL is the reinforcement (prestressed or nonprestressed) that is the farthest
from the extreme compression fiber.
ISOLATION JOINT is a separation between adjoining parts of a concrete structure, usually a vertical
plane, at a designed location such as to interfere least with performance of the structure, yet such as to
allow relative movement in three directions and avoid formation of cracks elsewhere in the concrete and
through which all or part of the bonded reinforcement is interrupted.
JACKING FORCE is the temporary force exerted by device that introduces tension into prestressing
tendons in prestressed concrete.
LOAD, FACTORED, is the load, multiplied by appropriate load factors, used to proportion members by
the strength design method.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY is the ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or
compressive stresses below proportional limit of material.
NET TENSILE STRAIN is the tensile strain at nominal strength exclusive of strains due to effective
prestress, creep, shrinkage and temperature.
PEDESTAL is an upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to average least lateral
dimension not exceeding of 3.
PLAIN CONCRETE is structural concrete with no reinforcement or with less reinforcement than the
minimum amount specified for reinforced concrete.
POST-TENSIONING is a method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned after concrete has
hardened.
PRECAST CONCRETE is a structural concrete element cast in other than its final position in the
structure.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE is structural concrete in which internal stresses have been introduced to
reduce potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting fro loads.
PRETENSIONING is a method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned before concrete is placed.
REINFORCED CONCRETE is structural concrete reinforced with no less than the minimum amounts of
prestressing tendons or nonprestressed reinforcement.
RESHORES are shores placed snugly under a concrete slab or other structural member after the original
forms and shores have been removed from a larger area, thus requiring the new slab or structural
member to deflect and support its own weight and existing construction loads applied prior to the
installation of the reshores.
SHEATHING is a material encasing a prestressing tendon to prevent bonding the tendon with the
surrounding concrete, to provide corrosion protection, and to contain the corrosion inhibiting coating.
SHORES are vertical or inclined support members designed to carry the weight of the formwork, concrete
and construction loads above.
SPECIAL ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device that satisfies the standard acceptance tests of
AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, Division II.
SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH (fct) is the tensile strength of concrete determined in accordance with
ASTM C 496 as described in Specifications for Lightweight Aggregate for Structural Concrete (ASTM C
330).
STIRRUP is reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in a structural member, typically bars,
wires, or welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) bent into L, U or rectangular shapes and located
perpendicular to or at an angle longitudinal reinforcement. (The term stirrups is usually applied to lateral
reinforcement in flexural members and the term ties to those in compression members.)
STRENGTH, NORMAL, is the strength of a member or cross section calculated in accordance with
provisions and assumptions of the strength design method before application of any strength-reduction
factors.
STRENGTH, REQUIRED, is the strength of a member or cross section required to resist factored loads or
related internal moments and forces in such combinations.
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE is all concrete used for structural purposes, including plain and reinforced
concrete.
TENDON is a steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod or strand, or a bundle of such elements, used to
impart prestress forces to concrete.
TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross section in which the net tensile strain in the extreme
tension steel at nominal strength is greater than or equal to 0.005.
TIE is a loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement. A continuously wound bar or
wire in the form of a circle, rectangle or other polygon shape without re-entrant corners is acceptable.
TRANSFER is the act of transferring stress in prestressing tendons from jacks or pretensioning bed to
concrete member.
UNBONDED TENDON is a tendon that is permanently prevented from bonding to the concrete after
stressing.
YIELD STRENGTH is the specified minimum yield strength or yield point of reinforcement in
megapascals (Mpa). Yield strength or yield point shall be determined in tension according to applicable
ASTM standards.
BASE OF STRUCTURE is a level at which earthquake motions are assumed to be imparted to a building.
This level does not necessarily coincide with the ground level.
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS are portions along structural wall and structural diaphragm edges strengthened
by longitudinal and transverse reinforcement.
COLLECTOR ELEMENTS are elements that serve to transmit the inertial forces within structural
diaphragms to members of the lateral-force-resisting system.
CONNECTION is an element that joins two precast members or a precast member and a cast-in-place
member.
