500 Java / J2EE Interview Questions and Answers

Q1. What is a cookie ?

Ans. A cookie is a small piece of text stored on a user's computer by the
browser for a specific domain. Commonly used for authentication,
storing site preferences, and server session identification.
Q2. Can we reduce the visibility of the overridden method ?
Ans. No
Q3. What are different types of inner classes ?
Ans. Simple Inner Class, Local Inner Class, Anonymous Inner Class ,
Static Nested Inner Class. Q4. Difference between TreeMap and
HashMap ?
Ans. They are different the way they are stored in memory. TreeMap
stores the Keys in order whereas HashMap stores the key value pairs
randomly. Q5. What is the difference between List, Set and Map ?
Ans. List - Members are stored in sequence in memory and can be
accessed through index.
Set - There is no relevance of sequence and index. Sets doesn't contain
duplicates whereas multiset can have duplicates. Map - Contains Key ,
Value pairs.
Q6. Difference between Public, Private, Default and Protected ?
Ans. Private - Not accessible outside object scope.
Public - Accessible from anywhere.
Default - Accessible from anywhere within same package. Protected Accessible from object and the sub class objects.
Q7. What is servlet Chaining ?
Ans. Multiple servlets serving the request in chain.
Q8. What are the Wrapper classes available for primitive types ?
Ans. boolean - java.lang.Boolean byte - java.lang.Byte
char - java.lang.Character double - java.lang.Double
float - java.lang.Float int - java.lang.Integer long - java.lang.Long short java.lang.Short void - java.lang.Void
Q9. What are concepts introduced with Java 5 ?
Ans. Generics , Enums , Autoboxing , Annotations and Static Import.
Q10. Does Constructor creates the object ?
Ans. New operator in Java creates objects. Constructor is the later step
in object creation. Constructor's job is to initialize the members after the
object has reserved memory for itself.
Q11. Can static method access instance variables ?

Ans. Though Static methods cannot access the instance variables

directly, They can access them using instance handler.
Q12. Does Java support Multiple Inheritance ?
Ans. Interfaces does't facilitate inheritance and hence implementation of
multiple interfaces doesn't make multiple inheritance. Java doesn't
support multiple inheritance.
Q13. Difference between == and .equals() ?
Ans. "equals" is the member of object class which returns true if the
content of objects are same whereas "==" evaluate to see if the object
handlers on the left and right are pointing to the same object in memory.
Q14. Difference between Checked and Unchecked exceptions ?
Ans. Checked exceptions and the exceptions for which compiler throws
an errors if they are not checked whereas unchecked exceptions and
caught during run time only and hence can't be checked.
Q15. What is a Final Variable ?
Ans. Final variable is a variable constant that cannot be changed after
initialization.
Q16. Which class does not override the equals() and hashCode()
methods, inheriting them directly from class Object? Ans.
java.lang.StringBuffer.
Q17. What is a final method ?
Ans. Its a method which cannot be overridden. Compiler throws an error
if we try to override a method which has been declared final in the
parent class. Q18. Which interface does java.util.Hashtable implement?
Ans. Java.util.Map
Q19. What is an Iterator?
Ans. Iterator is an interface that provides methods to iterate over any
Collection.
Q20. Which interface provides the capability to store objects using a
key-value pair?
Ans. java.util.map
Q21. Difference between HashMap and Hashtable?
Ans. Hashtable is synchronized whereas HashMap is not.
HashMap allows null values whereas Hashtable doesnt allow null
values.
Q22. Does java allow overriding static methods ?
Ans. No. Static methods belong to the class and not the objects. They
belong to the class and hence doesn't fit properly for the polymorphic
behavior.
Q23. When are static variables loaded in memory ?

Ans. They are loaded at runtime when the respective Class is loaded.
Q24. Can we serialize static variables ?
Ans. No. Only Object and its members are serialized. Static variables
are shared variables and doesn't correspond to a specific object.
Q25. What will this code print ?
String a = new String ("TEST"); String b = new String ("TEST");
if(a == b) {
System.out.println ("TRUE"); } else {
System.out.println ("FALSE"); }
Ans. FALSE.
== operator compares object references, a and b are references to two
different objects, hence the FALSE. .equals method is used to compare
string object content.
Q26. There are two objects a and b with same hashcode. I am inserting
these two objects inside a hashmap.
hMap.put(a,a); hMap.put(b,b);
where a.hashCode()==b.hashCode()
Now tell me how many objects will be there inside the hashmap?
Ans. There can be two different elements with the same hashcode.
When two elements have the same hashcode then Java uses the
equals to further differentation. So there can be one or two objects
depending on the content of the objects.
Q27. Difference between long.Class and Long.TYPE ?
Ans. They both represent the long primitive type. They are exactly the
same.
Q28. Does Java provides default copy constructor ?
Ans. No
Q29. What are the common uses of "this" keyword in java ?
Ans. "this" keyword is a reference to the current object and can be used
for following 1. Passing itself to another method.
2. Referring to the instance variable when local variable has the same
name. 3. Calling another constructor in constructor chaining.
Q30. What are the difference between Threads and Processes ?
Ans. 1. when an OS wants to start running program it creates new
process means a process is a program that is currently executing and
every process has at least one thread running within it.
2). A thread is a path of code execution in the program, which has its
own local variables, program counter(pointer to current execution being
executed) and lifetime.

3. When the JavaVirtual Machine (JavaVM, or just VM) is started by the

operating system, a new process is created. Within that process, many
threads can be created.
4. Consider an example : when you open Microsoft word in your OS and
you check your task manger then you can see this running program as a
process. now when you write something in opened word document, then
it performs more than one work at same time like it checks for the
correct spelling, it formats the word you enter , so within that process
( word) , due to different path execution(thread) all different works are
done at same time.
5. Within a process , every thread has independent path of execution
but there may be situation where two threads can interfere with each
other then concurrency and deadlock come is picture.
6. like two process can communicate ( ex:u open an word document and
file explorer and on word document you drag and drop another another
file from file explorer), same way two threads can also communicate with
each other and communication with two threads is relatively low.
7. Every thread in java is created and controlled by unique object of
java.lang.Thread class.
8. prior to jdk 1.5, there were lack in support of asynchronous
programming in java, so in that case it was considered that thread
makes the runtime environment asynchronous and allow different task to
perform concurrently.
Q31. How can we run a java program without making any object? Ans.
By putting code within either static method or static block. Q32. Explain
multithreading in Java ?
Ans. 1. Multithreading provides better interaction with the user by
distribution of task
2. Threads in Java appear to run concurrently, so it provides simulation
for simultaneous activities.
The processor runs each thread for a short time and switches among
the threads to simulate sim-ultaneous execution (context-switching) and
it make appears that each thread has its own processor.By using this
feature, users can make it appear as if multiple tasks are occurring
simultaneously when, in fact, each is
running for only a brief time before the context is switched to the next
thread.
3. We can do other things while waiting for slow I/O operations.
In the java.iopackage, the class InputStreamhas a method, read(), that
blocks until a byte is read from the stream or until an IOExceptionis

thrown. The thread that executes this method cannot do anything

elsewhile awaiting the arrival of another byte on the stream.
Q33. Can constructors be synchronized in Java ?
Ans. No. Java doesn't allow multi thread access to object constructors
so synchronization is not even needed. Q34. can we create a null as a
key for a map collection ?
Ans. Yes , for Hashtable. Hashtable implements Map interface.
Q35. What is the use of hashcode in Java ?
Ans. Hashcode is used for bucketing in Hash implementations like
HashMap, HashTable, HashSet etc. The value received from hashcode()
is used as bucket number for storing elements. This bucket number is
the address of the element inside the set/map. when you do contains()
then it will take the hashcode of the element, then look for the bucket
where hashcode points to and if more than 1 element is found in the
same bucket (multiple objects can have the same hashcode) then it
uses the equals() method to evaluate if object are equal, and then
decide if contain() is true or false, or decide if element could be added in
the set or not.
Q36. Why java doesn't support multiple Inheritence ?
Ans. class A {
void test() { System.out.println("test() method"); }
}
class B {
void test() { System.out.println("test() method"); }
}
Suppose if Java allows multiple inheritance like this,
class C extends A, B { }
A and B test() methods are inheriting to C class.
So which test() method C class will take? As A & B class test() methods
are different , So here we would Facing Ambiguity.
Q37. Why threads block or enters to waiting state on I/O?
Ans. Threads enters to waiting state or block on I/O because other
threads can execute while the I/O operations are performed. Q38. What
are transient variables in java?
Ans. Transient variables are variable that cannot be serialized.
Q39. What is the difference between yield() and sleep()?
Ans. When a object invokes yield() it returns to ready state. But when an
object invokes sleep() method enters to not ready state. Q40. What are
wrapper classes ?
Ans. They are wrappers to primitive data types. They allow us to access

primitives as objects.
Q41. What is the difference between time slicing and preemptive
scheduling ?
Ans. In preemptive scheduling, highest priority task continues execution
till it enters a not running state or a higher priority task comes into
existence. In time slicing, the task continues its execution for a
predefined period of time and reenters the pool of ready tasks.
Q42. What is the initial state of a thread when it is created and started?
Ans. Ready state.
Q43. What one should take care of, while serializing the object?
Ans. One should make sure that all the included objects are also
serializable. If any of the objects is not serializable then it throws a
NotSerializable Exception. Q44. What is a String Pool ?
Ans. String pool (String intern pool) is a special storage area in Java
heap. When a string is created and if the string already exists in the
pool, the reference of the existing string will be returned, instead of
creating a new object and returning its reference.
Q45. Why is String immutable in Java ? Ans. 1. String Pool
When a string is created and if the string already exists in the pool, the
reference of the existing string will be returned, instead of creating a
new object. If string is not immutable, changing the string with one
reference will lead to the wrong value for the other references.
2. To Cache its Hashcode
If string is not immutable, One can change its hashcode and hence not
fit to be cached.
3. Security
String is widely used as parameter for many java classes, e.g. network
connection, opening files, etc. Making it mutable might possess threats
due to interception by the other code segment.
Q46. what is the use of cookie and session ? and What is the difference
between them ?
Ans. Cookie and Session are used to store the user information. Cookie
stores user information on client side and Session does it on server
side. Primarily, Cookies and Session are used for authentication, user
preferences, and carrying information across multiple requests. Session
is meant for the same purpose as the cookie does. Session does it on
server side and Cookie does it on client side. One more thing that quite
differentiates between Cookie and Session. Cookie is used only for
storing the textual information. Session can be used to store both textual
information and objects.

Q47. Which are the different segments of memory ?

Ans. 1. Stack Segment - contains local variables and Reference
variables(variables that hold the address of an object in the heap) 2.
Heap Segment - contains all created objects in runtime, objects only
plus their object attributes (instance variables)
3. Code Segment - The segment where the actual compiled Java
bytecodes resides when loaded
Q48. Which memory segment loads the java code ?
Ans. Code segment.
Q49. which containers use a border Layout as their default layout ?
Ans. The window, Frame and Dialog classes use a border layout as their
default layout.
Q50. Can a lock be acquired on a class ?
Ans. Yes, a lock can be acquired on a class. This lock is acquired on the
class's Class object.
Q51. What state does a thread enter when it terminates its processing?
Ans. When a thread terminates its processing, it enters the dead state.
Q52. How many bits are used to represent Unicode, ASCII, UTF-16, and
UTF-8 characters?
Ans. Unicode requires 16 bits and ASCII require 7 bits. Although the
ASCII character set uses only 7 bits, it is usually represented as 8 bits.
UTF-8 represents characters using 8, 16, and 18 bit patterns. UTF-16
uses 16-bit and larger bit patterns.
Q53. Does garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out
of memory?
Ans. Garbage collection does not guarantee that a program will not run
out of memory. It is possible for programs to use up memory resources
faster than they are garbage collected. It is also possible for programs to
create objects that are not subject to garbage collection
Q54. What is an object's lock and which object's have locks?
Ans. An object's lock is a mechanism that is used by multiple threads to
obtain synchronized access to the object. A thread may execute a
synchronized method of an object only after it has acquired the object's
lock. All objects and classes have locks. A class's lock is acquired on the
class's Class object.
Q55. What is casting?
Ans. There are two types of casting, casting between primitive numeric
types and casting between object references. Casting between numeric
types is used to convert larger values, such as double values, to smaller
values, such as byte values. Casting between object references is used

to refer to an object by a compatible class, interface, or array type

reference
Q56. What restrictions are placed on method overriding?
Ans. Overridden methods must have the same name, argument list, and
return type. The overriding method may not limit the access of the
method it overrides. The overriding method may not throw any
exceptions that may not be thrown by the overridden method.
Q57. How does a try statement determine which catch clause should be
used to handle an exception?
Ans. When an exception is thrown within the body of a try statement, the
catch clauses of the try statement are examined in the order in which
they appear. The first catch clause that is capable of handling the
exception is executed. The remaining catch clauses are ignored.
Q58. Describe what happens when an object is created in Java ?
Ans. 1. Memory is allocated from heap to hold all instance variables and
implementation-specific data of the object and its superclasses.
Implemenation-specific data includes pointers to class and method data.
2. The instance variables of the objects are initialized to their default
values.
3. The constructor for the most derived class is invoked. The first thing a
constructor does is call the constructor for its superclasses. This process
continues until the constructor for java.lang.Object is called,
as java.lang.Object is the base class for all objects in java.
4. Before the body of the constructor is executed, all instance variable
initializers and initialization blocks are executed. Then the body of the
constructor is executed. Thus, the constructor for the base class
completes first and constructor for the most derived class completes
last.
Q59. What is the difference between StringBuffer and String class ?
Ans. A string buffer implements a mutable sequence of characters. A
string buffer is like a String, but can be modified. At any point in time it
contains some particular sequence of characters, but the length and
content of the sequence can be changed through certain method calls.
The String class represents character strings. All string literals in Java
programs, such as "abc" are constant and implemented as instances of
this class; their values cannot be changed after they are created.
Q60. Describe, in general, how java's garbage collector works ?
Ans. The Java runtime environment deletes objects when it determines
that they are no longer being used. This process is known as garbage
collection. The Java runtime environment supports a garbage collector

that periodically frees the memory used by

objects that are no longer needed. The Java garbage collector is a
mark-sweep garbage collector that scans Java's dynamic memory areas
for objects, marking those that are referenced. After all possible paths to
objects are investigated, those objects that are not marked (i.e. are not
referenced) are known to be garbage and are collected.
Q61. What is RMI ?
Ans. RMI stands for Remote Method Invocation. Traditional approaches
to executing code on other machines across a network have been
confusing as well as tedious and error-prone to implement. The nicest
way to think about this problem is that some object happens to live on
another machine, and that you can send a message to the remote
object and get a result as if the object lived on your local machine. This
simplification is exactly what Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI)
allows you to do.
Q62. What is JDBC? Describe the steps needed to execute a SQL
query using JDBC.
Ans. The JDBC is a pure Java API used to execute SQL statements. It
provides a set of classes and interfaces that can be used by developers
to write database applications.
The steps needed to execute a SQL query using JDBC:
1. Open a connection to the database. 2. Execute a SQL statement.
3. Process th results.
4. Close the connection to the database.
Q63. Are constructors inherited? Can a subclass call the parent's class
constructor? When?
Ans. You cannot inherit a constructor. That is, you cannot create a
instance of a subclass using a constructor of one of it's superclasses.
One of the main reasons is because you probably don't want to override
the superclasses constructor, which would be possible if they were
inherited. By giving the developer the ability to override a superclasses
constructor you would erode the encapsulation abilities of the language.
Q64. What is JSON ?
Ans. JSON is "JavaScript Object Notation", primarily used for clientserver or server-server communication. Its a much lighter and readable
alternative to XML. JSON is language independent and is easily parseable in all programming languages.
Q65. What is the role of JSON.stringify ?
Ans. JSON.stringify() turns an object into a JSON text and stores that
JSON text in a string. So If we stringfy above notation , it will become

