Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ON THE DESCRIPTION
DONAT IN ZADAR IN DE ADM/NSTRANDO IMPERIO BY
ITUS
CON STANTINE PORPHYROGEN
MILENKOLONEAR
M. Loniar
FacultyofPhilosophy
Obala PetraI(reSimira2
Zadar,Croatia
Ten and a half centuries ago Porphyrogenitus's literary associate was struck by the similarity of the church of St.Anastasia
in Zadar utith the church of the Virgin of Chalcoprateia in Constantinople while the gallery of St. Donat's rerninded him of
catechumeneum, Drawing from Porphyrogenet's data in De Cerimoniis, the first aim of the article u)as to bring information about the church of Chalcoprateia and of the catechumeneum in order to be able to acqyire knoutledge of the churches
of Zadar. As a uerification, sotne other terms used in the description inDe Administrando imperio haue been examined, too,
They are: Dromic6s, entirely pictured in antique wood painting, second temple, eilematik6s, spiral staircase.
INTRODUCTION
IMPERIO
DEADMINISTRANDO
Approximatelyten and ahalf centuriesagoPorphyrogenitus's literary associatewas struck bythe similarity of the
church of St.Anastasiain Zadarwith the church of the Virgin of Chalcoprateiain Constantinoplewhile the galleryof
St. Donat's reminded him of a catechumeneum.lt canbe
understood that people who are concerned with the past of
sacred places feel the need to get acquainted with the Con
stantinopolitan half of the equation becausein that way its
left side, that of Zadar, indirectly getsmore light. This is the
reasonwhyMr. Palu5aVeZi6suggestedto me that, as a connoisseur of products with the label "Porphl'rogenitus" (if I
dare call myself so), I should look for the parts of the book
" On Ceremoizles"which describe the church of Chalcoprateia and catechumeneum.Further, I'd like to discuss
what I leamed about the matter while analysingother works
of Constantine De cerimonllsin the fust place,manuals and
availableliterature aswell assome other, not so understandable and not so well-knovrmelements of the description.
In order not to leaveout the most important in all this,
I'd like to recall that it all began with the unusual news about a young Iew who used to recommend bread insteadof
stone and whose destiny mankind is familiar with. The information about this newly given possibility for man's inner reversal spread very quickly from Judeato all the tov,ns
of the Roman empire. After more than two centuriesof terrible persecutionsconductedby the authorities,in the year
313 Constantine gave the sectariansthe privilege of publicity and it was only then that they were allowed to build
themselvesplacesfor gatherings.The appearanceof those
buildings was strongly influenced by the emperor's proximity (which can be seductiveand dangerousfor thosecarrying and witnessing the message).After all, the subject
matter here is rooms for meetings that iater turned into
sacredplaces,which is, in fact, a specificdisplacementof
the emphasisin the Galilean'steachingaccordingto which
it is the peoplewho should be sacred.
saythat the situation in:St.Donat's correspondsto the referenceinTestamentttm Domini. EvenV.Brunelli relied on
this basic meaning of the term catechumeneumwith his
translation: ad uso dei cqtecumeni.3s
The next stage in the use of catechumeneum is described by T. F. Mathews, as j. Jelidii has transferedit to
us:the galleryceasedto be usedby cathecumenssincetheir
number had gradually decreasedand in the like manner
the function of the halls changed,too. As early as during
the 7s century they were used as a private or].tory by e. g.
Maximus Confessoror patriarch Nicephor.ao
A completely different position is held by Du Cange,
Reiske,Stephanus,and asit seems,evenM. Sui6.In his Dicrionary of Medieual La.tin, contrary to some other authors,
Du Cange considers catechumeneumas a space for women.arMuch to my regret,his workswherehe gavea deeper
analysisof the subject cannot be obtained without difficulty so that it is impossible to reach any decisiveconclusion.a2
J.J.Reiskealso follows Du Cange'spath and in a longish note he explains the word catechumdniaitself stating
that it refers to women.a3
In a like, but more concisemanner, Stephanusdid that,
too.aaM. Suii joined the same direction of interpretation
by opening a critique of Brunelli's,Ienkins'sand Ferjandi6's
translation, by referring to Du Cangeand Stephanusand
by proposing that ta catechoilmenashould be translated
as mqtroneum, albeit his reasonsabout deciding in favour
of such a term are not quite clear:"this is not a matroneum
'classical'
in a
sense".as
The catechumeneumsof Constantinopolitanchurches
had a special part in the imperial ceremony of the tenth,
and probably the two preceding centuries as well.a6Porphyrogenet's De Cer. abounds in confirmations.aTIn the
first book which had 92 chaptersaltogether(with the missing chapters 11-9 in the one and only manuscript) it is in
the first 46 chapterswhere the emperor'sprotocol during
celebrationsis described in detail and where catechumeneum is mentioned in sevenConstantinooolitanchurches:
in St. Sophia's, in the church of the Holy Apostles,in St.