COUPLING BEAM is a horizontal element in plane with the connecting two shear walls.
CROSSTIE is a continuous reinforcing bar having a seismic hook at one end and a hook not less than 90
degrees with at least six-diameter extension at the other end. The hooks shall engage peripheral
longitudinal bars. The 90-degree hooks of two successive crosstie engaging the same longitudinal bars
shall be alternated end for end.
DESIGN DISPLACEMENT is the total lateral displacement expected for the design-basis earthquake, as
required by the governing code for earthquake-resistant design.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR A BAR WITH A STANDARD HOOK is the shortest distance between
the critical section (where the strength of the bar is to be developed) and a tangent to the outer edge of
the 90-degree hook.
DRY CONNECTION is a connection used between precast members, which do not qualify as a wet
connection.
HOOP is a close tie or continuously wound tie. A closed tie can be made up of several reinforcing
elements, each having seismic hooks at both ends. A continuously wound tie shall have a seismic hook at
both ends.
LATERAL FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM is that portion of the structure composed of members
proportioned to resist forces related to earthquake effects.
MOMENT FRAME is a space frame in which members and joints resist forces through flexure, shear, and
axial force.
NONLINEAR ACTION LOCATION is the center of the region of yielding in flexure, shear or axial action.
NONLINEAR ACTION REGION is where the member length over which nonlinear action takes place. It
shall be taken as extending a distance of no less than h/2 on either side of the nonlinear action location.
SEISMIC HOOK is a hook on a stirrup, hoop or crosstie having a bend not less than 135 degrees, except
that circular hoops shall have a bend of not less than 90 degrees. Hooks shall have a six-diameter (but
not less than 75mm), extension that engages the longitudinal reinforcement and projects into the interior
of the stirrup or hoop.
SHELL CONCRETE is the concrete outside the transverse reinforcement confining the concrete.
SPECIFIED LATERAL FORCES are lateral forces corresponding to the appropriate distribution of the
design base shear force prescribed by the governing code for earthquake-resistant design.
STRONG CONNECTION is a connection that remains elastic, while the designated nonlinear action
regions undergo inelastic response under the Design Basis Ground Motion.
STRUCTURAL DIAPHRAGMS are structural members, such as floor and roof slabs, that transmit inertial
forces to lateral force resisting members.
STRUCTURAL TRUSSES are assemblages of reinforced concrete members subjected primarily to axial
forces.
STRUCTURAL WALLS are walls proportioned to resist combinations of shears, moment, and axial forces
induced by earthquake motions.
STRUT is an element of a structural diaphragm used to provide continuity around an opening in the
diaphragm.
TIE ELEMENTS are elements that serve to transmit inertia forces and prevent separation of building
components such as footings and walls.
WALL PIER is a wall segment with a horizontal length-to-thickness ratio between 2.5 and 6, and whose
clear height is at least two times its horizontal length.
WET CONNECTION uses any of the splicing methods to connect precast members and uses cast-inplace concrete or grout to fill the splicing closure.
VIII. GENERAL
BLOCKED DIAPHRAGM is a diaphragm in which all sheathing edges not occurring on framing members
are supported on an connected to blocking.
DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical
resisting elements. When the term diaphragm is used, it includes horizontal bracing systems.
FIBERBOARD is a fibrous-felted, homogenous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood or
crane) having a density of less than 497 kg/cu.m. but more than 160 kg/cu.m.
GLUED BUILT-UP MEMBERS are structural elements, the section of which is composed of built-up
lumber, wood structural panels or wood structural panels in combination with lumber, all parts bonded
together with adhesive.
GRADE (Lumber), the classification of lumber in regard to strength and utility in accordance with the
grading rules of an approved lumber grading agency.
HARDBOARD is a fibrous-felted, homogenous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers consolidated under
heat and pressure in a hot press to a density not less than 497 kg/cu.m.
NOMINAL SIZE (Lumber), the commercial size designation of width and depth, standard sawn lumber
grades; somewhat larger than the standard net size of dressed lumber.