{"name":"xyz","gender":"male";"age":30}
Q66. When were Enums introduced in Java ?
Ans. Enums were introduced with java 5.
Q67. Which function is used to convert a JSON text into an object ?
Ans. eval
Q68. Which data types are supported by JSON ?
Ans. Number String Boolean Array
Object null
Q69. What are the benefits of JSON over XML ?
Ans. Lighter and faster than XML as on-the-wire data format
Object Representation - Information is presented in object notations and
hence better understandable. Easy to parse and conversion to objects
for information consumption.
Support multiple data types - JSON supports string, number, array,
boolean whereas XML data are all string.
Q70. What are the methods of Object Class ?
Ans. clone() - Creates and returns a copy of this object.
equals() - Indicates whether some other object is "equal to" this one.
finalize() - Called by the garbage collector on an object when garbage
collection determines that there are no more references to the object
getClass() - Returns the runtime class of an object.
hashCode() - Returns a hash code value for the object.
toString() - Returns a string representation of the object.
notify(), notifyAll(), and wait() - Play a part in synchronizing the activities
of independently running threads in a program.
Q71. Explain JMS ( Java Messaging Services ) ?
Ans. JMS Provides high-performance asynchronous messaging. It
enables Java EE applications to communicate with non-Java systems
on top of various transports.
Q72. Explain EJB (Enterprise Java Beans) ?
Ans. EJB Provides a mechanism that make easy for Java developers to
use advanced features in their components, such as remote method
invocation (RMI), object/ relational mapping (that is, saving Java objects
to a relational database), and distributed transactions across multiple
data sources.
Q73. Which MVC is struts2 based on ?
Ans. MVC2
Q74. What is an API ( Application Programming Interface ) ?
Ans. An API is a kind of technical contract which defines functionality
that two parties must provide: a service provider (often called an

implementation) and an application. an API simply defines services that

a service provider (i.e., the implementation) makes available to
applications.
Q75. What is URL?
Ans. URL is Uniform Resource Locator which is representation of HTTP
address.
Q76. Explain features of struts2 ?
Ans. 1) It is an Action based MVC based framework which has adopt
mvc2.
2) Struts2 is a pull-MVC (or MVC2) framework where action takes the
role of the model rather than the controller. The pull concepts means
views ability to pull data from an action, rather than having a separate
model object available.
3) The Model View-Controller pattern in Struts2 is implemented with five
core components actions, interceptors, value stack / OGNL, result
types and results / view technologies.
4) XML configuration as well as Annotation option available.
5) POJO based action available so we can write test cases easily.
6) Integration with Spring, tiles and OGNL based expression langugae.
7) Theme based tag libraries integrated with struts tag as well as
support of Ajax tag.
8) Can have various view options like jsp, velocity, freemarker etc.
9) We can embed plugin through which we can modify and extend
framework features.
Q77. What is HTTP ?
Ans. HTTP or Hypertext Transfer Protocol is internet protocol for
tranmission of hypertext ( text with meta data ) over internet. Q78. what
is content negotiation?
Ans. Suppose we want to visit a site for any information, information can
be represented in different languages like English,German or may be
other and their format for presentation can also differ from HTML to PDF
or may be Plain text. In this case when an client makes an HTTP
request to a server, client can also specify the media types here. Client
can specify what it can accept back from host and on the basis of
availability the host will return to the client. This is called content
negotiation
because client and server negotiated on the language and format of the
content to be shared. Q79. Is tomcat an application or Web server ?
Ans. Application server.
Q80. Is Apache an application or Web server ?

Ans. Web server.

Q81. What are the default or implicitly assigned values for data types in
java ?
Ans. boolean ---> false byte ----> 0
short ----> 0
int -----> 0
long ------> 0l
char -----> /u0000
float ------> 0.0f
double ----> 0.0d
any object reference ----> null
Q82. What is difference between Encapsulation And Abstraction?
Ans. 1.Abstraction solves the problem at design level while
encapsulation solves the problem at implementation level
2.Abstraction is used for hiding the unwanted data and giving relevant
data. while Encapsulation means hiding the code and data into a single
unit to protect the data from outside world.
3. Abstraction lets you focus on what the object does instead of how it
does it while Encapsulation means hiding the internal details or
mechanics of how an object does something.
4.For example: Outer Look of a Television, like it has a display screen
and channel buttons to change channel it explains Abstraction but Inner
Implementation detail of a Television how CRT and Display Screen are
connect with each other using different circuits , it explains
Encapsulation.
Q83. Can I import same package/class twice? Will the JVM load the
package twice at runtime?
Ans. One can import the same package or same class multiple times.
Neither compiler nor JVM complains wil complain about it. And the JVM
will internally load the class only once no matter how many times you
import the same class.
Q84. Explain static blocks in Java ?
Ans. A static initialization block is a normal block of code enclosed in
braces, { }, and preceded by the static keyword. Here is an example:
static {
// whatever code is needed for initialization goes here }
A class can have any number of static initialization blocks, and they can
appear anywhere in the class body. The runtime system guarantees that
static initialization blocks are called in the order that they appear in the
source code.

Q85. Which access specifier can be used with Class ?

Ans. For top level class we can only use "public" and "default". We can
use private with inner class. Q86. Explain Annotations ?
Ans. Annotations, a form of metadata, provide data about a program that
is not part of the program itself. Annotations have no direct effect on the
operation of the code they annotate. Annotations have a number of
uses, among them:
Information for the compiler Annotations can be used by the
compiler to detect errors or suppress warnings.
Compile-time and deployment-time processing Software tools can
process annotation information to generate code, XML files, and so
forth.
Runtime processing Some annotations are available to be
examined at runtime.
Q87. Give an Example of Annotations ?
Ans. Suppose that a software group traditionally starts the body of every
class with comments providing important information: public class
Generation3List extends Generation2List {
// Author: John Doe
// Date: 3/17/2002
// Current revision: 6
// Last modified: 4/12/2004 // By: Jane Doe
// Reviewers: Alice, Bill, Cindy // class code goes here
}
To add this same metadata with an annotation, you must first define the
annotation type. The syntax for doing this is: @interface ClassPreamble
{
String author();
String date();
int currentRevision() default 1;
String lastModified() default "N/A";
String lastModifiedBy() default "N/A";
// Note use of array
String[] reviewers();
}
The annotation type definition looks similar to an interface definition
where the keyword interface is preceded by the at sign (@) (@ = AT, as
in annotation type). Annotation types are a form of interface, which will
be covered in a later lesson. For the moment, you do not need to
understand interfaces.

The body of the previous annotation definition contains annotation type

element declarations, which look a lot like methods. Note that they can
define optional default values.
After the annotation type is defined, you can use annotations of that
type, with the values filled in, like this:
@ClassPreamble (
author = "John Doe",
date = "3/17/2002",
currentRevision = 6,
lastModified = "4/12/2004",
lastModifiedBy = "Jane Doe",
// Note array notation
reviewers = {"Alice", "Bob", "Cindy"}
)
public class Generation3List extends Generation2List {
// class code goes here }
Q88. What are few of the Annotations pre defined by Java?
Ans. @Deprecated annotation indicates that the marked element is
deprecated and should no longer be used. The compiler generates a
warning whenever a program uses a method, class, or field with the
@Deprecated annotation.
@Override annotation informs the compiler that the element is meant to
override an element declared in a superclass. @SuppressWarnings
annotation tells the compiler to suppress specific warnings that it would
otherwise generate.
@SafeVarargs annotation, when applied to a method or constructor,
asserts that the code does not perform potentially unsafe operations on
its varargsparameter. When this annotation type is used, unchecked
warnings relating to varargs usage are suppressed.
@FunctionalInterface annotation, introduced in Java SE 8, indicates that
the type declaration is intended to be a functional interface, as defined
by the Java Language Specification.
Q89. What are meta Annotations ?
Ans. Annotations that apply to other annotations are called metaannotations.
Q90. Name few meta-annotations ?
Ans. @Retention annotation specifies how the marked annotation is
stored:

@Documented annotation indicates that whenever the specified

annotation is used those elements should be documented using the
Javadoc tool. (By default, annotations are not included in Javadoc.)
@Target annotation marks another annotation to restrict what kind of
Java elements the annotation can be applied to.
@Inherited annotation indicates that the annotation type can be
inherited from the super class. (This is not true by default.) When the
user queries the annotation type and the class has no annotation for this
type, the class' superclass is queried for the annotation type. This
annotation applies only to class declarations.
@Repeatable annotation, introduced in Java SE 8, indicates that the
marked annotation can be applied more than once to the same
declaration or type use. For more information, see Repeating
Annotations.
Q91. How to display and set the Class path in Unix ?
Ans. To display the current CLASSPATH variable, use these commands
in UNIX (Bourne shell): % echo $CLASSPATH
To delete the current contents of the CLASSPATH variable,
In UNIX: % unset CLASSPATH; export CLASSPATH
To set the CLASSPATH variable,
In UNIX: % CLASSPATH=/home/george/java/classes; export
CLASSPATH
Q92. Difference between Abstract and Concrete Class ?
Ans. Abstract classes are only meant to be sub classed and not meant
to be instantiated whereas concrete classes are meant to be
instantiated. Q93. Difference between Overloading and Overriding ?
Ans. Overloading - Similar Signature but different definition , like function
overloading. Overriding - Overriding the Definition of base class in the
derived class.
Q94. Difference between Vector and ArrayList ?
Ans. Vectors are synchronized whereas Array lists are not.
Q95. Different ways of implementing Threads in Java ?
Ans. Threads in Java can be implement either by Extending Thread
class or implementing runnable interface.
Q96. What is Volatile keyword used for ?
Ans. Volatile is a declaration that a variable can be accessed by multiple
threads and hence shouldn't be cached.
Q97. What is Serialization ?
Ans. Storing the state of an object in a file or other medium is called
serialization.

Q98. What is the use of Transient Keyword ?

Ans. It in Java is used to indicate that a field should not be serialized.
Q99. What is a final variable ?
Ans. Final variable is a constant variable. Variable value can't be
changed after instantiation.
Q100. What is a Final Method ?
Ans. A Method that cannot be overriden in the sub class.
Q101. What is a Final Class ?
Ans. A Class that cannot be sub classed.
Q102. What is an Immutable Object ?
Ans. Object that can't be changed after instantiation.
Q103. What is an immutable class ?
Ans. Class using which only immutable (objects that cannot be changed
after initialization) objects can be created.
Q104. How to implement an immutable class ?
Ans. We can make a class immutable by
1. Making all methods and variables as private. 2. Setting variables
within constructor.
Public Class ImmutableClass{ private int member; ImmutableClass(int
var){ member=var;
}}
and then we can initialize the object of the class as
ImmutableClass immutableObject = new ImmutableClass(5);
Now all members being private , you can't change the state of the
object.
Q105. Does Declaring an object "final" makes it immutable ?
Ans. Only declaring primitive types as final makes them immutable.
Making objects final means that the object handler cannot be used to
target some other object but the object is still mutable.
Q106. Difference between object instantiation and construction ?
Ans. Though It's often confused with each other, Object Creation
( Instantiation ) and Initialization ( Construction ) are different things in
Java. Construction follows object creation.
Object Creation is the process to create the object in memory and
returning its handler. Java provides New keyword for object creation.
Initialization is the process of setting the initial / default values to the
members. Constructor is used for this purpose. If we don't provide any
constructor, Java provides one default implementation to set the default
values according to the member data types.
Q107. Can we override static methods ? Why ? Ans. No.

Static methods belong to the class and not the objects. They belong to
the class and hence doesn't fit properly for the polymorphic behavior.
A static method is not associated with any instance of a class so the
concept of overriding for runtime polymorphism using static methods is
not applicable.
Q108. Can we access instance variables within static methods ?
Ans. Yes.
we cannot access them directly but we can access them using object
reference.
Static methods belong to a class and not objects whereas non static
members are tied to an instance. Accessing instance variables without
the instance handler would mean an ambiguity regarding which instance
the method is referring to and hence its prohibited.
Q109. Can we reduce the visibility of the inherited or overridden
method ?
Ans. No.
Q110. Give an Example of checked and unchecked exception ?
Ans. ClassNotFoundException is checked exception whereas
NoClassDefFoundError is a unchecked exception. Q111. Name few
Java Exceptions ?
Ans. IndexOutofBound , NoClassDefFound , OutOfMemory ,
IllegalArgument.
Q112. Which of the following is tightly bound ? Inheritance or
Composition ?
Ans. Inheritence.
Q113. How can we make sure that a code segment gets executed even
in case of uncatched exceptions ? Ans. By putting it within finally.
Q114. Explain the use of "Native" keyword ?
Ans. Used in method declarations to specify that the method is not
implemented in the same Java source file, but rather in another
language Q115. What is "super" used for ?
Ans. Used to access members of the base class. Q116. What is "this"
keyword used for ?
Ans. Used to represent an instance of the class in which it appears.
Q117. Difference between boolean and Boolean ?
Ans. boolean is a primitive type whereas Boolean is a class.
Q118. What is a finalize method ?
Ans. finalize() method is called just before an object is destroyed.
Q119. What are Marker Interfaces ? Name few Java marker interfaces ?

Ans. These are the interfaces which have no declared methods.

