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111Equation Chapter 1 Section 1MEASUREMENT OF e/m BASED ON J.J.

THOMPSONS EXPERIMENT
Nurhidayah*), Nurul Ilmi Lukman, Zainla Bakri
Modern Physics Laboratory of Physics Department
State University of Makassar
Abstract. After done measurement of e/m based on J.J. Thompsons experiment. Objectives of this experiment
are understand the principle of J.J. Thompsons experiment and determine the value of e/m. Thompson
discovered that cathode rays are composed of particles called negative electron Cathode emit negatively charged
electrons are accelerated by the withdrawal of the positively charged anode. This experiment aims to understand
the principle of J.J. Thompsons experiment and determining the values of e/m for the electron particle.
Experimental results obtained by measuring the radius of the electron beam by changing the voltages and
currents. This experimental method is similar to the experiment J.J. Thompson conducted , by accelerating the
electron beam through a known potential magnitude. By knowing the potential magnitude speedups, the electron
velocity can be determined. A pair of Helmholtz coils are used to generate a uniform magnetic field in the
direction perpendicular to the electron beam. The magnetic field distorts the electron beam in a circle. By
measuring the accelerating potential (V), the Helmholtz coil current (I), and the radius of circular electron beam
(r), the value of e / m can be calculated easily. Based on the result, we get that the average value of e/m
|1,78 0,05| 1011 C /kg is approaching the value of e/m based on theory, that is e/m
11
1,7588 10 C /kg . In addition, we also derive the conclusion that the number of radius rays of electron

is perpendicular to the value of the voltage and inversely proportional to the velue of the current.

KEYWORDS: e/m, current , voltage.


INTRODUCTION
This experiment has been done by J.J.
Thomson before. Cathode rays instead of "
being " rare again in 1897 . These rays have
been discovered almost thirty years earlier .
However, it is not yet known for certain
characteristics in the early days of its
discovery. There is some scientific evidence
about the cathode rays that seem
contradictory . Some researchers use this type
of light to give the charge on the particles , for
example, the ions in the electrolysis process.
Perrin even determine the sign of the charge he
had manifold negative . Several other
physicists , among them Heinrich Hertz
discovered that the type of light can not be
influenced by the electric field and magnetic
field as it should be if the beam is moving
charges . Hertz then categorize it as an
electromagnetic wave .
On 1897, Joseph John Thompson with
Wiechert and Kaufmann, with their
experiment, discover that chatode rays is
charging
praticle
that
has
strange
characteristic. This characteristics is in fact
that rario of mass to charge has more than

1000 times smaller than the lighest ion,


hydrogen ion.
Among these scientist, thompson is
professor in cambridge presents experiment
result completely in develop characteristic of
this rays. Thompson not only use electric field
between chatode and anode to determine
velocity of charge but also awaken the second
electric field that perpendicular to direction of
chatode rays. On the first, Thompson
discoverthe same thing with Hertz, they are
motion of particle is not affeted by electric
field. But, when thompson decrese pressure of
gas on tube and use many kind of gas also do
its experiment in many times, finally it seen
deviates of particle lap by electric field. By
measure deviates of cathode rays in magnetic
field, Thompson determine velocity of cathode
rays and count ratio between charge and mass
from deviate causes by electric and magnetic
field. In his journal, he said ..., the small value
of e/m may be caused by too small of mass or
too big of charge or combination of them. The
small size of charge carrier in chatode rays
than general molecules, depend on me the
result is same with Lenard... Thompson also
explain that the small value of e/m is caused by
size of charge carrier is smaller than atoms. In

this experiment, measurement of e/m based on


J.J. Thompsons experiment, there are two
problems, they are: (1) how the principle of J.J.
Thompsons experiment and (2) what is the
value of e/m ratio of electron.
THEORY
The apparatus shown in Figure 1.
consists of a glass tube that houses a small
electron gun. This gun has a cathode filament
from which electrons can be thermionically
released boiled off), and a nearby anode which
can be set to a potential which is positive
relative to the cathode. Electrons boiled off the
cathode are accelerated to the anode, where
most are collected. The anode contains a slit,
however, which lets a fraction of the electrons
into the larger volume of the glass tube. Some
of these electrons scatter inelastically with the
background gas, thereby emitting tracer light
to define the path of the electrons.

force makes an electron move along the


circular trajectory; the radius of this trajectory
r can be found from the second Newton law:

v2
evB=m
r
From this equation we obtain the
expression for the charge-to-mass ration of the
electron, expressed through the experimental
parameters:

e v
=
m rB
We shall calculate magnetic field B
using the Biot-Savart law for the two current
loops of the Helmholtz coils:

