Tutorials 3 and 4

Based on the discussions of tutorial number 2, following process train for the treatment of
water was decided upon:
Assume 30 % reduction in turbidity due to storage in raw water storage tanks, i.e.,
due to the settling and consequent removal of a part of the settleable solids.
Also assume that each NTU of remaining turbidity is equivalent to 3 mg/L of
suspended solids.

Chlorine
Addition

Raw Water
from Storage
Tanks

Prechlorination

Prechlorination: Chlorine dose required for prechlorination is 1 mg/L per mg/L BOD to
be destroyed. Liquified Chlorine stored in tanks is directly applied using jet
mixers. Caculate the chlorine required per day. A contact time of 45 90 seconds in an
open channel is required for chlorine reaction to be complete. Design a suitable open
channel for this purpose.
Rapid Mix: Assume the required coagulant (Alum) dose to vary between 20 40 mg/L
depending on the raw water turbidity. Design conventional vertical-shaft rapid mix
unit. Appreciable decrease in pH due to addition of alum, if any, must be prevented by
adding soda (sodium carbonate) along with alum.
Design Parameters:

Detention time (t):

20 60 s
Ratio of tank height to diameter:
(1:1 to 1:3)
Ratio of impeller diameter to tank diameter:
(0.2:1 to 0.4:1)
Velocity gradient (G):
>300 /s
Gt:
1000 2000
Tank diameter:
<3m
Paddle tip speed:
1.75 2.0 m/s
Velocity of paddle relative to water:
0.75 x paddle tip speed
Paddle area/Tank section area:
15:100
Coefficient of drag on impeller blade:
1.8
Maximum length of each impeller blade:
0.25 x impeller diameter
Maximum width of impeller blade:
0.20 x impeller diameter
Impeller height from bottom:
1.0 x impeller diameter

Use the following equation to calculate the soda dose to be added (if reqd):

Coagulation Flocculation: Design horizontal paddle flocculation unit using

conventional design parameters.
Design Parameters:
Detention time:
Velocity gradient (G):
Gt:
Basin depth:
Paddle tip speed:
Velocity of paddle relative to water:
Paddle area/Tank section area:
Coefficient of drag of paddle:
Maximum length of each paddle:
Maximum width:
Thickness:

10 30 minutes
20 75 /s
2x104 6x104
<5m
0.25 0.75 m/s
0.75 x paddle tip speed
15:100
1.8
5m
50 cm
5 cm

Secondary Sedimentation: Assume suitable surface overflow rate to design circular

settling tank. Calculate the amount of sludge generated, both on volume any dry weight
basis. Assume specific gravity of sludge to be 1.1 and solids content to be 5
percent. Assume 90 percent removal of turbidity in secondary sedimentation. Also
assume that 100 percent of alum added has precipitated as aluminium hydroxide.
Design Parameters:
Surface over flow rate:
Depth:
Diameter:
Detention time:

30 40 m3/m2/d
56m
20 80 m
30 45 minutes

Rapid Sand Filtration: Assume filter depth to be 60 cm. Filter media is 0.5 mm sand
particles. Calculate clean bed headloss using Karmen Kozeny equation. Terminal
headloss is 2.5 m. Average filter run length is 8 hours, and filtration rate is 8
m3/m2/hr. Calculate the water required for backwash, and hence calculate the size of the
backwash tank. Also calculate the effective filtration rate, i.e., after accounting for filter
down-time due to backwashing and water requirement for backwashing. Assume the
turbidity of water post-filtration to be 1 NTU. Based on this information calculate the
solids concentration in backwash water.
Design Parameters:
Length to width ratio:
1.3 1.5 : 1
Length:
<7m
Water Depth on top of Filter:
3m
Free Board:
0.5 m
Underdrainage system depth:
1.5 m
Backwash rate:
1.0 m3/m2/min
Backwash time:
5 minutes
Filter down time due to backwashing: 30 minutes
Post-Chlorination: Chlorine is added using jet mixers in closed conduits in a manner
similar to during prechlorination. Assume that the initial demand for chlorine has been
satisfied due to prechlorination. Calculate the breakpoint chlorination dose to destroy
ammonia. A free chlorine residual of 2 mg/L must be maintained in the treated water.

Use the following equation to calculate the breakpoint chlorination dose:

Assume the CT value for 6 Log kill of coliform organism is 120, and that for 5 log kill is
96. Based on this information, calculate the minimum time of contact required to achieve
complete disinfection.
Other Remarks:

When designing water treatment plants, it must be remembered that it is

advisable to put several small unit processes in parallel, rather than designing a
single large unit. However construction of very large number of small unit
processes will result in an increase in operation and maintenance costs. Proper
provisions must be made for units being under repairs, and hence out of
commission.