Serializable and cloneable are marker interfaces.
Q120. Is runnable a Marker interface ?
Ans. No , it has run method declared.
Q121. Difference between Process and Thread ?
Ans. Process is a program in execution whereas thread is a separate
path of execution in a program. Q122. What is a Deadlock ?
Ans. When two threads are waiting each other and cant precede the
program is said to be deadlock. Q123. Difference between Serialization
and Deserialization ?
Ans. Serialization is the process of writing the state of an object to a
byte stream. Deserialization is the process of restoring these objects.
Q124. Explain Autoboxing ?
Ans. Autoboxing is the automatic conversion that the Java compiler
makes between the primitive types and their corresponding object
wrapper classes Q125. What is an Enum type ?
Ans. An enum type is a special data type that enables for a variable to
be a set of predefined constants Q126. What are Wrapper Classes ?
What are Primitive Wrapper Classes ?
Ans. A wrapper class is any class which "wraps" or "encapsulates" the
functionality of another class or component. A Wrapper Class that wraps
or encapsulates the primitive data type is called Primitive Wrapper
Class.
Q127. What Design pattern Wrapper Classes implement ? Ans. Adapter.
Q128. What is "Import" used for ?
Ans. Enables the programmer to abbreviate the names of classes
defined in a package. Q129. Different types of memory used by JVM ?
Ans. Class , Heap , Stack , Register , Native Method Stack.
Q130. What is a class loader ? What are the different class loaders used
by JVM ?
Ans. Part of JVM which is used to load classes and interfaces. Bootstrap
, Extension and System are the class loaders used by JVM. Q131. Can
we declare interface methods as private ?
Ans. No.
Q132. What is a Static import ?
Ans. By static import , we can access the static members of a class
directly without prefixing it with the class name. Q133. Difference
between StringBuffer and StringBuilder ?
Ans. StringBuffer is synchronized whereas StringBuilder is not.
Q134. Difference between Map and HashMap ?

Ans. Map is an interface where HashMap is the concrete class.

Q135. What is a Property class ?
Ans. The properties class is a subclass of Hashtable that can be read
from or written to a stream.
Q136. Explain the scenerios to choose between String , StringBuilder
and StringBuffer ?
Ans. If the Object value will not change in a scenario use String Class
because a String object is immutable.
If the Object value can change and will only be modified from a single
thread, use a StringBuilder because StringBuilder is
unsynchronized(means faster). If the Object value may change, and can
be modified by multiple threads, use a StringBuffer because StringBuffer
is thread safe(synchronized).
Q137. Explain java.lang.OutOfMemoryError ?
Ans. This Error is thrown when the Java Virtual Machine cannot allocate
an object because it is out of memory, and no more memory could be
made available by the garbage collector.
Q138. Can we have multiple servlets in a web application and How can
we do that ? Ans. Yes by making entries in web.xml
Q139. How can we manage Error Messages in the web application ?
Ans. Within message.properties file. Q140. Is JVM, a compiler or
interpretor ?
Ans. Its an interpretor.
Q141. Difference between implicit and explicit type casting ?
Ans. An explicit conversion is where you use some syntax to tell the
program to do a conversion whereas in case of implicit type casting you
need not provide the data type.
Q142. Difference between loadClass and Class.forName ?
Ans. loadClass only loads the class but doesn't initialize the object
whereas Class.forName initialize the object after loading it. Q143.
Should we override finalize method ?
Ans. Finalize is used by Java for Garbage collection. It should not be
done as we should leave the Garbage Collection to Java itself. Q144.
What is assert keyword used for ?
Ans. The assert keyword is used to make an assertiona statement
which the programmer believes is always true at that point in the
program. This keyword is intended to aid in testing and debugging.
Q145. Difference between Factory and Abstract Factory Design
Pattern ?

Ans. Factory Pattern deals with creation of objects delegated to a

separate factory class whereas Abstract Factory patterns works around
a super-factory which creates other factories.
Q146. Difference between Factory and Builder Design Pattern ?
Ans. Builder pattern is the extension of Factory pattern wherein the
Builder class builds a complex object in multiple steps.
Q147. Difference between Proxy and Adapter ?
Ans. Adapter object has a different input than the real subject whereas
Proxy object has the same input as the real subject. Proxy object is such
that it should be placed as it is in place of the real subject.
Q148. Difference between Adapter and Facade ?
Ans. The Difference between these patterns in only the intent. Adapter is
used because the objects in current form cannot communicate where as
in Facade , though the objects can communicate , A Facade object is
placed between the client and subject to simplify the interface.
Q149. Difference between Builder and Composite ?
Ans. Builder is a creational Design Pattern whereas Composite is a
structural design pattern. Composite creates Parent - Child relations
between your objects while Builder is used to create group of objects of
predefined types.
Q150. Example of Chain of Responsibility Design Pattern ?
Ans. Exception Handling Throw mechanism. Q151. Example of
Observer Design Pattern ?
Ans. Listeners.
Q152. Difference between Factory and Strategy Design Pattern ?
Ans. Factory is a creational design pattern whereas Strategy is
behavioral design pattern. Factory revolves around the creation of object
at runtime whereas Strategy or Policy revolves around the decision at
runtime.
Q153. Shall we use abstract classes or Interfaces in Policy / Strategy
Design Pattern ?
Ans. Strategy deals only with decision making at runtime so Interfaces
should be used.
Q154. Which kind of memory is used for storing object member
variables and function local variables ?
Ans. Local variables are stored in stack whereas object variables are
stored in heap.
Q155. Why do member variables have default values whereas local
variables don't have any default value ?

Ans. member variable are loaded into heap, so they are initialized with
default values when an instance of a class is created. In case of local
variables, they are stored in stack until they are being used.
Q156. What is a Default Constructor ?
Ans. The no argument constructor provided by Java Compiler if no
constructor is specified.
Q157. Will Compiler creates a default no argument constructor if we
specify only multi argument constructor ?
Ans. No, Compiler will create default constructor only if we don't specify
any constructor. Q158. Can we overload constructors ?
Ans. Yes.
Q159. What will happen if we make the constructor private ?
Ans. We can't create the objects directly by invoking new operator.
Q160. How can we create objects if we make the constructor private ?
Ans. We can do so through a static public member method or static
block. Q161. What will happen if we remove the static keyword from
main method ?
Ans. Program will compile but will give a "NoSuchMethodError" during
runtime. Q162. Why Java don't use pointers ?
Ans. Pointers are vulnerable and slight carelessness in their use may
result in memory problems and hence Java intrinsically manage their
use. Q163. Can we use both "this" and "super" in a constructor ?
Ans. No, because both this and super should be the first statement.
Q164. Do we need to import java.lang.package ?
Ans. No, It is loaded by default by the JVM.
Q165. Is it necessary that each try block to be followed by catch block ?
Ans. It should be followed by either catch or finally block.
Q166. Can finally block be used without catch ?
Ans. Yes but should follow "try" block then.
Q167. What is exception propogation ?
Ans. Passing the exception object to the calling method.
Q168. Difference between nested and inner classes ?
Ans. Inner classes are non static nested classes.
Q169. What is a nested interface ?
Ans. Any interface declared inside a class or an interface. It is static by
default.
Q170. What is an Externalizable interface ?
Ans. Externalizable interface is used to write the state of an object into a
byte stream in compressed format.

Q171. Difference between serializable and externalizable interface ?

Ans. Serializable is a marker interface whereas externalizable is not.
Q172. What is reflection ?
Ans. It is the process of examining / modifying the runtime behaviour of
an object at runtime. Q173. Can we instantiate the object of derived
class if parent constructor is protected ?
Ans. No
Q174. Can we declare an abstract method private ?
Ans. No Abstract methods can only be declared protected or public.
Q175. What are the design considerations while making a choice
between using interface and abstract class ?
Ans. Keep it as a Abstract Class if its a "Is a" Relationsship and should
do subset/all of the functionality. Keep it as Interface if its a "Should Do"
relationship. Q176. What is a config Object?
Ans. The config object is an instantiation of javax.servlet.ServletConfig
and is a direct wrapper around the ServletConfig object for the
generated servlet. This object allows the JSP programmer access to the
Servlet or JSP engine initialization parameters such as the paths or file
location.
Q177. What is a pageContext Object?
Ans. The pageContext object is an instance of a
javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext object. The pageContext object is used to
represent the entire JSP page. This object stores references to the
request and response objects for each request. The application, config,
session, and out objects are derived by accessing attributes of this
object.The pageContext object also contains information about the
directives issued to the JSP page, including the buffering information,
the errorPageURL, and page scope.
Q178. What is suspend() method used for ?
Ans. suspend() method is used to suspend the execution of a thread for
a period of time. We can then restart the thread by using resume()
method.
Q179. Difference between suspend() and stop() ?
Ans. Suspend method is used to suspend thread which can be restarted
by using resume() method. stop() is used to stop the thread, it cannot be
restarted again.
Q180. What are the benefits of using Spring Framework ?
Ans. Spring enables developers to develop enterprise-class applications
using POJOs. The benefit of using only POJOs is that you do not need
an EJB container product.

Spring is organized in a modular fashion. Even though the number of

packages and classes are substantial, you have to worry only about
ones you need and ignore the rest.
Spring does not reinvent the wheel instead, it truly makes use of some
of the existing technologies like several ORM frameworks, logging
frameworks, JEE, Quartz and JDK timers, other view technologies.
Testing an application written with Spring is simple because
environment-dependent code is moved into this framework.
Furthermore, by using JavaBean-style POJOs, it becomes easier to use
dependency injection for injecting test data.
Springs web framework is a well-designed web MVC framework, which
provides a great alternative to web frameworks such as Struts or other
over engineered or less popular web frameworks.
Spring provides a convenient API to translate technology-specific
exceptions (thrown by JDBC, Hibernate, or JDO, for example) into
consistent, unchecked exceptions.
Lightweight IoC containers tend to be lightweight, especially when
compared to EJB containers, for example. This is beneficial for
developing and deploying applications on computers with limited
memory and CPU resources.
Spring provides a consistent transaction management interface that can
scale down to a local transaction Q181. what is the difference between
collections class vs collections interface ?
Ans. Collections class is a utility class having static methods for doing
operations on objects of classes which implement the Collection
interface. For example, Collections has methods for finding the max
element in a Collection.
Q182. Will this code give error if i try to add two heterogeneous
elements in the arraylist. ? and Why ?
List list1 = new ArrayList<>(); list1.add(5);
list1.add("5");
Ans. If we don't declare the list to be of specific type, it treats it as list of
objects. int 1 is auto boxed to Integer and "1" is String and hence both
are objects. Q183. Difference between Java beans and Spring Beans ?
Ans. Java Beans managed by Spring IoC are called Spring Beans.
Q184. What is the difference between System.console.write and
System.out.println ?
Ans. System.console() returns null if your application is not run in a
terminal (though you can handle this in your application)
System.console() provides methods for reading password without

echoing characters
System.out and System.err use the default platform encoding, while the
Console class output methods use the console encoding Q185. What
are various types of Class loaders used by JVM ?
Ans. Bootstrap - Loads JDK internal classes, java.* packages.
Extensions - Loads jar files from JDK extensions directory - usually lib/
ext directory of the JRE
System - Loads classes from system classpath.
Q186. How are classes loaded by JVM ?
Ans. Class loaders are hierarchical. The very first class is specially
loaded with the help of static main() method declared in your class. All
the subsequently loaded classes are loaded by the classes, which are
already loaded and running.
Q187. Difference between C++ and Java ?
Ans. Java does not support pointers.
Java does not support multiple inheritances.
Java does not support destructors but rather adds a finalize() method.
Finalize methods are invoked by the garbage collector prior to
reclaiming the memory occupied by the object, which has the finalize()
method.
Java does not include structures or unions because the traditional data
structures are implemented as an object oriented framework.
C++ compiles to machine language , when Java compiles to byte code .
In C++ the programmer needs to worry about freeing the allocated
memory , where in Java the Garbage Collector takes care of the the
unneeded / unused variables. Java is platform independent language
but c++ is depends upon operating system.
Java uses compiler and interpreter both and in c++ their is only
compiler.
C++ supports operator overloading whereas Java doesn't.
Internet support is built-in Java but not in C++. However c++ has
support for socket programming which can be used.
Java does not support header file, include library files just like C++ .Java
use import to include different Classes and methods.
There is no goto statement in Java.
There is no scope resolution operator :: in Java. It has . using which we
can qualify classes with the namespace they came from.
Java is pass by value whereas C++ is both pass by value and pass by
reference.
Java Enums are objects instead of int values in C++

C++ programs runs as native executable machine code for the target
and hence more near to hardware whereas Java program runs in a
virtual machine.
C++ was designed mainly for systems programming, extending the C
programming language whereas Java was created initially to support
network computing.
C++ allows low-level addressing of data. You can manipulate machine
addresses to look at anything you want. Java access is controlled.
C++ has several addressing operators . * & -> where Java has only one:
the .
We can create our own package in Java(set of classes) but not in c and
c++.
Q188. Difference between static vs. dynamic class loading?
Ans. static loading - Classes are statically loaded with Javas new
operator.
dynamic class loading - Dynamic loading is a technique for
programmatically invoking the functions of a class loader at run time.
Class.forName (Test className);
Q189. Tell something about BufferedWriter ? What are flush() and
close() used for ?
Ans. A Buffer is a temporary storage area for data. The BufferedWriter
class is an output stream.It is an abstract class that creates a buffered
character-output stream. Flush() is used to clear all the data characters
stored in the buffer and clear the buffer.
Close() is used to closes the character output stream.
Q190. What is Scanner class used for ? when was it introduced in
Java ?
Ans. Scanner class introduced in Java 1.5 for reading Data Stream from
the imput device. Previously we used to write code to read a input using
DataInputStream. After
reading the stream , we can convert into respective data type using
in.next() as String ,in.nextInt() as integer, in.nextDouble() as Double etc
Q191. Why Struts 1 Classes are not Thread Safe whereas Struts 2
classes are thread safe ?
Ans. Struts 1 actions are singleton. So all threads operates on the single
action object and hence makes it thread unsafe.
Struts 2 actions are not singleton and a new action object copy is
created each time a new action request is made and hence its thread
safe. Q192. What are some Java related technologies used for
distributed computing ?