Sergios's,in St. Mokios's, in the church of the Lady of the
Well (Peg6),in Lady's Great church in Blachernaeas well
as the one of the Lady of Chalcoprateia.a8
Thesewere all
religiousholidays of the'second rank', lessimportantthan
Christmas,Easterand Pentecost.The only double exception to this, concerning the greatestholiday but not the
emperor himself, is the empress'sEasternkiss,i. e. her reception given for the wives of the highest emperor's officials which used to take place in the catechumeneum of
The holidayswhen the emperor used
St.Sophia at Easter.as
to ascend catechumeneum were: Eastern Monday and
Tuesday,PentecostalWednesday,Ascension,Uprising of
the Holy Cross,Candlemas,the Holiday of Orthodoxity,(in
the honour of the victory over the enemies of the icons)
and Annunciation.
After the gospelsand chantshad finished, the emperor
used to follow the secondpart of the ceremonyin the catechumeneum here includingthe communion receivedfrom
the patriarch's hands. lVhen the ceremony was over, the
emperor and the patriarch usedto dine together.The catechumeneum of the nartex is usuallv mentioned as part of
the gallery,especiallyits part opposjtethe chanceland above the emperor's doors, i. e. the central part of the nartex
catechumeneum,where a removablealtar for the emperor's communion is placed and where personsof eminence
stand.soThe right side of the catechumeneum,where the
238
big staircasewhich one can approach from the didascalium,72then the staircasebehind the conchewhich has its
and there is
entrancedoor from the side of the sanctuary,73
'wooden scale'which one can reach
a specialmention of a
through the upper passagesfrom the Magnaura'spalace.Ta
In Blahernae,one staircaseled from the catechumeneum
to the upper floor, into the Danubeian triclinium.?s
Finally, thinking of a conclusion, it seemsto me that I
have only prepared the land for cultivation in order that,
while searching for responses,we might be much more
aware of the problems involved in dealing with our Byzantine heritage.
Englishtranslationby EmiI Sprljan
1CONSTANTINE
De administrandoimperio.Greektext editedby R. I. H. Ienkins,New RevisedEdition,Dumbartonoaks,
PORPH\ROGENITUS,
trpdqtdv i6rovoidv ?tlpcrvdvtdv Oeoocdqlroi
Pcopaitrrv
dvHprorQpoor).eioiovi<ppoor)"6<oq
Texts,One,DumbartonOaks,1967,p. 44:K<ovorcrvdvol
llopQrpopvvltov PcloL).ecr.
?ConstantinilmperatorisporphyrogenetiDe
Meursiusprimusvulgavit,
Joannes
imperioadRomanumF.Libernumquamantehaceditu.s.
ad,ministrando
Latinaminterpretationem,ac Notasadjecit.Lugduni Batavorum1611.In translation:The uol on ruling the empireby Emperorconstantine
porphyrogenitus
publishedit first, accompaniedit with translationin Latin andwith his
to hissonRomanneuerbeforepublished.JoannesMEURSIUS
notes.
3AquotefromM.Sui6,Zadar,
"Deadministrand,oimperio"byConstantinePorphyrogenitus,RadoviZavodalfZUinZadar,part2T-28,p.6.
, More on the subject in the dissertationI am writing under the title: "ThePhylological
newsof theCroats".
Analysisof Porphyrogenitus's
5CONSTANTINEPORPFnROGENITUS,
134:...reitorddyLoqllcFpcitrogdvt@voQro0anoulteQdvo!,
Deadministrandoimperio,ch.2gl231-6,p.
rQ i5vnpeoovtoi citot, rciorpou.
6IBID. ch. 2gl24t-Z and291245,p. 136:... b vadqtoi ofor A6pvor. iv {r ratd,rerrc[ 6 alrdg &ytoqA6pvog,cinepr1vxorrriv toi crt,to,jpaotlerog
Arorlltrovo0. (...) An6xeitar6i dvcrtt@tg rdotpql rcri b iinog Avcrotriotoq.
?IBID.ch.29126l-2,p. 136:... d,r6rertcrr
6 dnoqpdptrqAaup6vroq,6 dpXr8rdrov.
8IBID. ch.29i 26g-71,p. 136:. .. rerrcno ciytoqTpriqotvorcdporoq
nrpcwoupdvouq;ri 6d
pdlrorcr todgr,rndnelpdtr,rv drcr0ciptalv
ndoav v6oovi<irpevoq,
vcrdgcx,rtoieorv eiXlpotr6q.
