44. Diagram shows an athlete throwing a javelin.

Using appropriate physics concepts, explain the use of

suitable equipment and techniques to improve his performance. Your answer should include the following
aspects:
(i) Materials used for javelin.
(iii.) Motion of the athlete
(ii) Shape of javelin
(iv.)How the javelin should be thrown.

Answer
Modification
Strong material
Small mass
Streamline
Run faster
Throw at an angle of 45
Throw with high force

Reason
Do not break easily
To increase speed / lighter
Reduce air resistance
Increase kinetic energy
To get maximum horizontal distance
To get maximum horizontal distance

45. An efficient hydraulic brake system is very important in a car for safety purposes. Diagram shows a car
hydraulic brake system.

Suggest and explain the modification should be done on the system so that it can function effectively based on
the following aspects :
(i) The type material of brake fluid.
(ii) The characteristic of brake fluid.
(iii) The size of master piston
(iv) The size of slave piston.
(v) The type material of the fluid transmission pipe
Modification/ suggestion
Oil
High boiling point/Low
density/High viscosity
Small master piston
Big slave piston
Aluminium/Steel

Explanation
Incompressible/No air bubble
Does not change to gas state/Lighter/Less friction/Does not evaporate
easily
High pressure produced/Small force used
Produce big force
Strong/Does not break easily/Non corrosive/Prevent leakage/Withstand
temperature/Does not rust easily

15

46. An open aluminium container with some ice cubes is used to cool the packet drinks as shown in the figure.

Use appropriate concepts in physics, explain the modifications required to the above aluminium container so
as to work effectively.
(i) cool packet drinks in a shorter time.
(ii) keep the packet drinks remain cold for a longer period.
Answer
Suggestions
Add more ice
Add water to the ice
Container made of heat insulator
Container made of substance with
high specific heat capacity
Use white container

Reason
Large mass of ice can absorb more heat from the drinks.
Increase the rate of heat transferred through conduction.
To reduce heat absorbed from the surrounding.
Not easily heated up.
Do not absorb heat

47.Diagram 10.4 shows an electric oven is being used to heat up food which has been taken out from a
refrigerator. You are required to modify the design in Diagram 10.4 by using an electromagnetic wave and a
transmitter so that the food can be heat up uniformly and in a shorter time. State and explain the
modification based on the following aspects:
i.
The type of electromagnetic wave used
iv.The shape of the food tray.
ii.
The position of the transmitter.
v.The material used for the oven casing
iii.
The material of the food tray.

Modification
Microwave
Transmitter is located at the center of
the oven
The material of the food tray is made
of porcelain / glass / heat resistant
The shape of food tray is circular
The casing is made from metal

Reason
Energy of the microwave is converted to heat
The heat can be distributed uniformly to the food
Can withstand high temperature in the oven
So it can be rotated easily and continuously. The food can absorb
heat uniformly.
Can reflect microwave

16

48.Diagram 10.4 shows a cross section of a moving coil microphone.

Diagram 10.4
When the diaphragm moves in response to sound, the attached coil moves in the magnetic field and generates
a very small current in the wire of the coil. Using an appropriate concept in physics, suggest and explain
suitable modifications or ways to enable the microphone to detect sound more effectively and generate a
bigger current based on the following aspect:
-thickness of diaphragm
-diameter of the wire of coil
-strength of the material for diaphragm
-strength of magnet
-number of turns of coil
Answer
ASPECT
use thin diaphragm
Use strong material
More number of turns of coil
Thicker diameter of wire of coil
Using more powerful magnet

REASONING
Easy to vibrate
Not easy to break
Increase the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage // The
magnitude of the induced current or is also increased
Reduce the resistance of the coil
The magnitude of the induced current is also increased

49. Diagram 10.3 shows a radioactive source is handled by a scientist. The method shown is not safe. Suggest
and explain:
(i) The equipment to be used in handling a radioactive source.
(ii)Modifications to the storing method to ensure safe keeping of the
radioactive source.
(iii)Other precautions that need to be taken when handling a radioactive
source.

