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Commercial Aspects of Waste Management in Gwalior

PROPOSED THESIS
SUBMITTED TO
JIWAJI UNIVERSITY, GWALIOR (M.P.)
FOR THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
COMMERCE
2010

Under the supervision of :


Dr. VIJAY DUBEY
Dr. Bhagwat Sahay Govt. College
Gwalior (M.P.)

Submitted by:
SANGEETA

Research Centre
Institute of Commerce & Management
Jiwaji University Gwalior (M.P)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

It ensures the protection of the environment; A Management of Waste is an important part of the urban infrastructure as it ensures
the environment protection and of human health. Its not only a technical environmental issue but also a highly political one. a
Number of issues such as urban lifestyles ,Waste management is closely related to, resource consumption patterns, jobs and
income levels, and other socio-economic and cultural factors.

Wastes preventions and minimizations have positive environmentalist, humans health and safety, and economic impact.
Implementing a "less is a better" concept provide good protection of human health and safety by reducing exposures, generating
less demand for disposal on the environment. Less Waste also lowers disposal cost.

Pursuing quality of life and high rates of resource consumption patterns have had a unintended and negative impact on the
urban environmental - generation of wastes far beyond, the handling capacities of urban governments and agencies.

The cities are now grappling with the issues of high volumes of waste, the costs involved, the disposal technologies and
methodologies, and the impact of wastes on the local and global environment.
But these issues has also provides a window of opportunitys for cities to find solutions - involving the community and the
private sector; involved in innovative technologies and disposal methods; and involving behavior changes and awareness rising.
These problems have been amply demonstrating by good practices from many cities around the world. It is a need for a complete
rethinking of "waste" - to analyze if waste is indeed waste . A rethinking that calls for

WASTE to become WEALTH


REFUSE to become RESOURCE
TRASH to become CASH

Its a need of the current approach of waste disposal that is focused on municipalities and uses high energy/high technology, to
more movements towards waste processing and waste recycling (that involves public-private partnerships, aiming for eventual
waste minimization - driven at the community level, and using low energy/low technology resources. Some of the defining criteria
for future waste minimization programs will include deeper community participation, understanding economic benefits/recovery
of waste, focusing on life cycles (rather than end-of-pipe solutions), decentralized administration of waste, minimizing
environmental impacts, reconciling investment costs with long-term goals. The researcher has to work systematically for SWM
(solid waste management) in Gwalior.

INDEX
Executive Summary
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Waste
1.2 Management
1.3 Solid Waste Management
1.4 Total generated Solid Waste
1.5 Participating of private sector in SWM
1.6 Key Drivers Enhancing Solid Waste Management and Solid Waste to Energy
1.7 Key Challenges for the Growth of Solid Waste Management in India
1.8 Prevalent Deficiencies and Challenges in the SWM System in India
1.9 Gwalior
1.10 Case Study

Chapter 2: Research Methodology


2.1 Research Methodology
2.2 Information sources
2.3 Field study

2.4 Personal visits


2.5Data collection design
2.6 Objective of Research
2.7 Hypothesis of study
Chapter 3: Present status of solid waste management in Gwalior
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Waste hierarchy
3.3 Objective of Solid Waste Management
3.4 Situation before the Initiative
3.5 Generation and Disposal of Waste
3.6 Action for change
3.7 Establishment of a Landfill sites
3.8 Collection, Transportation and Processing of Solid Waste

3.9 Challenges
3.10 Stake Holders for Programme implementation
3.11 Impact
3.12 Municipal Solid Waste Process plant
3.13 Disposal of Municipal waste
3.14 Study area
3.15 Solid Waste Generation
3.16 Waste Composition in Gwalior city
3.17 Waste Management in Gwalior City
3.18 Transportation and disposal
3.19 Conclusion
Chapter 4: Impact of SWM (solid waste management) on environment
4.1 Introduction

4.2 Solid Waste Management and Climate Change


4.3 Combustion
4.4 Integrated Solid Waste Management
4.5 Solid Waste Management is a Challenge
4.6 Implementing an Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
4.7 Relationship between Climate Change and Solid Waste
4.8 Greenhouse Gas
4.9 Establish Recycling and Composting Programs
4.10 Benefits of Formal Recycling and Composting Programs
4.11 Starting a Formal Recycling and Composition Program
4.12 Options For Waste Disposal
4.13 Uncontrolled Dumping and Burning Cause
4.14 Properly Designed, Constructed, and Managed Landfills

4.15 Establishing a new properly design and constructed, and managed landfill
4.16 The Components of Waste Collection and Transport
4.17 Some Guidelines for Planning Waste Collection and Transport
Chapter 5: Additional investment requirement for each service for SWM
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Solid Waste Disposal
5.3 Solid Waste Generation
5.4 Collected Waste Frequency
5.5 Revenue Receipts and Expenditure
5.6 Revenue Expenditure Analysis of expenditure
5.7 Per Capita Revenue Receipts
5.8 Per Capita Expenditure
5.9 Cost Recovery Solid waste management

5.10 Additional Investment Requirement


5.11 Assumptions Made for Calculating Investment Requirements
5.12 Projected Additional Investment Requirements
CHAPTER 6: Problems, suggestions and conclusions
6.1 Problem
6.2 Suggestion
6.3 Conclusions

References
Questionnaire

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Commercial waste contains of waste from premise used in wholly or mainly for the purposes of a trade or business or for the
purpose of sport, recreation, education or entertainment but not including household; agricultural or industrial waste.
Generally, Commercial is an expecting to make their own arrangements for the collection treatment and disposal of their wastes.
Shops contains smallest wastage and trading estates where is local authority waste collection agreements are in place will
generally be treated as municipal waste.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is a nutrient source for plants and as soil conditioner is the most cost effectives option of
MSW management because of its advantages over traditionalism means such as landfilling or incineration.
Agricultural application of MSW could leads to a potential environmentally threat due to the presence of pathogens and
toxic pollutants. Composting is an attractive alternative of MSW recycling. Application of MSW compost (MSWC) in
agricultural soils can directly alter soil physicochemical properties as well as promote plant growth.

The soil microbial

biomass, considered as the living part of soil organic matter, is very closely related to the soil organic matter content in many
arable agricultural soils.

Numerous

studies,

with

different MSWC

amendment doses

on

under different water regimes revealed no detrimental effect on soil microbial biomass.
In this review, we show the state of art about the effects of MSWC amendment on soil Microbial biomass.

different soil types and

1.1 WASTE
Waste is garbage rubbish, trash, and junk is unwanted or undesired material, contains of different types of waste. It could exist as a
solid, liquid, or gas or as waste heat. The wastes could be referred to as emissions, when released in the latter two states. Its usually
strongly linked with pollution. Waste may also be intangible in the case of wasted time or wasted opportunities. The term waste
implies things, which have been used inefficiently or inappropriately.
Some waste component could be recycled once recovered from the waste stream, e.g. plastic bottles, metals, glass or paper. The
biodegradable component of wastes (e.g. paper & food waste) can be composted or anaerobically digested to produce soil
improvers and renewable fuels. If it is not dealt with sustainably in this manner biodegradable waste can contribute to greenhouse
gas emissions and by implication climate change.
Waste have two main definitions whereas One view comes from the individual or organization producing the material, the second is
the view of Government, and is set out in different acts of waste legislation. The two have to combine to ensure the safe and legal
disposal of the waste.

1.2 MANAGEMENT
The process of and/or the personnel leading and directing all or part of an organization (often a business) through the deployment
and manipulation of resources (human, financial, material, intellectual or intangible) are known as Management.
The Oxford English Dictionary states, the word "manage" come from the Italian manage are (to handle especially a horse),
which in turn derives from the Latin minus (hand). The French word managements (later management) influenced the development
in meaning of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries.

1.3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT


Explosion of population coupled with improved life style of people thats results in increasing generation of solid wastes in urban
as well as rural areas of the country. At the present scenario, the municipal solid waste disposal methods followed in many of the
cities and towns are unsystematic and unscientific and involve dumping in low-lying areas. Most of the disposal sites are just
uncontrolled dumps where a mixture of domestic, commercial, industrial and hospital wastes is thrown away at the dumping
sites. Apart from creating air pollution, ground water contamination & soil contamination, open dumping of wastes generally
becomes breeding ground for various dreadful disease causing pathogens and vectors, particularly in the vicinity of the disposal
sites.
For Further assessments with increasing awareness of public on environmental and health issues, there is a general opinion that
the standardize of services with respect to collection and disposal of municipal solid waste is progressively declining. It is also true
in many cities as half of the solid waste generated remains unattended.

An objective of the Solid Waste (SW) Management is to maintain clean and hygienic conditions and reduce the quantity of SW,
which has to be disposed of in Sanitary Landfill Facility (SLF) after recovery of waste materials and energy from it.

1.4 TOTAL GENERATED SOLID WASTE


The quantities of waste generated in Indian cities reported to be in the range of 0.2-0.6 kg/capita /day as per the Manual on Solid
Waste Management preparing by Central Public Health & Environment Engineering Organization (CPHEEO), Ministry of Urban
Development, Govt. of India. The Waste Generation pattern is very much dependent on the living style of the population. As the
major share of the population is labour force in Dibang, the waste generation factor of 0.3 kg/capita/day has been taken into
consideration.
Highlights are following

In India, solid waste generation is about 115,000 tons per day with a yearly increase of about 5%.

Researcher studies reveal that the per capita generation rate increases with the size of the city and varies between 0.3 to 0.6

kg/day in the metropolitan areas, values up to 0.5 kg / capita / day have been recorded. The estimated annual increase in per capita
waste quantity is about 1.33% per year.

The Commonly practiced waste disposal, waste management processes in India include composting, biologicals and

incineration of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) pellets for power generation.

The eleventh Five Year Plan has envisaged an investment of Rs. 2,212 crores for Solid Waste Management (SWM).

A key driver of solid waste management include Legal drivers (e.g. laws and regulations), Regional and international

drivers (e.g. solid waste flow as recyclable resources), Socioeconomic drivers (e.g. population trends and public awareness),
Technology development and institutional drivers (e.g. available technologies). Of these, the socio-economic drivers seem to be
merging as a key driver for SWM.

Key Challenges Lack of adequate treatment facilities and inappropriate disposal of waste is considered to be some of the

major challenges in this sector.

1.5 SWM IN INDIA


Management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), continues to remaining one of the most neglecting areas of urban development in
India. Density and Magnitude of urban population in India is increasing rapidly and consequently for the higher growth the civic
body are facing considerable difficulties in providing adequate services such as supply of water, electricity, roads, education and
public sanitation that including Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM).
Municipal agencies are spending more about 5-25% of their budget on MSWM. In despite of such a heavy expenditure of the
present level of service in many urban areas is so low that there is a threat to public health in particular and to environmentally
qualities in general. There are many steps are being taken towards improving the situation.
As per estimations, 115,000 tons of solid waste are generated per day in the country. Yearly increasing near about 5% annually.
Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) spend about Rs. 500 to Rs. 1,500 per ton on solid waste collection, transportation, treatment and
disposal. However, hardly any amount is spent on scientific disposal of waste.

This estimated that a solid waste generated in smallest, medium and large cities and towns in India is about 0.1 kg, 0.3 0.4 kg
and 0.5 kg per capita per day respectively. By Studies carring out by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
(NEERI) indicated that the per capita generation rate increases with the size of the city and varies between 0.3 to 0.6 kg/day in the
metropolitan areas, values up to 0.5 kg / capita / day have been recorded. The estimated annual increase in per capita waste
quantity is about 1.33% per year.

The schematic sketch above illustrates the steps carried out in managing solid waste in India. According to Indias constitution,
Solid Waste Management (SWM) falls within the purview of the state government. The activities are entrusted to Urban Local
Bodies through state legislations. In most of the Indian cities, the MSW collection, segregation, transportation, processing and
disposal is carried out by the respective municipal corporations and the state governments enforce regulatory policies.

1.5 PARTICIPATION OF PRIVATESECTOR IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT


In Metro cities like as Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad etc., garbage disposal is done by Public
Private Partnerships (PPPs).
The private sector having involvement in door-to-door collections of solid waste, street sweeping in a limited way, secondary
storage and transportation and for treatment and disposal of waste.
There are so many private firms are carried out Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management (IMSWM) which includes
segregation, collection, & transportation, treatment, compost, bimetal, refuse derived fuel, and final disposal. However, there are
serious barriers to private sector participation in urban infrastructure as the financial status of ULBs except for a minority, is
precarious. Urban sector has seen as a very high-risk sector and also because of it institutional complexities due to multiplicity of
agencies involving in service delivery.

Further, there is lack of a regulatory or policy enabling framework for PPPs, barring few exceptions, and lack of bankable and
financially sustainable projects considering the opportunities and risks involved. There is also a need to rationalize tariffs and user
charges.

1.6 KEY DRIVERS ENHANCING SWM AND SOLID WASTE OF ENERGY


(i) Legal drivers (e.g. laws and regulations)
(ii) Regional and international drivers (e.g. solid waste flow as recyclable resources)
(iii) Socio-economic drivers (e.g. population trends and public awareness)
(iv) Technology development and institutional drivers (e.g. available technologies)
(v) Environmental Protection
GROUP OF DRIVERS

PERSPECTIVES

Legal Drivers (Laws and Regulation)

In the absence of a strong legislation,


competition between cities, to
provide a clean city with good municipal
environmental infrastructure,
in order to attract (often foreign) investment

can be a key driver. This


appears to be particularly important in India
where competition for
foreign information technology investment is
strong.