,IBID.ch.291276-84,
pyovria Edotaoiot ro{ rstdrdv rccrpovereivovpcotlniocvtoq,
p. 138:... rceircfl
evoaprirl &licrAvc,otcroic,lacrp06vog,0uyd,tep
6irorog<tr6>tcdvXc,}.xotpotetorv
ytog
Avcotooraqdotiv 6poprrciq,
vodq
o
11
outo0.O
6i
povaxdq
roi
crlic
ciluoLg
rai trrdpruq
Xpro6yovog
rcri o ti^yroq
{q
Ootpaor{q. "Eoav 6broi
voQ, petd"riovarvnpo*uru *oi fer*Or, 6ioq eirovropdvoqi( ulo^poqioq<irplaioq;d 6dtdtog oritof eottv crn<io'uyrconrig
'6cpoqvodgnlloiov cnjroi eilrlpcrcr6q,f1hfa TpLdq,rai Jncivotof va,of cmt'orindl.v irepoqvadq8ircqvroqXoupdvov, roi aritdqer)'lpottrciq,e4
6v rccriov6plovto,r6td xo1l"ioo.
mA. BANDURIin l. P.MIGNE,PatrologiaGraecd,
PORFIROGENET,
O uprauljanjucarstuom
N. Tomasiiin KONSTANTIN
part 113.col.z7\:oblongus;
odugaika(theequivalentin
(D,4J)
editedby M. Svab,andtranslatedby SirNikolaToma5i6,publishedbyAugustCesarecandAGM,Zagreb,1994,p.77:
extinded,tongish)lvanslatotinote/.J.Murtinovii,ProlegomenonontheproblemoftheoriginalchurchofSt.Trt?honsinKotor,Suppl
Englishis;
..l.rt. to the historyof irt in Dalmatia,30,p. 16: izduienogoblika (elongatedin form) while on page19.he givesa somewhatbroaderinterpretation:
,,porphy,rogenitus
(...)we suggestacceptingthe interpretationwhich statesthat
iescribesits generaluppe"r"tt.uusingthe attributeDpoprrdq...
for oblongbuildlorpiyroginitus usedonly two eipressionidescribingthJtypesandformsofreligiousandprofanebuildingson our coast:6poprr<5q
ingi oi ioiUuitaings with i rectangularbaseand: eitrlpcrnrriqfor building with a centralbase,or, for all buildingswherevaultsor evendomeswere
us-edin the construction."As we will seelater on, in the end he showedhis uncertaintywhich canbe accepted.
t Vizantskiizuoriza istorijunarodaJugoslauije(Byzantinesourcesfor the historyof the peoplesofYugoslavia)part. II, editedby B. Ferjandii,Srpska
akademijanauka,Posebnaizdanja,vol. CCCXXII,Vizantolobkiinstitut,voi.7.Belgrade,1959,p. 24; R' i. H. Jenkinsin CONSTANTINE
imperio,p. 139.M. Sui6,Zadar'p' 6.
Deadministrando
PORPFilROGENITIJS,
12Consulredliterature:A. BAILLY, DictionaireGrec-frangais,Paris,
Lexicon,Oxford1968;STEPHANUS,
1950;H. G.LIDELandR. SCOTT,Greek-English
Linguae,Graz1954,s. v.
Graecae
Thesaurus
a vestibuleofa temple;see:
r3In OldGreek,too,besides
(dr6mos)hadthemeaning:a placefor walking;in Strabon:
a placefor runningthenoun6p6pog
A. BAILLy,Dictionnaire....Significantlyenough,in an Old Latin text the term porticuswasusedfor the sideaisles(lGN.EPHR.MHMANI TestamenI dre
et du liturgie,tomedeuxi6me,
chrdtienne
tum Domini nostriJesuChrisii,Mogunliae1899,p. 23,n. 153-6;a quotefrom Dictionaired arch^ologie
partie,B. col.543.andnote2.)
14DU CANGE,Glossariumad scriptores
mediaeet infimaegraecitatiJ,1968,s. v: "DROMIKA,Templa,dicuntur a forma structurae:quod scilicetin
lateribusparibusvel imparibus,ut est Sophiana
longitudinemprocurrant,contraquam aliaeaedessacraequaequadrataeerantapud Graecos,
apudCrusiumin Turcogr.ubi ait Ndp0lxo dici tb 6lo to0 vooij 8poptrov
Zygomala,
Id potissimumdiscereestexTheodosio
Coistantinopoiitana.
