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Knowledge :
1. Any motion that repeats itself in equal intervals of time is called a periodic motion.
2. If a particle in a periodic motion moves back and forth over the same path, we call the
motion oscillatory or vibratory.
3. Some examples of periodic motion are the oscillation of the balance wheel of watch, a
violin string, a mass attached to a spring, a simple pendulum , a vibrating saw blade and
air molecules as a sound wave passes by.
a
4. Wave motion is due the vibration of particles from their rest position.
5. Several terms to describe a wave:
A blade
a. Wavelength ( ) , the distance between two adjacent points of the same phase
on a wave.
Wavelength ,
Crests
Equilibrium
position
a
trough
s
waves
6. Waves are carries of energy. They transfer energy from one location to another. The
energy is represent by the amplitude of the wave.
Example :
When we throw a stone into a pond, a ripple spreads out in an
expanding circle from the source of disturbance. The energy of the
stone is converted to waves. A cork floating a distance away will move
up and down when the ripples passes it. Thus the ripple transfer
energy from the stone to the cork
Direction of
vibration
waves
b. Longitudinal waves
Waves where the vibration of the medium is parallel to the direction of
propagation of the wave
Direction of propagation of the wave
Direction of the vibration
rarefaction
compression
8. Examples of transverse waves are water waves, radio waves, microwaves and etc. While
sound waves is a longitudinal waves.
9. The relationship between f and T is T
1
f
or
T is inversely proportional to f
1
T
10. The swing of a simple pendulum is always used to illustrate some of terms waves.
waves
T simple pendulum
2 l
where l = length of the pendulum and g = 10ms -1
g
1
T
When the bob is displaced to one side, the bob will gain potential energy, Ep
where :
o
and when the bob is released to let it oscillates , the potential energy will transform to
kinetic energy , Ek , where
Ek
1
2
mv 2
11. Many of oscillating bodies do not move back and forth between precisely fixed limit. The
bob will stop after a long period of time. We call this phenomenon as damping. Damping
is caused by frictional force dissipate the energy of the motion.
12. Waves has speed. For example, the speed of sound waves is about 330 ms -1 and the speed
of light is 3.0 x 108 ms-1. The speed of wave can be determine by v
o
waves
Straight waves
produced by a
bar
Direction of propagation
of wave
A bar
( source)
Straight waves
wavefronts
or
A round
dipper as the
source of the
wave.
Circular waves
Direction of propagation of
wave.
16. Water waves have crests and troughs. A crest is the highest position of the wave, whereas
a trough is the lowest position. The crest act as a convex lens while the trough act as a
concave lens.
17. In a ripple tank, light rays from the lamp on top will focus onto the white screen below.
The bright lines correspnd to the crest, and the dark line correspond to the troughs.
waves
distance
time
T
Example 1 :
Figures below shows the displacement-distance graph and displacement-time graph of a
wave travelling from left to right.
Displacement /
cm
20_
0_
Distance
(m)
-20_
3m
Displacement /
cm
20_
0_
Time/s
-20_
1.2 s
Determine :
waves
a.
The amplitude, a
20 .0 cm
b.
The wavelength ,
2.0 m
c.
The period , T
0.48 s
d.
The frequency , f
f
e.
1
= 2.08 Hz
T
f = 4.16 ms-1
Example 2
Figure shows a long spring along which a longitudinal wave is moving
ii.
iii.
Mark on the diagram a distance equal to the wavelength of the wave and
label this distance as
waves
Example 3
Figure below shows water waves being generated by a linear dipper oscillating in a ripple
tank with a deep area and a shallow area.
Shallow area
dipper
Deep area
a.
State two changes when the wave enters the shallow are
1. wavelength becomes smaller
2. amplitude becomes bigger
b.
of the waves in the deep area is 4.0 cm and the wavelength of the waves in the
shallow area is 3.0 cm, calculate :
i.
f = 20 cms-1
3
4
20 = 15 cms-1
Example 4
Each line in the diagram below is a crest line
waves
Example 5
The diagram shows a wavefront pattern produced by a dipper vibrating at a frequency of
12 Hz in a ripple tank
dipper
6 cm
20. If a periodic force is applied to a swing as its natural frequency, the amplitude of the
swing increases as the energy of the swing increases. The swing is said to be in
resonance.
21. At resonance the swing oscillates with a maximum amplitude.
waves
Reflection of waves
Incident
wavefronts
i
r
normal
Reflected
wavefronts
Example 1
The diagram shows a light ray reflected on a plane mirror
300
waves
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Refraction of waves
normal
Incident ray
air
wate
r
Refracted ray
The angle between the incident ray and the normal is called the angle of incidence, i
The angle between the refracted ray and normal is called the angle of refraction , r
When a wave passes through two medium with two different speed , the wave will bent
( if i 00 )
This phenomenon is called as refraction.