Ans. sockets, RMI. EJB

Q193. Whats the purpose of marker interfaces ?
Ans. They just tell the compiler that the objects of the classes
implementing the interfaces with no defined methods need to be treated
differently. Q194. What is the difference between final, finally and
finalize() ?
Ans. final - constant variable, restricting method overloading, restricting
class subclassing.
finally - handles exception. The finally block is optional and provides a
mechanism to clean up regardless of what happens within the try block.
Use the finally block to close files or to release
other system resources like database connections, statements etc.
finalize() - method helps in garbage collection. A method that is invoked
before an object is discarded by the garbage collector, allowing it to
clean up its state. Q195. When do you get ClassCastException?
Ans. As we only downcast class in the hierarchy, The
ClassCastException is thrown to indicate that code has attempted to
cast an object to a subclass of which it is not an instance.
Q196. Explain Thread States ?
Ans. Runnable - waiting for its turn to be picked for execution by the
thread schedular based on thread priorities.
Running - The processor is actively executing the thread code. It runs
until it becomes blocked, or voluntarily gives up its turn.
Waiting: A thread is in a blocked state while it waits for some external
processing such as file I/O to finish.
Sleeping - Java threads are forcibly put to sleep (suspended) with
Thread.sleep. they can resume using Thread.resume method.
Blocked on I/O - Will move to runnable after I/O condition like reading
bytes of data etc changes.
Blocked on synchronization - Will move to Runnable when a lock is
acquired.
Dead - The thread is finished working.
Q197. What are strong, soft, weak and phantom references in Java ?
Ans. Garbage Collector wont remove a strong reference.
A soft reference will only get removed if memory is low.
A weak reference will get removed on the next garbage collection cycle.
A phantom reference will be finalized but the memory will not be
reclaimed. Can be useful when you want to be notified that an object is
about to be collected. Q198. Difference between yield() and sleeping()?

Ans. When a task invokes yield(), it changes from running state to

runnable state. When a task invokes sleep(), it changes from running
state to waiting/sleeping state. Q199. What is a daemon thread? Give
an Example ?
Ans. These are threads that normally run at a low priority and provide a
basic service to a program or programs when activity on a machine is
reduced. garbage collector thread is daemon thread.
Q200. What is the difference between AWT and Swing?
Ans. Swing provides both additional components like JTable, JTree etc
and added functionality to AWT-replacement components.
Swing components can change their appearance based on the current
look and feel library thats being used.
Swing components follow the MVC paradigm, and thus can provide a
much more flexible UI.
Swing provides extras for components, such as icons on many
components, decorative borders for components, tool tips for
components etc.
Swing components are lightweight than AWT.
Swing provides built-in double buffering ,which means an off-screen
buffer is used during drawing and then the resulting bits are copied onto
the screen. Swing provides paint debugging support for when you build
your own component.
Q201. What is the order of method invocation in an applet?
Ans. public void init() public void start() public void stop() public void
destroy()
Q202. Name few tools for probing Java Memory Leaks ?
Ans. JProbe, OptimizeIt
Q203. Which memory areas does instance and static variables use ?
Ans. instance variables are stored on stack whereas static variables are
stored on heap.
Q204. What is J2EE? What are J2EE components and services?
Ans. J2EE or Java 2 Enterprise Edition is an environment for developing
and deploying enterprise applications. The J2EE platform consists of
J2EE components, services, Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)
and protocols that provide the functionality for developing multi-tiered
and distributed Web based applications.
Q205. What are the components of J2EE ?
Ans. applets
Client component like Client side Java codes.
Web component like JSP, Servlet WAR

Enterprise JavaBeans like Session beans, Entity beans, Message driven

beans Enterprise application like WAR, JAR, EAR
Q206. What is XML ?
Ans. XML or eXtensible Markup Language is a markup languages for
describing data and its metadata.
Q207. Difference between SAX and DOM Parser ?
Ans. A DOM (Document Object Model) parser creates a tree structure in
memory from an input document whereas A SAX (Simple API for XML)
parser does not create any internal structure.
A SAX parser serves the client application always only with pieces of the
document at any given time whereas A DOM parser always serves the
client application with the entire document no matter how much is
actually needed by the client.
A SAX parser, however, is much more space efficient in case of a big
input document whereas DOM parser is rich in functionality.
Use a DOM Parser if you need to refer to different document areas
before giving back the information. Use SAX is you just need unrelated
nuclear information from different areas.
Xerces, Crimson are SAX Parsers whereas XercesDOM, SunDOM,
OracleDOM are DOM parsers. Q208. What is DTD ?
Ans. DTD or Document Type Definition is a standard agreed upon way
of communication between two parties. Your application can use a
standard DTD to verify that data that you receive
from the outside world is valid and can be parsed by your parser.
Q209. What is XSD ?
Ans. XSD or Xml Schema Definition is an extension of DTD. XSD is
more powerful and extensible than DTD
Q210. What is JAXP ?
Ans. Stands for Java API for XML Processing. This provides a common
interface for creating and using SAX, DOM, and XSLT APIs in Java
regardless of which vendors implementation is actually being used.
Q211. What is JAXB ?
Ans. Stands for Java API for XML Binding. This standard defines a
mechanism for writing out Java objects as XML and for creating Java
objects from XML structures. Q212. What is marshalling ?
Ans. Its the process of creating XML structures out of Java Objects.
Q213. What is unmarshalling ?
Ans. Its the process of creating Java Objects out of XML structures.
Q214. Which load testing tools have you used ?

Ans. Rational Robot, JMeter, LoadRunner.

Q215. What are LDAP servers used for ?
Ans. LDAP servers are typically used in J2EE applications to
authenticate and authorise users. LDAP servers are hierarchical and are
optimized for read access, so likely to be faster than database in
providing read access.
Q216. What is the difference between comparable and comparator in
java.util pkg?
Ans. Comparable interface is used for single sequence sorting
i.e.sorting the objects based on single data member where as
comparator interface is used to sort the object based on multiple data
members.
Q217. What are different modules of spring ?
Ans. There are seven core modules in spring
Spring MVC
The Core container
O/R mapping
DAO
Application context
Aspect Oriented Programming or AOP Web module
Q218. Explain Flow of Spring MVC ?
Ans. The DispatcherServlet configured in web.xml file receives the
request.
The DispatcherServlet finds the appropriate Controller with the help of
HandlerMapping and then invokes associated Controller.
Then the Controller executes the logic business logic and then returns
ModeAndView object to the DispatcherServlet.
The DispatcherServlet determines the view from the ModelAndView
object.
Then the DispatcherServlet passes the model object to the View.
The View is rendered and the Dispatcher Servlet sends the output to the
Servlet container. Finally Servlet Container sends the result back to the
user. Q219. What is Spring configuration file?
Ans. Spring configuration file is an XML file. This file contains the
classes information and describes how these classes are configured
and introduced to each other. Q220. Q: What is default scope of bean in
Spring framework?
Ans. The default scope of bean is Sing leton for Spring framework.
Q221. What bean scopes does Spring support? Explain them.
Ans. The Spring Framework supports following five scopes -

Singleton prototype request session global-session

Q222. What is bean auto wiring?
Ans. The Spring container is able to autowire relationships between
collaborating beans. This means that it is possible to automatically let
Spring resolve collaborators (other beans) for your bean by inspecting
the contents of the BeanFactory without using and elements.
Q223. Difference between socket and servlet ?
Ans. servlet is a small, server-resident program that typically runs
automatically in response to user input. A network socket is an endpoint
of an inter-process communication flow across a computer network.
We can think of it as a difference between door and gate. They are
similar as they both are entry points but they are different as they are put
up at different areas. Sockets are for low-level network communication
whereas Servlets are for implementing websites and web services
Q224. Difference Between this() and super() ?
Ans. 1.this is a reference to the current object in which this keyword is
used whereas super is a reference used to access members specific to
the parent Class.
2.this is primarily used for accessing member variables if local variables
have same name, for constructor chaining and for passing itself to some
method whereas super is primarily used to initialize base class members
within derived class constructor.
Q225. What are the phases of the JSP life cycle ?
Ans. Translation of JSP Page
Compilation of JSP Page
Classloading (class file is loaded by the classloader)
Instantiation (Object of the Generated Servlet is created).
Initialization ( jspInit() method is invoked by the container).
Reqeust processing ( _jspService() method is invoked by the container).
Destroy ( jspDestroy() method is invoked by the container).
Q226. Difference between the jsp scriptlet tag and jsp declaration tag?
Ans. The jsp scriptlet tag can only declare variables not methods
whereas jsp declaration tag can declare variables as well as methods.
The declaration of scriptlet tag is placed inside the _jspService() method
whereas The declaration of jsp declaration tag is placed outside the
_jspService() method. Q227. What are JSP directives ? What are
different types of directives ?
Ans. The jsp directives are messages that tells the web container how to
translate a JSP page into the corresponding servlet.
There are three types of directives -

 page directive
include directive taglib directive
Q228. What is Java bytecode ?
Ans. Java bytecode is the usual name for the machine language of the
Java Virtual Machine. Java programs are compiled into Java bytecode,
which can then be executed by the JVM.
Q229. What is a Listener ?
Ans. In GUI programming, an object that can be registered to be notified
when events of some given type occur. The object is said to listen for
the events.
Q230. What is MVC ?
Ans. The Model/View/Controller pattern, a strategy for dividing
responsibility in a GUI component. The model is the data for the
component. The view is the visual presentation of the component on the
screen. The controller is responsible for reacting to events by changing
the model. According to the MVC pattern, these responsibilities should
be handled by different objects.
Q231. What is race condition ?
Ans. A source of possible errors in parallel programming, where one
thread can cause an error in another thread by changing some aspect of
the state of the program that the second thread is depending on (such
as the value of variable).
Q232. What is unicode ?
Ans. A way of encoding characters as binary numbers. The Unicode
character set includes characters used in many languages, not just
English. Unicode is the character set that is used internally by Java.
Q233. What is ThreadFactory ?
Ans. ThreadFactory is an interface that is meant for creating threads
instead of explicitly creating threads by calling new Thread(). Its an
object that creates new threads on demand. Using thread factories
removes hardwiring of calls to new Thread, enabling applications to use
special thread subclasses, priorities, etc.
Q234. What is PermGen or Permanent Generation ?
Ans. The memory pool containing all the reflective data of the java
virtual machine itself, such as class and method objects. With Java VMs
that use class data sharing, this generation is divided into read-only and
read-write areas. The Permanent generation contains metadata required
by the JVM to describe the classes and methods used in the application.
The permanent generation is populated by the JVM at runtime based on

classes in use by the application. In addition, Java SE library classes

and methods may be stored here.
Q235. What is metaspace ?
Ans. The Permanent Generation (PermGen) space has completely been
removed and is kind of replaced by a new space called Metaspace. The
consequences of the PermGen removal is that obviously the PermSize
and MaxPermSize JVM arguments are ignored and you will never get a
java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: PermGen error.
Q236. What is the benefit of inner / nested classes ?
Ans. You can put related classes together as a single logical group.
Nested classes can access all class members of the enclosing class,
which might be useful in certain cases.
Nested classes are sometimes useful for specific purposes. For
example, anonymous inner classes are useful for writing simpler eventhandling code with AWT/Swing.
Q237. Explain Static nested Classes ?
Ans. The accessibility (public, protected, etc.) of the static nested class
is defined by the outer class.
A static nested class is not an inner class, it's a top-level nested class.
The name of the static nested class is expressed with
OuterClassName.NestedClassName syntax.
When you define an inner nested class (or interface) inside an interface,
the nested class is declared implicitly public and static.
Static nested classes can be declared abstract or final.
Static nested classes can extend another class or it can be used as a
base class.
Static nested classes can have static members.
Static nested classes can access the members of the outer class (only
static members, obviously).
The outer class can also access the members (even private members)
of the nested class through an object of nested class. If you dont
declare an instance of the nested class, the outer class cannot access
nested class elements directly.
Q238. Explain Inner Classes ?
Ans. The accessibility (public, protected, etc.) of the inner class is
defined by the outer class.
Just like top-level classes, an inner class can extend a class or can
implement interfaces. Similarly, an inner class can be extended by other
classes, and an inner interface can be implemented or extended by
other classes or interfaces.

An inner class can be declared final or abstract.

Inner classes can have inner classes, but youll have a hard time
reading or understanding such complex nesting of classes.
Q239. Explain Method Local Inner Classes ?
Ans. You can create a non-static local class inside a body of code.
Interfaces cannot have local classes, and you cannot create local
interfaces.
Local classes are accessible only from the body of the code in which the
class is defined. The local classes are completely inaccessible outside
the body of the code in which the class is defined.
You can extend a class or implement interfaces while defining a local
class.
A local class can access all the variables available in the body of the
code in which it is defined. You can pass only final variables to a local
inner class.
Q240. Explain about anonymous inner classes ?
Ans. Anonymous classes are defined in the new expression itself, so
you cannot create multiple objects of an anonymous class.
You cannot explicitly extend a class or explicitly implement interfaces
when defining an anonymous class.
An anonymous inner class is always created as part of a statement;
don't forget to close the statement after the class definition with a curly
brace. This is a rare case in Java, a curly brace followed by a semicolon.
Anonymous inner classes have no name, and their type must be either a
subclass of the named type or an implementer of the named interface
Q241. What will happen if class implement two interface having common
method?
Ans. That would not be a problem as both are specifying the contract
that implement class has to follow.
If class C implement interface A & interface B then Class C thing I need
to implement print() because of interface A then again Class think I need
to implement print() again because of interface B, it sees that there is
already a method called test() implemented so it's satisfied.
Q242. What is the advantage of using arrays over variables ?
Ans. Arrays provide a structure wherein multiple values can be
accessed using single reference and index. This helps in iterating over
the values using loops. Q243. What are the disadvantages of using
arrays ?
Ans. Arrays are of fixed size and have to reserve memory prior to use.
Hence if we don't know size in advance arrays are not recommended to

use.
Arrays can store only homogeneous elements.
Arrays store its values in contentious memory location. Not suitable if
the content is too large and needs to be distributed in memory.
There is no underlying data structure for arrays and no ready made
method support for arrays, for every requriment we need to code
explicitly
Q244. Difference between Class#getInstance() and new operator ?
Ans. Class.getInstance doesn't call the constructor whereas if we create
an object using new operator , we need to have a matching constructor
or copiler should provide a default constructor.
Q245. Can we create an object if a Class doesn't have any constructor
( not even the default provided by constructor ) ? Ans. Yes , using
Class.getInstance.
Q246. What is a cloneable interface and what all methods does it
contain?
Ans. It is not having any method because it is a MARKER interface.
Q247. When you will synchronize a piece of your code?
Ans. When you expect your code will be accessed by different threads
and these threads may change a particular data causing data
corruption. Q248. Are there any global variables in Java, which can be
accessed by other part of your program?
Ans. No. Global variables are not allowed as it wont fit good with the
concept of encapsulation.
Q249. What is an applet? What is the lifecycle of an applet?
Ans. Applet is a dynamic and interactive program that runs inside a web
page displayed by a java capable browser.
Lifecycle methods of Applet init( ) method - Can be called when an applet is first loaded
start( ) method - Can be called each time an applet is started
paint( ) method - Can be called when the applet is minimized or
maximized stop( ) method - Can be used when the browser moves off
the applet's page destroy( ) method - Can be called when the browser is
finished with the applet
Q250. What is meant by controls and what are different types of controls
in AWT / SWT?
Ans. Controls are components that allow a user to interact with your
application and SWT / AWT supports the following types of controls:
Labels, Push Buttons, Check Boxes, Choice Lists, Lists, Scrollbars, Text
Components.