Deindeaddit, n6ivopoprrbvNdph[ Myetcfl.Quaeautemsit forma Narthecisseuferulae,pluribus exposuimusin Descript.Aedis
6irr1vN6p0r1roq.
templissententianon
Graecorum
num. 18.Undenescioan Allatiiin Dissert.2. de Recentiorum
Christianae,
lib. i. Constantinopoleos
Sopirianae
seutrabes
sunt,quorumin culmineasseres
6poprroapellari,quaeformaquadratalateribusparibusvelimparibussubstructa
reipuendasit,scribentis
cantheriiscolligantur,& tegulissuperpositiiconteguntur:adeout Templiparietesprojecturisasserumtegantur.Leunclaviusin Pand.Turc.num. 210'
Nicephor.Callist.in ProemioHist.pag.18.toirq6v8ov6pcipouq
ait Templain longumporrecta& tectiscoopertaGlaecosvaoiq Spoprioi!appellare.
rui repi8p6porgiediJSophianae,Porticusutrinque procurrentes,videtur appellare:unde 6poprroivcoi dicti forte fuerint, quod procurrantinstar
porticus.Constantinus
so calledbecauseof the way theywerebuilt. Theywereoblong,
de Adm. irnp.cap.29..."In translation:dromicaltemples'.
M. Lonear:On the Descriptionof...2il9
contraryto the usualGreektempleswhich usedto besquare,wetherwith equalor differentsides(flanks)asin the caseofSt.Sophiain Constantinople.
This can be best understoodin TheodosiusZygomala,at Crusiusin Turcogr.wherehe saysthat what is callednarthexis that which is outsidethe
templeand dromicalasnarthex.Thenhe addsthat anythingbeingdromicalcanbe callednarthex.Wehavealreadyexplainedthe formsof narthexand
Christiana,No. 18.For this reasonI am not surewhetherto reject
feruiawhich weregivenin the descriptionof St.Sophia,vol III of Constantinopolis
Allatius'sopinion in Drscours11onmodernGreektempleswherehe statesthat dromicalisbuiltin a rectangularform, whetherwith equalor different
sideson the top of which lathsor beamsareconnectedwith sparsand they arecoveredwith tilesin a waythat the templewailsareroofedwith laths.
Leunclaviusinpand. Turc. No. 210saysthat oblongtemplescoveredwith roofsare calleddromicaltemplesby the Greeks.It seemsthat Nicephor
Calist.in the Introductionto the Hist.p. 18callsthe inner dromesandperidromesofSt. Sophiaporchesthat extendon both sidesand that they gotthe
DeAdm.Imp. ch.29...
Constantinus
theyextendlikeporches.
namedromicaltemplesbecause
rsE.A. SOPHOCLES,
r1,6v,oblongasabuilding.Porph.Adm. 139,19.
NewYork1904,s.v: 6poprr6q,
Periods,
theRomanandByzantine
GreekLexiconof
quid?Porph.Cer.49,15.50,et alibi.
rd 6poprr6v,
Glyc.495,15.Codin.i7. - 2. Substantively,
16ConstantinVII PORPHYROGENiiTE,
Commentaire,par A. VOGT.ColectionByzantinepubli6e sous1apatronagede
Le Liure desCdrdmonies,
GreekLexicon...s.v. directsusro Decerimonii
Paris
1967,p. 80-l. E.A. SOPHOCLES,
"Les
belles
lettres",
d'6dition
Bud6.
Soci6te
Guillaume
l,Association
but he doesn'tgivethe meaningof the word; seepreviousfootnote.
r?Seequotein footnote10.
rBA. Banduri,l. P. MIGNE,PatrologiaGraeca,vol I13, col. 269-70,note 43a,displaysseveralcontradictoryauthenticinformation and subsequent
opinions about the time of the conitruction and he finally addsDu Cange'sconclusion:sciliceta Theodosioinchoatam,a Pulcheriaconfectam,a
Verinapostmodumet Justinode novo instauratam(i.e.:Begunby Theodosius,finishedby Pulcheriaand afterwardsrestoredby Verina).About the
area ofthe town where the church was: Unde non dubito quin etiam Constantinopoliantequama Turcis caperetur,fuerint et Chalcopratiaet
Chartopratia,ab officinis aerariis,necnonchartaceisloca sic nuncupata.(l haveno doubt that Chalcopratiaand Chartopratia,placesnamed after
p. 76,describesthe constructionof
beforeit wastakenby the Turks.)- A.VOGI, Commentaire,
brassandpaperworkshops,existedin Constantinople
d gauche,en
et l'6glisedeSainte-Sophie
themiddleofthe5s century",anditslocation"entrele ForumdeConstantin,
thechurch"presumablyiround
Architectureand Liturgr, Secondprinting,ThePensylvania
of Constantinople.
allant,par liM6s6 a l'August6on."T. F. MATHEWS,TheearlyChurches
StateUniv. press,UniversityPenns.and Londoni977, p. 28,aboutthe time of the constructionsimilarlyasBandury,and aboutits location:"within
150m. of HagiaSophia".
par A.Vogt,p. 76-7.
leAn arch on trvocolumns,accordingto CONSTANTIN
Commentaire,
LeLiuredesCdrdmonieg
VII PORPITROGENETE,
contradicts
Constantin'stext.
mT. F. MATHEWS
which
main
altar,
on
the
a
little
chest
kept
in
p.33,
Lady's
beltwas
that
the
says
The
Early
Churches...