Refraction is due to the change in the speed of wave when traveling from one medium
to another medium
The wave will refracted away the normal if it passes through a low speed medium to
high speed medium and vice versa
i.
Less dense high speed ; dense low speed ( for light waves )
ii.
Deep water high speed ; Shallow water low speed ( for water waves )
iii.
waves
11
Example 1
Complete the diagram below to show refraction when a plane water wave is passing through a
shallow area
Deep area
Shallow area
Example 2
The diagram shows a plane water wave in a ripple tank moving across a convex transparent
block. Complete the diagram to show refraction when the plane water wave is passing through
the convex shallow area
Example 3
Complete the diagram below to show refraction when a plane water wave is passing through a
concave shallow area
waves
12
Diffraction of waves
1. Diffraction of waves is a phenomenon when a wave is pass through an opening or around
an obstacles
2. v, f dan are remains constant in diffraction
3. The amount of diffraction ( the sharpness of the bending ) increases with increasing
wavelength
4. In fact, when the wavelength of the waves is smaller than the width of the obstacles, there
is less noticeable diffraction
Example 1
waves
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Interference of waves
1. Interference is a phenomenon when two waves meet while travelling along the same medium
2. Ripples riding higher on the surface of the sea near a boat. Water waves move towards the
side of the boat and are reflected back. The incident waves and the reflected waves are
superposed. This phenomenon is called interference . It can be explained by the principle of
superposition.
Principle of superposition of waves
1. The principle state that : When two waves interfered , the resulting of displacement of the
medium at any location is the algebraic sum of the displacements of the individual
waves.
2. At the moment when two crests or two troughs are completely superposed, the resulting
shape of medium will be a crest or a trough with amplitude 2a.
2a
2a
Calm water.
waves
14
waves
15
10. Interference of light can be produced by passing light through a double slit. An
interference pattern consisting of alternate bright and dark fringes can be seen on a
distance screen. These alternate bright bands is called as interference fringes.
11. Formula used in interference is
ax
where
D
Diagram to show ,
a,
Example 1
The diagram shows an arrangement in Youngs double slide experiment to show the
interference of light.
screen
Double slit
Laser light
D= 1.2 m
The wavelength of laser light used is 600 nm and the separation of the two slits is 0.48
mm. what is the separation of the fringes of the interference pattern?
Answer :
waves
16
1.5 mm
Example 2
The diagram shows the fringes obtained from a double slit experiment using a
monochromatic light of wavelength 550 nm.
24 mm
If the distance between the double slit and the screen is 1.5 m, what is the separation of
the double slit ?
Answer :
0.17 mm
Example 3
The diagram shows two circular water waves from two sources s1 and s2 overlapping as
they travel to the right. The circular lines indicate the crest lines of the water waves
S1
S2
.
.
.P
.
Q. R
A. constructive constructive
waves
R
destructive
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B. constructive destructive
destructive
C. destructive
constructive
constructive
D. destructive destructive
constructive
Example 4
Diagram below show two identical speakers that are connected to an audio generator. The
two speakers are a pair of coherent sources
15.0 m
P
Loud sound
Weak sound
Loud sound
Audio
generator
Weak sound
2.0 m
Loud speaker
Weak sound
Loud sound
Q
A student walks along the line PQ which is 15 m away from the two loudspeakers. He hears a
loud sound and a weak sound alternately
a) What is meant by coherent sources?
Coherent sources are two oscillating sources which have a constant phase
difference.
b) Calculate the wavelength of the sound wave
= 0.227 m
c) The loud sound is caused by constructive interference of the sound waves. State
the condition for constructive interference to occur?
Constructive interference occurs when two waves meet in phase/ when the
crest of one wave meets the crest of the other wave.
d) The weak sound is caused by destructive interference of the sound waves. State
the condition for a destructive interference to occur?
Destructive interference occurs when the two waves meet in anti-phase
e) What is the effect of
i.
waves
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ii.
Sound waves
A high pitch sound corresponds to a high frequency and a low pitch sound corresponds to
a low frequency of vibration
Electromagnetic waves
Gamma ray, X-ray , ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, ,microwave and radio
waves are parts of the electromagnetic spectrum
waves
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2. Infrared
The remote control that use to switch on our electrical appliances such as the television,
uses infrared. Infrared is also used in transmitting data between computers
3. X-rays
4. Gamma ray
5. Ultraviolet light
Question 1
Figure below shows the electromagnetic spectrum
Gamma rays
ultraviolet
Infrared rays
microwaves
Radio waves
waves
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i.
ii.
iii.
MODULE 2
Form 5
2007
waves
NAME
.........................................................................
FORM FIVE
.........................................................................
NAME OF TEACHER
...........................................................................
waves
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waves
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