GEOL 370 Atlas

Alisha C. Becker

Source: http://www.mnh.si.edu/earth/text/dynamicearth/6_0_0_
GeoGallery/geogallery_specimen.cfm?SpecimenID=2018&categoryID=4&categoryName=Rocks&browseType=type&typeID=22&typeName=Sandstone

Source: Me

Sandstone: A rock with grain sizes between 1/16 and 2 mm.

Source: http://pixgood.com/quartz-sandstone.html

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Quartz Sandstone: 95% quartz sandstone; found in mostly eolian, beach, and shelf depositional systems

Source: http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol342/lectures/06.html

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Arkose: More than 25% feldspar; commonly found in alluvial fan deposits

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Source: http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/
SedRx/Rocks/sslithic1saw2.html

Gray Wacke: More than 25% lithic grains; at least 15% matrix; most commonly found in alluvial fan deposits

Source: http://quizlet.com/18625744/rock-mineral-match-3rdflash-cards/

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Conglomerate: Clasts are larger than 2mm

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_%28geology%29

Source: http://www.jerseygeologytrail.net/Rock_Types_Conglomerate.shtml

Oligomict (top) and Polymict (bottom): Oligomict is the clasts are made up of the same composition; where as, polymict is the
clasts are made of more than one composition.

Source: http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol342/lectures/06.html

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Orthoconglomerate (top) and Paraconglomerate (bottom): Orthoconglomerate is a clast supported conglomerate with less than
15% matrix. A paraconglomerate is a matrix supported conglomerate with more than 15% matrix.

Source: http://geology.com/rocks/shale.shtml

Source: http://www.wallstreetdaily.
com/2014/10/07/montney-shale-canada/

Shale: An indurated mudstone (grain size smaller than 1/16mm) that has good fissility.

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Source: http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/sedrockindex/rocpicsiltstone.htm

Siltstone: A mudstone that is of a more gritty texture.

Source: http://win.liceoariosto.it/naturalia/Pagineinterne/petrografia/pagine/sedimentarie/Argillite.htm

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Argillite: An indurated mudstone with low fissility.

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Source: https://wwwf.imperial.ac.uk/earthscienceandengineering/rocklibrary/viewglossrecord.
php?gID=00000000259

Wackestone: A mud-supported carbonate rock where allochems are more than 10% of the total rock and do not come in
contact with one another.

Source: http://www.safossils.com/shellenbergercanyon.html

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Packstone: A closed-framework, grain-supported carbonate rock.

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Source: http://www.beg.utexas.edu/lmod/_IOL-CM03/
cm03-step04.htm

Grainstone: An open-framework, grain-supported carbonate rock.

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Source: http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/12/12.110/labs/
lab8/1.html

Boundstone: Carbonate rocks where the components are bound together through organic processes.

Source: Dr. Littles slides

Classification scheme QFL Dott: A classification scheme for sandstones that uses the percentage of quartz, lithics, and
feldspar to name a rock. It also uses the percentage of matrix. If the rock has more than 15% matrix it is considered a wacke,
and if it has less than 15% matrix it is considered an arenite.

Source: http://www.beg.utexas.edu/lmod/_IOL-CM01/cm01-step03.htm

Dunham: A classification scheme of carbonate rocks that identifies the role of energy in sediment accumulation.

Source: http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/SedRx/Carbonate.html

Folk Clasification: A carbonate rock classification scheme that contains more parameters for naming a rock and includes the
amount of allochems, matrix, and cement. Folk classification also names on the basis of the type of allochem.

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Source: http://www.ig.utexas.edu/research/projects/mars/
education/picture_pages/massive_bedding.htm

Massive Bedding: Bedding that is structureless.

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Source: http://www.ufindmedia.com/signup?b=1&ad_domain=ads.ad-center.com&ad_path=/smart_ad/displ
ay&prod=7&ref=4977901&q=trough+cross+beds&seed=3713843870&sf=search&adserver=0.16.0-rc1&sid=58&
bt=1428640647313&bh=1942391812

Crossbedding (tabular top and trough bottom): Internal ripples essentially; formed by fluid flow by sediment being eroded
from and transported up a gentle stoss side of a ripple and being deposited as avalanches on the steeped lee side. Crossbeds
can be used to determine the water depth, fluid velocity, and flow direction.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedform

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Ripple bedding: This bedding is usually found in low to moderate flow velocity environments. Morphological ripple
classification (bottom picture) is based on plan geometry.