Answer
Suggestion
Use forceps/robot
Wear a mask// goggle
Use a lead box/ container with thick
concrete
Keep the exposure time as short as
possible
Wear a film badge
Put radiation symbol on the storage
box
Wear coat lined with lead

Explanation
The distance between the source and the body is far.
The radiation does not penetrate our eyes
To prevent radiation leakage to surroundings
The body is not exposed to the radiation for a long time.
To detect the amount of radiation exposed
To inform users of dangerous contents of the box.
To protect the body from the radiation

17

50.Diagram
.Diagram 10.4 shows the screen of a cathode ray tube (CRO) with an alternating input voltage of 240 V. The
CRO is connected to box P which in turn is connected to a hand phone.

Suggest and explain the suitable circuit for box P so it is suitabl

suitable for charging the hand phone. Include in your
answer:
-the
the device used to charge the 9 V hand phone.
-The
The component used to convert alternating current to direct current. (draw the complete -circu
circuit with input
and output).
-The
The component used to smoothen the output voltage and how it is connected in the circuit.
-Draw the final wave form obtained.
Answer
To charge the hand phone: A step down transformer is used.
Decrease input voltage from 240 V to 9 V.
To convert ac to dc: Four diodes are used
use to form full-waved rectifier.
Use capacitor to smooth the output voltage.

18

51. Diagram 11.1 shows the air balloon which is used as a weather balloon to carry a radiosonde instrument
for collecting data about the atmosphere. The weather balloon rises up in the air due to Archimedes
Principle.
Method J

Method K

Method L

Method M

Study the specification of the four arrangement based on the following aspects:
(i) the angle of the two towing boat
(ii) the shape of the towing boats
(iii) type of cable rope used.
(iv) the elasticity of cable used.
Explain the suitability of each aspect and then determine the most suitable arrangement. Give a reason for
your choice.
Answer
ASPECT
REASONING
Small angle
Produce bigger resultant force
Streamlined shape of towing
Reduce resistance
boats
Steel Rod
Strong// able to withstand high tension
Inelastic
Produce uniform force during the towing.
Method K is chosen because it has small angle, its towing boat is streamlined, the cable rope is made of steel
and inelastic.

19

52.Diagram 11.2 shows four boats, P, Q, R and S, with different specifications. You are required to determine
the most suitable boat that can carry many passengers, move with high speed and safe. Study the
specifications of all the four boats from the following aspects.
- The material used to build the body of the boat.
- The volume of the boat.
- The distance of the Plimsoll line from the surface of the sea.
- The size of the propeller.
Boat P

Boat R

Boat Q

Boat S

Explain the suitability of the above aspects and hence, determine the most suitable boat to carry heavy load
and move with high speed. Justify your choice.
Answer
Characteristics
Reason
Fibre composite
Light and strong
Bigger volume
High buoyant force
The distance between plimsoll line from Can carry more load
the surface of the sea is high
Bigger size of the propeller
To produce greater forward thrust
3
Q is choosen because the body is made from fibre composite, bigger volume (100 m ), the distance
between plimsoll line from the surface of the sea is high and bigger size of the propeller.

20

53.Diagram 11.3 shows a radiator used to maintain temperature of a small room so that the occupants of the
room feel warm during a very cold day.

Diagram 11.3
Table 11 shows the characteristics of four different radiators.
Radiator Control unit
Colour of radiator surface
Boiling Point of heating liquid
Power
o
Automatic
Silver
W
100 C
3.0 kW
o
X
Manual
Black
100 C
1.5 kW
o
Y
Manual
Silver
300 C
3.0 kW
o
Z
Automatic
Black
300 C
1.5 kW
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the radiator and determine the most suitable radiator
to be used for the purpose of maintaining the temperature of the small room. Give reasons for your choice.
Answer
Characteristic
Reason
Automatic control unit
The heater will switch off if the room is very hot.
Black colour of radiator source
Good heat absorber and transmitter
High boiling point of heating liquid
The liquid will not change to gas easily.
Low power
Save energy / low cost
Choose Z because it has automatic control unit, black colour of radiator source, high boiling point of heating
liquid and use low power.
54.Table 12 shows 5 heating elements M,N,O,P and Q with characteristics to use as an effective bread toaster
heater.
Heating element
M
N
O
P
Q