,
wasbuiltadditionallytothechurch,theproofforwhichcouldbethedoorin
A.VOGTCommentaire,p.Z6-Tthinksthattheeukterium(oratory,chapel)
the middle of the left, northernwall for which Mathewsgivesthe interpretation(onp. 31)that "Thismighthaveled into one of the adjoiningchurches
"
of SoterChristosor Hag.Iacoboswhich werelocatedin the vicinity,but the accountsof the pilgrims do not agreeasto preciselywherethey were.
the
church.
inside
Contraryto this,A. Vogtplacesthe sanctuaryof St.Jacobin an unknownlocation
,IA. VOgt:CONSTANTIN
COMMENIAiTE,P,6I.
dCSC6T6MONiES,
LELiUTC
VII PORPHYROGENETE,
2T.F.MATHEWS,TheEartyChurches...p.3l:throughsyntronon(whichmaypossiblymean
xotel0r)vtdTpo6nlrocflqrciulq
underrhesyntronon:
:r;frtJ:::J:ri-t%
Cirdmonies,votl,texte6tabliet traduit par
text with paraileltranslationin coNSrANrrN vrr poRpH\GoGENi,rE, LeLiure des
andch.39,p. 154,3-155,29.
AlbertVogt,deuxidmetirage,Paris,1967,ch.\,p.24,9-25,29
'z4
p. 143.
IBID.p. 155andCommentaire,
oelovvadvcfrqtovodntor.r
r J.p. MIGNE,patrologiaGraeca,vol
tdv dvrolqXoL.ronporefotg
109,col.356AB:Kai tdv Erepov6i rfrqncrvrpv(touOeot6xo1),
rccrioyaoev
roi qano8oldq6rur6poeevcivaorlocrgcirpbaqroi td tdloq peteopfoogtfiyererJrpereiug
rcri fo{oq oopoi, rgnervdvi6rjtvrsi &qcir11otov,
rccripoppopt^ycrig
Qotdqror4yl.dioe.
mT. F. Vu\*THEWS,
it into a domedbasilica.
... BasilI addeda dometo the structure,thustransforming
TheEarlyChurches,p.23:
27Seenote22.
mT. F. MATHEWS,
p. 28-32.
TheEarlyChurches...
sources...
in Byzantine
s N. TOMASI( in KONSTANTIN
imperio)p. 77.B. FERIANCIC
O uprauljanjucarstuom,(Dead.ministrand.o
PORFIROGENET,
(/izantiskiizuori...)p.24M.SUIC,
Zadar...p.16;I.MARTINO\IC,Prolegomena...p.16.
il R.l. H. IENKINSin CONSTANTINE
Deadministrandoimperio,p. 139.
PORPHYROGENITUS,
on
31CONSTA\]TINEPORPFryROGENITUS,
De administrandoimperio,vollI Commentary,London 1962,p. I I 1: Theword meansicon-paintings
mosaics.
from
as
distinct
wood,
dixere,ut hancdistinguant
pro r4po^ypcrQiov
v J.p. MIGNE,PatrologiaGraeca,vol. 113,col.269note44:. ..Recentiores
quippeScriptores'bl.olpaQicrv
sive
id estcum ceraet coloribusin quavismateria;alteram6io yqQi6rov,
picturam
Drd
rrlpolirou{il.1q,
statuunt,
alteram
a musivaria;duplicemenim
(hylographia)insteadof rqpolpoQio(kerographia: "waxcarving")to
operemusivario... - writeri from laterperiodsintroducedthe term r5l,o^ypcrQiu
makeit more distinctftom mosaics;andihis wasdonein orderto markthe distinctionbetweentlvo kindsof paintings:I) waxandpaint on anysurface
6io rqpoliror {li'Iq; and 2) 6ia yqQi8rov(diirpsephidon:"with smallstones"),or mosaic.
s p. \,T216, RotondasuetogTrojstuau prostoruepiskopalnogkompleksau Zadru; Magistarskirad, fuhitektonski fakultet Sveudili5tau Zagrebu,
nasljede,
Zadar,1991,p 95.
Graditeljsko
Studies)
studij(Postgraduate
Postdiplomski
3aOnecould find inspirationfor further analysisin the recentinterpretationwheredouble-builtchurcheshad two roles:the biggerpart wasusedon
Sundaysand on holidayswhile the smallerpirt wasusedfor everydayreligiousservices.Theywerein closeconnectionwith the bishop'-ssee:P.PIVA,
Basiliia doppia:appunti sulla storiographiadell' ultimo decenio-,Hortusirtiummedievalium,vol. l. May 1995,p. 111-6.Cf. aisoP.\GZIe, TheEarly
Katedrala,ZagrebI99T'p.47.
l57,note10;A.ERI"{NDE-BRANDENBURG,
MedieualPhaseoftheEpiscopalcomplexinZadar,ibid.p.