These controls are subclasses of Component.

Q251. What is a stream and what are the types of Streams and classes
of the Streams?
Ans. A Stream is an abstraction that either produces or consumes
information. There are two types of Streams :
Byte Streams: Provide a convenient means for handling input and
output of bytes.
Character Streams: Provide a convenient means for handling input &
output of characters.
Byte Streams classes: Are defined by using two abstract classes,
namely InputStream and OutputStream.
Character Streams classes: Are defined by using two abstract classes,
namely Reader and Writer.
Q252. What is session tracking and how do you track a user session in
servlets?
Ans. Session tracking is a mechanism that servlets use to maintain state
about a series requests from the same user across some period of time.
The methods used for session tracking are:
User Authentication - occurs when a web server restricts access to
some of its resources to only those clients that log in using a recognized
username and password
Hidden form fields - fields are added to an HTML form that are not
displayed in the client's browser. When the form containing the fields is
submitted, the fields are sent back to the server
URL rewriting - every URL that the user clicks on is dynamically modified
or rewritten to include extra information. The extra information can be in
the form of extra path information, added parameters or some custom,
server-specific URL change.
Cookies - a bit of information that is sent by a web server to a browser
and which can later be read back from that browser.
HttpSession- places a limit on the number of sessions that can exist in
memory.
Q253. What is connection pooling?
Ans. It's a technique to allow multiple clients to make use of a cached
set of shared and reusable connection objects providing access to a
database or other resource. Q254. Advantage of Collection classes over
Arrays ?
Ans. Collections are re-sizable in nature. We can increase or decrease
the size as per recruitment. Collections can hold both homogeneous and
heterogeneous data's.

Every collection follows some standard data structures.

Collection provides many useful built in methods for traversing,sorting
and search.
Q255. What are the Disadvantages of using Collection Classes over
Arrays ? Ans. Collections can only hold objects, It can't hold primitive
data types.
Collections have performance overheads as they deal with objects and
offer dynamic memory expansion. This dynamic expansion could be a
bigger overhead if the collection class needs consecutive memory
location like Vectors.
Collections doesn't allow modification while traversal as it may lead to
concurrentModificationException.
Q256. Can we call constructor explicitly ?
Ans. Yes.
Q257. Does a class inherit the constructor of its super class?
Ans. No.
Q258. What is the difference between float and double?
Ans. Float can represent up to 7 digits accurately after decimal point,
where as double can represent up to 15 digits accurately after decimal
point.
Q259. What is the difference between >> and >>>?
Ans. Both bitwise right shift operator ( >> ) and bitwise zero fill right shift
operator ( >>> ) are used to shift the bits towards right. The difference is
that >> will protect the sign bit whereas the >>> operator will not protect
the sign bit. It always fills 0 in the sign bit.
Q260. What is the difference between System.out ,System.err and
System.in?
Ans. System.out and System.err both represent the monitor by default
and hence can be used to send data or results to the monitor. But
System.out is used to display normal messages and results whereas
System.err is used to display error messages and System.in represents
InputStream object, which by default represents standard input device,
i.e., keyboard.
Q261. Is it possible to compile and run a Java program without writing
main( ) method? Ans. Yes, it is possible by using a static block in the
Java program.
Q262. What are different ways of object creation in Java ?
Ans. Using new operator - new xyzClass()
Using factory methods - xyzFactory.getInstance( )
Using newInstance( ) method -

(Class.forName(xyzClass))emp.newInstance( ) By cloning an already

available object - (xyzClass)obj1.clone( )
Q263. What is Generalization and Specialization in terms of casting ?
Ans. Generalization or UpCasting is a phenomenon where a sub class is
prompted to a super class, and hence becomes more general.
Generalization needs widening or up-casting. Specialization or
DownCasting is a phenomenon where a super class is narrowed down
to a sub class. Specialization needs narrowing or down-casting.
Q264. Can we call the garbage collector explicitly ?
Ans. Yes, We can call garbage collector of JVM to delete any unused
variables and unreferenced objects from memory using gc( ) method.
This gc( ) method appears in both Runtime and System classes of
java.lang package.
Q265. How does volatile affect code optimization by compiler?
Ans. Volatile is an instruction that the variables can be accessed by
multiple threads and hence shouldn't be cached. As volatile variables
are never cached and hence their retrieval cannot be optimized.
Q266. Do you think that Java should have had pointers ?
Ans. Open ended Questions.
Q267. How would you go about debugging a NullPointerException?
Ans. Open ended Questions.
Q268. How does Java differ from other programming languages you've
worked with?
Ans. Open ended Questions.
Q269. Should good code be self-documenting, or is it the responsibility
of the developer to document it?
Ans. Open ended Questions.
Q270. What are points to consider in terms of access modifier when we
are overriding any method?
Ans. 1. Overriding method can not be more restrictive than the
overridden method.
reason : in case of polymorphism , at object creation jvm look for actual
runtime object. jvm does not look for reference type and while calling
methods it look for overridden method.
If by means subclass were allowed to change the access modifier on the
overriding method, then suddenly at runtimewhen the JVM invokes
the true object's version o the method rather than the reference type's
version then it will be problematic
2. In case of subclass and superclass define in different package, we
can override only those method which have public or protected access.

3. We can not override any private method because private methods

can not be inherited and if method can not be inherited then method can
not be overridden. Q271. what is covariant return type?
Ans. co-variant return type states that return type of overriding method
can be subtype of the return type declared in method of superclass. it
has been introduced since jdk 1.5
Q272. How compiler handles the exceptions in overriding ?
Ans. 1)The overriding methods can throw any runtime Exception , here
in the case of runtime exception overriding method (subclass method)
should not worry about exception being thrown by superclass method.
2)If superclass method does not throw any exception then while
overriding, the subclass method can not throw any new checked
exception but it can throw any runtime exception
3) Different exceptions in java follow some hierarchy tree(inheritance). In
this case , if superclass method throws any checked exception , then
while overriding the method in subclass we can not throw any new
checked exception or any checked exception which are higher in
hierarchy than the exception thrown in superclass method
Q273. Why is Java considered Portable Language ?
Ans. Java is a portable-language because without any modification we
can use Java byte-code in any platform(which supports Java). So this
byte-code is portable and we can use in any other major platforms.
Q274. Tell something about history of Java ?
Ans. Java was initially found in 1991 by James Gosling, Sun Micro
Systems. At first it was called as "Oak". In 1995 then it was later
renamed to "Java". java is a originally a platform independent language.
Currently Oracle, America owns Java.
Q275. How to find if JVM is 32 or 64 bit from Java program. ?
Ans. You can find JVM - 32 bit or 64 bit by using System.getProperty()
from Java program. Q276. Does every class needs to have one non
parameterized constructor ?
Ans. No. Every Class only needs to have one constructor - With
parameters or without parameters. Compiler provides a default non
parameterized constructor if no constructors is defined.
Q277. Difference between throw and throws ?
Ans. throw is used to explicitly throw an exception especially custom
exceptions, whereas throws is used to declare that the method can
throw an exception.

We cannot throw multiple exceptions using throw statement but we can

declare that a method can throw multiple exceptions using throws and
comma separator.
Q278. Can we use "this" within static method ? Why ?
Ans. No. Even though "this" would mean a reference to current object id
the method gets called using object reference but "this" would mean an
ambiguity if the same static method gets called using Class name.
Q279. Similarity and Difference between static block and static method ?
Ans. Both belong to the class as a whole and not to the individual
objects. Static methods are explicitly called for execution whereas Static
block gets executed when the Class gets loaded by the JVM.
Q280. What are the platforms supported by Java Programming
Language?
Ans. Java runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS,
and the various versions of UNIX/Linux like HP-Unix, Sun Solaris,
Redhat Linux, Ubuntu, CentOS, etc
Q281. How Java provide high Performance ?
Ans. Java uses Just-In-Time compiler to enable high performance. JustIn-Time compiler is a program that turns Java bytecode into instructions
that can be sent directly to the processor.
Q282. What is IDE ? List few Java IDE ?
Ans. IDE stands of Integrated Development Environment. Few Java
IDE's are WSAD ( Websphhere Application Developer ) , RAD ( Rational
Application Developer ) , Eclipse and Netbeans.
Q283. What is an Object ?
Ans. Object is a run time entity whose state is stored in fields and
behavior is shown via methods. Methods operate on an object's internal
state and serve as the primary mechanism for object-to-object
communication.
Q284. What is a Class ?
Ans. A class is a blue print or Mold using which individual objects are
created. A class can contain fields and methods to describe the behavior
of an object. Q285. According to Java Operator precedence, which
operator is considered to be with highest precedence?
Ans. Postfix operators i.e () [] . is at the highest precedence.
Q286. What data type Variable can be used in a switch statement ?
Ans. Variables used in a switch statement can only be a byte, short, int,
or char.

Q287. What are the sub classes of Exception class?

Ans. The Exception class has two main subclasses : IOException class
and RuntimeException Class.
Q288. How finally used under Exception Handling?
Ans. The finally keyword is used to create a block of code that follows a
try block. A finally block of code always executes, whether or not an
exception has occurred.
Q289. What things should be kept in mind while creating your own
exceptions in Java?
Ans. All exceptions must be a child of Throwable.
If you want to write a checked exception that is automatically enforced
by the Handle or Declare Rule, you need to extend the Exception class.
You want to write a runtime exception, you need to extend the
RuntimeException class.
Q290. What is Comparable Interface?
Ans. It is used to sort collections and arrays of objects using the
collections.sort() and java.utils. The objects of the class implementing
the Comparable interface can be ordered.
Q291. Explain Set Interface?
Ans. It is a collection of element which cannot contain duplicate
elements. The Set interface contains only methods inherited from
Collection and adds the restriction that duplicate elements are
prohibited.
Q292. What is the difference between the Reader/Writer class hierarchy
and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy? Ans. The Reader/
Writer class hierarchy is character-oriented, and the InputStream/
OutputStream class hierarchy is byte-oriented
Q293. What are use cases?
Ans. It is part of the analysis of a program and describes a situation that
a program might encounter and what behavior the program should
exhibit in that circumstance.
Q294. Which Java operator is right associative? Ans. The = operator is
right associative.
Q295. What is the difference between a break statement and a continue
statement?
Ans. Break statement results in the termination of the statement to
which it applies (switch, for, do, or while). A continue statement is used
to end the current loop iteration and return control to the loop statement.

Q296. What is the purpose of the System class?

Ans. The purpose of the System class is to provide access to system
resources.
Q297. Variable of the boolean type is automatically initialized as? Ans.
The default value of the boolean type is false.
Q298. Can try statements be nested? Ans. Yes
Q299. What will happen if static modifier is removed from the signature
of the main method? Ans. Program throws "NoSuchMethodError" error
at runtime .
Q300. What is the Locale class?
Ans. The Locale class is used to tailor program output to the
conventions of a particular geographic, political, or cultural region
Q301. Define Network Programming?
Ans. It refers to writing programs that execute across multiple devices
(computers), in which the devices are all connected to each other using
a network.
Q302. What are the advantages and Disadvantages of Sockets ?
Ans. Sockets are flexible and sufficient. Efficient socket based
programming can be easily implemented for general communications. It
cause low network traffic.
Socket based communications allows only to send packets of raw data
between applications. Both the client-side and server-side have to
provide mechanisms to make the data useful in any way.
Q303. What environment variables do I need to set on my machine in
order to be able to run Java programs?
Ans. CLASSPATH and PATH are the two variables.
Q304. What is Externalizable interface?
Ans. Externalizable is an interface which contains two methods
readExternal and writeExternal. These methods give you a control over
the serialization mechanism.
Q305. What is the difference between the size and capacity of a Vector?
Ans. The size is the number of elements actually stored in the vector,
while capacity is the maximum number of elements it can store at a
given instance of time.
Q306. What is an enum or enumeration?
Ans. An enumeration is an interface containing methods for accessing
the underlying data structure from which the enumeration is obtained. It
allows sequential access to all the elements stored in the collection.
Q307. What is constructor chaining and how is it achieved in Java?

Ans. A child object constructor always first needs to construct its parent.
In Java it is done via an implicit call to the no-args constructor as the first
statement Q308. What is the best practice configuration usage for files pom.xml or settings.xml ?
Ans. The best practice guideline between settings.xml and pom.xml is
that configurations in settings.xml must be specific to the current user
and that pom.xml configurations are specific to the project.
Q309. Why Java provides default constructor ?
Ans. At the beginning of an object's life, the Java virtual machine (JVM)
allocates memory on the heap to accommodate the object's instance
variables. When that memory is first allocated, however, the data it
contains is unpredictable. If the memory were used as is, the behavior of
the object would also be unpredictable. To guard against such a
scenario, Java makes certain that memory is initialized, at least to
predictable default values before it is used by any code.
Q310. In a case where there are no instance variables what does the
default constructor initialize?
Ans. Java expects the superclass ( Object Class ) constructor to be
called while creation of any object. So super constructor is called in case
there are no instance variables to initialize.
Q311. How can I change the default location of the generated jar when I
command "mvn package"?
Ans. By default, the location of the generated jar is in $
{project.build.directory} or in your target directory. We can change this
by configuring the outputDirectory of maven-jar-plugin.
Q312. What is Maven's order of inheritance?
Ans. 1. parent pom 2. project pom
3. settings
4. CLI parameters
Q313. What is a Mojo?
Ans. A mojo is a Maven plain Old Java Object. Each mojo is an
executable goal in Maven, and a plugin is a distribution of one or more
related mojos. Q314. How do I determine which POM contains missing
transitive dependency?
Ans. run mvn -X
Q315. Difference between Encapsulation and Data Hiding ?
Ans. Data Hiding is a broader concept. Encapsulation is a OOP's centri
concept which is a way of data hiding in OOP's.
Q316. Difference between Abstraction and Implementation hiding ?