Size of wire/swg
15
30
15
30
15

Resistivity / m
-8
2.0 x 10
-8
10.0 x 10
-8
8.0 x 10
-8
6.0 x 10
-8
7.0 x 10

Specific Heat Capacity/ Jkg

900
390
450
440
390

-1 o -1

Length/ m
2
3
2
3
2

You are required to determine the most suitable element heating that can be used to toast bread fast and
crispy. Study the specifications of all the five heating element based on the following aspects :
-Size of wire
- Specific Heat Capacity
-Resistance per meter
-Length of the heating element
Explain the suitability of each aspect and then determine the most suitable heating element.
Answer
Characteristics
Reason
Size of wire is small
High resistance
Resistivity is high
produce more heat
Low specific heat capacity
Heat up faster
Long wire
High resistance
Heating element N is chosen because its wire is small, high resistivity, low specific heat capacity and long wire.

21

55.National Grid Network is a system of electric transmission from power station to the consumer in our
country. Diagram 12.3 shows a block diagram of the system.
Power stesen

Consumer

Transformer P

Transformer Q

Electric Cable
Kabel elektrik
Using your knowledge about electrical and Diagram 12.3 , you are asked to determine the most suitable item
used in the system J, K, L, M and N for a National Grid Network system in Diagram 12.4.
System

Type of Transformer

P is step up
Q is step down

Q is step up
P is step down

P is step up
Q is step down

Q is step up
P is step down

P is step up
Q is step up

Diameter of
conductor cable
Big diameter
conductor
Small diameter
Conductor
Big diameter
conductor
Small diameter
Conductor
Small diameter
Conductor

Transmission voltage

Cable Position

Current with Low voltage

On the Pylon

Current with higher voltage

On concrete piller

Current with higher voltage

On the Pylon

Current with Low voltage

On concrete pylon

Current with higher

voltage

On concrete piller

Diagram 12.4
Study the specification of the five system and explain the suitability of each based on following aspects;
(i)
type of transformer P and Q
(ii)
characteristic of cable used
(iii)
potential difference transmission of electric
(iv)
The position of cable
Explain the suitability of each aspects and determine the most suitable system. Give your reason for your
choice.
Aspect
P step up, Q step down
Big Diameter
Current with high voltage
Cable on pylon
L is chosen

Reasoning
P to increase voltage, Q to decrease voltage to consumer
Reduce resistance
Small current flows //
Reduced power/ heat loss
Safety reason
P step up Q step down, Big Diameter, Current with high voltage, Cable on
pylon

22

56.Diagram 12.2 shows four types of moving coil ammeter, R, S, T and U to measure small direct current.
You are required to determine the most suitable moving coil ammeter to measure the small direct current
effectively.

You are required to determine the most suitable moving coil ammeter to measure small direct current
effectively.
Study the specification of all the four moving coil ammeters based on the following aspects:
(i) The shape of the permanent magnet and core
(ii) The material of the core
(iii) The stiffness of the hair spring
(iv) The type of scale of the ammeter
Explain the suitability of each aspect and then determine the most suitable moving coil ammeter. Give a
reason for your choice.
Characteristics
Explanation
Curved shape
Produce radial magnetic field
Soft iron
Easily to magnetised and demagnetised
Soft spring
Can detect small current // more sensitive // can measured small current
Linear scale
Uniform deflection // force produced directly proportional to current.
T is chosen Curved shape, Soft iron , soft spring and linear scale