Regional and international drivers

(Resource value of waste, e.g.: solid

extending this to developing

waste as a recyclable resource)

countries

Clean development mechanism is

(promoted

financial institutions (IFIs)

by

international

Provides a livelihood for large

numbers of the urban poor

India still relies on imports of

recycled materials as industrial raw


Materials

Socio-Economic Drivers

(Population trends, public Awareness,

governance are key drivers (being

public health)

promoted by IFIs)

Capacity

building

and

good

Focus is still on food, shelter, security

and livelihoods waste


becomes an issue when public health or
environmental damage
impacts on these priorities.

Public Health - Remains a key driver,

particularly in hot climates.


Outbreak of diseases such as Plague,
Cholera, diarrheal diseases
due to the uncollected refuse has pushed the
government to
formulate rules and regulations for SWM.

Technology development and

Ability to perform this function is still

institutional drivers

limited. Various waste-to-energy


alternatives will play a major role as key
drivers in the solid waste management
industry.

Environmental protection.

Focus still on initial steps, to phase out


uncontrolled disposal. For instance, climate
change/energy from waste is emerging as a
key

driver

worldwide

the

clean

development mechanism under the Kyoto


protocol is seen as providing an important
source of income to encourage cities in
developing countries to maintain investments
in new landfill sites.

1.7 KEY CHALLENGES FOR THE GROWTH OF SWM IN INDIA

This is a likeness of proper MSWM service in the country primarily due to reason including,: financial constraints of ULBs,
institutional problems with in the departments, lack of suitable staff, fragile links with other concerned agencies, , and other allied
issues.
Most common expenses toward the MSWM is meting from the general budgets and allocated from the Property taxes.
Funding are often for operations and maintenance relating to the provision of MSWM services are not earmarked and properly
Operational/Service level
Capacity/Capability issues:
Infrastructure related
budgeted for the few of the challenges pertaining to operational, capability and infrastructural related issues have been outlined
Gaps:
Lack of adequate
Issues:
below:
Low service coverage area

manpower

Collection/ Transport

Low waste collection

Lack of technical expertise

Equipment

efficiency

Lack of funds at ULB level

Secondary Storage

Low waste recovery/

Lack of awareness

Infrastructure

processing

mechanism /community

Waste Processing

Low scientific disposal of

participation

Technology/ Infrastructure

waste
Low redressal of user
complaints
Low user fee collection
efficiency

There are mapping of keys identified problems to the likely reasons for the gaps would be also facilitate the ULBs in identification
Of the priority areas of improvement to match the Benchmarks and compliance rate with MSW rules desired performance
indicators in the line with prescribes services level to the MSW.

1.8 IN INDIA PREVALENT DEFENCIES AND CHALLAENGES IN SWM


Some of the deficiencies in the SWM system in India include:
No storage of waste at Segregation and Sources

Source and segregation storage of waste based on and


hazards degradability and recyclables separation is almost

No system of primary collection of waste at

not done in India.


Collection of waste only from street collection points and

the doorstep
Irregular street sweeping

poor door-to-door collection.


No proper planning and specific benchmarks for street

Inappropriate system of secondary storage

sweeping.
Very poor waste depot sites for the secondary storage of

of waste
Irregular transport of waste in open vehicles
No treatment of waste

waste.
Open trucks for transportation and manual loading.
Waste treatment is almost neglected before disposal in

Inappropriate disposal of waste at open dumping grounds


Other Challenges

landfills.
No proper engineered landfills for waste disposal.
1. High moisture content and a large proportion of inerts

1. Waste composition

make

2. Access to waste

the waste very dense and cause transportation problems


and treatment issues
2. Many sources of waste such as those generated in slums
are inaccessible

Key Strategies to Overcome Challenges in SWM


Challenge #1 - Issues in Household (Source) Storage and Segregation of Waste Most households, shops, and
establishments throw their waste just outside their premises, on streets, in drains, in open spaces, in water bodies, and in
other inappropriate places. In most cases source segregation is not done.

Solution:

Citizens must be informed and motivated not to litter the streets so they develop the habit of storing their

waste at its source in at least two separate bins (one for biodegradable waste and one for recyclable waste).

Citizens also need to be educated about risks to human health and the environment and taught to separate

domestic hazardous waste and infectious waste.

Municipal authorities must take concerted efforts to convince all classes of citizens to store and segregate their

waste properly.

Challenge #2 No system of Primary Collection

Municipal authorities consider themselves responsible only for waste collection at street collection points

and do not feel it is their job to provide doorstep collection service, even though such service is now
mandated in the rules.

Lack of citizen involvement in the storage of waste at source, which would facilitate primary collection from

the doorstep.

Solution:

An assessment of the housing situation, street conditions, and geographic and topographic situation is always

a prerequisite for efficient planning and decision making for primary collection equipment.

According to the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and handling) rules 2000, there are two options for primary

Collection: door-to-door collection at preset intervals or community bin collection (known as the bring system).
Challenge #3 Irregular Street Sweeping

No planning is done to ensure that all streets are swept regularly; there is no benchmark, or yardstick,

prescribed by municipal authorities for street sweeping.

The street sweepers are not given appropriate tools to perform their duties effectively. They are given

short-handled brooms, which necessitate constant bending and cause fatigue and loss of productivity.

Solution

A schedule of street cleaning that indicates which roads require daily cleaning and which ones need to be cleaned
periodically.

A program for street cleaning, keeping in view the norms of work (yardsticks) prescribed

A timetable for cleaning of open public spaces daily or periodically.


Challenge #4 Poor Secondary Storage of Waste

Waste depot sites are not evenly distributed in cities and towns.

They are often very poorly designed and are not synchronized with the primary collection system.

Waste depots are not emptied on a regular basis.

Inappropriate secondary storage of waste leads to a not in my backyard (NIMBY) syndrome.

Solution

Municipal authorities should identify suitable locations, preferably from among the existing locations of waste

storage depots in the city

Large containers ranging from three cubic meters to seven cubic meters should be placed for secondary

storage of waste.
#5 stations
Issues in
wastebe
Transportation
Challenge
Transfer
should
decentralized within the city, allocated to an enclosed area, and situated in the

Open trucks
andmain
tractors
usedsite.
to transport waste are loaded manually. This time-consuming activity results
general
direction
of the
landfill
in loss of labor productivity and increases the occupational health risk to workers.

The transport system is not synchronized with the secondary storage system.

Problems arise when a transport fleet is modernized, because waste at the secondary storage system is

still dumped on the ground. If the secondary storage system is modernized without an adequate fleet of
modern vehicles, similar problems arise.

Solution:

The longer the distance to the landfill site, the more volume should be transported with each load. In case of

long haul distances to the landfill site, transfer stations are found to be most efficient.

Vehicles should be selected according to capital costs, carrying capacity, life expectancy, loading speed,

local spare part availability, speed, fuel consumption, and maintenance costs.

The transport of waste can be managed and monitored centrally or through a large decentralized arrangement.

Transport can be contracted out to private operators.

The transport system must be harmonized with the secondary storage system of waste to prevent manual and

multiple handling of waste.

Challenge #6 - Lack of Waste Treatment

The MSW generated in Indian cities is, by and large, not treated but is directly taken to the open

dumpsites.

Although India is known for its age-old technology of composting agricultural waste, composting of

municipal organic waste is infrequent. In a few cities, however, initiatives exist for aerobically composting
or vermicomposting of municipal organic waste.

However, many plants are not operated according to their installed capacity. Many plants face problems

with compost marketing and find financial sustainability difficult.

Solution:

The municipal authorities must treat the organic fraction of waste before disposal.

The authorities are expected to set up a plan for composting waste or to adopt waste to-energy technology

as may be appropriate.

Municipal authorities have to assess the suitability of new technology to Indian conditions.

Challenge #7 - Inappropriate Disposal of Waste on Open Dumping Grounds

Waste is dumped in low-lying areas that are within or outside the cities and that are designated as dumping
grounds or in unauthorized areas on the outskirts of the city.

Sometimes waste is even dumped on the approach roads to rural areas, which do not have their own land for
disposal of waste. Such practices result in extremely unsanitary conditions and create serious environmental
degradation problems.

Because no segregation of waste at its source takes place, domestic waste of all types, infectious waste from
medical facilities, and even hazardous industrial waste are deposited at dumpsites that are actually designated for
domestic waste.

Solution:

The state pollution control boards are required to prescribe the criteria for site selection in terms of

Distance to be maintained from habitation, water bodies, highways, railways, and so forth

The municipal authorities should follow the rules carefully when constructing an engineered landfill.

1.9 GWALIOR
Gwalior City is a historical and big in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Gwalior occupies a strategic location in the Gird region
of India, Its 319 kilometers (198 mi) south of Delhi the capital city of India, , and the city and its fortress has been ruled under
several historic northern Indian kingdoms. From the Tomars in the 13th century, it passed to the Mughals, then the Marathas under
the Scindias (1754).

The administrative headquarters of Gwalior district and Gwalior division, Gwalior situation many administrative offices
of Chambal Division of northern Madhya Pradesh. Lots of administrative and judicial organizations, commissions and boards has

the its state as well as national headquarters situated in the city. Gwalior was the winter capital of the erstwhile state
Madhya which later became a part of the larger state Madhya Pradesh. Before Independence Gwalior remained a princely state of
British Raj with Scindias as the local ruler. The high rocky hills surrounds the city from all sides, on the north it just forms the
border of the Ganga- Yamuna Drainage Basin.the city however is situated on the valley between the hills of Plateau. Gwalior's
metropolitan area includes Lashkar Subcity, Morar Subcity, Thatipur and the City center.

The Gwalior City has made a rich contribution to the history of India. From the vedic ages to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and
the British Raj, Gwalior City have emerging as a prominent place making it an important archaeological as well as historical site.
The rich heritage of art and culture and especially contribution of Gwalior to the classical music is worth mentioning.
Gwalior city is located at 26.22N 78.18E. in northern Madhya Pradesh 300 km (186 miles) from Delhi. Gwalior city have an
average elevation of 197 meters (646 feet). Most part of it comes under Bundelkhand area.

1.10 CASE STUDY


The ever increasing urban population has put tremendous pressure on the budgetary resources of States/ULBs underscoring the
necessity of private sector participation in urban development. The unbundling of services and technological innovations have
opened up these areas to private sector participation.
As per estimates, 115000 MT of solid waste is generated daily in the country. Yearly increase is about 5% annually.ULBs spend
about Rs. 500 to Rs.1500 per ton on solid waste collection, transportation, treatment and disposal.However, hardly any amount is
spent on scientific disposal of waste.

The responsibility under the MWS Rules, 2000 lies with the ULBs and the concerned Departments of Municipal affairs/urban
development and collectors are overall responsible to enforce the provisions of these rules. The deadline as per Supreme Court
Judgment was 31st December, 2003.
Complete compliance within 31st Dec 2003 remains a distant dream. Many cities and towns have not even initiated measures
whereas some cities have moved forward.
The Municipal Corporations and City Governments create and maintain assets with funds provided by central and state Grants,
funds internally generated by local Governments through taxes and tariffs, capital markets etc.The Central Government should
take up the role of a regulator by addressing financial sector and related regulatory issues. The State Governments should also
respond by enacting Model Municipal Laws to enable PPP, setting up regulatory authorities and creating cadre of professionals at
ULBs and state level.
Given the lack of in-house capability of municipal authorities and paucity of resources, it is desirable to outsource certain services
and resort to PPP/NGO participation in providing SWM services.

GOI have provided assistance to the tune of Rs.2500 crores under 12th Finance Commission for SWM.IncomeTax relief has also
been provided to waste mgt agencies and Tax free municipal bonds have been permitted by GOI.Technical Advisory Group on
SWM has been constituted and Technical Manual on SWM has been prepared.

CHAPTER 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY


The process used

to

collect information and data for

the

purpose

of making decisions.

The methodology may

include publication research, interviews, surveys and other research techniques, and could include both present and historical
information.

Methodology is very important in the research work. If we select proper methods of research than only we get success in our
research work. Here the topic of research work is commercial aspect of solid waste management in Gwalior. The research
methodology that the study will utilize is the descriptive method. A descriptive research intends to present facts concerning the
nature and status of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study and to describe present conditions, events or systems based on
the impressions or reactions of the respondents of the research. It is also concerned with relationships and practices that exist,
beliefs and processes that are ongoing, effects that are being felt, or trends that are developing. This research is also cross-sectional
because of limited time.
2.2INFORMANTION SOURCES
There are two basic approaches to estimating quantities of municipal solid waste at the local, state, or national levelssitespecific and materials flow. These data tables are based on the materials flow approach. Site-specific studies. In the first
methodology, which is site-specific, sampling, sorting, and weighing the individual components of the waste stream could be used.

