Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Raft Foundations
1.1 Definition:
These are used to spread the load of the super structure over a large base to reduce the load per
unit area of being imposed on the ground and this is particularly useful where low bearing
capacity soils are encountered and where individual column loads are heavy.
2.2 Types
2.2.1 Solid Raft
Consists of reinforced concrete raft of uniform thickness over the whole area simple to design
and construct but can be wasteful in amount of concrete used.
Solid slab rafts are suitable for lightly loaded structures such as small houses.
A solid slab raft consists of a reinforced concrete slab, usually slightly larger than the area of the
building. Reinforcement in the form of a mesh fabric is provided on both the top and bottom
faces of the slab
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QUESTION TWO:
BACK GROUND
The information included herein was collected from two different sites. Site Number one
belonged SENANA DEVELOPERS, the site is located at Buganda Road opposite Watoto
Church Central (KPC). It is a commercial development of a Shopping Mall and the client
SENANA.
The site is in the primary stages, with the foundations, first basement slab and second slab
including the columns and retaining wall erected. On the second basement slab where we were
taking photos for this report, the retaining wall was being erected including the formwork for the
ramp to the ground floor were being erected. The attendance at all trades was well represented.
The entire site was hoarded off with G32 iron sheets and had three gates; one at Kyaggwe Road,
and two at Buganda Road. The site office was located at the eastern side of Kyaggwe Road. The
kitchen and mess for workers had been erected on the western part of the site.
Because of the nature of the site, we could not get hold of the details of the foundation though
the care taker told us that the foundation used was a wide strip reinforced foundation, with
16T32 Bars for topping and bottoms for the foundation footings.
The columns were of mechanically vibrated concrete, 800mm in diameter reinforced with 8T25
R8 links placed at 200mm C/c.
Marin plys were being used for formwork soffits to slab formwork and sides of beams and
rectangular columns: steel formwork (moulds) was being used for circular columns. 4X2
Timber was being used for head trees and Eucalyptus Gum poles were used for propping.
Different nail sizes of 2 inch, 3inch, 4inch, 5inch and 6inch, were used for joining the formwork
members.
Scaffolding was mainly dependant type, of gum poles. Temporary ramps of kirundu (12X1)
supported with gum poles were being used for access to higher places.
Materials were being damped on different points on the slab: for example steel bars, sand,
aggregates, boards and timber.
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There were two mixers present at site, one container for storage of valuables, temporary shade to
house the kitchen and mess for workers had been erected.
SITE No. 2
PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF INTER UNIVERSITY COUCIL FOR EAST AFRICA
HEAD QUARTERS AT SEZIBWA ROAD KYAMBOGO
The site is located right behind kyambogo, 2KM from Ntinda, 1km from Kabakas palace at the
Northern gate.
The main contractor is China Nanjing, project duration is 1year. The consultants are Symbion
Uganda LTD (Project Managers), Dudley Kasibante and Partners (Quantity Surveyors), MultiKonsults (Mechanical and Electrical Engineers) and Kaburu Okello Consulting Engineers
(Structural Engineers).
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Accommodation Considerations ~ number and type of site staff anticipated, calculate size and
select units of accommodation and check to ensure compliance with the minimum requirements
of the Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996, select sitting for offices to
give easy and quick access for visitors but at the same time giving a reasonable view of the site,
select sitting for mess room and toilets to reduce walking time to a minimum without impeding
the general site circulation and/or works in progress. At the extreme left neighboring Buganda
road flats were temporary shades for the site kitchen and a resting shade for the operatives.
While at site No.2 a fully functional temporary accommodation was put in place including the
guard house, site office, toilet, rest rooms were erected.
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Figure
3.a: Shows Kitchen shade and Rest shade for Site No.1 and Figure 3.b Shows the Guard House at
Site 2
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Temporary Services Considerations ~ what, when and where are they required? Possibility of
having permanent services installed at an early stage and making temporary connections for site
use during the construction period, coordination with the various service undertakings is
essential. The site actual have such temporary services like internet installed except water and
electricity for works had been installed and functional at site.
