HYDRAULICS

(BFC 2073)
LECTURER: MADAM ZARINA MD. ALI
ROOM: D1-002
07-4537397 / 0197722315

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Learning Objectives
Mengetahui pengkelasan aliran terbuka
dan sifat-sifat yang terkandung di dalam
sesuatu bendalir.
Memahami keadaan aliran di dalam
saluran terbuka.
Memahami takrifan unsur-unsur geometri
di dalam pengiraan aliran saluran terbuka.
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Learning Outcomes
Membuat perbandingan di antara aliran
saluran terbuka dan aliran di dalam paip.
Mentakrif dan menghuraikan jenis-jenis
aliran.
Menyatakan keadaan aliran dan regim
aliran.
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Syllabus
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Open Channel Flow
Steady and Un-steady flow
Uniform and Non-uniform flow
Laminar and Turbulent flow
1.3 Others

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Introduction
Hydraulic is related to the principle
of fluid mechanics usage for
structure of water engineering, civil
and environmental engineering
necessity especially hydraulic
structure example channel, river,
weir dan water treatment plant
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Introduction
Properties of Fluid
Relative Density
Surface Tension

Viscosity

Compressibility

Properties
of Fluid

Bulk Modulus

Specific Gravity
Density

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Capillarity

Quiz

Introduction

Open Channel Flow

Flow in open
channel has a
free surface
which is caused
by atmosphere
pressure
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Atmosphere

Free surface

Flow
d
Distributed
flow
Zo
Datum

Introduction

Open Channel Flow

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Steady Flow
Flow in an open-channel is considered
steady if the depth of flow (y) does not
change and assumed to be constant
during the time interval; dy / dt = 0.
Example: Constant flow in piping flow in
time

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Steady Flow (Example)

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Unsteady Flow
Flow in an open-channel is considered
unsteady if the water surface and depth
of flow fluctuate from time to time. This
means, dy / dt 0.
Unsteady uniform flow is an impossible
condition
Example: flood
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Uniform and Non-uniform Flow

Flow is considered uniform if the depth of
flow is the same at every section of the flow
(dy/dx = 0). While, flow is considered nonuniform flow if the depth of flow varies at
different sections of the flow (dy/dx 0).

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Uniform flow

Non-uniform flow

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Uniform and Non-uniform Flow

1.Gradually varied flow (GVF)
the depth changes gradually over a long
distance along the length of a channel.
2.Rapidly varied flow (RVF)
the depth changes abruptly over a
comparative short distance
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Gradually varied flow (GVF)

Example: backwater at the upstream of
weir or sluice gate.

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Rapidly varied flow (RVF)

Example: hydraulic jump

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Summary
Open Channel
Flow

Steady Flow

Uniform Flow

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Non-uniform
Flow

Unsteady Flow

Uniform Flow

Non-uniform
Flow

GVF

GVUF

RVF

RVUF
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vL

State of Flow
Viscosity effect
Gravity effcect

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Viscosity Effect
Reynolds number
depends on viscosity
Fluid viscosity is
constant
Re < 500
- laminar
500 < Re < 12500 - transition
Re > 12500
- turbulent
sketch
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Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Laminar flow
Turbulent Flow
Low velocity in small Deep of flow.
cross section channel.
Non-prismatic cross
High viscosity.
section (i.e; river) create
the turbulent flow.
Transition
State of flow happen when laminar flow
change to turbulent flow before alter to
fully turbulent.
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Gravity Effect
State as inertia force to gravity force ratio
v
and known as Froude number, Fr =

gL

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Where;
Fr = 1 critical
Fr < 1 sub critical
Fr > 1 super critical

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Flow Regime
Combination of viscosity and gravity effect will
create 4 state of regime which are;
Sub critical laminar Fr < 1.0, Re < 500
Super critical laminar Fr > 1.0, Re < 500
Sub critical turbulent Fr < 1.0, Re > 12500
Super critical turbulent Fr > 1.0, Re > 12500
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Type of Open Channel

Natural channel
Artificial channel

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Type of Open Channel

Earth Channel
Natural channels are waterways that exist
naturally on earth.
The properties of natural channels are
normally very irregular and difficult to control.
Examples: hillside rivulets, brooks, streams,
rivers and tidal estuaries.
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Type of Open Channel

Artificial Channel
Artificial channels are watercourses that are
contracted and developed by human.
The properties of artificial channels are based
on developers requirements and controllable.
Examples: floodways, irrigation canals,
drainage ditches and spillways.
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Artificial Channel
In engineering practice, artificial channels are
given different names such as canal, flume,
chute, drop, and culvert or open-flow tunnel.

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Canal
It is a long and mild-sloped channel built on the
ground.
Exist in earth surface or coated with concrete,
cement, wood or others.

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Flume
It is a hard channel or passage built from
wood, metal or concrete across a
depression.
It is used in laboratory for research.

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Chute and Drop

Chute is a steep-sloped channel.

Drop is similar to a chute, but the change in
elevation takes place over a very short
distance.

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Sewerage
It is a closed conduit and built under soil
surface.
The water is in half-fully flow.

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Geometric Element

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Geometric Element

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Geometric Element

sketch
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Geometric
Element

sketch
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