This methodology is useful in defining a local waste stream, especially if large numbers of samples are taken over several seasons.
Results of sampling also increase the body of knowledge about variations due to climatic and seasonal changes, population
density, regional differences, and the like. In addition, quantities of MSW components such as food scraps and yard trimmings can
only be estimated through sampling and weighing studies. A disadvantage of sampling studies based on a limited number of
samples is that they may be skewed and misleading if, for example, atypical circumstances were experienced during the sampling.
These circumstances could include an unusually wet or dry season, delivery of some unusual wastes during the sampling period,
or errors in the sampling methodology. Any errors of this kind will be greatly magnified when a limited number of samples are
taken to represent a communitys entire waste stream for a year. Magnification of errors could be even more serious if a limited
number of samples was relied upon for making the national estimates of MSW. Also, extensive sampling would be prohibitively
expensive for making the national estimates. An additional disadvantage of sampling studies is that they do not provide
information about trends unless performed in a consistent manner over a long period of time

The first stage of research work involved collection of background information through various reports, publications and
presentations of various organizations to understand the state of SWM in the city.

Materials flow. The second approach to quantifying and characterizing the municipal solid waste streamthe methodology used
for this reportutilizes a materials flow approach to estimate the waste stream on a nationwide basis. In the late 1960s and early
1970s, EPAs Office of Solid Waste and its predecessors at the Public Health Service sponsored work that began to develop this
methodology.

The materials flow methodology is based on production data (by weight) for the materials and products in the waste stream. To
estimate generation data, specific adjustments are made to the production data for each material and product category. Adjustments
are made for imports and exports and for diversions from MSW (e.g., for building materials made of plastic and
Paperboard that becomes construction and demolition debris) Adjustments are also made for the lifetimes of products. Finally,
food scraps, yard trimmings, and a small amount of miscellaneous inorganic wastes are accounted for by compiling data from a
variety of waste sampling studies. One problem with the materials flow methodology is that product residues associated with other
items in MSW (usually containers) are not accounted for. These residues would include, for example, food left in a jar, detergent
left in a box or bottle, and dried paint in a can. Some household hazardous wastes, (e.g., pesticide left in a can) are also included
among these product residues.
2.3 FIELD STUDY

Field studies will be conducted in the few wards of the city and official dump sites and assistance of MNC Gwalior will be
required to visit the Sitara plant
2.4 PERSONAL VISIT
This process involved conducting interviews with planning experts and representatives from NGOs and MNC Gwalior to derive
information of various SWM related problems and prospects for improving the system followed by interviews with various heads
of the municipal corporation involved in SWM, municipal workers and residents of the city.

2.5. DATA COLLECTON DESIGN


Collection of data with the help of MNC Gwalior:
a. A detailed data base prepared regarding the quantity and quality of the waste generated by various generators category wise.

b. A data base will be prepared to find the exact size of the informal waste recycling sector and economic of waste recycling in the
city to integrate it with the formal sector.

2.6 OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH


Every research work has predetermined objectives. To start any research work it is important to know why research work is has to
be done. What are the problems related to research? What are the objectives to achieve, the researcher has to work systematically
for SWM (solid waste management) in Gwalior the researcher has determined the following objectives

1. To Study of present status of SWM in Gwalior.


2. To Study of waste management quantitative and qualitative.
3. To Study analytically about various products manufacture by using waste in
Gwalior.
4. Study different problems related to the SWM.
5. To give suggestions to overcome the problems.
6. To Study to estimate the future investment requirement for solid waste Management.

2.7 HYPOTHESIS OF STUDY


The Hypothesis areHo1: The present status of SWM in Gwalior is not at par to international standard.

Ho2: Problems related to SWM are not solved systematically.


Ho3: Municipal Corporation of Gwalior not gives proper consideration to the qualitative aspect of SWM
Ho4: State holders are not serious about the future plan of SWM.

CHAPTER 3
PRESENT STATUS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN GWALIOR

3.1 INTRODUCTION
The solid waste contains glass containers, crookeries, and bottles ,plastic containers, polythene and other packing material that are
used and then thrown away like as garbage. At public places, these pile up and cause obstruction in daily life. Besides there are
other using things likes automobile spares, machines, and cycle parts etc. that are thrown as junk.

3.2 WASTE HIERCHY


Waste hierarchy chain refer to the 3rs reduce, reuse and recycle which classified waste management strategies accordingly. Their
desire abilities in terms of waste minimization, The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of the most waste minimization
strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum particles benefits from products and to generate minimum
amount of waste.
A. Responsibility of the extended producer

Extended producer responsibility (EPR) is a Strategy designed to promote the integration of all costs associated with products
thorough out their life cycle (including end of life disposal costs) in to the market price of the product.
B. Polluter pays principle
The polluter pays principle is a principle where the polluting party pays for the impact caused to the environment.

3.3 OBJECTIVE OF SWM


Solid waste management objectives are to reduce the qualities of solid waste off on land by recovery of materials and energy from
solid waste that simplified chart showing how waste reduction could be achieved from household waste is shown given below.
Such type of techniques and management program me have to be applied to each and every solid waste generating activity in a
society to achieve over all minimization of solid waste.

3.4 SITUATION BEFORE THE INITIATIVE


Location

Gwalior City is the fourth largest city in Madhya Pradesh is known as Counter Magnet city to National Capital region as well as
the tourist capital of Madhya Pradesh. The Gwalior cities have a municipal area of 177 Sq. km and are divided into 60 municipal
wards. The municipal area are also includes 37 villages and 229 slums. As of the 2011[update] India census, Gwalior had a
population of 926,919. The present population is estimated at 1.2 million.

3.5 GENERATION AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE


In Gwalior about 250 to 300 tonnes of municipal wastes is being generated daily. However, due to inadequate facility,

GMC could only collect and dispose only about 60% of these wastes. Municipal waste as collected was usually found in a
mixed form, where bio-medical waste, slaughter-house waste and carcass waste were all mixed together and stored in the
open. The waste from the unorganized slaughterhouse and meat market were being collected and disposed along with the
municipal waste only. Primary collection involved multiple handling, and was not synchronized with transportation, using
Inadequate manual loading unloading methods, Waste transportation was often by open trucks and dumped crudely at
a trenching ground at Guda Gudi Ka Naka, at about 10 km to the north of the city. The crude dumping caused generation of
Obnoxious odors, blowing of litter and breeding of vectors
Burning of the waste at disposal site was very common, which used to generate poisonous hydrocarbons. Due to proximity of the
air force base, the dumping site also caused menace for the aircrafts due to flying of birds. The physico-chemical characteristics

and quantity of Gwalior municipal waste indicate that incineration option is not economical viable, because it cannot provide for a
self-sustaining combustion.
The MP State Agro Industries Corporation started a compost unit using MSW as the raw material. But it had to be closed
down due to lack of demand for the product.

3.6 ACTION FOR CHANGE

In order to tackle the bird menace Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India provided a grant of Rs. 11.77 crore to the
GMC under its Central Scheme for Solid Waste Management & Drainage in 10 Selected Airfield Towns. To implement the project,
a comprehensive solid waste management Plan involving establishment of mechanical and vermin-composting units and
engineered landfill sites, machinery & equipments, for door to door collection its transportation to the mechanical and vermin
composting units for processing and disposal of residues to the landfill sites through public and private sector partnership was
drawn up.

3.7 ESTABLISHMENT OF A LANDFILL SITES

Based on an assessment of the composition of solid waste generated in Gwalior city, it was decided to establish a compost unit .As
the Detailed Project Report developed by HUDCO and M/s NBCC, Ltd. New Delhi (an enterprise of Central Govt.) was appointed
for execution of project.
The tenders for different components of the scheme were invited by M/s NBCC Ltd. On evaluation of the offers received, the
work orders were issued to qualified agencies for the following
(1) Transportation equipments and machineries;
(2) Development of sanitary landfill site at Kedarpur having
i. A Weigh Bridge (30 Ton) to monitor the arrival of waste to the segregation plant
ii. A fully automatic segregation plant (300 TPD);
Iii. A Mechanical Compost plant (100 TPD);and

iv. A Vermi composting unit (20 TPD).

Due to the constraints in the availability of suitable land for disposal of waste and steadily rising cost, the landfill site has
been designed in such a manner that the land requirement is minimized. It covers an area of 25. 80 Hectare and will be
sufficient for next 25 years.
GMC has given operation and maintenance of integrated land fill site for disposal of Solid Waste for 25 years to M/s AKC

Developers Ltd. NOIDA (As a Public Private Partnership).


The package also includes installation of a fully automatic segregation plant at Kedarpur, Chandoh, Khurd, Shivpuri link
Road, Gwalior. The operator has invested about 30.0 crores Rs. for construction of all segregation plant.
The MOU signed between Gwalior Municipal Corporation (GMC) and M/S.AKC Developers has followed main term &
Conditions:
1. Gwalior Municipal Corporation (GMC) will provide land, free of cost to operator.
2. GMC will hand over the infrastructure developed by M/S. NBCC, New Delhi.
3. GMC will develop the land fill after completion of existing land fill (5 year capacity) for disposal of inert material.
4. The right of carbon credit will rest with the GMC.

5. The operator will provide the lease rent at the rate of one rupee per square meter to GMC.
6. The operator will be allow for disposing maximum 20% of inert material in the land fill.
7. The necessary charges for O&M including electricity bill will be borne by the operator.
8. The operator will treat & dispose of the Solid waste as specified the Solid Waste Management & Handling Rule
2000
9. The closure of land fill will be done by operator.
10. The O&M period will be for 25 years.
The automatic segregation plant at Kedarpur has been installed and in operation.
The automatic segregation plant generates following components:

WASTE COMPONENT
Wet organic material for composting
Dry organic material converted as RDF Pallets, a Green fuel
Recyclables materials (Plastic, Mild steel, rubber etc)
Inert Material
Residue for land fill site

3.8 COLLECTION, TRANSPORTATION AND PROCESSING OF SOLID

QUANTITY(IN %)
25-30
15-20
5-10
25-30
15-20

The basic collection system in Gwalior constitutes sweeping and cleaning the waste in a nearest collection point. The Corporation
has installed 200 collection bins at different places. The collection vehicle picks up the waste from the dustbins and other
collection points and transported to the compost plant site. The steps involved are as follows:
1 Door to Door Collection:
GMC has outsourced the door to door collection and transportation solid waste to private organization on PPP (Public Private
Participation) for 5 years. The objective was to involve the community to make Gwalior waste free and dustbin free. The
households have been promoted to keep covered bins for wet bio-degradable waste. The dry recyclable waste is kept separate
which can be sold off. For dry scrap waste, it has been suggested to the households to have larger bins at a consistent place and
deposit all the waste into it. For the shops it has been suggested that every shop should have a number of bins for different type of
wastes generated by them and these should be handed over to the waste collection group working in their ward. The toxic and

hazardous waste generated at homes and shops are kept separate and the concerned local bodies make arrangements to have them
collected by special receptacles located at each ward office.
The sanitary worker appointed by the private operator collects segregated wastes from each household and disposed them in
demarcated bins for biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. GMC has developed a mechanism for meeting out the operating
cost of door to door waste collection services provided by the operator. The mode of payment for the same is as follows.
First year 100% cost for door to door collection of waste will be borne by GMC. But from the subsequent years it would reduce
gradually, i.e. GMC would pay the operator 75% cost in the second year, 50% in the third year , 25% in the fourth year. From Fifth
Year onwards it will be self-sustainable
the operator would generate balance resources through sale of recyclables as well as contribution from the households for the
services rendered by them.

the operator would also generate resources from commercial institutions like shops, hotels, slaughter halls etc. The charges for
all commercial institution will fix time

The contractor who was appointed for door to door collection & transportation failed to continue the contract after 2.5 years
reason behind was political interference, change of mind set of people, improper planning of contractor. At present Municipal
Corporation is doing the collection & transporting of waste to land fill site from its own resources.

2 Transportation
The transportation of the solid waste is being done to new scientific site at Kedarpur. This component is also outsourced
and the payment is made on the basis of amount of solid waste transported. These special category waste materials are periodically
transported to the integrated disposal site and deposited in specially created secured landfill in a suitable manner.
There are specified bins at specific locations for the disposal of construction and demolition (C&D) debris. These are transported
separately and disposed to low lying areas.

3 Public Awareness Campaign:

To order to involve the community with the city wide programme on solid waste management, Gwalior Municipal
Corporation has launched an awareness campaign with following objectives:
(a) Creating awareness for segregating waste at source into biodegradable and non-biodegradable components;
(b) Educating public through group meetings, workshops, exhibitions, and different channels of mass media;
(c) Sensitizing public through print media, use of cable TV, use of cinema halls, street plays, posters, pamphlets,
Hoarding, resident associations etc
(d) Enabling the communities to acquire adequate knowledge about good practices of solid waste disposal and their
Importance for environmental and public health;
(e) Promote safe handling practices through health education and capacity building of the sanitary workers;
(f) Enabling the Municipal Corporation/ Hospitals to handle the Bio-medical wastes as per norms; and
(g) Creating awareness for minimizing the use of plastics.

GMC involved NGOs to carry out the awareness programme in the city. The awareness program included the sanitation education
programme through a mobile unit visiting city schools to communicate the good practices on sanitation and hygiene at school
level, street play, and distribution of pamphlets and installation of hoarding with messages to keep the city clean.
The awareness campaign was spear headed by a Street show nicknamed Watson Rath (Movable Vehicle with all information
regarding Solid Waste Management). Mayor, Councilors and Official Staff of Municipal Corporation spear headed various rallies
to ensure peoples participation in the programme. The programme is also being supported by UNHABITAT under its Water for
Asian Cities Programme.

