10/29/2012

SEISMIC ANCHORAGE
AND APPENDIX D

Efforts and Findings of NCSEA, SEAOC and PUC IT3

Kevin S. Moore, P.E., S.E., SECB
CAC Seismic Subcommittee Chair
Principal

www.sgh.com

In the beginning
Wood framed structures required anchor bolts
Steel framed structures had anchor bolts

John Silva
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Early Anchor Bolt Design

Tabular
Shear and Tension Values from Codified Tables

Concrete cone pullout and steel yield/fracture limit

Design anchorage considering cone failure of concrete
Design anchorage considering yield/fracture of bolt
Minimum design force controls

Interaction
Consider shear/tension interaction
Examine all combinations of demands on cone/yield

Interaction Equation

=5/3

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1997 UBC Modifications

Interaction, with consideration of individual failure modes

2005
ACI Develops Appendix D

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State of the Practice

Confusion
Concern
Consternation
However, Appendix D was based on test data
Actual consideration of failure modes, capacity values
that capture both behavior and substrate conditions
Rigorous, thorough and difficult

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006

20??
2009

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SEAOC Instigated Effort

SEAOC Seismology

Discussed Issue
Generated Interest
Leveraged Research Opportunities
Considered a Singular Case
Strive to Develop Data; High Bang for Buck
Establish Basis for Code Change in IBC
SEAONC to SEAOC to NCSEA to IBC

Project
Sponsors:
Project
Investigators:

Andy Fennell, Principal Investigator

Kevin Moore
Phil Line

Tom VanDorpe
Tom Voss
Gary Mochizuki

Laboratory Testing of Anchor Bolts Connecting Wood Sill

Plates to Concrete with Minimum Edge Distances
Test Program Findings:

practicing engineers practicing research

When loaded parallel to the concrete edge; the

wood governs the connection. The wood sill plate
and steel anchor bolt yield well before any
concrete limit state.
The connection showed excellent ductility.
Beyond the initial peak value used for validating
capacities, tests often continued on to a second
(and higher) peak capacity.
For 2x4 and 3x4 plates, the average peak
capacities were more than 6 times higher than
ductile connection design strengths obtained from
the equations promulgated in ACI 318-05/08, App. D
For 2x4 and 3x4 plates, the average peak
capacities were more than 4 times higher than the
allowable capacities obtained from IBC 2006 (NDS05).

SEAOC 2011 Excellence In Structural Engineering Awards

Study / Research / Guidelines

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DisplacementProtocol
2.000
1.500

Displacement(in.)

1.000

Approx.equiv.to
NDSASDload

0.500
0.000
0.500
1.000
1.500
2.000

Cycles

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Research Findings
When loaded parallel to the concrete edge; the wood
governs the connection. The wood sill plate yields
allowing elongation and ductile response of the anchor
bolt well before any concrete limit state.
The connection showed excellent ductility. Beyond
the initial peak used for calculating capacities, tests
often continued on to a second (and higher) peak.

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Code Change (2012 IBC, 2015 IBC)

Approved an Exception to:
IBC 1908.1.9 ACI 318-08, Section D.3.3
IBC 1905.1.9 ACI 318-11, Section D.3.3.5.3
In light-frame wood structure bearing or non-bearing
walls, for the design of anchors used to attach wood sill
plates to foundations or foundation stem walls, it shall be
permitted to take the allowable in-plane shear strength of
the anchors in accordance with Section 2305.

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Code Change (2012, 2015 IBC) - Paraphrased

For sill pates of 2x or 3x nominal thickness, the allowable
lateral design strength for shear parallel to grain of sill plate
anchor bolts is permitted to be determined using the lateral
design value for a bolt attaching a wood sill plate to concrete,
as specified in AF&PA NDS Table 11E, provided the anchor
bolts comply with all of the following:
1. The maximum anchor nominal diameter is 5/8;
2. Anchors are embedded into concrete a minimum of 7;
3. Anchors are located a minimum of 1-3/4 from the edge
of the concrete parallel to the length of the wood sill
plate; and
4. Anchors are located a minimum of 15 anchor diameters
from the edge of the concrete perpendicular to the length
of the wood sill plate.

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NIBS BSSC PUC IT3

National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS)

Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC)
Provisions Update Committee (PUC)
Issue Team (IT)

Investigate Anchorage and Appendix D

Issue Team 3 - Seismic Anchorage to Concrete
Assessment of ACI-318 Appendix D, and the Exploration of
Alternate Methodologies
Evaluate Appendix D
Evaluate Alternate Methodologies if Warranted

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Current Efforts (6 Groups)

ACI 318-11, Appendix D Evaluation Tasks
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Recommend appropriate values when warranted

Evaluate non-yielding anchorage design for nonstructural components
Research fuc/fyc > 1.3 (suggest testing if inadequate data exists)
Specification of bolt material
Evaluate shear lug provisions
Evaluate interaction calculations (for derivation and development)
Evaluate stretch length provisions
Evaluate yield/ultimate for service loading
Evaluate pre-load as part of anchorage design
Evaluate creep related to anchorage design/capacity
Evaluate steel reinforcement elements as anchorage
Evaluate using reinforcing as a ductile element; Chapter 12 as context

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Preliminary Findings (Group 1)

1. Recommend appropriate values when warranted
2. Evaluate non-yielding anchorage design for
nonstructural components
Overstrength for nonductile anchorage is necessary and
prudent. Values are provided in tables of ASCE 7-10.
However, test data is sparse for support of the values.
Without data, it is difficult to recommend alternative
values for overstrength.

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Preliminary Findings (Group 2)

3. Research fuc/fyc > 1.3
4. Specification of bolt material
8. Evaluate yield/ultimate for service loading
Work in progress
Issues with bolt material specifications (ASTM)

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Preliminary Findings (Group 3)

5. Evaluate shear lug provisions
6. Evaluate interaction calculations
No referenced shear lug provisions, just design
guidelines and guidance per AISC
Initial effort on interaction calculations indicate that most
Appendix D data is conservative related to test results
Some findings indicate that knowledge of failure
mechanism is key in capacity calculations as a singular
interaction equation is generally too conservative

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Preliminary Findings (Group 4)

7. Evaluate stretch length provisions
12. Evaluate using reinforcing as a ductile element (Ch. 12)
Stretch length (area that allows for a bolt to stretch in
tension independent of substrate) is a good thing
Methodology for determination may be presented
ACI 355 is currently working on improved definitions of
ductile and brittle steel elements for anchor applications
Useable strain is more important than reported strain

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Preliminary Findings (Group 5)

9. Evaluate pre-load as part of anchorage design
10. Evaluate creep related to anchorage design/capacity
There is no evidence in the research reviewed that
suggests pre-tensioning force and the loss of the pretensioning force has an effect on the tensile strength of
anchors
Pre-tension and creep have little effect on anchorage
when considering seismic loads and anchor capacity

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Preliminary Findings (Group 6)

11. Evaluate steel reinforcement elements as anchorage
and evaluate concrete breakout phenomenon
The use of reinforcing to skirt anchorage provisions or
to create anchors from reinforcing steel is anathema to
the intent of the provisions and inappropriate
Current provisions virtually guarantee the prevention of
concrete breakout via unexpectedly low probabilities of
failure (5% fractile using expected mean ultimate)
Further reductions of capacities to ensure certain failure
modes may increase conservatism

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Whats Next
Produce white paper on findings
Develop example problem to help educate
Suggest core philosophy challenges that apply to
anchorage in general (5% fractile)
Monitor current research projects
Pankow project on base plate anchorage
SEAOC project on wood-over-podium hold down anchorage

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