NORMAL LOADING is a design load that stressed a member or fastening to the full allowable stress.
This loading may be applied for approximately 10 years, either continuously or cumulatively, and 90
percent of this load may be applied for the remainder of the life of the member or fastening.
SUBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to anchor and transfer local forces to
primary diaphragm struts and the main diaphragm.
TREATED WOOD is wood treated with an approved preservative under treating and quality control
procedures.
WOOD OR NATURAL RESISTANCE TO DECAY OR TERMITES is the heartwood of the species set
forth below. Corner sapwood is permitted on 5% of the pieces provided 90% or more of the width of each
side on which it occurs is heartwood. Recognized species are:
Decay resistant: Narra, Kamagong, Dao, Tangile
Termite resistant: Narra, Kamagong
WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL is a structural panel product composed primarily of wood. Wood structural
panels include all-veneer plywood, composite panels containing a combination of veneer and wood-based
material, and mat0formed panel such as oriented stranded board and waferboard.
IX. GENERAL
AREAS:
BEDDED AREA is the area of the surface of a masonry unit, which is in contact with mortar in place
of the joint.
NET AREA is the gross cross-sectional area minus the area of ungrouted cores, notches, cells and
unbedded areas. Net area is the actual surface area of a cross section of masonry.
TRANSFORMED AREA is the equivalent area of one material to a second based on the ratio of
moduli of elasticity of the first material to the second.
BOND:
ADHESION BOND is the adhesion between masonry units and mortar or grout.
REINFORCING BOND is the adhesion between steel reinforcement and mortar or grout.
BOND BEAM is a horizontal grouted element within masonry in which reinforcement is embedded.
CELL is a void space having a gross cross-sectional area greater than 967 sq. mm.
CLEANOUT is an opening to the bottom of a grout space of sufficient size and spacing to allow the
removal of debris.
COLUMN, REINFORCED, is a vertical structural member in which both the reinforcement and
masonry resist compression.
DIMENSIONS:
ACTUAL DIMENSIONS are the measured dimensions of s designed item. The actual dimension shall
not vary from the specified dimension by more than the amount allowed in the appropriate standard of
quality.
NOMINAL DIMENSIONS of masonry units are equal to its specified dimensions plus the thickness of
the joint with which the unit is laid.
SPECIFIED DIMENSIONS are the dimensions specified by the manufacturer for construction of
masonry, masonry units, joints or any other component of a structure.
GROUT LIFT is an increment of grout height within the total grout pour.
GROUT POUR is the total height of masonry wall to be grouted prior to the erection of additional
masonry. A grout pour will consist of one or more grout lifts.
GROUTED MASONRY:
GROUTED HOLLOW-UNIT MASONRY is that form of grouted masonry construction in which certain
designated cells of hollow units are continuously filled with grout.
GROUTED MULTIWYTHE MASONRY is that form of grouted masonry construction in which the
space between the wythes is solidly or periodically filled with grout.
JOINTS:
BED JOINT is the mortar joint that is horizontal at the time the masonry units are placed.
MASONRY JOINT is brick, tile, stone, and glass block or concrete block.
HOLLOW-MASONRY JOINT is a masonry unit whose net cross-sectional area (solid area) in any
plane parallel to the surface containing cores, cells or deep frogs is less than 75% of its gross crosssectional area measured in the same plane.
SOLID-MASONRY JOINT is a masonry unit whose net cross-sectional area in any plane parallel to
the surface containing the cores or cells is at least 75% of the gross cross-sectional area measured in
the same plane.
PRISM is an assemblage of masonry units and mortar with or without grout used as a test specimen
for determining properties of the masonry.
WALLS:
BONDED WALL is a masonry wall in which two or more wythes are bonded to act as a structural unit.
CAVITY WALL is a wall containing continuous air space with a minimum width of 51mm and a
maximum width of 114mm between wythes, which are tied with metal ties.
WALL TIE is a mechanical metal fastener, which connects wythes of masonry to each other or to
other materials.
WYTHE is the portion of a wall, which is one masonry unit in thickness. A collar joint is not considered
a wythe.