3sLexiconGraecumNouiTestamentl,
auctoreFranciscoZORELL,S.I. Reimpressiophotomechanica,Romae1978,s. v. rorlXdol L resono,disono'2.
catechistandcatechlsmwerederived
alloquensalqmdoceo,uiuauoceinstruo(mt)ndlichunterrichten).Thewordechohasthesameroot,andthewords
from the sameverb All this' of course'belongsto elementaryknowledgeof Greek'but a lalrmanmight find it useful'
sA.MUSIC-N.MAINARIC, Gramatikagrikogajezika,tentheditioneditedbyM.Sironii,Zagreb,l9T0,p.
168,S341.
quae
aedemcatechumenorum,
v IGN.EPHR.MHMANI, Testamentum
Domini nostriJesuChristi,Moguntiae1899,p. 23,n 153-6:Habeatecclesia
(catechumeni),
ingredientes,
eam
ut
(id
necese
sit,
cum
ab
aede
sacra),
est
ab
ecclesia
aedes
separata
sit
neque
dicta
exorcizandorum:
sit
aedes
etiam
chrdtienneet de liturgie, tome deuti6me,
et in ipsa stantes,audiantlectiones,canticaspiritualiaet psalmos.(Accordingto Dictionaired'archdologie
ldre partie,B, cot.543and note 2.)- Let the churchhavea building for catechumenswhich will be the buiiding for exorcisandiaswell: and let the
240
building not be separatedfrom the church (i. e. from the holy building), becauseit is necessarythat catechumens,while entering and standing inside,
listen to the readings, spiritual chants and psalms.
38Leksikon ikonografije, liturgije i simbolike zapadnog kri1anstua, (Lexicon oficonography, Iiturgy and symbols of western christianity) Zagreb 1979,p.
327.
s V. BRUNELLI, Storia della citta di Zara,Venice 79).3,p.224.
s l. IELICIC, Ta katechortmena crkue SueteTrojice (Su. Donat) u Zadru, in Diadora, vol. 14, Zadar 1992, 348 and note 7. T. F. MATHEWS, The Early
Churches...128-30.
arDu CANGE, Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis, s. v. CATECHOUMENA, -[A, Porticus ecclesiaesuperiores sic dictae, non quod fuerint
Catechumenorum stationes,vel locus ubi instrui solebant,ut censetBaronius ann. 656.n. 38.Wolphius, et Meursius: sed quod in iis mulieres sacras
Liturgias auditu exciperent. Anastasius in Collectaneis pag. 180: Et ascenderunt ad eum in Catechumenium Ecclesiaeipsius Monasterii. Gregorius II PP.
Epist. 2 ad Leonem Isaurum in VII. Synodo: Pontifices, si qui peccauit ... eum in EcclesiaeDiaconia et in Catechumena ablegant. Eustochius in Vlra S.
Pelagiaemererriciscap.S:QuaeaccipienseumascenditinCatechumenum,eoquodetnosibimaneremus.
Kor4loipevaetKocqlotpevrahassuperiores
porticus a Graecis appellari, pluribus ostendimus in Descriptione sanctae Sophiae cap. 38. Alotelov rdrv roqloupCvorv habet Crispinus in Vita sancti
Parthenii Episcopi Lampsaceni cap. 2, n. 14. ubi Gentianus tabulafitm, alii locum Catechumenorum veftunt. Sed 8ioteyov, hoc loco, est 6e6tepov
rocllofpevov, porticus Ecclesiaesuperior, ita dicta Codino de S. Sophia. Aelrd p6pq ralv xcrrllor-rpvrovaedis Sophianae, in Concil. \llll Act. l. [**Vide
Glossar.med. Graecit.col. 621 etAppend. col. 98J- The upper porches of the church got their names not becausethey were placesfor catechumensor
places where they were given their instructions in the rudiments of christianity (as Baronius, Wolphius and Meursius think in note 656 No. 38.) but
because it was the place where women attended liturgical service. Aioreyov ri:v ran1yotp6,vav canbe found in Crispinus' tfe o/Sr Parthenios,b\shop
of Lampsacos ch.2. No. 14, where Gentianus translates it with foor, and some others translate it with aplacefor cathecumens.But, droreTcvused here
means 6e'(trepovran17o61twov,i. e. the upper porch of the church named so by Codinos when writing about St. Sophia. Ae(rir p6p1 tdlv rorqlolp6vrrrv
ofSt. Sophia,inAct I oftheVIII Council. [** SeeGlossar.med. Graecit.col 62I andAppend. col.98]
a2E. g. Descript. SanctaeSophiae, cap. 38, or we can refer to a quote from Reiskein De cerimoniis col.258-9, note 27: "Du Cange ad Paulum Silentiar. et
Cpli Chr. I, III, item Gloss.Graecet alibi."