3.9 CHALLANGES

The Gwalior Municipal Corporation initially faced resistance for the implementation of the door to door collection of waste
involving the private operator. Even though before inviting the tender for involving the private operator for the services, mutual
understanding was reached by Honble Mayor with all political leaders, paper media, organizations, chamber of commerce and
leaders of Safai Karmchari union, there were lot of resistance from the a particular community for implementation of door to door
collection and transportation without understanding that the potential of employment opportunities for the locals.
After receiving the contract, the private operator started the work in a limited way due the resistance from various quarters. Since
the start of door to door collection, some of the lower level GMC staffs hindered the operation by the private operator under the
influence of opposition leaders out of fear of losing their hold on the malpractice of subletting the cleaning operation by the
Elakedar (Elakedar is a man who collects the solid waste from particular area and disposes it at his own ease.).

However, the Municipal Corporation of Gwalior took various initiatives to stream line the system by organizing stake holders
consultations to remove the all doubts of the people and to make Gwalior city as model city in India in the area of Solid Waste
Management.

3.10 STAKE HOLDERS FOR PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION


There are various stakeholders, but major are being mentioned below:
1. Citizen of Gwalior
2. Ministry of Urban Development , Government of
3. India
4. Gwalior Municipal Corporation
5. UN-HABITAT
6. HUDCO
7. MP Pollution Control Board
8. Private operators for door to door collection,
9. transportation, segregation and scientific disposal of
10.waste

3.11 IMPACT
Following positive impacts are envisaged:
People of Gwalior are aware about the need for safe handling of waste and started practicing it;

Systematic handling and disposal of hazardous and nonhazardous wastes leading to Environmental Improvement of the city
Reduction of disaster due to bird fir to the Air Crafts;
Increased employment opportunities for the unskilled people of the city
The system of collection, transpiration, processing and disposal of wastes has been designed to make it financially self-sustaining.
The Private operator for transportation and processing of waste would generate sufficient resources out of the by products
produced from the raw wastes. With the enhancement of public awareness the door to door collection of waste would also become
self-sustaining with peoples contribution.

3.12 MUNCIPLE SOLID WASTE PROCESS PLANT


Municipal Solid Waste treatment & processing plant identified by municipality is at Shivpuri link- road, gram Kedarpur, Gwalior
spread in the area of 25 hectares. Operating by M/s AKC Developers Ltd. The processing plant is the result of Central Government
scheme of establishment of Municipal Solid Waste processing plant in the Air-based town. The Detailed Project Report (DPR) for
Gwalior was submitted by National Buildings Construction Corporation (NBCC) under Solid Waste management scheme for

mitigation of bird hit menace to Indian Air Force (IAF) air crafts, Gwalior and approved by the Central Public Health and
Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO), a department under the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) and the
fund was sanctioned for implementation.
Pucca road and adequate light facility provided inside the plant premises. Laboratory facility was also set-up here to assess the
moisture content, Calorific value of the waste. However pollution monitoring conducted by MPPCB at regular time intervals.
The integrated management of solid waste facility commissioned here on 01 November 2009. The plant is 12 km away from
Gwalior city and 21 km away from the airport. Plant is authorized to process & dump the collected waste. Permission was granted
for mechanical & vermi-composting as well as Refused Derived Fuel (RDF).
On the day of first dry- monitoring (27thSeptember 2010) production of vermi-composting was not in process. As informed by the
plant officials & officials of MPPCB, Gwalior, the segregation unit of plant got fire on 24th May 2010 (Unknown cause). The

renewing of plants segregation unit was completed soon and re- commissioned on 01st November, 2010. Second visit was made
on 25th January, 2011 by the CPCB, Zonal Office Bhopal team.

In processing plant, firstly the received waste weighed on Weigh Bridge of 25 ton capacity. Records of received waste
Maintained regularly.

Received waste contains 30% inert, 20-25% Refuse-derived fuel (RDF), 15% compost & 35% inorganic. Plastics, rubbers,
stones, wood, iron are few component of waste. After weighing the waste sent to segregation unit, auto-feeding is provided for the
same. The waste passed through a ~60mm primary cage, where waste (RDF, Sand and Compost) separates according to their sizes.
The waste more than ~60mm size separate as sand particles an average 10- 12% of total waste comes as sand particle. Lesser than
the ~60mm size separates as composting material, compost material heaped for the windrows composting process.
Rest 35% of the total is plastics, papers, organic matters & wood separates as fuel e.g. refused derived fuel (RDF).
For composting heaps of 250 MT is being inoculated with bio-culture, water spraying done at regular intervals i.e. 6 times for the
total composting process of 42 days. After the 42 days of process the waste for compost dried and sent to vibrator of 40 mm
sieves. Finally the compost waste passed through the 5mm sieve to get the final product. ~1 mm of the compost size along with

the 22-27% of moisture is packed as final compost product. Total compost production is 40 Tons per day. Final product packed
and sold to Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh & Madhya Pradesh states at ` 225 per bag of 50 Kgs.
Refused derived fuel (RDF) contains 4-5% of 7,000-8,000 Calorific values plastics, 90% paper, organic matters and woods etc.
One ton of RDF sold to nearby Flex manufacturing industry at the rate of `4000/-.Total RDF is 30-40 tons of the total waste
received per day. The reject of RDF is being mixed with compost heaps.
There is also vermi-composting facility with 31 numbers of total huts. The vermi- composting process was not in process soon
will be started to convert the waste in bio-compost.

3.13 DISPOSAL OF MUNCIPAL WASTE


Earlier to this processing-cum-disposal site, Gwalior was having its solid waste dumping site at ,
, . Soon after the commissioning of new site, the waste started to transport here for processing as well as and fill.
This site at village Kedarpur developed by M/s AKC Developers have disposal as well as leachate collection tank of HDPE liner
to avoid ground water contamination.
As the waste received from the city is normally dry, so leachate generation quantity is very less.
During the dry visit made during 27th September, 2010 the leachate pond was filled up by the rain water but during the second
visit made during 25th January, 2011 leachate pond was dry as there was no rain from last 2-3 months also the waste was of less
moisture.

The waste also being disposed near to the side walls of the plant. The dead animals if received with waste, disposed it in soil. The
plastics as light material and reject of process were spread in the backyard of the RDF plant that can be improved manually by
collecting plastics at one place. The disposed waste was burning at some places.

3.14 STUDY AREA


Gwalior city lies along 26 14 N latitude and 78 10 E longitudes on Indo-Gangtic plains in the state of Madhya Pradesh. The city
has a population of about 927849 (GMC, 2006).
Gwalior Municipal Corporation (GMC) is responsible for the management of the MSW generated in the city. The city is divided
into 60 sanitary wards as shown in fig 1 and the entire operation of solid waste management (SWN) system is performed under
four heads, namely, cleaning, collection, transportation and disposal. In the city area of about 177.3 km2, the public health wing of
GMC is performs the cleaning and collection operations; while the transportation wing of GMC is performing transportation and
disposal of MSW. In Gwalior city the cleaning and collection process involves collection of MSW from the street in wheel
barrows and thereafter, it is dumped into depots. MSW is then loaded into the transportation vehicles, which transport the waste to
different disposal sites.

3.15 SOLID WASTE GENERATION


The inhabitants of the Gwalior city generate approximately 280 tons of MSW daily. It is estimated that the annual per capita
growth rate for MSW generation is 2.33% and the quantity of MSW from 1971 to 2021 is forecasted in fig 1 and fig 2.

Column1
1600000
1400000
1200000
1000000

Column1

800000
600000
400000
200000
0
1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

Fig.1: Projected Population for next 20 years

Column1
45000
40000
35000
30000
Column1

25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

Fig.2: Projected Total waste generation for next 20 years

3.16 WASTE COMPOSITION IN GWALIOR CITY


The average physical and chemical characteristics of the waste in the city are shown in the Fig 3 and Table 1 respectively.

Sales

Organic
plastic
paper
leather
glass
metal

Fig. 3: Average composition of waste

Table 1: Chemical characteristics of waste


PARAMETER

AVERAGE

Ph

7.70

Electrical Conductivity

4.8

Loss of Ignition

23.42

Moisture

39.1

Organic Carbon

11.37

Organic matter

19.6

C/N Ratio

0.57

Total Phosphorus

19.94

Total Potassium

17.20

Total Nitrogen

19.4

3.17 WASTE MANAGEMENT IN GWALIOR CITY


Field survey was carried out in different wards
In the first phase of the study, samples of MSW from different wards were collected during January 2007-February 2007 to
determine its characteristics. The sampling and analysis of MSW were carried out as per standard procedures described in IS-9234
Standards. Ten samples were randomly collected from wards.
In the second phase of the study, a questionnaire survey was carried out on 240 randomly selected houses covering various
categories viz high-income group, medium and low-income group. A questionnaire was prepared and using door-to- door
surveying in order to obtain data about MSW quantity, daily disposal, availability of containers, collection frequency and
satisfaction level, etc was done. The data collected from the survey was analyzed. Further, the per capita generation rate was
evaluated from the population taken into account during survey work and the quantity of MSW generated as follows.

The public conception of the problem has been analyzed through the questionnaire.
Storage of waste is mainly done in plastic/metal container 84% households store their waste in metal / plastic container, whereas
6% and 10% household store their waste in paper bag /box and plastic bag respectively.
Segregation of waste into various categories as organic, recyclable, inorganic etc. shows that 41% households recycle the waste
through vendors, 4% segregate the waste whereas 17% do not segregate the waste at all.
In all the households the waste is either disposed by them or by some self appointed person. 39% household disposes their waste
by themselves, 50% household have self-appointed person to dispose off waste from house to further disposal. Municipal
Corporation collects waste from 11 percent of household.
Collection of waste is done by three methods namely by door-to-door collection, curbside container system or simply outside their
house. Waste collected through door to door collection is 33%, 29% household dispose their waste to curbside container, 17%
dispose the waste outside their houses. Regarding the preference of the collection method, 58% have given preference to door to

door collection, 21% households have given preference to the curbside container system whereas 21% households feels the need
of both the system.
The problem as conceived by the people is lack of collection facilities, unsatisfactory collection and transport. The problem
identification as per users shows that 24% households are worried for the number of garbage container, 23% have infrequent
collection problem.
21% household are worried about the location of the container, 17 and 15% household have unsanitary condition and odour
problem respectively. Information regarding where households complain regarding problematic situation, 30% households
complain to Corporate, 23% complain to Society Secretary, 17% complain to ward Officer, 17% households dont complain
whereas 13% households dont know where to complain.
Nearly 62% are aware of the solid waste management in their locality whereas 38% do not even known about proper handling of
waste, solid waste collection, etc. the public is ignorant about the existing rules and regulation for solid waste management. Type

of information required shows that 54% households need information regarding proper handling of different kinds of waste while
23% households seek information on solid waste collection schedule and where to complain.
Almost 100% are in a need to known about the SWM rules and authorities for implementing these rules. Priority to environmental
related problem shows that 23% households gave first priority to Inadequate Sanitation problem. Second priority is air pollution,
whereas Solid Waste Management related issues are given third priority.
Mode of payment of solid waste management charges shows that 75% households pay solid waste related tax with common
society charges and 17% households pay separately to the Municipal Corporation whereas 8% do not pay any amount.
Monthly Solid Waste Management charges paid by the household shows that 17% households do not pay. 17% and 53%
households pay less than Rs.10 and Rs.10 to Rs. 30 to Rs.

50.willingness to pay for effective Solid Waste Management shows that 67% are ready to pay Rs.10 to Rs.30for an effective Solid
Waste Management, 21% and 4% households are willing to pay Rs. 30 to Rs. 50 and more than Rs.50 respectively while 8% are
not willing to pay at all.

Interaction with Public


The present system is not in conformity with the MSW (Handling & Management) Rules 2000 in reference to collection,
transportation and disposal. The waste is being openly dumped at various places creating nuisance and unsanitary condition. No
suitable treatment and disposal facilit8ies are available and sanitary land filling is not followed.
During survey and interaction with the public is was observed that
Collection bins are insufficient.
Scavengers, animals etc scatter the waste around the bins
Street sweeping and transport of waste from storage points is not regular.
Except in some localities the segregation is not practiced.
Manpower is not adequate.

From the above description it is clear that the system is neither efficient nor sustainable, it needs complete overhauling.
Sources and Quantity of Municipal Solid Waste in Gwalior city
Primary collection of MSW Sweepers collects the MSW from the roads/streets and carries it to the nearest collection points
(depots or community bins). MSW produced from individual households is taken to the collection point or just deposited on the
adjacent roadside from where it is collected when the roads are swept. This type of collection is called primary collection.
A method of storage of MSW GMC has provided 460 community bin containers for MSW storage of capacities 2.5 m2, 4.5 m3
and 5.5 m3. The average spacing of dustbin is 3.5 km, through visits and observation it is found that nearly 15% of the bins are not
in good condition.
Secondary collection of MSW

In Gwalior city the disposal site is generally within 15 km of the collection points, hence, transfer stations are not in use and the
collection vehicle from the collection points to the disposal site directly hauls the MSW. There are total 796 vehicles used for
transportation and collection of the waste. A dumper placer and tractor carrier system is used to carry the large size of community
bins (4.5 m3 and 5.5 m3) containing MSW from its fixed point to the disposal site where it is unloaded mechanically by a
hydraulic arm. Then, the empty container is brought back from the disposal site to its original point. GMC has deployed nearly
1300 sweepers for collection of waste from waste bin/waste pile/waste heaps and for street sweeping. Sweepers between 6 A.M. to
11 A.M. carry out street sweeping. The average road length per sweeper is 500 km, the labour is provided with 25 trolleys and 750
handcarts No prescribed routes have been made yet; they lift the container as per their conformability and convenience as show in
fig 4.