Ans. Implementation Hiding is a broader concept. Abstraction is a way of

implementation hiding in OOP's. Q317. What are the features of
encapsulation ?
Ans. Combine the data of our application and its manipulation at one
place.
Encapsulation Allow the state of an object to be accessed and modified
through behaviors.
Reduce the coupling of modules and increase the cohesion inside them.
Q318. What are the examples of Abstraction in Java ?
Ans. function calling - hides implementation details wrapper classes
new operator - Creates object in memory, calls constructor
Q319. What are different ways to create String Object? Explain.
Ans. String str = new String("abc"); String str1 = "abc";
When we create a String using double quotes, JVM looks in the String
pool to find if any other String is stored with same value. If found, it just
returns the reference to that String object else it creates a new String
object with given value and stores it in the String pool.
When we use new operator, JVM creates the String object but dont
store it into the String Pool. We can use intern() method to store the
String object into String pool or return the reference if there is already a
String with equal value present in the pool.
Q320. Write a method to check if input String is Palindrome?
Ans. private static boolean isPalindrome(String str) { if (str == null)
return false;
StringBuilder strBuilder = new StringBuilder(str); strBuilder.reverse();
return strBuilder.toString().equals(str); }
Q321. Write a method that will remove given character from the String?
Ans. private static String removeChar(String str, char c) { if (str == null)
return null;
return str.replaceAll(Character.toString(c), "");
}
Q322. Which String class methods are used to make string upper case
or lower case?
Ans. toUpperCase and toLowerCase
Q323. How to convert String to byte array and vice versa?
Ans. We can use String getBytes() method to convert String to byte
array and we can use String constructor new String(byte[] arr) to convert
byte array to String. Q324. Why Char array is preferred over String for
storing password?

Ans. String is immutable in java and stored in String pool. Once its
created it stays in the pool until unless garbage collected, so even
though we are done with password its available in memory for longer
duration and there is no way to avoid it. Its a security risk because
anyone having access to memory dump can find the password as clear
text.
Q325. Why String is popular HashMap key in Java?
Ans. Since String is immutable, its hashcode is cached at the time of
creation and it doesnt need to be calculated again. This makes it a great
candidate for key in a Map and its processing is fast than other
HashMap key objects. This is why String is mostly used Object as
HashMap keys.
Q326. What ate the getter and setter methods ?
Ans. getters and setters methods are used to store and manipulate the
private variables in java beans. A getters as it has name, suggest
retrieves the attribute of the same name. A setters are allows you to set
the values of the attributes.
Q327. public class a {
public static void main(String args[]){ final String s1="job";
final String s2="seeker";
String s3=s1.concat(s2);
String s4="jobseeker";
System.out.println(s3==s4); // Output 1
System.out.println(s3.hashCode()==s4.hashCode()); Output 2 }
}
What will be the Output 1 and Output 2 ?
Ans. S3 and S4 are pointing to different memory location and hence
Output 1 will be false.
Hash code is generated to be used as hash key in some of the
collections in Java and is calculated using string characters and its
length. As they both are same string literals, and hence their hashcode
is same.Output 2 will be true.
Q328. What is the use of HashCode in objects ?
Ans. Hashcode is used for bucketing in Hash implementations like
HashMap, HashTable, HashSet etc.
Q329. Difference between Compositions and Inheritance ?
Ans. Inheritance means a object inheriting reusable properties of the
base class. Compositions means that an abject holds other objects.
In Inheritance there is only one object in memory ( derived object )
whereas in Composition , parent object holds references of all

composed objects. From Design perspective - Inheritance is "is a"

relationship among objects whereas Composition is "has a" relationship
among objects.
Q330. Will finally be called always if all code has been kept in try block ?
Ans. The only time finally won't be called is if you call System.exit() or if
the JVM crashes first.
Q331. Will the static block be executed in the following code ? Why ?
class Test
{
static
{
System.out.println("Why I am not executing "); }
public static final int param=20; }
public class Demo
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(Test.param);
}
}
Ans. No the static block won't get executed as the referenced variable in
the Test class is final. Compiler replaces the content of the final variable
within Demo.main method and hence actually no reference to Test class
is made.
Q332. Will static block for Test Class execute in the following code ?
class Test
{
static
{
System.out.println("Executing Static Block."); }
public final int param=20;
public int getParam(){ return param;
}
}
public class Demo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(new Test().param); }
}

Ans. Yes.
Q333. What does String intern() method do?
Ans. intern() method keeps the string in an internal cache that is usually
not garbage collected. Q334. Will the following program display "Buggy
Bread" ?
class Test{
static void display(){ System.out.println("Buggy Bread"); }
}
class Demo{
public static void main(String... args){ Test t = null;
t.display();
}
}
Ans. Yes. static method is not accessed by the instance of class. Either
you call it by the class name or the reference. Q335. How substring()
method of String class create memory leaks?
Ans. substring method would build a new String object keeping a
reference to the whole char array, to avoid copying it. Hence you can
inadvertently keep a reference to a very big character array with just a
one character string.
Q336. Write a program to reverse a string iteratively and recursively ?
Ans. Using String method -
new StringBuffer(str).reverse().toString();
Iterative public static String getReverseString(String str){ StringBuffer strBuffer =
new StringBuffer(str.length); for(int counter=str.length -1 ;
counter>=0;counter--){ strBuffer.append(str.charAt(counter));
}
return strBuffer; }
Recursive public static String getReverseString(String str){ if(str.length <= 1){
return str;
}
return (getReverseString(str.subString(1)) + str.charAt(0); }
Q337. If you have access to a function that returns a random integer
from one to five, write another function which returns a random integer
from one to seven. Ans. We can do that by pulling binary representation
using 3 bits ( random(2) ).
getRandom7() {
String binaryStr = String.valuesOf(random(2))

+String.valuesOf(random(2))+String.valuesOf(random(2)); binaryInt =
Integer.valueOf(binaryStr);
int sumValue=0;
int multiple = 1;
while(binaryInt > 0){
binaryDigit = binaryInt%10;
binaryInt = binaryInt /10;
sumValue = sumValue + (binaryDigit * multiple);
multiple = multiple * 2;
}
}
Q338. Write a method to convert binary to a number ?
Ans. convert(int binaryInt) {
int sumValue=0;
int multiple = 1;
while(binaryInt > 0){
binaryDigit = binaryInt%10;
binaryInt = binaryInt /10;
sumValue = sumValue + (binaryDigit * multiple); multiple = multiple * 2;
}
return sumValue; }
Q339. What will the following code print ?
String s1 = "Buggy Bread"; String s2 = "Buggy Bread"; if(s1 == s2)
System.out.println("equal 1");
String n1 = new String("Buggy Bread"); String n2 = new String("Buggy
Bread"); if(n1 == n2)
System.out.println("equal 2");
Ans. equal 1
Q340. Difference between new operator and
Class.forName().newInstance() ?
Ans. new operator is used to statically create an instance of object.
newInstance() is used to create an object dynamically ( like if the class
name needs to be picked from configuration file ). If you know what
class needs to be initialized , new is the optimized way of instantiating
Class.
Q341. What is Java bytecode ?
Ans. Java bytecode is the instruction set of the Java virtual machine.
Each bytecode is composed by one, or two bytes that represent the
instruction, along with zero or more bytes for passing parameters.

Q342. How to find whether a given integer is odd or even without use of
modules operator in java?
Ans. public static void main(String ar[]) {
int n=5;
if((n/2)*2==n)
{
System.out.println("Even Number "); }
else
{
System.out.println("Odd Number "); }
}
}
Q343. Is JVM a overhead ?
Ans. Yes and No. JVM is an extra layer that translates Byte Code into
Machine Code. So Comparing to languages like C, Java provides an
additional layer of translating the Source Code.
C++ Compiler - Source Code --> Machine Code
Java Compiler - Source Code --> Byte Code , JVM - Byte Code -->
Machine Code
Though it looks like an overhead but this additional translation allows
Java to run Apps on all platforms as JVM provides the translation to the
Machine code as per the underlying Operating System.
Q344. Can we use Ordered Set for performing Binary Search ?
Ans. We need to access values on the basis of an index in Binary
search which is not possible with Sets.
Q345. What is Byte Code ? Why Java's intermediary Code is called Byte
Code ?
Ans. Bytecode is a highly optimized set of instructions designed to be
executed by the Java run-time system. Its called Byte Code because
each instruction is of 1-2 bytes.
Sample instructions in Byte Code 1: istore_1
2: iload_1
3: sipush 1000 6: if_icmpge 44 9: iconst_2
10: istore_2
Q346. Difference between ArrayList and LinkedList ?
Ans. LinkedList and ArrayList are two different implementations of the
List interface. LinkedList implements it with a doubly-linked list. ArrayList
implements it with a dynamically resizing array.

Q347. If you are given a choice to use either ArrayList and LinkedList,
Which one would you use and Why ?
Ans. ArrayList are implemented in memory as arrays and hence allows
fast retrieval through indices but are costly if new elements are to be
inserted in between other elements.
LinkedList allows for constant-time insertions or removals using
iterators, but only sequential access of elements
1. Retrieval - If Elements are to be retrieved sequentially only, Linked
List is preferred.
2. Insertion - If new Elements are to be inserted in between other
elements , Array List is preferred.
3. Search - Binary Search and other optimized way of searching is not
possible on Linked List.
4. Sorting - Initial sorting could be pain but lateral addition of elements in
a sorted list is good with linked list.
5. Adding Elements - If sufficiently large elements needs to be added
very frequently ,Linked List is preferable as elements don't need
consecutive memory location.
Q348. What are the pre-requisite for the collection to perform Binary
Search ?
Ans. 1. Collection should have an index for random access. 2. Collection
should have ordered elements.
Q349. Can you provide some implementation of a Dictionary having
large number of words ?
Ans. Simplest implementation we can have is a List wherein we can
place ordered words and hence can perform Binary Search.
Other implementation with better search performance is to use
HashMap with key as first character of the word and value as a
LinkedList. Further level up, we can have linked Hashmaps like ,
hashmap {
a ( key ) -> hashmap (key-aa , value (hashmap(key-aaa,value) b ( key )
-> hashmap (key-ba , value (hashmap(keybaa,value) ....................................................................................
z( key ) -> hashmap (key-za , value (hashmap(key-zaa,value) }
upto n levels ( where n is the average size of the word in dictionary.
Q350. Difference between PATH and CLASSPATH ?
Ans. PATH is the variable that holds the directories for the OS to look for
executables. CLASSPATH is the variable that holds the directories for
JVM to look for .class files ( Byte Code ).

Q351. Name few access and non access Class Modifiers ?

Ans. private , public and protected are access modifiers.
final and abstract are non access modifiers.
Q352. Which Java collection class can be used to maintain the entries in
the order in which they were last accessed? Ans. LinkedHashMap
Q353. Is it legal to initialize List like this ?
LinkedList l=new LinkedList();
Ans. No, Generic parameters cannot be primitives. Q354. Which of the
following syntax is correct ? import static java.lang.System.*;
or
static import java.lang.System.*;
Ans. import static java.lang.System.*;
Q355. What will be the output of following code ?
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 10;
int y;
if (x < 100) y = x / 0;
if (x >= 100) y = x * 0; System.out.println("The value of y is: " + y); }
Ans. The code will not compile raising an error that the local variable y
might not have been initialized. Unlike member variables, local variables
are not automatically initialized to the default values for their declared
type.
Q356. What will be the output of following Code ?
class BuggyBread {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s2 = "I am unique!";
String s5 = "I am unique!";
System.out.println(s2 == s5); }
}
Ans. true, due to String Pool, both will point to a same String object.
Q357. What will be the output of following code ? class BuggyBread2 {
private static int counter = 0;
void BuggyBread2() { counter = 5;
}
BuggyBread2(int x){ counter = x;
}
public static void main(String[] args) { BuggyBread2 bg = new
BuggyBread2(); System.out.println(counter);
}
}

Ans. Compile time error as it won't find the constructor matching

BuggyBread2(). Compiler won't provide default no argument constructor
as programmer has already defined one constructor. Compiler will treat
user defined BuggyBread2() as a method, as return type ( void ) has
been specified for that.
Q358. What will be the output of following code ?
class BuggyBread1 {
public String method() {
return "Base Class - BuggyBread1"; }
}
class BuggyBread2 extends BuggyBread1{ private static int counter = 0;
public String method(int x) {
return "Derived Class - BuggyBread2"; }
public static void main(String[] args) { BuggyBread1 bg = new
BuggyBread2(); System.out.println(bg.method());
}
}
Ans. Base Class - BuggyBread1
Though Base Class handler is having the object of Derived Class but its
not overriding as now with a definition having an argument ,derived
class will have both method () and method (int) and hence its
overloading.
Q359. What are RESTful Web Services ?
Ans. REST or Representational State Transfer is a flexible architecture
style for creating web services that recommends the following guidelines
1. http for client server communication,
2. XML / JSON as formatiing language ,
3. Simple URI as address for the services and, 4. stateless
communication.
Q360. Which markup languages can be used in restful web services ?
Ans. XML and JSON ( Javascript Object Notation ).
Q361. Difference between Inner and Outer Join ?
Ans. Inner join is the intersection of two tables on a particular columns
whereas Outer Join is the Union of two tables.
Q362. What is a Cursor ?
Ans. It's a facility that allows traversal over the records pulled from a
table or combination of tables. Its like iterator in Java.
Q363. What is database deadlock ? How can we avoid them?
Ans. When multiple external resources are trying to access the DB locks

and runs into cyclic wait, it may makes the DB unresponsive. Deadlock
can be avoided using variety of measures, Few listed below -
Can make a queue wherein we can verify and order the request to DB.
Less use of cursors as they lock the tables for long time. Keeping the
transaction smaller.
Q364. What are temp tables ?
Ans. These are the tables that are created temporarily and are deleted
once the Stored Procedure is complete.
For example - we may like to pull some info from a table and then do
some operations on that data and then store the output in final output
table. We can store the intermediary values in a temp table and once we
have final output with us, we can just delete it.
Q365. Why Web services use HTTP as the communication protocol ?
Ans. With the advent of Internet, HTTP is the most preferred way of
communication. Most of the clients ( web thin client , web thick clients ,
mobile apps ) are designed to communicate using http only. Web
Services using http makes them accessible from vast variety of client
applications.
Q366. what will be the output of this code ?
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringBuffer s1=new StringBuffer("Buggy");
test(s1); System.out.println(s1); }
private static void test(StringBuffer s){ s.append("Bread");
}
Ans. BuggyBread
Q367. what will be the output of this code ?
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1=new String("Buggy");
test(s1); System.out.println(s1); }
private static void test(StringBuffer s){ s.append("Bread");
}
Ans. Buggy
Q368. what will be the output of this code ?
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringBuffer s1=new StringBuffer("Buggy");
test(s1); System.out.println(s1); }
private static void test(StringBuffer s){ s=new StringBuffer("Bread");
}

Ans. Buggy
Q369. what will be the output ?
class Animal {
public void eat() throws Exception { }
}
class Dog2 extends Animal { public void eat(){}
public static void main(){ Animal an = new Dog2(); an.eat();
}
}
Ans. Compile Time Error: Unhandled exception type Exception
Q370. What are advantages of using Servlets over CGI ?
Ans. Better Performance as Servlets doesn't require a separate process
for a single request.
Servlets are platform independent as they are written in Java.
Q371. gfddddddddddddddddddddddddshow Answer
Ans. gfhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhf
Q372. Does SQL allow null values ? Can we use it within Where
clause ?
Ans. Yes , we can have null values for columns in SQL. Null value
represent that the columns value is unknown or haven't been filled. Yes,
We can use it within where clause to get the rows with null values.
Q373. Can we add duplicate keys in a HashMap ? What will happen if
we attempt to add duplicate values ?
Ans. No, We cannot have duplicate keys in HashMap. If we attempt to
do so , the previous value for the key is overwritten.
Q374. What is the use of HTTPSession in relation to http protocol ?
Ans. http protocol on its own is stateless. So it helps in identifying the
relationship between multiple stateless request as they come from a
single source.
Q375. Why using cookie to store session info is a better idea than just
using session info in the request ?
Ans. Session info in the request can be intercepted and hence a
vulnerability. Cookie can be read and write by respective domain only
and make sure that right session information is being passed by the
client.
Q376. What are different types of cookies ?
Ans. Session cookies , which are deleted once the session is over.
Permanent cookies , which stays at client PC even if the session is
disconnected. Q377. http protocol is by default ... ?
Ans. stateless

Q378. Can finally block throw an exception ?