B=

8 0 N I hc
125
a

Here N is the number of turns of wire that form


each loop, Ihc is the current (which is the same
in both loops), a is the radius of the loops (in
meters), and the magnetic permeability
7
constant is 0=4 10 T m/ A .
Noting from Eq.(1) that the velocity is
determined by the potential Va as v =

2eVa
m

,and using Eq. (4) for the

magnetic field B, we get:

e 2Va
=
m B 2r2

Figure 1. The schematic for the e/m apparatus

To establish the uniform magnetic field


a pair of circular Helmholtz coils are wound
and the tube centered in the volume of the coils
(see Appendix). The tube is oriented so that the
beam which exits the electron gun is traveling
perpendicular to the Helmholtz field.We would
like the field to be uniform.
An electron released thermionically at
the cathode has on the order of 1 eV of kinetic
energy. This electron falls through the
positive anode potential Va, gaining a kinetic
energy of:
1/2 m v2 = eV
The magnetic field of the Helmholtz
coils is perpendicular to this velocity, and
produces a magnetic force which is transverse
to both v and B: F = eV x B. This centripetal

The accepted value for the charge-tomass ratio of the electron is e/m =
1,7588196x1011 C/kg.

5 3 2
a
4
e v
= =
m Br ( N O Ir )2
2V

()

Figure 2. Circular path of an electron


beam in a homogeneous magnetic field
perpendicular to the initial velocity v 0
of the electron.

The path of the electrons can be


made visible, if the glass bulb is filled
with a gas at low pressure so that the
mean free path of the electrons is
comparable to the cicumference of
the circle. Through collisions with the
electrons, the atoms are excited and
emit light. This visible circular path of
the
electrons
allows
the
measurement of its radius R and of
the ratio

e 2V
=
m B 2r2

V = accelerating potential
B
= magnetic field =
2
Wb /m
,
a = radius of
7,80 104 I
Helmholtz coil (m), N = number of
With,
(v).

windings of Helmholtz coil (130),


0 = constanta of permeability =
7
4 10 , I = current of Helmholtz
coil (A) and r = radiant of electron
(m)
EXPERIMENT METHOD

Figure 3. Photo and circuit scheme e/m experiment

Setting the Helmholtz coil current so it


looks filaments lit. Recording the value of his
appointment on the observation table. Then,
setting the anode voltage up to look out of the
electron beam electron gun and will be curved
due to the presence of the magnetic field of the
Helmholtz coils. Record the value of his
appointment on the observation table. View
toward the electron beam tube. Carefully,
measuring the electron beam spokes.
Recording the value of his appointment on
EXPERIMENT RESULT AND DATA
ANALYSIS
Based on experiment, we got the result
below:
Table 1. Table of e/m experiment with constant voltage

The apparatus in this experiment is e.m


experiment device EM-1N, discharge tube
power supply, stabilizer 110 V, and connecting
cable.
First, connecting the power cord to the
discharge tube stabilizer power supply 110 V.
Check the electrical e/m circuit apparatus as
shown in figure 3.

Nu
m

Accelerating
Current V,
volt (V)

1
2
3
4
5
6

225
225
225
225
225
225

The Coil
Current
I, ampere
(A)
1,30
1,36
1,42
1,52
1,56
1,66

Ray radii r
(

102
m)
5,00
4,75
4,50
4,25
4,00
3,75

From the table of e/m experiment, we


can calculate the value of e/m by using
equation

e 2V
=
m B 2r2

To calculate the uncertainty experiment


result, we use:

e V I r e
=
+
+
x
m
V
2 I 2r m

e
m
100
Relative Uncertainty (RU)
e
m

The next result is shown by table of e/m


analysis below:
Table 2. Table of e/m with constant voltage analyssis
result

Degree of Certainty (CD) 100 RU

Nu

|me me | kgC

Physics Report

1
2
3
4
5
6

For the first result

V =225 volt
I =1,30 ampere so
Wb
B= 7,80 104 2 ( 1,30 A )
m A

10,14 10

RU

Wb
m2

2,80% 97,20%
2,88% 97,12%
2,98% 97.02%
3,12% 96,88%
3,28% 96,72%
3,40% 96,60%
Average

Table 3. Table of e/m experiment with constant current

So, the value of e/m is

e 2V
=
m B 2r2
e
=
m

2(225 volt)
2
4 Wb
10,14 10
(5 102 m)2
2
m
e
11 C
=1,75 10
m
kg

e V I r e
=
+
+
x
m
V
2 I 2r m

e
1V
0,01 A
0,2 102 m
=
+
+
x 1,75
m 225 V 2 ( 1,30 A ) 2 ( 5,0 102 m )
11

1
2
3
4
5

246
266
296
326
360

10

Accelerating
Current V,
volt (V)

