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Rigid pavement

Olders theory
Without dowels or tie bars
Critical section is at the edge of a contraction joint, it will crack
approximately 45 with the edges
M = wx

fb

6M
bd2

b = 2x, d = t
fb

6 wx
2x t

3w
fb

Where
Fb - allowable tensile stress of concrete (psi or kg/m 2)
W - wheel load (lb or kg)
With dowels or tie bars
The purpose of dowels or tie bars is to transmit the stresses due to the load
from the adjacent pavement.

Thickness at the edge of pavement


M

fb

wx
2

6M
bd2

b = 2x, d = t

fb

w
x
2
;
2x t 2

3w
2 fb

Thickness at the center of pavement


M

fb

wx
4

6M
bd2

b = 2x, d = t

fb

w
x
4
;
2x t 2

3w
4 fb

Stress at the edge of a concrete pavement


(Westergaards stress equation)
Se

0.572P
h2

L
4 log 10 b 0.359

Where
P wheel load
h thickness of pavement (cm)
L radius of relative stiffness
b radius of resisting section
Stress at the corner region of a concrete pavement
(Westergaards Stress equation)

Sc

Where

3P
1h2

a 2

1.2

P wheel load
h thickness of pavement (cm)
L radius of relative stiffness
b radius of resisting section
a radius of contact area (cm)
a 14 cm
Stress at interior region of a concrete pavement
(Westergaards stress equation)
St

0.316P
2

L
4 log 10 b 1.069

Where
P wheel load
h thickness of pavement (cm)
L radius of relative stiffness
L 88 cm
b radius of resisting section
Warping Stress at interior of concrete pavement (kg/cm2)
St

Eet Cx Cy

2 1 - 2

Where
e thermal coefficient of concrete per C
e 10 x 10-6 kg/cm2
E modulus of elasticity of concrete (kg/cm2)
E - 3 x 105 kg/cm2
t temperature difference between top and bottom of the slab
poisons ratio
Cx and Cy coefficient of warping stress
Warping Stress at the edge region of concrete pavement (kg/cm 2)
Se

CxEet
2

Warping Stress at corner region of concrete pavement (kg/cm 2)

Eet
3 1 -

St

a
L

Flexible pavement

A2

W
f
A1 = r2

By ratio and proportion


A1
A2

r2

t 0.564

W
- r
fb

Thickness of pavement using MCleods or Plate Load Test Method

T = K log10

P
S

Where
P wheel load
S subgrade pressure
K constant value
Radius of Relative stiffness of pavement

Eh3

2
12K(1- )

L =
Where
L radius of relative stiffness (cm)
E modulus of elasticity of concrete (kg/cm2)
K modulus of subgrade reaction (kg/cm 3)
poisons ratio
h slab thickness (cm)

Radius of resisting section

( 1.6 a +h )
2

b=

0.675h

Where
b radius of resisting section (cm)
a radius of loaded area (cm)
s - slab thickness (cm)
when a > 1.724h, use b = a.

Thickness of pavement using U.S. Corps of Engineers


1

t=

1 2
1.75
W

CBR P

Where
t thickness of pavement (cm)
W wheel load (kg)
CBR California Bearing Ratio (kg/cm2)
Number of vehicles per day for the analysis in the design of
pavement
P (1 r) n 10

A=
Where
A number of vehicles per day to be used in the design of pavement
r annual rate growth of traffic
n number of years between last count and the year of completion of
project
P present average daily traffic of commercial vehicles

Factor of Safety

residual strength
edge load stress
F.S. =
Where

Residual strength = allowable flexural stress warping stress


Stress at the corner of a slab using Goldbecks Formula.

3P
S=

h2

Where
s stress at the corner of slab (kg/cm 2)
P corner load (kg)
h - slab thickness (cm)

California Bearing Ratio (CBR)

CBR =

CBR =

unit load at 0.10 inch penetratio n

(100)
1000psi

unit load at 0.20 inch penetratio n

(100)
1500psi

Modulus of Subgrade (kg/cm3)

K=

F
,
0.125

P
A

Where
P load causing a settlement of 0.125cm (kg)
A area of standard plate (75cm diameter)
s - slab thickness (cm)
Extra widening of a curve section of road
nL2
2R

w=

V
9.5

Where
w extra widening required (m)
L length of longest wheel base of vehicles (m)
R radius of the curve (m)
V velocity of vehicles (kph)

Varying ratio of centrifugal acceleration


P

2V2
(3.6) 2 RT

Where
P varying ratio of centrifugal acceleration
T running time (sec)
R radius of the curve (m)
V velocity of vehicle (kph)
Thickness of pavement by Tri-axial Test Method
T

3Pxy

- r 2
2E s

Es

EB

1/ 3

Where
P wheel load
x traffic coefficient
y rainfall coefficient
design deflection
r radius of contact area
Es modulus of elasticity of subgrade soil
EB modulus of elasticity of base coarse material

Thickness of pavement by California Resistance Value Method


T

Where

K(T.I)( 90 - R)
1
C5

K numerical index
T.I. traffic index
C cohesiometer value
R stabilometer resistance value

Thickness of pavement by Pressure Method

expansion pressure
average pavementdensity

Stiffener Factor of Pavement


1

S.F.