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Humocky bedding: This bedding is produced mostly by storms from the current and oscillatory flow. It is mostly found in a
shallow sea floor environment.

Source: http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol100/lectures/14.html

Source: http://www.nr.gov.nl.ca/mines&en/geosurvey/
education/features/structures/

Graded bedding: Graded bedding forms from the seperation of large to small particles allowing for the settling of clasts.

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Parting Lineation:

Source: http://www.geopoem.com/2013/04/mudcracks-desiccation-and-decoration.html

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentology

Dessication Cracks: Forms for the drying out of usually mud.

source: http://io9.com/5897306/ancient-raindrop-fossils-reveal-that-wecan-thank-greenhouse-gases-for-early-life-on-eartht

Source: http://techgsci.tripod.com/Part_One.htm

Rain imprints: Forms as raised bumps in sandstone and as imprints in muds.

Source: http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/classes/Geo101/enfield/enfield_trip.html

Sole marks: Sole marks can show direction of flow.

Source: https://mhs.blog.ui.ac.id/sri.bihastuti/2011/05/24/%E2%80%9Csedimentary-environment-overview-%E2%80%9D/

Source: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-02082008000100009

Meandering Facies: http://www.slideshare.net/wwlittle/meandering-fluvial-systems

Source: http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/see-research/igs/seddies/best/jamunabar.htm

Source: http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol342/lectures/10.html

Braided River Facies: http://www.slideshare.net/wwlittle/braided-fluvial-systems

Source: http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.
aspx?pageid=301

Source: http://www.seddepseq.co.uk/DEPOSITIONAL_ENV/BeachCoastal/BeachCoastal.htm

Barrier Island Facies: http://www.slideshare.net/wwlittle/beach-and-barrier-systems

Source: http://www.seddepseq.co.uk/DEPOSITIONAL_ENV/BeachCoastal/BeachCoastal.htm

Source: http://www.seddepseq.co.uk/DEPOSITIONAL_ENV/BeachCoastal/BeachCoastal.htm

Beach Facies: http://www.slideshare.net/wwlittle/beach-and-barrier-systems

Source: http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/
admissions-and-study/research-degrees/essi/mountneycollier/

Eolian Facies: http://www.slideshare.net/wwlittle/eolian-systems

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Flooding surface: The flooding surface bounds the parasequence and show where there is a rise in baselevel. In the top photo
the red line seperates the bottom shallower water facies and the top deeper water facies.

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Parasequence: Genetically related beds bounded by flooding surfaces

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Types of terminations: Named according to the relationship with underlying and overlying bounding surface;

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Falling Stage Systems Tract (FSST): A FSST can form while relative base level falls and the SB is produced; however, because
of cannibalization, this systems tract is often missing or poorly developed. If base-level experiences an absolute fall, a forced
regression occurs and depositional units can downstep (offlap) in a basinward direction. (Dr. Littles Slides)

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Low stand system tract (LST): A LST is produced during the early stages of relative base-level rise. Erosion continues
in landward areas, but preservation potential is higher than for FSST sediments, as accommodation is produced in a
progressively more landward direction. These are characterized by onlap onto FSST deposits and/or the sequence boundary.
Parasequence patterns change from progradational to aggradational. (Dr. Littles Slides)

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

High stand systems tract (HST): The HST is found between the MFS and the upper SB. As accommodation development slows,
parasequence sets change from aggradational to progradational. Bed terminations are characterized by onlap in proximal
regions and downlap in more basinal areas. (Dr. Littles Slides)

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Transgressive systems tract (TST): The transgressive systems tract is typically thin and characterized by a retrogradational
parasequence set as landward regions become flooded. This systems tract is bounded by the TS below and the maximum
flooding surface (MFS) above. (Dr. Littles Slides)

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Transgressivc Surface (TS): The transgressive surface (TS) separates the LST below from the TST above and forms during
the maximum rate of relative base-level rise, as basinal accommodation development surpasses sediment supply. Stacking
patterns change from aggradational to retrogradational. It is the first significant flooding surface within a sequence and
commonly marks the base of the most prominent onlap exhibited by the sequence. Erosion often accompanies formation of
the TS.

Source: Dr. Littles Slides

Maximum flooding surface (MFS): The MFS forms the boundary between the TST and HST and represents the greatest
landward incursion of the sea. Parasequence stacking patterns change from retrogradation to aggradation. Basinward
regions are characterized by a lack of sedimentation, produced a starved zone or condensed interval. Typically forms a
downlap surface for highstand systems tract (HST) deposits. (Dr. Littles Slides)