Fig. 4: Waste collection system in Gwalior city

3.18 TRANSPORTATION AND DISPOSAL


Gwalior does not have a sanitary landfill for proper disposal of MSW. Presently waste is disposed off at LaxmanTalaiya dumping
site. During the visits and survey it was found that all waste is simply dumped at the site and to principle of sanitary land filling to
followed thus requiring large land area and creating nuisance in the neighboring area.
Treatment and processing
Presently there is no facility for processing and treatment of MSW except that some material is recycled through private vendors at
source or from dumping site. A compost pant of 120 TPD capacities was installed by M.P. State Agro Industries Development
Corporation but was closed in 2000 due to poor quality of compost.
Current practice of Solid Waste Management in Gwalior

For the solid waste management all the four functional elements i.e. storage and collection, transfer and transport, processing and
disposal have to be addressed.
The approach to solid waste management focuses on:
Segregation of waste at source or at transfer station to biodegradable, non- biodegradable, hazardous, construction/demolition,
bulky etc
Appropriate waste collection and storage
Transfer and transport of waste to or at transfer station (TS) or disposal site
Processing and treatment of MSW
minimizing the waste to be disposed by sanitary landfilling
Public-Private Partnership for economic sustainability and proper handling and management waste

Bioconversion of biodegradable waste to compost as to utilize its nutrient value


Revenue earning from recyclables, reusable waste; for sustainability of the project revenue should be earned through the sale of
recyclable and reusable material and the compost as well as charging the properness from the public.
Waste producers has to pay approach is to be followed.
System shall be reviewed after every five years as the solid waste is flexible and the life structural changes affect it.

3.19 CONCLUSIONS
The segregation of waste at source and promotion of recycling or reuse of segregated materials reduces the quantity of waste
and the burden on landfills, and provides raw materials for manufacturers.
The composition shows mostly organic matter (49.8%), so composting and vermin- composting is a good method for the
treatment and production of soil amendment.
The rapid increase in the quantities of MSW and the inability to provide daily collection service cause a nuisance and health
hazards in the city.
The study presents the current scenario of MSWM, which will be helpful in creating awareness among the people.
For slaughterhouse more vehicle are proposed, as the present is insufficient. For carcass disposal a carcass lifting vehicle and a
mobile incinerator is proposed.
For the effective implementation of the proposal IEC (information, education and communication) and training is necessary for
the sanitary workers and staff and also for the general public.

CHAPTER 4
IMPACT OF SWM (SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENMT) ON ENVIRONMENT

4.1 INTRODUCTION
A new computer based life cycle assessment model (EASE-WASTE) was used to evaluate a municipal solid waste system with the
purpose of identifying environmental benefits and disadvantages by anaerobic digestion of source-separated household waste and
incineration. The most important processes that were included in the study are optical sorting and pre-treatment, anaerobic
digestion with heat and power recovery, incineration with heat and power recovery, use of digested biomass on arable soils and
finally, an estimated surplus consumption of plastic in order to achieve a higher quality and quantity of organic waste to the biogas
plant. Results showed that there were no significant differences in most of the assessed environmental impacts for the two
scenarios. However, the use of digested biomass may cause a potential toxicity impact on human health due to the heavy metal
content of the organic waste. A sensitivity analysis showed that the results are sensitive to the energy recovery efficiencies, to the
extra plastic consumption for waste bags and to the content of heavy metals in the waste. A model such as EASE-WASTE is very

suitable for evaluating the overall environmental consequences of different waste management strategies and technologies, and
can be used for most waste material fractions existing in household waste.

4.2 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE


Whatever people call it, solid waste is a problem that must be properly managed. While it is generally understood that proper
waste management helps protect human health and the environment and preserve natural resources, many do not realize that solid
waste also impacts climate change. The manufacture, distribution, and use of productsas well as the disposal of the resulting
wasteall result in emissions of atmospheric gases called greenhouse gases that affect the Earths climate. When organic waste
decomposes in landfills and uncontrolled dumps, it produces methane, one of the major greenhouse gases contributing to climate
change. Waste generation increases with population expansion and industrialization. Countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa
account for nearly 40 percent of annual methane emissions from landfills, which is equal to 37 million metric tons of carbon
dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e) or the amount of air emissions from more than 102 million automobiles. You can reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, however, through proper solid waste management (for a more detailed explanation of the relationship
between climate change and solid waste, see the What is Integrated Solid Waste Management?

Solid waste should be managed through a number of activitieswaste prevention, recycling, composting, controlled burning, or
landfilling. Using a combination of these activities together in a way that best protects your community and the local environment
is referred to as integrated solid waste management (ISWM). An ISWM program can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
slow the effects of climate change. This folder and its accompanying fact sheets are designed for government officials,
nongovernmental organizations, and others involved in planning and communicating the benefits of ISWM programs. The fact
sheets will introduce you to important issues you will need to address in planning a successful ISWM program. These fact sheets
also assist you in planning an ISWM program by providing guidelines for recycling and composting, waste collection and
transport, and waste disposal (landfilling and combustion).
The following descriptions introduce and define the main activities classified under ISWM. WASTE PREVENTION Waste
preventionoften called source reductionmeans reducing waste by not producing it. Examples of waste prevention would

include purchasing durable, long-lasting goods and seeking products and packaging that are as free of toxic substances as possible.
It can be as simple as switching from disposable to reusable products, or as complex as redesigning a product to use fewer raw
materials or to last longer. Because waste prevention actually avoids waste generation, it is the preferred waste management
activity. Overall, waste prevention conserves resources, protects the environment, and prevents the formation of greenhouse gases.
RECYCLING Recycling makes use of materials that otherwise would become waste by turning them into valuable resources.
Recycling helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions, in part, by diverting waste from landfills. In some countries, a great deal of
recycling occurs before the waste reaches the landfill. Scrap dealers buy directly from households and businesses, wastepickers or
scavengers collect materials from waste bins, and waste collectors separate materials that can be sold as they load their trucks.
Governments can build on these practices by providing support to organize and improve recycling efforts. COMPOSTING
Another form of recycling is compostingthe controlled aerobic biological decomposition of organic matter, such as food scraps
and plant matter, into humus, a soil-like material. Compost acts as a natural fertilizer by providing nutrients to the soil, increasing

beneficial soil organisms, and suppressing certain plant diseases, thereby reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides
in landscaping and agricultural activities. Organic materials often comprise a large portion of the solid waste stream, particularly
in communities that rely heavily on tourism. Composting can be particularly helpful to communities managing their waste and
thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

4.3 COMBUSTION
Combustion is the controlled burning of waste in a designated facility to reduce its volume and, in some cases, to generate
electricity. Combustion is an ISWM option for wastes that cannot be recycled or composted, and is sometimes selected by
communities where landfill space is limited. While the combustion process can generate toxic air emissions, these can be
controlled by installing control equipment such as acid gas scrubbers and fabric filters in combustors. Combustion of solid waste
can help reduce amount of waste going to landfills. It also can reduce reliance on coal, one of the fossil fuels that produce
greenhouse gases when burned. LANDFILLING Uncontrolled dumping of waste can contaminate groundwater and soil, attract
disease carrying rats and insects, and even cause fires. Properly designed, constructed, and managed landfills provide a safe
alternative to uncontrolled dumping. For example, to protect groundwater from the liquid that collects in landfills (leachate), a
properly designed landfill has an earthen or synthetic liner. As waste decomposes, it emits methane, a greenhouse gas that can also

cause fires. To prevent fires, a properly designed landfill should have a way to vent, burn, or collect methane. Landfill operators
can also recover this methanethereby reducing emissionsand generate electricity from the captured gas.

4.5 INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMNET


This fact sheet provides an overview of options for managing solid waste, identifies the important issues you should consider
when planning for solid waste management, and describes the link between solid waste management and climate change. The
other fact sheets in this series include:
How To Establish Recycling and Composting Programs
What Are the Components of Waste Collection and Transport?
What Are the Options for Waste Disposal?

4.5 SOLIS WASTE MANAGEMENT IS A CHALLANGE


Waste generation increases with population expansion and economic development. Improperly managed solid waste poses a risk
to human health and the environment. Uncontrolled dumping and improper waste handling causes a variety of problems, including
contaminating water, attracting insects and rodents, and increasing flooding due to blocked drainage canals or gullies. In addition,
it may result in safety hazards from fires or explosions. Improper waste management also increases greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions, which contribute to climate change (for more information on climate change and the impacts from solid waste, see next
page). Planning for and implementing a comprehensive program for waste collection, transport, and disposalalong with
activities to prevent or recycle wastecan eliminate these problems.
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a comprehensive waste prevention, recycling, composting, and disposal program.
An effective ISWM system considers how to prevent, recycle, and manage solid waste in ways that most effectively protect
human health and the environment. ISWM involves evaluating local needs and conditions, and then selecting and combining the

most appropriate waste management activities for those conditions. The major ISWM activities are waste prevention, recycling
and composting, and combustion and disposal in properly designed, constructed, and managed landfills. Each of these activities
requires careful planning, financing, collection, and transport, all of which are discussed in this and the other fact sheets.
Waste Prevention
Waste preventionalso called source reductionseeks to prevent waste from being generated. Waste prevention strategies
include using less packaging, designing products to last longer, and reusing products and materials. Waste prevention helps reduce
handling, treatment, and disposal costs and ultimately reduces the generation of methane.
Recycling and Composting
Recycling is a process that involves collecting, reprocessing, and/or recovering certain waste materials (e.g., glass, metal, plastics,
paper) to make new materials or products. Some recycled organic materials are rich in nutrients and can be used to improve soils.

The conversion of waste materials into soil additives is called composting. Recycling and composting generate many
environmental and economic benefits. For example, they create jobs and income, supply valuable raw materials to industry,
produce soil-enhancing compost, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the number of landfills and combustion facilities.
Disposal (landfilling and combustion)
These activities are used to manage waste that cannot be prevented or recycled. One way to dispose of waste is to place it in
properly designed, constructed, and managed landfills, where it is safely contained. Another way to handle this waste is through
combustion. Combustion is the controlled burning of waste, which helps reduce its volume. If the technology is available, properly
designed, constructed, and managed landfills can be used to generate energy by recovering methane. Similarly, combustion
facilities produce steam and water as a byproduct that can be used to generate energy.

Integrated Solid Waste Management

Set achievable goals. While developing your ISWM plan, you should identify goals or objectives (e.g., protect human health,
protect water supplies, eliminate open dumping, increase recycling or composting). The ISWM plan will help guide you through
the implementation process. Do not neglect to ask for the communitys input in developing your plan, so as to ensure an informed
public and to increase public acceptance. Government plays an important role in developing and enforcing waste management
standards, providing funding, and managing day-to-day operations of solid waste management activities. Each level of
government may have responsibility in your ISWM plan: national governments typically set standards for solid waste
management; the state, provincial, or regional governments may help monitor and enforce these standards; and local governments
often play the primary role of managing solid waste activities on a daily basis. All levels may also provide funding for solid waste
management activities. Two primary costs must be considered in any waste management system: initial capital costs (to purchase
equipment or construct new facilities) and ongoing operations and maintenance costs. These costs can be funded in a number of
ways including private equity, government loans, local taxes, or users fees.

Operations of solid waste management activities. Each level of government may have responsibility in your ISWM plan: national
governments typically set standards for solid waste management; the state, provincial or regional governments may help monitor
and enforce these standards; and local governments often play the primary role of managing solid waste activities on a daily basis.
All levels may also provide funding for solid waste management activities. Two primary costs must be considered in any waste
management system: initial capital costs (to purchase equipment or construct new facilities) and ongoing operations and
maintenance costs. These costs can be funded in a number of ways including private equity, government loans, local taxes, or
users fees.

4.6 IMPLEMENTING AN ISWM PLAN


Once you have developed and written your solid waste management plan, you can begin to implement the various combinations of
waste management activities. Implementing an ISWM plan is an ongoing process, so expect to make adjustments to the plan along
the way. Always evaluate system inefficiencies and make adjustments to improve or expand solid waste management services.
Figure (on back page) illustrates how you can implement an ISWM plan. Some of these questions may have been answered
during development of the ISWM plan, but it is important to see how they fit into the comprehensive implementation process.
Equally important, it emphasizes the need to provide public education and keep the community involved in every step of the
process. Be flexible and creative when implementing your plan. If you are not making progress in a certain area, be prepared to
reevaluate components of your plan. It is helpful to keep in mind the ultimate goal of ISWM: to improve human health and protect
the environment.

4.7 RELATIONSHIP B/W CLIMATE CHANGE AND SOLID


The Earths atmosphere contains many types of gases, including those known as greenhouse gases, which hold in the suns
warmth (see text box). Scientists call this naturally occurring phenomenon the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases help
regulate global temperatures. Certain human activities such as burning fossil fuels and dumping solid waste, however, produce
additional greenhouse gases and upset the natural balance by raising global temperatures.
Greenhouse gas emissions are slowly changing the Earths climate. The Earth has already become slightly warmer in the past 100
years and will continue to become warmer. This could cause serious human health and environmental consequences because a
warmer climate may cause more frequent and severe heat waves, damage agriculture, and cause droughts in some places and
floods in others.