4 i . P . M I G N E , P a t r o l o g i a G r a e c a , v o l1. 1 2 , c o l 2 5 9 :C a t e c h u m e n i a e r a n t p o r t i c u s s u p e r i o r e s t r i a e c c l e s i a e l a t e r a a m b i e n t e s , b o r e a . l e , o c c i d e n t a l e e t
australe, ita ut sub parte occidentali narthex, sub parte boreali et australi autem porticus virorum essent; ipsa catechumenia erant statio mulierum,
illarum nempe, quae in t(o yuvarrirl non sederent. Sunt igitur illud, quod nos, a Latina voce porticusindercrius formata alia , Boorkirchen appellamus,
quasi dicas ecclesiaeporticus; converso tamen usu, Catechumenia penes nos viri occupant, penes veteres tenebant feminae; fundum ecclesiae seu
navim implebant olim viri, hodie obsident feminae. Ascendebatur e narthece per cochleam in Catechumenia, et habebat imperator ibi metatorium in
quo metabatur, id est agebat, haerebat, dum sacra fierent, et ipsi ad introitum in tribunam, ad evangelium audiendum, ad obsequendum sacris in
introitu maiore, ad Agapen dandam, et ad communionem accipiendam non esset procedendum, sed vacare liceret aut hJnnnorum cantationi, aut
homiliae auscultationi. Adjunctum erat illi metatorio triclinium, in quo epulabatur, quoties placeret in templo manere, neque domum ad prandium
reverti, et coeto,ubi dormire poterat, si qua in ecclesiapernoctarevellet.Multa de his CatechumeniisDu Cange ad Paulum Silentiar.et Cpli Chr. l. III,
item Gloss.Graec.et alii. De appellationisratione verbo adhuc dicendum est.Si certum esset,olim in veteri EcclesiaCatechumenosibi stetisse,posset
videri nomen loco mansisse, quamvis Catechumeni deinceps desinerent. Putem igitur Catechumenia dicta fuisse a feminis, quae forte fuerint tir
rcrtrllofpevo (subint. np6oono) apellatae, subjecta, quae tantummodo audiunt institutionem fidei Christianae et sacrorum, quae fiunt, sonum, eorum
autem, quae aguntur, nilvident, quandoquidem porticus earum clathris oppositis septaeessent,ipsisque sub poena anathematis tempore processionis
sacrorum deorsum per transenam despicereinterdictum esset.Erunt igitur Catechumenialoca,in quibus agunt personae,solo sono sacraedoctrinae,
precum reliquorumque sacrorum feriendae. - Catechumdnia were the upper porches of a church encircling three sides of the church, its northern,
western and southern side; namely narthex was under its western side, while the porches for men were under the northern and southern sides; the
catechum6nia were the places where women used to stand, namely those who were not seated in yuvarrirqg (g1'naikites).In fact, those were what we
caJlBoorkirchen, as when one says church porch; the name used to be occupied by men and today it is by women. To enter catechum6nia one could
use the cochlea from the narthex and the emperor had his metatorium where he stayed during the holidays and he didn't have to approach the
platform while listening to the gospels, while attending the ceremony in the grand admission and when giving agdpe and receiving the communion
but he was allowed to attend the singing of h1'rnnsor listen to the homilies. Triclinium,where he used to be treated to some food in order not to return
home for lunch, was adjointed to metatorium, as well as coeto where he could sleep if he wished to stay overnight in the church. Many details on
catechum6niacan be found in Du Cange,PaulusSilentiar.and in Cpli. Chr. 1 III, as well as Gloss.Graec.and others' works. The term itselfneeds to be
explained. If it were certain that a long time ago Catechumeni used to stand there, one might get the impression that the nam remained after the
place, although Catechumeni vanished later on. Therefore, my opinion is that catechum6nia were named after the women who used to be called that
way td, rcrqXoripevc (i. e. np6orrmcr)i. e. persons attending and only listening to the instructions in the elementary principles of Chirstianity as well as
the sounds ofthe ceremonies going on, aithough they could see nothing ofwhat was going on since the porches were barred during the ceremony and
it was forbidden to look through the palisade even under the threat of anathema.So, most probably, catechoum6nia were the placeswhere people
hearing only the voice of the holy teacher, prayers and other festivities stayed.
e STEPHANUS, Thesaurus GraecaeLinguae, vol. I-X, Graz, 1954, s. v.