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Fencing and Hoarding Considerations ~ what is mandatory and what is desirable? Local
vandalism record, type or types of fence and/or hoarding required, possibility of using fencing
which is part of the contract by erecting this at an early stage in the contract.
The site foreman told us that before commencement of all the works, a gauge 32 iron sheet
nailed onto 100mm x 50mm timber railing on 75mm diameter gum poles, hoarding had to be
erected around the Two Sites.
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Sizing Example ~ Office for site agent and assistant plus an allowance for 3 visitors.
Assume an internal average height of 2.400.
Allow 3.7m2 minimum per person and 11.5m3 minimum per person.
Minimum area = 5 x 3.7 = 18.5m2
Minimum volume = 5x 11.5 = 57.5m3
Assume office width of 3.000 then minimum length required is
=
57.5 57.5
=
3 x 2.4 7.2 =8.000
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requirements apply and the numbers of persons on site were established by the Construction
Regulations of1996.
First Aid box at office shade, disclaimer stickers, Stand by van was present at site 2: also dust
screens were placed on the scaffold all round to protect operatives from falling debris and dust.
At site1 these considerations were not being catered though the foreman told us they have Health
and Safety meetings twice a week.
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TYPE OF FOUNDATION:
Site 1: Wide Strip Foundation
The tensile reinforcement that is cast within the concrete base allows the width of the foundation
to be increased and the loads to be distributed over a greater area: Loads are distributed over a
greater area reducing the load per unit area.
After the excavation of the basement which was at a depth of 20metre, the trenches for the strip
foundations were set out using pegs, strings, nails, profiles, plumb bob, builders square and
dumpy level.
Positions for the strip trenches (1200mm wide) were marked and nailed on the profile boards.
With strings tied on the front nails subsidiary lines for trenches were then transferred for the rest
of the trenches to other nails on profile. Sand was then used to mark out the extent of the
trenches and pick axes were then used to excavate the trenches. Excess soil was the removed
from trenches, hipped and then transported to designated areas.
A blinding 50mm thick, of mix 1:3:6 was mixed and poured into the trench to produce a firm
base. Reinforcement bars of 2X32T25 were bend and linked with R8 tied with binding wire put
on the hardened blinding while maintaining concrete cover of 25mm using spacer blocks.
Concrete of mix 1:1.5:3 was then poured in strips
Site 2: Pad Foundation
Pad Foundations ~ suitable for most subsoil except loose sands, loose gravels and filled areas.
Pad foundations are usually constructed of reinforced concrete and where possible are square in
plan.
Construction Procedure
Pits of 1200mmx1200mmx1500mm were excavated and soil cut away and a base box
(formwork) of 300mmx25mm was fabricated and secured in place for the pad concrete. A
blinding of mix 1:3:6 was cast in pits and left to harden. T12 bars were then cut to size to make
the base and tied using binding wire. 6T16 bars spaced at 150mm C/C for columns were and R8
reinforcements were cut to size for the links and tied using binding wire. Concrete of mix 1:2:4
was then poured and mechanically vibrated using a poker.
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3. SCAFFOLDING
Scaffolds ~ these are temporary working platforms erected around the perimeter of a building or
structure to provide a safe working place at a convenient height. They are usually required when
the working height or level is 1.500 or more above the ground level.
All scaffolds must comply with the minimum requirements and objectives of the Work at Height
Regulations 2005
SITE 1: Put Log Scaffolding
The type of scaffolding was dependent scaffolding: consisting of Eucalyptus standards, braces,
ledges, handrails and 12x1 inch timber platforms fastened using nails.
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4. RAMPS
The ramp was made of tubular pipes fastened using couplers and propped at intervals. A slope of
150 was then allowed to ease movement of operatives.
The platform was made of boards joined with nails and fastened on the joists using bolts.
Figure 16: Shows a Ramp at Site 2 used to access the Roof of the Power house.
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CHALLENGES
1. Accessibility to site since most contractors wanted a written introduction letter from the
University.
2. The Sites were at different stages of Construction and therefore some information could
not be got.
3. The design of the site visited could not allow for exploration of all the necessary
information.
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REFERENCES
1. Handbook for Construction by R. Chudley
2. Advance Construction Technology By Professor Chris Gorse licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share Alike License
3. Internet
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