The Coil
Current
I, ampere
(A)
1,66
1,66
1,66
1,66
1,66

Ray radii r
(
2

10

m)
4,00
4,25
4,50
4,75
5,00

V =246 volt
I =1,66 ampere so
Wb
B= 7,80 104 2 ( 1,66 A )
m A

Nu
m

For the first result

And,

e C
( )
m kg
|1,76 0,04|1011
|1,63 0,04|1011
|1,81 0,05| 1011
|1,77 0,05|1011
|1,89 0,06|1011
|1,91 0,06| 1011
|1,78 0,05| 1011

DC

12,94 104

Wb
2
m

So, the value of e/m is

C
kg

e
C
=0,049 1011
m
kg

e 2V
=
m B 2r2
e
=
m

C
0,049 10
kg
100 =2.80
RU
C
1,75 10 11
kg
11

CD 100 2,80 =97,20


So,

e
C
=|1,75 0,04| 1011
m
kg

2(246 volt )
2
4 Wb
2
2
12,94 10
(4 10 m)
2
m
e
C
=1,84 1011
m
kg

And,

e V I r e
=
+
+
x
m
V
2 I 2r m

1011

thermo electron will be accelerated towards


e
1V
0,01 A
0,2 10 m
=
+
+
x
1,84
the anode which has a voltage difference ( V )
m 246 V 2 ( 1,66 A ) 2 ( 4,0 102 m)
to the cathode.From the principle of
2

C
kg

e
C
=0,059 1011
m
kg

C
kg
100 =2.71
RU
C
11
1,84 10
kg
11

0,059 10

CD 100 2,71 =97,29


So,

e
C
=|1,84 0,05| 1011
m
kg
The next result is shown by table of e/m
analysis below:
Table 4. Table of e/m with constant voltage analyssis
result

Nu
1
2
3
4
5

RU

DC

3,71% 96,29%
3,02% 96,98%
2,81% 97.19%
2,67% 97,33%
2,57% 97,43%
Average

e C
( )
m kg
|1,84 0,05|1011
|1,75 0,05| 1011
|1,74 0,04| 1011
|1,72 0,04|1011
|1,71 0,04|1011
|1,75 0,04|1011

If a charge of an electron moving in a


space that is under the influence of a magnetic
field or electric field then the charge will
experience a force so that the movement of
electrons will deviate. Physical symptoms are
considered to be the movement of the charge
of electrons in a magnetic field and electric
field exactly as particles thrown horizontally in
the Earth's gravitational field .
This experiment uses a cathode tube and
coil which serves to generate a magnetic
field.These are called Helmholtz coils coil
(coil which has a large radius equal to the
distance between the two coils) is used to
eliminate the Earth's magnetic field and to
provide a constant magnetic field in a narrow
and limited space .
Electrons produced by the filament
(which acts as the cathode), due process

conservation of energy , if no effort is imposed


on the electron , then the electron will have a
kinetic energy due to the voltage ( V ).
The electrons moving in a uniform
magnetic field (due to the Helmholtz coil), so
that a change in the direction of the electron
velocity without changing kelajuannya , so that
electrons will move in a circle . At the circular
motion of the same style with great style
sentripental magnetic field on the electron .
Based on experiment , practitioner
observed that when the value of the voltage
(V) fixed while the value of the electric current
(I) the greater the change, the diameter of the
electron trajectory will be smaller . If the
current is stronger the greater the value of the
magnetic field generated by the Helmholtz
coils greater.
Magnetic field large will deflect electrons
with strong that the smaller the diameter of the
electron trajectory due to the diameter of the
electron is inversely proportional to the
magnetic field . If the value of the electric
current (I) fixed while the value of the voltage
(V) turns the smaller the diameter of the
electron trajectory will be smaller because V is
directly proportional to the square of R.
The value of e/m based on theory is

1,7588 1011

C
. We saw table 2 and
kg

table 4, if we make the interval from that


result, we got the interval for constant voltage
is (1,73 1,83) x 1011 and for the constant
current we get the interval (1,72 1,79) x 1011.
The value of e/m with constant voltage and
constant current based on our experiment is
accordance to the value of e/m based on
theory.
CONCLUSION
Based on our experiment result and
analysis result, we got the value of e/m based
on our experiment is accordance to the value of
e/m based on theory.
REFERENCES
Giri, P.K. 2005. Physics Laboratory Manual for
Engineering Undergraduates. Indian

Institute of Technology Guwahati:


Department of Physics.
Gold, M. 2006. Junior Laboratory-The Ratio
e/m for Electrons. The University of
New Mexico: Department of Physics
and Astronomy.
Subaer, dkk. 2013. Penuntun Praktikum
Eksperimen Fisika I Unit Laboratorium
Fisika Modern Jurusan Fisika FMIPA
UNM.

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