6 M . S U I C ,Z a f u r , p . 7 - 8 a n d n o t e 8 - 9 , I 2 - 3 .
a6This is howVogldarcs De cer.,CONSTANTINVII PORPFIYROGENETE,
Le Livre desCdrdmonies,Commentaire,p.rt.
a7This has been already mentioned by Reiske, see note 42.
asEx:.CONSTANTINVIIPORPH\ROGENET
EL, i u r e d e s C d r d m o n i e s , v o I . I , c h . g , p . 6 I / 1 0 -lI3, ; c h . l 0 , p . 7 0 l 1 2 , 2 6 ; c h . 2 0 , p . 7 9 1 1 7 , 2 1 , 2 3 ; c h . 2 6 , p .
Le
9 3 / 3 0 ;c h . 2 7 , p . 1 0 4 1 2 5 , 3c0h; . 3 I , p . 1 1 6 / 1 8 - 9c;h . 3 9 ,p . 1 5 5 / 5 .
a ' s I B I Dc.h . 9 ,p . 6 1 .
5 0I B I D . e . g . c h . I 0 , p . 7 0 - 7 2 .
5 r I I c p u r u n n r o v , c h . 2 0 ,p . 7 9 1 2 5 ,c h 2 6 , p . 9 6 / 1 0 - 1 ,c h . 3 6 , p . 1 4 4 1 7e t c .
s 2I B I D . c h . I 0 , p . 7 0 - 2 ; c h . 2 6 , p . 9 7 .
s3IBID. ch.20,p.79122-5;ch. 31, p. fI6l26-].17 ll and Commentaire,p.142-3; ch. 36, p. 140/13-8.
5aIBID, ch. 10,p. 7l / I I etc., ch. 26, p. 93-7 etc.
s5Thewhereaboutsof thewomen in the church is explainedbyReiskewhilewritingabout gyrlaeceum(yuvcrrrirnd, t. P. MIGNE PafiologiaGraeca,vol.
1 1 2 , c o I .1 9 7 - 8 , n o t e 2 4L: o c u s e c c l e s i a r u m G r a e c a r u m , q u i c a p i t f e m i n a s , i t a a p p e l l a t P
u ra. r t e m m u l i e r u m a p p e l l a n t L a t i n i . [ D e l t v a r x i t r l i n e c c l e s i a
S.Sophiae v. Smith. p. 89. De matroneo,locoubi feminae in sacris aedibus erant, v. AltesseraadAnastas.p. I.l Colligas exhoc loco, stationem natronarum
fuissea sinistra ingredientibus in Ecclesiam,adeoque ad boream; idque confirmat Gerlachin Itinerario, p. 496, sed,ut ex illo ipso loco constat,etiam
oPrs ZADARSKTH
I SVETOG
DONATA
CRKAVASVETISTOSTJE
U PORTIROGENITOVU
DEADMINISTRANDO
IMPERIO
SAZETAK
Prije otprilike deseti po stoljeia zadarskaje crkva svete
StoSijepodsjetilaPorfirogenetovaknjizemog suradnikana
carigradsku crkvu Bogorodice Halkopratejske,a galerija
SvetogDonata na katekumenej.Prvi cilj dlanka bio je, na
temelju Porfirogenetovihpodatakau De cerimoniis,obavi242
SYETASTOSUA
Dromik6s. Postoji opda suglasnostkako taj pridjev
oznaduje izduieni tip crkve, tj. baziliku. Nejasno je medutim, kako je tekao razvojzna(enja od osnorno g, pogodan
za trtanje, hodanje, ietnju. Najuvjerljivijom se dini pretpostavka da je novo znadenjedoSlood imenice dr6mosu
smislu uestibul,trijem, pri iem su bodne lade svojom slidno56u s trijemom predstavljalevezu za pro5irenjepojma.
Slitan Khalkopratejskom hramu. Te5koje pogoditi Sto
je u Sv. Sto5iji asociralo izvjestitelja na Halkopratejsku
crkm. Zato se ovdje navode svi oni dijelovi koji se mogu
spoznati iz De cerimoniis, Vita Basilii i arheoloSkihistraLivanja. To su njena iznimna veliiina, atrij i narteks na zapadnoj strani, u unutraSnjosti svetiSteodvojeno niskom
pregradom,solea,SirokapolukruZnaapsidas tri velika prozora (koji su vj erojatno posljedica Bazilijeverestauracije);
nije sigurno da Ii se kapela s Gospinom relikvijom nalazlla
na lijevoj strani unutar crkve ili je bila dogradenana nju.
Na katu senalazilagalerijas kolonadom i uobidajenimprostoriiama.
iitau ostikandreunim druopisom.eini se da je tu rijed o
tehnici slikanjavoskom i bojama na drvenojpodlozi. Dvojbeno je radi Ii se o starim ili starinskim slikama.
SVETIDONAT
Drugi hram. Ako nas pisac iz nekog razloga nije krivo
obavijestio,onda je galerijaSv.Donata morala imati i neke
243