Even before a material or product becomes solid waste, it goes through a long cycle that involves removing and processing raw
materials, manufacturing the product, transporting the materials and products to markets, and using energy to operate the product.
Each of these activities has the potential to generate greenhouse gas emissions through one or more of the following means:
Energy consumption. Extracting and processing raw materials, manufacturing products, and transporting materials and products
to markets all generate greenhouse gas emissions by consuming energy from fossil fuels.
Methane emissions. When organic waste decomposes in landfills, it generates methane, a greenhouse gas.
Carbon storage. Trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, from the air and store it in wood through carbon sequestration.
Waste prevention and recycling of wood and paper products allow more trees to remain standing in the forest, where they can
continue to remove carbon dioxide from the air, which helps minimize climate change impacts. Different wastes and waste
management activities have varying impacts on energy consumption, methane emissions, and carbon storage. For example,
recycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions by preventing methane emissions from landfills or open dumps and by preventing the

consumption of energy for extracting and processing raw materials. Communities that are looking for ways to help prevent climate
change can start by implementing an integrated solid waste management program.

4.8 GREENHOUSE GASES


Some greenhouse gasessuch as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozoneoccur naturally in the
atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere when solid waste, fossil fuels
(oil, natural gas, and coal), and wood and wood products are burned. Methane is emitted during the production and transport of
coal, natural gas, and oil; the decomposition of organic wastes in municipal solid waste landfills; and by livestock. Nitrous oxide is
emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during the combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels. Each
greenhouse gas differs in its ability to trap heat in the atmosphere. Methane traps over 21 times more heat than carbon dioxide, and
nitrous oxide absorbs 310 times more than carbon dioxide. The higher the heat trapping potential of the gas, the greater the impact
on climate change. Efforts to decrease emissions of these gases help reduce climate change impacts.

Comprehensive Integrated Solid Waste Management Planning Process

4.9 ESTABLISH RECYCLING AND COMPOSTING PROGRAMS


This fact sheet describes the benefits of formal recycling and composting activities and provides steps on how you can incorporate
scavenging or wastepicking into formal recycling and composting programs. At the end of this fact sheet, a case study from Brazil
shows how businesses organized scavengers and wastepickers into successful recycling cooperatives. Recycling occurs informally
at landfills, uncontrolled dumps, and on streets. Scavengers or wastepickers often collect materials for reuse or sale without any
organization, supervision, or regulation. While scavenging or wastepicking can be very effective at reducing the amount of plastic,
glass, metal, and paper ultimately requiring disposal, pursuing these activities can be harmful to worker health. Incorporating
scavengers or wastepickers into organized or formal recycling programs can improve the quality of their working conditions and
the local environment. Composting can also improve local economies and the environmentby turning organic waste, which is a
large portion of many city waste streams, into a marketable product for urban and agricultural uses. Together, recycling and
composting can provide income, significantly reduce waste, and decrease greenhouse gas emissions.

4.10 BENEFITS OF FORMAL RECYCLING AND COMPOSTING PROGRAM


Recycling and composting activities, if organized properly by the local government, can generate many environmental and
economic benefits. For example, it can create jobs and income, supply valuable raw materials to industry, produce soil-enhancing
compost for agriculture, reduce the need to site or build more landfills and combustors, and prevent greenhouse gas emissions. An
organized approach to recycling and composting can also have many benefits for your community. Involving scavengers or
wastepickers in formal recycling activities can empower them, increase their income and reputation, and improve their quality of
life, health, and safety

4.11 STARTING OF FORMAL RECYCLING AND COMPOSTION PROGRAM


Establishing and managing formal recycling and composting programs requires significant local government time and resource
investments. However, these investments can save money in the long term by allowing governments to maximize existing
recycling and composting activities before making significant investments in collecting and transporting waste. To successfully
implement formal recycling or composting programs, governments will need to consider social, financial, institutional, and
regulatory issues. The following steps outline one possible approach for implementing a program.
Step 1. Plan and set goals. Set flexible goals and plans for your recycling and composting programs. As you follow each of the
steps and learn more about the communitys needs, adjust the plans to incorporate this information.
Step 2. Study the complete waste management system.
Evaluate the waste stream. What types and amounts of waste are generated and by whom?

Identify existing activities. Local governments should determine all waste recycling practices, including existing informal
practices such as scavenging or wastepicking, in addition to existing recycling groups such as cooperatives and micro-enterprises,
which are usually formed under the supervision of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). This information will help community
planners consider the recycling sectors requirements when they design an improved solid waste management system. Academic
institutions and NGOs might be able to help perform surveys or other studies to gather these critical data.
Determine possible markets or buyers. Who will purchase the materials?
Step 3. Work with the community.

Identify and meet with informal recycling groups, NGOs, and homeowners in cities. The local government should select a
coordinator to manage and work with wastepicking groups. The coordinator should first identify the various groups or individuals
active in recycling or composting, and then meet with leaders within those groups to discuss local issues. If more than one
recycling or composting group serves the community, the decision-makers should coordinate these groups activities by assigning
specific service locations to each group and setting guidelines for the types of waste they can recycle (e.g., paper, metals, glass,
food). Involving the local government in these activities could help provide stability for the scavengers or wastepickers work and
improve their quality of life.
Incorporate scavengers and wastepickers. The local government should discuss and determine how existing scavenging or
wastepicking activities and groups, such as cooperatives and micro-enterprises, could be incorporated into a formal waste
management system. Emphasis should be placed on the improved economic, health, and safety benefits scavengers and
wastepickers may experience under a more organized system. Step 4. Create a designated recycling or composting area. The local

government should designate areas within a waste disposal facility where sorting, recycling, and composting can occur. These
areas can be fixed or moveable to meet the scavengers or wastepickers needs (see text box). Any recycling or composting that is
being done at the landfill should be located away from the working surface of the landfill (i.e., where waste is being compacted
and covered) to protect the health and safety of scavengers or wastepickers. The local government should determine what
additional equipment might be necessary for a program and how the equipment will be provided.

Step 5.Develop operation standards.


The local government should develop standard operating procedures for the scavengers or wastepickers. Standard operating
procedures increase efficiency and help improve health and safety. Determining a time of day for groups to access a site is an

important consideration. Requirements such as use of safety equipment (e.g., gloves or masks) and worker identification (e.g.,
uniforms or badges) can also be included in standard operating procedures.
Step 6. Determine who is responsible for selling the recyclables or composted material. The government should determine whether
it will be involved in the sale of recyclables and compost, or if the landfill owner, workers, or cooperatives will interact with the
buyers. The governing agency also should establish an agreement with the recycling groups that clearly states how the profits from
selling recyclable or composted materials will be shared. Governments also need to determine if the compost will be available for
free or packaged for sale to farmers and other groups.
When designating a recycling or composting area, the government will need to consider the availability of space and financial
resources. Fixed recycling sites may include buildings and mechanized equipment for separating out recyclables. These help to
make recycling operations safer and cleaner. They do, however, require a higher capital investment and have increased operational
costs because the recyclable materials must be transported from the active area of the landfill to the recycling site. Mobile stations,

comprised of compartmentalized push carts, allow recycling groups to move from one disposal site to another. They are a cheaper
option, but might decrease the efficiency and safety of the recycling process. A composting area might simply involve neat piles of
organic wastes that are turned over by machine or rotated manually and watered frequently to help speed up the natural breakdown
of food and plant waste into a nutrient-rich compost. Watering also reduces the potential for material to be moved by wind. Formal
composting activities might include the use of windrows, organized rows of organic material that can be rotated manually or
with machines. Some governments may also find it useful to purchase a machine to shred fallen trees and landscape trimmings.
Regardless of how complex the composting activities are, it is important to monitor the organic breakdown of materials in order to
control odors, keep rodents out, and ensure a useful end product.
The success of these recycling and composting activities may affect other components of the integrated solid waste management
(ISWM) system. Keeping track of materials diverted from disposal will be useful to local governments considering new recycling
programs or construction of transfer stations, combustors, and landfills to manage solid waste.

4.12 OPTION FOR WASTE DISPOSAL


Many cities have no controlled system for waste disposal. Waste is either burned in pits, dumped in random locations, or disposed
of in uncontrolled dumps without any further management. All these actions harm public health and the environment. Controlled

waste disposal can help improve and protect the health of local populations and preserve valuable environmental resources, such
as groundwater and drinking water. You have two options for waste disposal: operate a properly designed, constructed, and
managed landfill or burn the waste in a controlled facility that converts waste to energy.

4.13 UNCONTRALLED DUMPING AND BURNING CARE


Most uncontrolled dumps are many years old, having grown over time from small dumps to large, unmanaged waste sites.
Uncontrolled dumps have significant environmental impacts. As the waste decomposes, it creates leachatea mix of toxic and

nontoxic liquids and rainwaterwhich may get into local water supplies and contaminate the drinking water. Uncontrolled dumps
also release gases that are explosive and flammable. In some instances, waste is burned at these dumps, which poses a direct safety
threat because of the danger of explosion. The air pollution created by burning harms local communities. Improper waste disposal
also produces greenhouse gases (GHGs), which contribute to climate change. In contrast, properly designed, constructed, and
managed landfills aim to prevent or minimize health and environmental impacts. They have liners and leachate collection systems
that protect groundwater, and gas collection systems that contain or safely burn methane from landfills.

4.14 PROPERLY DESIGND, CONSTRUCTED, AND MANGED


To protect human health and the environment, communities should discourage the use of existing open dumps and establish a
managed site for solid waste disposal. Safe, well-controlled waste placement distinguishes a landfill from an open dump. If you

want to provide a properly designed, constructed, and managed landfill in your community, you can either convert an existing
uncontrolled dump or construct a new landfill. Converting Existing Open Dumps to Properly Designed, Constructed, and
Managed Landfills Existing open dumps can be converted to landfills in three phases:
Phase 1: Convert open dumps to controlled dumps. The steps involved in this phase include:
(1) Covering exposed wastes with soil, sand, or clay;
(2) Installing passive gas vents to safely control methane emissions;
(3) Establishing rules for onsite scavenging or wastepicking; and
(4) Organizing wastepickers into recycling groups.

Phase 2: Convert controlled dumps to simple landfills During this phase, basic engineering techniques are gradually
employed to stabilize the waste and control environmental releases.
The waste is spread and compacted in layers and leachate is collected. At this point, scavenging or wastepicking activities should
be confined to areas of the landfill away from compaction areas and heavy equipment.
Phase 3: Transition from simple landfills to properly designed, constructed, and managed landfills.
Activities during this phase include: (1) developing formal engineering designs;
(2) providing daily onsite management by trained workers;
(3) placing waste in small working areas with daily cover;
(4) collecting and burning landfill gas; and
(5) installing liners and piping to collect and treat leachate.

4.15 ESTABLISHING A NEW PROPERLY DESIGNED, CONSTRUCTED, AND MANAGED LANDFILL


The process of developing a properly designed, constructed, and managed landfill can be divided into four steps:
Step 1: Selecting the site. Several factors should be considered when selecting a site for a landfill:

Geological factors. Landfills produce leachate when waste is exposed to rainwater while it is decomposing. If leachate leaks out
of the landfill, it can contaminate groundwater and drinking water. To protect local water supplies, the site must have a geology
that naturally prevents or limits the release of leachate to the environment. For example, locating the landfill in an area with clay
soilsthrough which water cannot flowwill provide this protection.
Distance to the location of the waste. The farther a landfill site is from the point where the waste is generated and collected, the
more waste transport costs. It is generally most cost-effective to use a site a relatively short distance away.

Landfill capacity. Determine how many years the landfill will be able to accept waste. Calculate the volume (or capacity) of the
landfill by using the following factors: amount of waste generated per person per year, population size, anticipated population and
economic growth, and the number of years the landfill will be in operation.
Areas to avoid. Landfills should not be located near airports, schools, drinking water sources, or flood-prone areas.
Step 2: Gaining public acceptance. Residents who live near the chosen landfill site may have concerns about its environmental and
health impacts. You can increase public acceptance by educating local residents and business owners about how the landfill will
benefit the community (e.g., by improving public health and safety, creating local jobs, and stimulating economic development).
You also can describe what steps will be taken to protect public health and the environment.

Step 3: Designing the landfill. Design requirements for a properly designed, constructed, and managed landfill include the
following:
Liners. Liners are used to prevent leachate from entering groundwater by keeping fluids within the landfill area. Liners must be
made of relatively impermeable material such as compacted soil or clay, synthetic materials (e.g., plastic), or a composite of
earthen and synthetic materials. They are placed in the bottom of a new landfill before disposing of any waste. Liners are
important for landfills located on sandy or other soils through which water can easily flow.
Leachate collection and treatment. In a properly lined landfill, leachate accumulates within the landfill. Therefore, the landfill
should include equipment to collect and divert the leachate from the landfill and treat it. Perforated piping, for example, can be
installed to collect the leachate and divert it to a nearby treatment facility (similar to a water treatment facility). Treated leachate
can then be safely released to the environment.