23

57.As a scientist, you are asked to investigate the characteristics of radioisotopes J, K, L and N that could be
used to detect the thickness of paper in a paper factory. Table 12 shows the characteristics of the
radioisotopes.
Radioisotopes
State of matter
Type of ray
Half-life
Penetrating power
J
Solid
Beta
12 years
Medium
K
Solid
Gamma
5 years
High
L
Solid
Alpha
19 days
Low
N
Gas
Beta
5 years
high
Using Table 12, describe the characteristics of radioisotope that is suitable to be used in the paper thickness
detection system. Determine the most suitable radioisotope to be used to detect the paper thickness and give
your reasons.
Answer
Characteristics
Solid
Beta
Long half life
Medium

reason
Easy to handle
Can penetrate the paper
Do not need to replace the radioactive substance frequently, save cost
Suitable to use to measure thickness of paper / reduce danger o radiation to
people / no extra shielding needed
Choose J because it is solid, emit Beta, long half-life, medium penetration power

58.Diagram shows a canoe.

You are required to give some suggestions to design a canoe which can travel faster and safer. Using
knowledge of motion, forces and properties of materials, explain the suggestions based on the following
aspects:
- The surface of the canoe
- The shape of the canoe
- The material of the canoe
- The shape of peddle
Answer
Suggestions
The surface of canoe is smooth
Aerodynamic shaped of canoe
The canoe is low density
The peddle is big
Strong material of canoe and peddle

Reason
To reduce water resistance
To reduce friction
So that the canoe is lighter
To increase the force
So that it is not easily to break down

24

59. Diagram shows an archer getting ready to shoot an arrow towards a target board from a far distance.
When he releases the arrow, he observes that the arrow falls short of the target.

Suggest and explain how he would able to shoot the arrow to hit the centre of the target board, based on the
following aspects:
-the strength of the cord
-the force constant of the bow
-the material used for the bow
-the design of the arrow
-the way the arrow is aimed to the target
Answer
Suggestions
High strength of the cord
High force constant of the bow
Strong and high strength of material
Aerodynamic / streamlined arrow
Aim slightly above the target

Reasons
So that it wont break easily
To store higher potential energy
So that it wont break easily
To reduce air resistance
The path is parabolic/curved/downward due to free fall motion

60. Diagram below shows four racing cars P, Q, R and S with different specifications. You are required to
determine the most suitable car to complete in the Formula 1 Summer Race.
Car
Shape
Ridges on tyre
Engine power
P
Aerodynamic
Horizontal and vertical
518kW
Q
Aerodynamic
None
745kW
R
Inverted aerofoil
Horizontal and vertical
518kW
S
Inverted aerofoil
None
745kW
Study the specifications of all racing cars from the following aspects:
-The shape of car
-Ridges on tyre
-Engine power
-Material for the car body
-Explain your suitability of aspects. Justify your choice.
Answer
Characteristics
Inverted aerofoil shaped

Material for the car body

Light and elastic
Heavy and stiff
Heavy and elastic
Light and stiff

Explanation
To create high pressure on top/ To create greater downward force/ To
increase stability
No ridges on tyre
Less friction during motion
High engine power
To provide greater forward thrust
Light and stiff material
So that it does not break easily on impact
Car S is the most suitable because its shape is inverted aerofoil, no ridges on tyre, high engine power and light
and stiff material.

25

61. Table below shows the characteristics of airplanes wing design.

Design
Shape of cross section
Area of wing
Density of wing
of wing
material (kg/m)
W
38.0
2400

Difference between speed of air

above and below wing (m/s)
0.0

39.7

2300

21.8

60.5

2000

20.5

40.5

2050

15.5

You are required to choose the most suitable aeroplane wing and explain the suitability.
Answer
Characteristics
Aerofoil shaped of cross section of wing

Explanation
To produce the speed of airflow above the wings to be higher than
speed below the wings
Large area of wing
To increase lifting force
Low density of wing material
Light/ To produce more upward resultant force
Large difference of speed
To increase the difference of pressure
Wing Y is the most suitable because it is aerofoil shaped, large, low density and the difference between speed
of air above and below wing is big.
62. Table below shows five torchlights P, Q, R, S and T.