Ans. Yes.
Q379. Can we have try and catch blocks within finally ?
Ans. Yes
Q380. Which of the following is a canonical path ?
1. C:\directory\..\directory\file.txt
2. C:\directory\subDirectory1\directory\file.txt 3. \directory\file.txtshow
Answer
Ans. 2nd
Q381. What will the following code print when executed on Windows ?
public static void main(String[] args){
String parent = null;
File file = new File("/file.txt"); System.out.println(file.getPath());
System.out.println(file.getAbsolutePath()); try
{ System.out.println(file.getCanonicalPath()); } catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace();
}
}
Ans. \file.txt C:\file.txt C:\file.txt
Q382. What will be the output of following code ?
public static void main(String[] args){ String name = null;
File file = new File("/folder", name); System.out.print(file.exists());
}
Ans. NullPointerException at line:
"File file = new File("/folder", name);"
Q383. What will be the output of following code ?
public static void main(String[] args){ String parent = null;
File file = new File(parent, "myfile.txt"); try {
file.createNewFile();
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace();
}
}
Ans. It will create the file myfile.txt in the current directory. Q384. What
will be the output of following code ?
public static void main(String[] args){ String child = null;
File file = new File("/folder", child); try {
file.createNewFile();
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace();

}
}
Ans. NullPointerException at line:
File file = new File("/folder", child);
Q385. What will be the output of following code, assuming that currently
we are in c:\Project ?
public static void main(String[] args){
String child = null;
File file = new File("../file.txt"); System.out.println(file.getPath());
System.out.println(file.getAbsolutePath()); try
{ System.out.println(file.getCanonicalPath()); } catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace();
}
}
Ans. ..\file.txt C:\Workspace\Project\..\file.txt C:\Workspace\file.txt
Q386. Which is the abstract parent class of FileWriter ?
Ans. OutputStreamWriter
Q387. Which class is used to read streams of characters from a file?
Ans. FileReader
Q388. Which class is used to read streams of raw bytes from a file? Ans.
FileInputStream
Q389. Which is the Parent class of FileInputStream ?
Ans. InputStream
Q390. Which of the following code is correct ?
a.
FileWriter fileWriter = new FileWriter("../file.txt"); File file = new
File(fileWriter );
BufferedWriter bufferedOutputWriter = new BufferedWriter(fileWriter); b.
BufferedWriter bufferedOutputWriter = new BufferedWriter("../file.txt");
File file = new File(bufferedOutputWriter );
FileWriter fileWriter = new FileWriter(file);
c.
File file = new File("../file.txt");
FileWriter fileWriter = new FileWriter(file);
BufferedWriter bufferedOutputWriter = new BufferedWriter(fileWriter);
d.
File file = new File("../file.txt");
BufferedWriter bufferedOutputWriter = new BufferedWriter(file);
FileWriter fileWriter = new FileWriter(bufferedOutputWriter );
Ans. c.

File file = new File("../file.txt");

FileWriter fileWriter = new FileWriter(file);
BufferedWriter bufferedOutputWriter = new BufferedWriter(fileWriter);
Q391. Which exception should be handled in the following code ?
File file = new File("../file.txt");
FileWriter fileWriter = new FileWriter(file);
Ans. IOException
Q392. Which exceptions should be handled with the following code ?
FileOutputStream fileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream(new
File("newFile.txt"));
Ans. FileNotFoundException
Q393. Will this code compile fine ?
ObjectOutputStream objectOutputStream = new
ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(new File("newFile.txt")));
Ans. Yes.
Q394. What is the problem with this code ?
class BuggyBread1 {
private BuggyBread2 buggybread2;
public static void main(String[] args){
try {
BuggyBread1 buggybread1 = new BuggyBread1();
ObjectOutputStream objectOutputStream = new
ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(new File("newFile.txt")));
objectOutputStream.writeObject(buggybread1);
} catch (Exception e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace();
}
}}
Ans. Though we are trying to serialize BuggyBread1 object but we
haven't declared the class to implement Serializable. This will throw
java.io.NotSerializableException upon execution.
Q395. Will this code run fine if BuggyBread2 doesn't implement
Serializable interface ?
class BuggyBread1 implements Serializable{
private BuggyBread2 buggybread2 = new BuggyBread2();
public static void main(String[] args){
try {
BuggyBread1 buggybread1 = new BuggyBread1();
ObjectOutputStream objectOutputStream = new

ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(new File("newFile.txt")));

objectOutputStream.writeObject(buggybread1);
} catch (Exception e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace();
}
}}
Ans. No, It will throw java.io.NotSerializableException.
Q396. Will this code work fine if BuggyBread2 doesn't implement
Serializable ? class BuggyBread1 extends BuggyBread2 implements
Serializable{
private int x = 5;
public static void main(String[] args){
try {
BuggyBread1 buggybread1 = new BuggyBread1();
ObjectOutputStream objectOutputStream = new
ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(new File("newFile.txt")));
objectOutputStream.writeObject(buggybread1);
} catch (Exception e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace();
}
}}
Ans. Yes.
Q397. Can we compose the Parent Class object like this ? class
BuggyBread1 extends BuggyBread2 {
private BuggyBread2 buggybread2;
public static void main(String[] args){ buggybread2 = new
BuggyBread2(); }
}
Ans. Yes.
Q398. Will this code Work ? If not , Why ?
java.util.Calendar c = new java.util.Calendar();
Ans. No. It gives the error "Cannot Instantiate the type Calendar".
Calendar is an abstract class and hence Calendar object should be
instantiated using Calendar.getInstance().
Q399. Is java.util.Date an abstract Class ? Is java.util.Calendar an
abstract Class ? Ans. Date is not a abstract class whereas Calendar is.
Q400. What will the following code print ?
java.util.Calendar c = java.util.Calendar.getInstance();
c.add(Calendar.MONTH, 5); System.out.println(c.getTime());
Ans. Date and Time after 5 months from now.

Q401. Which of the following code is correct ?

a. DateFormat df = DateFormat.getInstance();
b. DateFormat df = DateFormat.getDateInstance();
c. DateFormat df = DateFormat.getInstance(DateFormat.FULL);
d. DateFormat df = DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.FULL);
Ans. All except c are correct.
Q402. What is the use of parse method in DateFormat ?
Ans. It is used to parse String to get the Date Object with initialized date.
Q403. Which of the following is not a valid java.util.Locale initialization ?
a. new Locale ()
b. new Locale ( String language )
c. new Locale ( String language , String country )
Ans. a i.e new Locale()
Q404. Which of the following is not a valid NumberFormat initialization ?
a. NumberFormat.getInstance()
b. NumberFormat.getDateInstance()
c. NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance() d.
NumberFormat.getNumberInstance()
Ans. b i.e NumberFormat.getDateInstance() Q405. What will the
following code print ?
public static void main(String[] args){ Integer i1 = new Integer("1");
Integer i2 = new Integer("2");
Integer i3 = Integer.valueOf("3");
int i4 = i1 + i2 + i3; System.out.println(i4); }
Ans. 6
Q406. Which of the following syntax are correct ?
a. LinkedList l=new LinkedList(); b. List l=new LinkedList();
c. LinkedList l=new LinkedList(); d. List l = new LinkedList();
Ans. c and d are correct.
Q407. Which of the following code is correct ?
a. Date date = DateFormat.newInstance(DateFormat.LONG,
Locale.US).parse(str);
b. Date date = DateFormat.newInstance(DateFormat.LONG,
Locale.US).format(str);
c. Date date = DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.LONG,
Locale.US).parse(str); Ans. c
Q408. What's wrong with this code ?
public static void main(String[] args) {
String regex = "(\\w+)*";
String s = "Java is a programming language.";

Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(regex);

Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(s);
while (matcher.next()) {
System.out.println("The e-mail id is: " + matcher.group()); }
}
Ans. matcher.find() should have been used instead of matcher.next()
within while. Q409. Which methods of the Pattern class have equivalent
methods in the String class? Ans. split() and macthes()
Q410. Can we compare Integers by using equals() in Java ?
Ans. Yes for the Wrapper class Integer but not for the primitive int.
Q411. What is comparator interface used for ?
Ans. The purpose of comparator interface is to compare objects of the
same class to identify the sorting order. Sorted Collection Classes
( TreeSet, TreeMap ) have been designed such to look for this method
to identify the sorting order, that is why class need to implement
Comparator interface to qualify its objects to be part of Sorted
Collections.
Q412. Which are the sorted collections ?
Ans. TreeSet and TreeMap
Q413. What is rule regarding overriding equals and hasCode method ?
Ans. A Class must override the hashCode method if its overriding the
equals method.
Q414. What is the difference between Collection and Collections ?
Ans. Collection is an interface whereas Collections is a utility class.
Q415. Is Java a statically typed or dynamically typed language ?
Ans. Statically typed
Q416. What do you mean by "Java is a statically typed language" ?
Ans. It means that the type of variables are checked at compile time in
Java.The main advantage here is that all kinds of checking can be done
by the compiler and
hence will reduce bugs.
Q417. How can we reverse the order in the TreeMap ?
Ans. Using Collections.reverseOrder()
Map tree = new TreeMap(Collections.reverseOrder());
Q418. TreeMap orders the elements on which field ?
Ans. Keys
Q419. How TreeMap orders the elements if the Key is a String ?
Ans. As String implements Comparable, It refers to the String
compareTo method to identify the order relationship among those
elements.

Q420. Can we add heterogeneous elements into TreeMap ?

Ans. No, Sorted collections don't allow addition of heterogeneous
elements as they are not comparable.
Q421. Will it create any problem if We add elements with key as user
defined object into the TreeMap ?
Ans. It won't create any problem if the objects are comparable i.e we
have that class implementing Comparable interface.
Q422. Can we null keys in TreeMap ?
Ans. No, results in exception.
Q423. Can value be null in TreeMap ?
Ans. Yes.
Q424. Which interface TreeMap implements ?
Ans. TreeMap implements NavigableMap, SortedMap, Serializable and
Clonable.
Q425. Do we have form beans in Struts 2 ?
Ans. No, because they are not longer required. As action classes are no
more singleton in Struts 2, user inputs can be captured in action itself.
Q426. What is a ConcurrentHashMap ?
Ans. ConcurrentHashMap is a hashMap that allows concurrent
modifications from multiple threads as there can be multiple locks on the
same hashmap. Q427. What is the use of double checked locking in
createInstance() of Singleton class?
Double checked locking code:
public static Singleton createInstance() { if(singleton == null)
{ synchronized(Singleton.class) { if(singleton == null) {
singleton = new Singleton();
}
}
}
return singleton;
}
Single checked locking code:
public static Singleton createInstance() { synchronized(Singleton.class) {
if(singleton == null) {
singleton = new Singleton();
}
}
return singleton;
}
What advantage does the first code offer compared to the second ?

Ans. In First Case , Lock for the synchronized block will be received only
if
singleton == null whereas in second case every thread will acquire the
lock before executing the code.
The problem of synchronization with singleton will only happen when the
object has not be instantiated. Once instantiated , the check singleton
== null will always generate true and the same object will be returned
and hence no problem. First condition will make sure that synchronized
access ( acquiring locks ) will only take place if the object has not been
created so far.
Q428. Why are Getter and Setter better than directly changing and
retrieving fields ?
Ans. 1. Methods can participate in runtime polymorphism whereas
member variables cannot. 2. Validations can be performed before
setting the variables.
3. If the input format changes , that can be absorbed by making change
( wrapping ) in the setter and getter. Q429. Can we overload main
method in Java ?
Ans. Yes, but the overloaded main methods without single String[]
argument doesn't get any special status by the JVM. They are just
another methods that needs to be called explicitly.
Q430. What the Bean scopes provided by Spring ?
Ans. Singleton , Prototype , Request , Session , global-session
Q431. What are the various Auto Wiring types in Spring ?
Ans. By Name , By Type and Constructor.
Q432. Difference between first level and second level cache in hibernate
?
Ans. 1. First level cache is enabled by default whereas Second level
cache needs to be enabled explicitly.
2. First level Cache came with Hibernate 1.0 whereas Second level
cache came with Hibernate 3.0.
3. First level Cache is Session specific whereas Second level cache is
shared by sessions that is why First level cache is considered local and
second level cache is considered global.
Q433. What are the the methods to clear cache in Hibernate ?
Ans. Evict() and clear(). Evist is used to clear a particular object from the
cache whereas clear clears the complete local cache. Q434. What are
different types of second level cache ?