Gas collection and treatment Bacteria that are naturally present in landfills produce methane as they decompose and break down
the waste. Methane poses a danger because it is explosive and can start fires. In addition, methane from landfills and other sources
is harmful to the atmosphere and climate because it is a greenhouse gas. Therefore, monitoring the amount of and controlling
methane is very important. Typically, a system is installed to monitor, collect, and burn the gas. In some instances, power stations
can collect the gas and use it to generate electricity.
Cross-Section of a Typical, Properly Designed, Constructed, and Maintained Landfill
Step 4: Operating the landfill. A trained landfill manager should be hired to properly operate and manage the site. Before any
waste is disposed of, the manager should develop a plan to serve as the operational guide for the site. It should specify, in detail,

where on the site waste is to be placed, how the site will be operated, at what points the garbage will be covered by soil, and how
environmental problems (e.g., animals, litter, fires, gas, leachate) will be addressed. The plan also should provide details of
equipment, materials, and staff needed to operate the site; list the environmental agencys required monitoring and reporting
activities; and clearly describe when and how each part of the site will be covered and maintained once it has reached its capacity.
Burning Waste in a Controlled Facility Combustion, or the controlled burning of waste at high temperatures to produce steam and
ash, is another waste disposal option and an alternative to landfilling. Waste combustion reduces the volume of solid waste to be
disposed of by approximately 90 percent. This is especially attractive in crowded cities that do not have enough land available for
landfills. In addition, solid waste can provide a continuously available source for generating energy through combustion. When
steam-driven turbines convert the thermal energy from combustion into electrical energy, the process is called waste-to-energy
(WTE). Steam or hot water produced during combustion also may be sold directly for industrial processes or space heating, or it

may be used to generate chilled water for air conditioning. Selling the recovered energy or water in one of these forms helps offset
the high costs of construction and operation of waste combustion facilities, but it does not cover them entirely.

4.16 THE COMPONENTS OF WASTE COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT


Waste collection and transport systems often cannot handle the amount of waste generated by large cities with growing
populations. When this occurs, waste is disposed of in uncontrolled dumps or openly burned. This type of unmonitored and
uncontrolled waste disposal has negative consequences on human health and the environment. Improvements to waste collection
and transport can create jobs, decrease open dumping and burning, increase appeal for tourism, and significantly improve public
health. This fact sheet provides basic guidelines for planning waste collection and transport activities in cities. These guidelines
support an ongoing process of improvements to waste practices through integrated solid waste management (ISWM).

4.17 SOME GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING WASTE COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT


Careful planning is critical to utilizing resources efficiently and effectively. The plan should consider factors such as applicable
laws and regulations; whether a local or regional approach is most appropriate; available resources and costs; the types, amounts,
and locations of waste to be collected and transported; and public acceptance of these activities. The following guidelines can be
selectively considered during the planning process for waste collection and transport.
Review existing laws or regulations on waste collection, transport, and disposal. When designing a waste system, you should
determine whether existing national, state, provincial, regional, or local regulations provide adequate legal authority to establish a
waste collection, transport, and disposal system. For example, the regulations may specify vehicle types and sizes that can be used
for collection, road use limitations (what vehicles may travel on what roads and during what hours), and waste transport safety
requirements to reduce the potential harm and exposure to the public. If no such requirements exist in current regulations, the
national government may want to rewrite the regulation or address these issues in a national policy and/or decree.

Designate one agency to oversee waste collection, transport, and disposal. The local government should make one agency
responsible for waste collection, transport, and disposal. Having a single agency for this task will help eliminate potential overlap
and confusion among various government agencies.
Determine geographic scope of collection and transport services. Several local governments may consider combining resources
to create a regional collection and transport authority. This alternative is usually more cost-effective and may also reduce the need
to site several disposal facilities. If a regional authority approach is selected, communities need to agree on an overall budget and
source of funding, then determine how much funding each community will contribute to the program. Many communities also
have found they can decrease the cost and improve the quality of service by using private waste collection and transport
companies and even cooperatives or microenterprises, rather than providing this service themselves.

Determine funding, equipment, and labor needs. After the agency has been selected, you should determine how much labor,
equipment, and money to dedicate toward managing waste collection and transport. This decision should be based on at least a
basic knowledge of the types and amounts of waste, as well as distances traveled to the waste disposal site. Table 1 lists the
advantages and disadvantages of various collection and transport methods. Note that city and rural communities have very
different waste collection and transport needs. In rural areas, for example, the most economical method may be manual collection
from communal bins. In city areas with established roads, trucks may be used. Enclosed trash containers should be used whenever
possible to reduce infestation by insects and rodents. Other factors to consider include vehicle maintenance, frequency of
collection, cost of labor, and potential revenues.

Potential customers may include public housing, private residences, factories or other industrial facilities, construction and
demolition sites, office buildings and commercial establishments, and large public institutions such as universities, hospitals, and
prisons. In most countries, solid waste generated by a private business is paid for by the company.

Determine the type and amount of waste to be processed. You should identify the types of customers that will be served (see box
above). You then need to determine how much waste these customers currently generate, and estimate how much they expect to
generate in the future. Future generation rates can be determined by multiplying the following factors: amount of waste generated
per person per year, population size, anticipated population growth, and the Types of Solid Waste Customers Potential customers
may include public housing, private residences, factories or other industrial facilities, construction and demolition sites, office
buildings and commercial establishments, and large public institutions such as universities, hospitals, and prisons. In most

countries, solid waste generated by a private business is paid for by the company.number of years the landfill will be in operation.
Finally, you should determine what types of wastes are generatedhousehold wastes, bulky items, or construction and demolition
wastes. Note that waste composition may vary with climate, type of customer served, and the regions economy (e.g., more plant
or vegetation waste may be generated during the growing season).
This factor is especially important in tourist or resort areas, where the number of people and the amounts of waste tend to change
frequently.
Consider a transfer station. Facilities where waste is transferred from manual or small collection vehicles to larger vehicles
before being transported to disposal sites or landfills are called transfer stations. Transfer stations are necessary when disposal sites
are located far from the collection areas, or when several communities contribute to the same landfill or waste facility. Transfer
stations can also serve as a central location for activities to sort and recover waste.

Involve the public. To address the needs of the community, obtain and consider public input throughout the planning and
decisionmaking process. Obtaining public input also offers opportunities to educate the community about proper waste collection,
storage, and disposal. This will help ensure an effective solid waste management system.

Waste Collection and Transport Methods

CHAPTER 5
ADDITIONAL INVESTMENT REQUIRENMENT FOR EACH SERVICE FOR SWM

5.1 INTRODUCTION
Cities are at the nexus of a further threat to the environment, namely the production of an increasing quantity and complexity of
wastes. The estimated quantity of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated worldwide is 1.7 1.9 billion metric tons.2 In many
cases, municipal wastes are not well managed in developing countries, as cities and municipalities cannot cope with the
accelerated pace of waste production. Waste collection rates are often lower than 70 per cent in low-income countries. More than
50 per cent of the collected waste is often disposed of through uncontrolled landfilling and about 15 per cent is processed through
unsafe and informal recycling.
Establishing and improving facilities for collection, recycling, treatment and disposal for MSW management can be very costly.
For example, building and operating sanitary landfills and incineration plants require huge investments and incur substantial
operation and maintenance costs. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly difficult to find suitable locations for waste treatment
facilities due to the prevalence of the Not In My Backyard (NIMBY) attitude amongst communities. Meanwhile, if waste is
growing at 3-5 per cent a year and rural-urban migration increases a citys population at a similar rate, then a citys waste
generation will double every 10 years.

We live in a world of increasing scarcity. Raw materials from natural resources are limited, financial resources are often
insufficient, and securing land for final disposal is getting more difficult. Clearly, city authorities should set policy directions
aiming for resource efficient, recycle-based society if they are to provide a clean, healthy and pleasant living environment to its
citizens for current and future generations. Although waste management responsibilities primarily lie with cities and
municipalities, many of the successful cases in waste management involve a wide range of stakeholders in their implementation,
as can be seen in the case studies cited here. This gives a clear message to cities and municipalities that they should not try to do
everything by themselves. Rather, the key to success is to do what they are good at, and collaborate with other sectors in the
society, such as private sector, communities and in some cases.

5.2 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL


Transportation of Waste The quantity of waste transported is a function of the number of vehicles of each type, their capacity, and
the number of trips they make. For example if a city has 3 trucks with a capacity of 3 tons making two trips a day, the total waste
transported would be given as 18 tons. However, the actual waste transported could be 15 tons or any such figure. On the other
hand, if the waste is construction waste, then the weight would increase considerably. Also the number of trips is an average for
the year. The capacity of the vehicles must also be read with caution. The capacity of each vehicle given by the local government
is the designed capacity of the vehicle.
However, the waste that is loaded in each vehicle would vary considerably depending on how the loading is done and whether any
compacting takes place after loading. Often the trucks are loaded by head load and there is a lot of air with the material and so the
actual load is much less than the designed capacity. Also the domestic waste is more voluminous and so would fill up space much
faster than construction waste, so the actual weight transported is just an estimate. In the absence of weighbridges the local

governments just give an approximate figure for waste generation and collection. A case in point is Ahmedabad, where after the
installation of a weighbridge the actual waste collection and transportation figures fell significantly. This is also the reason why in
some cities the figures for waste generation and collection are very high or very low. The transportation vehicles are also often old
and may not be able to carry the designed load. Therefore, all the figures of waste generation, collection and transportation must
be taken as the best estimates provided by the local governments.
Primary waste collection is generally done by using wheelbarrows and tricycles. The waste collected through street sweepings is
heaped at various points and then transferred into dustbins. The waste from the dustbins and intermediate collection centres is
transported to the disposal point by waste transportation vehicles. Transportation of waste is generally done by vehicles owned by
the local governments or hired from private bodies. These vehicles include trucks, tractor-trolleys, power tillers, dumper placers,
compactors etc. The present survey indicates that in most urban centres only motorised vehicles are used for waste transportation

However, in some urban centres, particularly those that dump waste anywhere, non-motorised vehicles are also used for waste
transportation. These mainly include tri-cycle carts and animal drawn carts. Almost 20 Class I cities and 16 Class II towns in the
sample have reported use of nonmotorised mode of transport, along with motorized mode, for transporting waste.

5.3 SOLID WASTE GENERATION


Quantity Generated Per Day The total quantity of solid waste generated by almost 140.6 million people (1999) in the 298
responding urban centres amounts to over 60,823 MT per day (Table 4.2). In the countrys largest cities such as Delhi and Mumbai
the daily waste generation is as high as 6,000 metric tonnes (MT) while in some of the other sampled class II cities solid waste
generated is as low as 4 MT and 5 MT.
In over two-thirds (69%) of the sampled urban centres the average daily solid waste generation is less than 100 MT. Overall, the
total solid waste generation does not exceed 500 MT in about 92 per cent of the sampled urban centers (Appendix - III, Table C-2).
The variations in the quantity of waste generated in cities depends upon the population size of the city, the floating population, the
income levels of the population, the economic activities, the cultural habits of people, and so on.
The present survey indicates that 100 per cent collection of waste has been achieved in only about one-third (32%) of the sampled
cities. In 5 per cent of the sampled cities less than 50 per cent of waste generated is collected. The waste collection efficiency is

better in metropolitan cities, where 91 per cent of the daily waste generated is collected, than in the Class I cities and Class II
towns where 85 per cent and 75 per cent respectively of the daily waste generated is collected.

5.4 COLLECTED WASTE FREQUENCY


Collection Frequency In most cities waste is collected once or twice daily i.e., street sweeping and collection. In 57 per cent of the
sampled urban centers waste is collected once a day while in about 37 per cent of the sampled urban centres the collection is twice
a day. A small percentage of cities have reported lesser frequency of waste collection such as on alternate days, twice weekly and
weekly.

5.5 REVENUE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE


Revenue Receipts Solid waste management is a service that is low on revenue generation. The service either generates no revenue
or the revenue generated is not very significant. No direct revenue accrues from this service except in a few urban centers.
Revenue from the service mainly comes in the form of tax, which is a certain percentage of the property tax. However, only 42
urban centres in the sample have reported revenue from sanitation tax, sanitation cess or conservancy tax. A small number of cities
have reported revenue receipts from sale of compost. Nearly 71% of the sampled cities have not reported any revenue receipts
from the service. The expenditure incurred on the service has to, therefore, be met from the general revenues of the local
government.

5.6 REVENUE EXPENDITURE ANALYSIS OF EXPENDITURE


On solid waste management is made difficult by the method of keeping accounts by various local governments. While
expenditure on salary and wages is relatively easy to obtain, expenses on heads such as consumables and vehicle repairs are often
clubbed together with other expenses. Management of municipal solid waste generally consumes a large share of the total
municipal expenditure. The share of this service as a percentage of the total municipal budget is known to be as high as 50 per
cent. The present survey indicates that the expenditure on solid waste management forms an average of 18 per cent of the total
municipal budget of the responding urban centres. The share of expenditure on establishment is very high on this service as
municipal solid waste management is a labour intensive service. On an average, the expenditure on establishment forms over fourfifths of the total expenditure on the service. More than two-thirds (73%) of the responding urban centres spend over 75 per cent
of their solid waste management expenditure on establishment.