You are asked to choose and explain the most suitable torchlight.
Answer
Characteristics
Explanation
Concave reflector
Reflected ray is converging
Bulb located at principle focus
So that reflected ray forms a parallel beam of light
Batteries connected in series
To produce larger current
Copper connecting wire
To produce low resistance/ large current
Torchlight Q is chosen because it uses concave reflector, its bulb is located at principle focus, battery
connected in series and copper connecting wire.

26

63. Diagram below shows an arrangement of lenses to construct an astronomical telescope using lens P and
lens Q.

Arrangement of
lenses

Focal length of
objective lens, f /cm

Magnification of
image

Distance between
Diameter of
objective lens and
objective lens, d
eyepiece, D /cm
/cm
J
40.0
4.00
50.0
Large
K
40.0
0.25
60.0
Small
L
10.0
4.00
50.0
Large
M
10.0
0.25
60.0
Small
Explain suitability of the arrangement and each characteristic of the lenses and determine the arrangement
which can produce the brightest and sharp image at normal adjustment.
Answer
Characteristics
Explanation
Longer focal length of objective lens
To produce real, inverted and smaller image
High magnification of image
To produce bigger image
Distance=fo + fe
To produce image at normal adjustment/ To form image at infinity
Bigger diameter of objective lens
More light can enter the objective lens/ to produce brighter image
J is chosen because it has longer focal length, higher magnification of image, distance=fo + fe and bigger
diameter of objective lens.

27

64. Diagram 11.2 below shows a glass window which is opens outwards at an angle .

Diagram 11.3 shows the side view of the window. If rays of sunlight incident on the window undergo total
internal reflection at points like X, direct sunlight would not be able to enter the room and it would be cooler.
Four designs P, Q, R and S of the window are available and are designed such that it can be opened at a
maximum angle of .
Glass
/
Refractive index
Thickness /mm
Thermal conductivity
P
1.5
3.0
Low
15
Q
1.8
5.0
Low
10
R
1.8
3.0
Medium
15
S
1.5
5.0
Medium
10
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the glass and the size of the angle and determine the most
suitable design to be used so that the room can be kept cool during the day.
Design

Answer
Characteristics
High refractive index of glass
Thick glass
Low thermal conductivity
Small angle

Explanation
So that total internal reflection easier to occur/ Smaller critical angle
To keep cool/ To cut off more light
To cut off more heat/ To reduce transmission of heat
Critical angle can be easily exceeded/ Total internal reflection easier to
occur
Q is chosen because its high refractive index, thick and low thermal conductivity glass and has a small angle.
65.a) You are given two pieces identical prism with internal angle 45, 90 and 45 and two converging lenses
to make a binocular. Using the material stated above, explain how you are going to build a simple binocular.
b) Suggest modifications need to be done on the simple binocular to produce brighter and sharper image.
Answer
a)

b)

28

66. Diagram 10.4 shows a restaurant in the town of Seremban. The restaurant is always packed wit
with customers
and always noisy. A student and his parents often visit the restaurant to enjoy a pleasant dinner. The
restaurant in Diagram
iagram 10.4 is not suitable for a quiet evening and they decided to suggest a few modifications
to the restaurant owner.

Using the
e appropriate physics concepts, suggest and explain the modifications that have to be done to reduce
the noise pollution. The modifications
odifications should include the following aspects:
(i) Materials used for floor, ceiling and wall.
(ii) Finishing for table
le and countertops.
(iii) Solution for large windows
(iv) Dining space design
Answer
Modifications
Loudspeakers are positioned at quite a distance away

Reasons
So that the distance between consecutive
constructive / destructive interference is smaller
To prevent multiple reflections

The two main loudspeakers are not positioned

opposite to each other
Fix soft boards/ wooden materials which are sound
absorbers
Use thick carpet/ wooden floor/ rubber floor
Assemble a high power speaker system
Assemble the speaker at high place

Reflection effects can be reduced

To prevent echo
To produce a high amplitude of sound waves
Wide coverage/ The wave is not blocked