E 3
B
EP

Where
EB modulus of elasticity of subgrade
EP modulus of elasticity of pavement
Bulk specific gravity of a core of compacted asphalt concrete pavement
d

D - A

F

D - E -

Where

d bulk specific gravity of core


A weight of dry specimen in air
D weight of specimen + paraffin coating in air
E weight of specimen + paraffin coating in water
d bulk specific gravity of core

F bulk specific gravity of paraffin

Asphalt Absorption

G - Gsb (G )
Pba 100 se
b
Gse Gsb
Where
Pba asphalt absorption
Gse effective specific gravity of aggregates
Gsb bulk specific gravity of aggregates
Gb specific gravity of asphalt

Effective Asphalt Content


Pbe Pb -

Pba Ps
100

Where
Pbe effective asphalt content
Pb percentage weight of fine aggregates
Ps sum of percentage weight of fine and coarse aggregates
Pba asphalt absorption
Problem
A flexible pavement carries a static wheel load of 60 kN. The circular contact area of
the tire is 85806 mm2 and the transmitted load is distributed across a wide area of
the subgrade at an angle of 45. The subgrade bearing value is 0.14MPa, while the
that of the base is 0.41MPa. Design the thickness of the pavement.

A pavement carries a static wheel load 53.5 kN. The circular contact area of the tire
is 85806 mm2 and the transmitted load is distributed across a wide area of the
sugrade at an angle of 45.
Design the thickness of pavement using
a. Asphalt (or flexible pavement) when the subgrade bearing value is 0.14MPa,
while the that of the base is 0.41MPa.
b. Plain cement concrete pavement without dowels. Allowable tensile stress of
concrete is 1.40MPa.
c. If sufficient dowels are used across the joint.

DESIGN OF TIE BARS


Problem 1.
A cement concrete pavement has a thickness of 18 cm and has two lanes of 7
meters with a longitudinal joint. Design the spacing of the tie bar the length of
bars.
Allowable tensile stress of steel = 1600 kg/m2.
Unit weight of concrete = 2400 kg/m 3
Coefficient of friction between the pavement and sub grade = 1.5
Allowable bond stress in concrete = 24 kg/cm2
Use 16 mm bars.
Solution:
Consider 1 meter length of slab
W

= (0.18)(3.5)(2400)
= 1512 kg

Fv

= 0; W = N
F = N
=

Fh

(1.5)(1512) = 2268 kg

= 0;
P= F
P = Asfs
F = Asfs, As(1600) = 2268
As = 1.42 sqm/meter

Asb = 2.011 cm2

Spacing of ties =

2.01
1.415 m
1.42

Allowable spacing = 0.0051(1000)(105) = 535.5 mm


Adopt center to center spacing s = 500 mm
Length of bars
Note : Length of bars shall be at least twice the computed value
Asfs = (DL)(Bond stress)
(1.42)(1600) = ()(1.6)(24)L
L = 18.83 cm say 20 cm
Use L = 2(20) = 40 cm

Problem No. 2
Determine the spacing between contraction joints for a 3.00 meter slab
having a thickness of 20 cm.
Allowable tensile stress of steel = 800 kg/m2.
Unit weight of concrete = 2400 kg/m 3
Unit weight of steel = 7500 kg/m3
Total reinforcement = 4 kg/m2 and is equally distributed in both directions
Coefficient of friction between the pavement and sub grade = 1.5
Allowable tensile stress of concrete = 0.80
Bond stress in concrete = 24 kg/cm 2
Use 16 mm bars.

Solution:
Consider only one half of the section

(Using principles of mechanics)


W

L 20

3 2400 720 L
2 100

Fv = 0; W = N
F=N
= (1.5)(720(L)
F = 1080L
T = (300)(20)(0.80)
= 4800 kg
T=F
4800 = 1080 L
L = 4.44m
Using equation
L

2 f x 10 4
D

Problem No. 3.
A concrete pavement 8 meter wide and 150 mm thick is to be provided
with a center longitudinal joint using 12mm bars. Using the following
design criteria, compute the spacing of the longitudinal bars.
Allowable tensile stress of steel = 138 MPa.
Unit weight of concrete = 23.54 kN/m3
Coefficient of friction between the pavement and sub grade = 2.0
Allowable bond stress in concrete = 24 kg/cm2

Solution:
W = bts = (4.00)(0.15)S (23.54) = 14.124S
W = N = 14.124S

F=N
F = (2.0)(14.124S) = 28.248S
T = Asfs
(113.1)(138) = 15607
T=F
15607 = 28.248S
S = 552.53 mm

Problem No. 4.
Design the thickness of a highway pavement using the plate load test method if the
base coarse has a constant value of 90. The wheel load is 4 100 kg. The total
subgrade pressure for the same contact area, deflection and number of repetitions
of the load is equal to 2100 kg. Provide 5 cm of bituminous surfacing on the top of
the computed thickness. Use MCleod method.

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