Ans. 1. EHCache ( Easy Hibernate ) 2. OSCache ( Open Symphony )

3. Swarm Cache ( JBoss )
4. Tree Cache ( JBoss )
Q435. Can we disable first level cache ? What should one do if we don't
want an object to be cached ? Ans. No.We can either call evict after the
object retrieval or can use separate sessions.
Q436. How to configure second level cache in Hibernate ?
Ans. 1. Configure Provider class in Hibernate configuration file.
2. Add Cache usage tag ( read-only or read-write ) in mapping files
( hbm ).
3. Create an XML file called ehcache.xml and place in classpath which
contains time settings and update settings, behavior of cache , lifetime
and idletime of Pojos, how many objects are allowed.
Q437. What is Hibernate ?
Ans. Hibernate is a Java ORM Framework. Q438. What are the
advantages of Hibernate ?
Ans. 1. No need to know SQL, RDBMS, and DB Schema.
2. Underlying Database can be changed without much effort by
changing SQL dialect and DB connection. 3.Improved Performance by
means of Caching.
Q439. What are the different types of inheritance in Hibernate ?
Ans. Table Per Class , Table per Sub Class , Table per Concrete Class
Q440. What is the purpose of dialect configured in Hibernate
configuration file ?
Ans. It tells the framework which SQL varient to generate.
Q441. Please specify in what sequence the objects of following classes
will be created ? Session , SessionFactory, Query , Configurationshow
Answer
Ans. Configuration -> SessionFactory -> Session -> Query
Q442. What are different types of associations in Hibernate ?
Ans. There are 4 types of associations in Hibernate
One to One One to Many Many to One Many to Many
Q443. What are the configuration files in Hibernate ?
Ans. hibernate.cfg.xml ( Main Configuration File )
and *.hbm.xml files ( Mapping Files )
Q444. What are the contents of Hibernate configuration file
( hibernate.cfg.xml ) ?
Ans. HBM Files ( Mapping )
DB Connection ( DB Connection String , User Name , Password , Pool
Size ) SQL Dialect ( SQL variant to be generated )

Show SQL ( Show / No show SQL on Console )

Auto Commit ( True / False )
Q445. What are the Core Interfaces of Hibernate Framework ?
Ans. Configuration SessionFactory Session Transaction
Query and Citeria
Q446. What are collection types in Hibernate ?
Ans. Bag, Set , List , Array, Map
Q447. Difference between load and get ?
Ans. If id doesn't exist in the DB load throws an exception whereas get
returns null in that case. get makes the call to DB immediately whereas
load makes the call to proxy.
Q448. What is lazy fetching in Hibernate ?
Ans. Lazy fetching is the technique of not loading the child objects when
parent objects are loaded. By default Hibernate does not load child
objects. One can specify whether to load them or not while doing the
association.
Q449. Different types of Hibernate Instance States ?
Ans. Transient - In this state, an instance is not associated with any
persistence context
Persistent - In this state, an instance is associated with a persistence
context
Detached - This is a state for an instance which was previously
associated with a persistence context an has been currently closed
dissociated
Q450. Is It Good to use Reflection in an application ? Why ?
Ans. no, It's like challenging the design of application.
Q451. Why is Reflection slower ?
Ans. Because it has to inspect the metadata in the bytecode instead of
just using precompiled addresses and constants. Q452. When should
we use prototype scope and singleton scope for beans ?
Ans. We should use singleton scope for beans when they are stateless
and prototype when they are stateful.
Q453. Difference between Assert and Verify ?
Ans. Assert works only if assertions ( -ea ) are enabled which is not
required for Verify.
Assert throws an exception and hence doesn't continue with the test if
assert evaluates to false whereas it's not so with Verify. Q454. What is
the difference between ArrayList and LinkedList ?
Ans. Underlying data structure for ArrayList is Array whereas LinkedList
is the linked list and hence have following differences -

1. ArrayList needs continuous memory locations and hence need to be

moved to a bigger space if new elements are to be added to a filled
array which is not required for LinkedList.
2. Removal and Insertion at specific place in ArrayList requires moving
all elements and hence leads to O(n) insertions and removal whereas its
constant O(1) for LinkedList.
3. Random access using index in ArrayList is faster than LinkedList
which requires traversing the complete list through references.
4. Though Linear Search takes Similar Time for both, Binary Search
using LinkedList requires creating new Model called Binary Search Tree
which is slower but offers constant time insertion and deletion.
5. For a set of integers you want to sort using quicksort, it's probably
faster to use an array; for a set of large structures you want to sort using
selection sort, a linked list will be faster.
Q455. Which class elements are not persisted ? Ans. Static and
Transient.
Q456. Which annotations are used in Hibernate ?
Ans. @Entity @Table
@Id
@Column @Temporal
@Basic @Enumerated @Access @Embeddable @Lob
@AttributeOverride @Embedded @GeneratedValue
@ElementCollection @JoinTable @JoinColumn @CollectionId
@GenericGenerator @OneToOne @OneToMany @ManyToOne
@ManyToMany @NotFound
Q457. What entries we make in the hibernate config file if we are not
using hbm files but Annotations ?
Ans. We configure Entity classes having annotated mappings.
Q458. How many SessionFactory and Session objects are created ?
Ans. Single SessionFactory object and multiple session objects for
opening different session. Hibernate creates new Session object per
thread. Q459. What is the way to rollback transaction if something goes
wrong using hibernate API ?
Ans. We can have the code calling Hibernate API within try block and
can have transaction.rollback within Catch.
Q460. What is the use of hbm2ddl Configuration in Hibernate ?
Ans. This configuration specifies if hibernate should creates the Schema
/ Table on its own if the respective table is not found. "update" doesn't
create the table if it's not found whereas configuration set as "create"
creates the schema automatically. Q461. What is the difference between

these 2 annotations ?
@Entity
@Entity ( name="EMPLOYEES" )
Ans. The first annotation will try to map the Class with the Table as of
same name as Class whereas the second annotation will specify the
Entity name as "EMPLOYEES" and hence will try to map with Table
Name "EMPLOYEES".
Q462. "What is the difference between these 2 annotations ? @Entity
( name ="EMPLOYEES")
@Entity
@Table ( name=""EMPLOYEES"" )
@Entity ( name="EMP")
@Table ( name="EMPLPYEES" )
Ans. First Annotation will set the Entity name as EMPLOYEES and
hence will try to map with the same Table name.
The second annotation will make the Entity mapped to table
EMPLOYEES irrespective of the Entity Name ( which is class name in
this case ). Third Annotations will set the different names for Enitity and
Table and will explicitly map them.
Q463. What are the different ID generating strategies using
@GeneratedValue annotation ?
Ans. Auto , Identity , Sequence and Table.
Q464. How to do Eager loading in Hibernate ?
Ans. Using
lazy = false in hibernate config file
or
@Basic(fetch=FetchType.EAGER) at the mapping Q465. What is Lazy
Initialization in Hibernate ?
Ans. It's a feature to lazily initialize dependencies , relationship and
associations from the Database. Any related references marked as
@OneToMany or @ManyToMany are loaded lazily i.e when they are
accessed and not when the parent is loaded.
Q466. What are the ways to avoid LazyInitializationException ?
Ans. 1. Set lazy=false in the hibernate config file.
2. Set @Basic(fetch=FetchType.EAGER) at the mapping.
3. Make sure that we are accessing the dependent objects before
closing the session. 4. Using Fetch Join in HQL.
Q467. What is cascade ?

Ans. Instead of Saving Parent as well as Child Entities individually ,

Hibernate provides the option to persist / delete the related entities when
the Parent is persisted.
Q468. What are the different Cascade types ?
Ans. Detach, Merge , Persist , Remove , Refresh
Q469. Which type of associated Entities are Eagerly loaded by Default ?
Ans. OneToOne
Q470. After which Hibernate version , related Entities are initialized lazily
?
Ans. After Hibernate 3.0
Q471. Can we declare Entity class as final ?
Ans. Yes but as Hibernate creates the Proxy Classes inherited from the
Entity Classes to communicate with Database for lazy initialization.
Declaring entity classes as final will prohibit communication with
database lazily and hence will be a performance hit.
Q472. What are the restrictions for the entity classes ?
Ans. 1. Entity classes should have default constructor.
2. Entity classes should be declared non final.
3. All elements to be persisted should be declared private and should
have public getters and setters in the Java Bean style. 4. All classes
should have an ID that maps to Primary Key for the table.
Q473. What is the difference between int[] x; and int x[]; ?
Ans. No Difference. Both are the acceptable ways to declare an array.
Q474. What are the annotations used in Junit with Junit4 ?
Ans. @Test
The Test annotation indicates that the public void method to which it is
attached can be run as a test case.
@Before
The Before annotation indicates that this method must be executed
before each test in the class, so as to execute some preconditions
necessary for the test. @BeforeClass
The BeforeClass annotation indicates that the static method to which is
attached must be executed once and before all tests in the class.
@After
The After annotation indicates that this method gets executed after
execution of each test.
@AfterClass
The AfterClass annotation can be used when a method needs to be
executed after executing all the tests in a JUnit Test Case class so as to
clean-up the set-up. @Ignores

The Ignore annotation can be used when you want temporarily disable
the execution of a specific test.
Q475. What is asynchronous I/O ?
Ans. It is a form of Input Output processing that permits other
processing to continue before the I/O transmission has finished.
Q476. If there is a conflict between Base Class Method definition and
Interface Default method definition, Which definition is Picked ?
Ans. Base Class Definition.
Q477. What are new features introduced with Java 8 ?
Ans. Lambda Expressions , Interface Default and Static Methods ,
Method Reference , Parameters Name , Optional , Streams,
Concurrency.
Q478. Can we have a default method without a Body ?
Ans. No. Compiler will give error.
Q479. Does java allow implementation of multiple interfaces having
Default methods with Same name and Signature ?
Ans. No. Compilation error.
Q480. What are Default Methods ?
Ans. With Java 8, We can provide method definitions in the Interfaces
that gets carried down the classes implementing that interface in case
they are not overridden by the Class. Keyword "default" is used to mark
the default method.
Q481. Can we have a default method definition in the interface without
specifying the keyword "default" ? Ans. No. Compiler complains that its
an abstract method and hence shouldn't have the body.
Q482. Can a class implement two Interfaces having default method with
same name and signature ?
public interface DefaultMethodInterface { default public void
defaultMethod(){ System.out.println("DefaultMethodInterface"); }
}
public interface DefaultMethodInterface2 { default public void
defaultMethod(){ System.out.println("DefaultMethodInterface2"); }
}
public class HelloJava8 implements
DefaultMethodInterface,DefaultMethodInterface2 { public static void
main(String[] args){
DefaultMethodInterface defMethIn = new HelloJava8();
defMethIn.defaultMethod();
}}
Ans. No. Compiler gives error saying "Duplicate Default Methods"

Q483. What If we make the method as abstract in another Interface ?

public interface DefaultMethodInterface { default public void
defaultMethod(){ System.out.println("DefaultMethodInterface"); }
}
public interface DefaultMethodInterface2 { public void defaultMethod()
{ System.out.println("DefaultMethodInterface2"); }
}
public class HelloJava8 implements
DefaultMethodInterface,DefaultMethodInterface2 { public static void
main(String[] args){
DefaultMethodInterface defMethIn = new HelloJava8();
defMethIn.defaultMethod();
}}
Ans. Even then the Compiler will give error saying that there is a conflict.
Q484. What if we override the conflicting method in the Class ?
public interface DefaultMethodInterface { default public void
defaultMethod(){ System.out.println("DefaultMethodInterface"); }
}
public interface DefaultMethodInterface2 { default public void
defaultMethod(){ System.out.println("DefaultMethodInterface2"); }
}
public class HelloJava8 implements
DefaultMethodInterface,DefaultMethodInterface2 { public static void
main(String[] args){
DefaultMethodInterface defMethIn = new HelloJava8();
defMethIn.defaultMethod();
}
public void defaultMethod(){ System.out.println("HelloJava8"); }
}
Ans. There won't be any error and upon execution the overriding class
method will be executed.
Q485. What will happen if there is a default method conflict as
mentioned above and we have specified the same signature method in
the base class instead of overriding in the existing class ?
Ans. There won't be any problem as the Base class method will have
precedence over the Interface Default methods.
Q486. If a method definition has been specified in Class , its Base Class
, and the interface which the class is implementing, Which definition will
be picked if we try to access it using Interface Reference and Class
object ?

Ans. Class method definition is overriding both the definitions and hence
will be picked.
Q487. If a method definition has been specified in the Base Class and
the interface which the class is implementing, Which definition will be
picked if we try to access it using Interface Reference and Class
object ?
Ans. Base Class Definition will have precedence over the Interface
Default method definition. Q488. Can we use static method definitions in
Interfaces ?
Ans. Yes, Effective Java 8.
Q489. Can we access Interface static method using Interface references
?
Ans. No, only using Interface Name.
Q490. Can we have default method with same name and signature in
the derived Interface as the static method in base Interface and vice
versa ?
Ans. Yes , we can do that as static methods are not accessible using
references and hence cannot lead to conflict. We cannot do inverse as
Default methods cannot be overridden with the static methods in derived
interface.
Q491. What is a Lambda Expression ? What's its use ?
Ans. Its an anonymous method without any declaration. Lambda
Expression are useful to write shorthand Code and hence saves the
effort of writing lengthy Code. It promotes Developer productivity, Better
Readable and Reliable code.
Q492. Difference between Predicate, Supplier and Consumer ?
Ans. Predicate represents an anonymous function that accepts one
argument and produces a result.
Supplier represents an anonymous function that accepts no argument
and produces a result.
Consumer represents an anonymous function that accepts an argument
and produces no result.
Q493. What does the following lambda expression means ?
helloJava8 ( x-> x%2 )
Ans. helloJava8 receives an Integer as argument and then returns the
modulus of that Integer.
Q494. What is the difference between namenode and datanode in
Hadoop?
Ans. NameNode stores MetaData (No of Blocks, On Which Rack which
DataNode is stored etc) whereas the DataNode stores the actual Data.

Q495. Write a program to see if the number is prefect number or not ?

Ans. http://www.c4learn.com/c-programs/program-to-check-whethernumber-is.html
Q496. Difference between a Pointer and a Reference ?
Ans. We can't get the address of a reference like a pointer. Moreover we
cannot perform pointer arithmetic with references.
Q497. Difference between TCP and UDP ?
Ans. http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/key-differences-between-tcp-and-udpprotocols/
Q498. What things you would care about to improve the performance of
Application if its identified that its DB communication that needs to be
improved ?
Ans. 1. Query Optimization ( Query Rewriting , Prepared Statements ) 2.
Restructuring Indexes.
3. DB Caching Tuning ( if using ORM )
4. Identifying the problems ( if any ) with the ORM Strategy ( If using
ORM )
Q499. Explain Singleton Design Pattern ?
Ans. http://www.buggybread.com/2014/03/java-design-pattern-singletoninterview.html