5.7 PER CAPITA REVENUE RECIPTS


Solid waste management is a service from which user charges are not recovered by the local government. The cost recovery, to
whatever extent, is based on tax/ cess. Therefore, it should come as no shock that, on an average, only Rs. 10.1 per capita per
annum is recovered from the service. In almost one-third of the responding urban centres the recovery is less than Rs. 0.25 per
capita per annum.

5.8 PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE


In the sampled cities, the average per capita expenditure on the service is Rs. 121 per annum. The average per capita expenditure
in metropolitan cities on the service is Rs. 156 per annum while it is Rs. 87 and Rs. 86 in sampled Class I cities and Class II towns
respectively. Since there are no norms available for per capita expenditure on municipal solid waste management, it is difficult to
know whether the per capita amount spent by the municipal bodies is sufficient to maintain and improve the service.

5.9 COST RECOVERY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT


In India, does not generate significant revenues in most urban centers while the expenditure levels are usually very high. The cost
recovery in this service is, therefore, very low and averages a low 7 per cent for the sample. The average revenue from solid waste
management service is a low Rs. 10.12 per capita per annum while the expenditure on the service averages Rs. 140.63 per capita
per annum. Therefore, a deficit of Rs. 130.51 per capita per annum has to be covered by the general revenues of the local
governments The cost recovery from solid waste management service needs to be improved in order to provide better quality
service to the people. Introduction of user charges for door-to-door collection can improve cost recovery from the service.
Involving private sector, NGOs and community-based organizations can reduce the expenditure on the service and help improve
the finances of the local government.

5.10 ADDITIONAL INVESTMENT REQUIREMENT


The coverage of population by the SWM service in the present survey is 95 per cent in the sampled urban centres. Covering 100
per cent of the population by the service would require extending the service to the presently uncovered population and covering
the population that would be added in the coming years. The present study gives the additional capital investment requirements for
covering 100 per cent of the population by the SWM service for the years 2002, 2007, 2012, 2017, and 2022 by the different size
class of cities.
For projecting the additional capital investment requirements the following were required:
a) the total urban population projected till the year 2022 at five year intervals starting 2002 A.D. for which the Registrar General
of Indias population projection has been used;
b) the division of projected urban population by size class of cities for different years (Table);

c) the present coverage of population by the service by size class of urban centers;
Year and Class Wise Projection of Population

YEAR
1991
1999
2002

METRO
23.00
64099850
69340170

I
33.67
93836607
10150797

II
13.33
37150044
40187151

III
16.35
45566633
49291817

IV
9.77
27228502
29454498

V
3.43
9559239
10340730

VI
0.45
1254128
1356656

TOTAL
100
278695000
301479000

2007
2012
2017

9
79113330 115815036 45851334
89579940 131137243 51917417
101110092 14801638 58599892

56239259
63679653
71876087

33605967
38052001
42949808

11798205
13359095
15078592

1547870
1752651
1978241

343971000
389478000
439609094

2022

2
114164910 16712750

81156360

48495268

17025463

2233661

496369174

66166011

5.11 ASSUMPTIONS MADE FOR CALCULATING INVESTMENT

The Census of Indias publication (1996) titled Population projection for India and the states 1996-2016 projects
the population till the year 2016. Thereafter, for projecting the population till the year 2022, the annual growth
rate of urban population during 2015-2016 (2.46% per annum) has been used as a constant. The percentage of
population living in different size class of towns has been kept constant at 1991 level for projections till the year
2022. Such an assumption was necessitated due to the absence of any projection of population by size class of
towns available from the Registrar Generals office. To calculate the backlog of population not covered by SWM
service in 1999, the results of the present survey on coverage have been used for metropolitan cities, Class I cities
and Class II towns. However, since the study does not cover the other size classes of towns (barring the capital
towns) the coverage figures for Class II towns have been used as proxy for classes III to VI. The additional
population to be covered in different years by size class has been arrived at by subtracting the latter years

population by the previous one. The backlog population to be covered in 1999 has been calculated by the
population not covered till 1999, which has been taken from the present survey.

5.12 PROJECTED ADDITIONAL INVESTMENT REQUIRENMENTS

The calculation of additional investment requirements has been done by using the per capita costs given by the Planning
Commission (Task Forces on Housing and Urban Development, 1983). The per capita cost estimates available are for primary
collection, transportation and disposal.
Municipal solid waste service at present covers 95 per cent of the population, on an average, in the sampled urban centres. The
backlog population to be covered by the service was about 263 million in 1999. In order to extend this service to the presently
uncovered population, and to the additional population to be added till the end of 2022, an amount of Rs. 3953.79 crores at 199899 prices (based on Task Forces per capita cost estimates) will need to be invested during 1999-2022 period. In annual terms an
investment of Rs. 171.90 crores will be needed to cover the uncovered and additional population by the service between 1999 and
2022.
Regardless of the method of estimation, financing an investment of this magnitude will require resource mobilization from nongovernmental sources. Encouraging private sector participation in waste recovery programmes, mobilizing community based

organizations and NGOs to take up primary waste collection activities and finding new revenue sources (such as fines) in this
sector will help to reduce the financial burden on the government and improve the delivery of this service.

CHAPTER 6
PROBLEM SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION

6.1 PROBLEM

1. Solid waste management project is going on, in ten cities in India and Gwalior is one of them.
2. The present study is limited to Gwalior only hence it is not necessary that the results are applicable to others cities.
3. Solid waste management is limited to house hold garbage and urban waste.

6.2 SUGGESTION

1. The average coverage of population by solid waste management is 92 per cent in the sampled urban centres.
2. The average per capita waste generation in the sample is 433 grams per day. The per capita waste generation is the highest in
metropolitan cities with 500 grams per day followed by Class I cities with 377 and class II towns 297 grams waste generation per
capita per day.
3. The total waste generated in the 298 responding cities and towns is 60823 MT per day, of which 7318 MT of waste gets left
uncollected daily. This gives a waste collection efficiency of 88 percent. The waste collection efficiency reduces with city size.
Metropolitan cities collect an average of 91 per cent of the waste generated daily while the collection efficiency is 85 per cent in
Class I cities and 75 per cent in Class II towns.
4. Hospital waste is collected separately in only 22 per cent of the urban centres; in 77 per cent hospital waste is still collected
along with municipal waste.

5. Even in urban centres where hospital waste is collected separately, no treatment is given to this waste in about 29 per cent of
such cities.
6. The most prevalent method of waste disposal is crude/ open dumping. Almost three-fourths of the urban centres resort to this
method for waste disposal. Landfill is the main method of waste disposal in 11 per cent of the urban centres (most common in
metropolitan cities) while composting is the main method in 12 per cent of the urban centres.

6.3 CONCLUSION

The status of solid waste management needs to be improved considerably in urban India. While the coverage by the service, which
indicates only the reach of the agency, but not the quality of service delivered, is fairly high at 92 per cent of the total population,
the service delivery needs improvement. The waste collection efficiency in smaller cities and towns needs even more improvement
as these urban centres lack sufficient staff and waste transportation vehicles. They also lack vehicle maintenance facilities and
funds to keep the waste transportation vehicles in good order to lift waste efficiently and regularly. One of the areas that need
immediate and urgent attention is the disposal of waste. With three-fourths of the waste being dumped crudely, the quality of urban
environment is deteriorating rapidly. Landfill sites need to be identifed and developed on a priority basis and waste treatment
facilities (e.g. composting) need to be developed on scientific lines. Decentralisation of waste management, wherever possible,
should be resorted to in order to reduce the quantity of waste that needs to be transported and also the land requirement for waste
treatment. Waste segregation at source and recycling of waste should be encouraged. Waste reduction and recycling should be
promoted at the household and neighbourhood level. Hospital waste should not be allowed to be mixed with municipal waste, as is

happening in most cities and towns today. The provisions of the Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
should be implemented and action taken in case of non-compliance. Privatisation of activities under solid waste managment must
be encouraged. Although only 65 sampled urban centres have involved private sector in waste management, the cost savings have
been encouraging in some cities. These experiences must be studied in detail and replicated wherever possible, particularly in
cities/towns where there is shortage of staff and the coverage by the service is not full.
Solid waste management is a service that is expenditure heavy with very meager revenues, if at all there is any revenue from the
service. Cost recovery from the service, at present, is dismal with only a fraction of the expenditure on the service being
recovered. The per capita per day expenditure on the service is only about Rs. 0.33 paise. Expenditure norms, based on
performance norms, should be fixed in order to guide the local governments in improving the quality of service provided.154
Since there is no separate account maintained for solid waste management, it is difficult to assess the financial condition of the
service and suggest improvements. The revenue generated from the service, through taxes, though not very significant, is

deposited in the general revenue account of the local body and the expenditure too is made from the general revenue account.
Efficiency and cost savings cannot be instituted or financial discipline brought in unless the accounting system is improved.
Improving the accounting should also be taken up on a priority basis by local governments to bring about cost savings and revenue
improvements in the service.
At the same time, new sources of revenue in solid waste management such as fine for littering, user charges for bulk waste
generators and other commercial establishments, user charges for domestic waste collection (door-to-door) and levying of tipping
fees should be considered by local governments for improving revenue from this service. Additional funds required for investment
in solid wast Additional funds required for investment in solid waste managment to cover 100 per cent of the population by the
service cannot be financed by the government alone. Resource mobilization from private sector and financial institutions must be
explored for improving solid waste managment in urban areas of the country.
REFERENCES

Books
1) Solid Waste Management by Mr.P.U.Asanani, India Infrastructure Report, 2006
2) Indian Infrastructure Vol 11, Issue no 7, February 2009
3) 11Th Plan Document VOL II, Social Sector
4) PPP in Water, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management--Presentations by Ernest & Young on
11th November, 2008 at CII Urban Conclave, New Delhi
5) Background Paper for Meeting of NDC on Urbanization, Ministry of Urban Development
6) Solid Waste Mgt Part -I, Background Paper, 12th Finance Commission by IPE (P) LTD
7) Presentation by RAMKY ENVIRO ENGINEERS LTD
8) Solid Waste MGT Part-II, Background Paper, 12th Finance Commission by IPE (P) LTD
9) Union Health Ministry Report, 2004.<http://www.agapeindia.com/indiapopulation.htm>.

10) CPHEEO. Manual on municipal solid waste management. New Delhi: Central ublic Health and Environmental Engineering
Organisation, Ministry of Urban Development; 2000.
11)CPCB. Central Pollution Control Board.Management of Municipal Solid Wastes, New Delhi, India; 2002.
12) Bhinde AD. Strategies for improvement of urban solid waste management in India. New Delhi: Touchstone Publishers and
Printers; 1999.
13) Sharholy M, Ahmad K, Vaishya R, Gupta R. Municipal solid waste characteristics and management in Allahabad, India.
Waste Management 2007; 27(4):4906.

Websites
- www.greenpeace.org

- www.cs.cmu.edu
- www.gdrc.org
- www.indiatogether.org
- www.apec-vc.or.jp

ANNEXTURE

Questionnaire
The objective of this questionnaire is to get opinion of various category of staff and stakeholders regarding training needs to
enhance their skills for improving the SWM systems. The interviewee is requested to fill this form carefully and give his inputs to
help designing of the course content of training modules.
The interviewee is requested to fill this form carefully and give his inputs to help designing of the course content of training
modules.
1. General Information
1.1. Name of the Urban Local Body
1.2. Name & Designation of the Respondent/s

1.3.

Address

..

Contact
details
1.4. Academic Qualification (please mention the highest class/degree/diploma).

1.5. Number of years of Experience .

2. Job Responsibilities as regards to SWM in the city 2.1 In your present position, how much time you devote for carrying work
related to Solid Waste Management. (Indicate time in %ages)


2.2 In your present position, what are your responsibilities for Solid Waste Management?

SR NO

ACTIVITY

PLEASE TICK AS
APPROPRIATE

Planning & Scheduling


2.3. Which are the steps you are

Budgeting, Costing and other Financial

Aspects
Field Supervision

involved with in managing Solid Waste


Management in your city. Please tick
appropriate and specify.

Coordination & Meetings


1) Storage at source, Segregation and

Technical & Engineering Aspects

Training & Capacity Building

Primary collection
2) Cleanliness and Sweeping

Communication

3) Secondary Storage and Transportation


of waste
4) Treatment, Processing and Disposal of Waste

3. Awareness, Knowledge to MSWM Rules Manual on SWM


3.1. How aware are you of Municipal Solid Waste Management & Handling Rules, 2000, notified by Ministry of Environment &
Forests, Government of India? Fully aware (1) Partially Aware (2) Not Aware (3)
3.2. Are you aware of the manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management published by CPHEEO, Ministry of Urban
Development & Poverty Alleviation, and Government of India? Fully aware (1) Partially Aware (2) Not Aware (3)

3.5. What are your suggestions for improving the further compliance to MSWM rules in the city? Please tick as you feel
appropriate
1) Privatization of SWM Services
2) Betterment of primary collection
3) Improvement of Secondary Storage/ Transfer Stations
4) Improvement of Transportation system

5) Setting up composting, waste to energy plant


6) Establishing sanitary landfill
7) Improvement of cost recovery mechanisms
8) Betterment of enforcement mechanisms
9) Recycling of waste
10) Institutional Strengthening & Financial Reforms
11) Training & Capacity Building of staff
12) Enhancing Community/NGO/CBO participation
13) Better coordination and reporting mechanisms Any otherPlease add

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