67. You have been

een assigned as a consultant to assemble a speaker system to improve the acoust
acoustics of a school
hall. Using the appropriate
opriate concept explain how the installation of the speaker system and the other
modifications
ations that can improve audible sound. In your explanation , elaborate on the following aspects:
(i) Distance between two stereo speakers.
(ii) Wall and floor finishing
(iii) Power of the loud speakers
(iv) Positioning of speakers and microphones.
Answer
Suggestions
The material of ceiling, floor and wall is soft, wooden
Soundproof panels and floor tiles
Using ceiling clouds decorative suspended sound
panels that floats from the ceiling
Table covered with tablecloth
Areas with large windows, sound absorbing blinds
Divide into small area

Reasons
To absorb excess sound
To reduce echo
To absorb reflection of sound waves
To absorb echo
To capture sound and control reverberation from
windows
Open area will produce echo

29

68. You are asked to investigate the design and the characteristic of four transformers shown in Diagram
12.2.Explain the suitability of each characteristics of the transformer and determine the transformer which can
be used as an ideal transformer. Give reasons for your choice.

Answer
Characteristics
Reasons
Soft iron core
Easy to magnetized and demagnetized
Laminated core
Less eddy current/ reduce energy lost
Thick wire
To reduce resistance/ To increase current
Copper wire
It is low resistance/ To reduce the loss of heat
Transformer Q is chosen because of its laminated soft iron core and thick copper wire.
69. You are asked to investigate the design and the characteristics of four alternating current generators
shown in Table 12.1. Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the alternating current generators and
determine the alternating current generator which can supply a large direct current to an electrical component
S shown in Diagram 12.2.

Characteristics
Low density of material
High number of turns of coils
High strength magnets
Use 4 diodes and a capacitor

Reason
Lighter
Larger force acting on the coil/ Higher electromagnetic field strength
Larger force acting on the coil
4 diodes to provide full-wave rectification and capacitor act as a
smoother
Generator Y is chosen as it has low density of coil, high numbers of turns of coil, high strength magnets and it
uses 4 diodes and a capacitor.

30

70. Table 12 shows the characteristics of five substances P, Q, R, S and T.

Substance Resistivity at 0C/ cm Melting point/ C Valence electron of the
doping substance

Size of the doping

atom compared with
the size of atom
P
10
100
4
Very big
Q
10
600
3
Almost the same
R
10
800
4
Big
S
120
2
Very small
10
T
10
300
2
Small
Explain the suitability of the characteristics of the substances to be used in the production of a semiconductor
with better conductivity and determine the most suitable substance to be used. Give reasons for your choice.
Answer
Characteristics
The resistivity at 0C is low
High melting point
The valency of the doping substance are 3 and 5
Size of the doping substance is almost the same as
the size of the substance
Q is chosen.

Reason
A current can flow through it more easily/ Increasing the
conductivity of the substance
Not melting at high temperature
Valency of 3 is used to make p-type semiconductor and
valency of 5 is used to make n-type semiconductor
Can maintain the crystal-line structure of the substance/
Give good effect in the doping process

71. The door of the lift is fitted with a light transmitter and a detector which is a light dependent resistor (LDR).
If the LDR detects light, the relay switch is activated and the lift door will close. You are asked to investigate
the circuit of the lift, and design suitable circuit to close the door of the lift, if there is no people in front of the
lift as shown in Table 12.

Answer
Suggestion
LDR must connect to the base circuit

Reason
If there is light (no people in front of the lift) no
current flow on base circuit, and no current flow on
collector circuit and the motor wont switch on.
If there is a small change in base current, transistor
can amplify the current to the relay to switch on the
motor.
So current can flow from collector of transistor to
emitter

Relay switch must be connected to the collector

circuit
Positive terminal of dry cell must be connected to
collector of transistor and negative terminal of dry
cell must be connected to emitter
Resistance 10k must be connected in series to LDR

Resistance 1k must be connected in series to base of

transistor
The most suitable circuit is P.

To function as potential divider that applies a

proportion of a total voltage across the emitter-base
junction so that the junction is forward bias.
To limit the current passing through base of transistor

31