Public Distribution System

Chapter - 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Food security is achieved when all people, at all times, have physical and
economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs
and food preferences for an active life (Rome Declaration on World Food
Security World Food Summit, 1996).
Hunger is the most deplorable manifestation of poverty. This can manifest
itself in the form of starvation, chronic under nutrition or specific nutrient
deficiencies. A staggering 5 per cent of rural and 2 per cent of urban population of
India do not get adequate food throughout the year. Moreover, the indicators on
nutrition are awesome and classing us quite low in terms of Human Development
Index. India was a famine-ridden country during the British times. The process of
faminization has been discussed by a whole gamut of social scientists, political
leaders and social workers. Even the British government took the task of knowing
the reasons behind famines. The early debate surrendering the measures to combat
famines was construction of railways versus investment in irrigation. After
Independence, the Food Grain Procurement Commission (1950) suggested
Department of PG Studies in Economics Shikaripura

Page 1
rationing. Food grain Inquiry Committee (1957) suggested maintenance of Buffer

stock to combat sudden frustration in food supply.
During the 60s and 70s, India started importing food grain from USA under
PL-480 agreement, war with Pakistan and growing incidence of crop failures led
India to think about self-sufficiency in food. The second and third year plans
which gave emphasis on industrialization, faced a lot of criticisms. The
government became more aware about shortage in food production. IADP and
IAAP programmes were adopted in the early 1960s to combat the evil of food
shortage green revolution technology was adopted to increase domestic food
production.
In 1965, Food Corporation of India and Agricultural price commission
(later its name was changed to commission of agricultural costs and prices) were
established. Public Distribution System (PDS) became a part of our food policy
whose main objective was to provide food supply at cheaper rates to urban
consumers through ration shops and Fair price shops. Creation of buffer stock
through levy, and offering Minimum Support Price (MSP) to avoid distress sales
by farmers were also the objectives of PDS. The Public Distribution System (PDS)
in India is more than half a century old as rationing was first introduced in 1939 in
Bombay by the British Government as a measure to ensure equitable distribution
of food grains to the urban consumers in the face of rising prices. Thus, rationing
in times of crisis like famine was the historical precursor to the national policy of
Page 2
stabilization and management of food grains. Among the number of price central
conferences held during 1940-42, the sixth held in September, 1942 laid down the
basic principle of a Public Distribution System for India.
Targeted Public Distribution System

Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) is a means of distributing food
grain and other basic commodities at subsidized prices through Fair Price Shops.
Every family is supposed to have a ration card. In 1997, the TPDS became
targeted wherein different ration cards were issued to households. Below poverty
line (BPL) and those Above the Poverty Line (APL), and each category has
different entitlements. Today, both BPL and APL households are emitted to 35 kgs
of grain per month, but the issue price is higher for APL households. The BPL
quota for each state is determined by the Planning Commissions estimates of
poverty in the state, which is in turn calculated on the basis of the National Sample
Survey Organizations (NSSO) consumption expenditure surveys (CES).
History of public distribution system
Pre-Independence Era
The origin of Public Distribution System in India dates back to the Second World
War period. At the start of the Second World War in 1939 when shortages of
various essential commodities were anticipated and the State had an obligation to
maintain supply lines for the conduct of the war while, at the same time,
supplying essentials to the citizens also, the Government of India decided to

Page 3
impose controls on distribution of certain commodities under the Defense of India

Rules 1939.
1939 the prices of food grains started rising. The price of major food grains
namely, rice and wheat sharply increased by 2.5 times during the war period. The
Government tried to control the prices when it fixed the maximum price of wheat
in 1941. However, there was no control either on supply or on movement of
wheat which resulted in the failure of the wheat price control.
During 1942 a serious shortage of food grains developed and large sections of
people were deprived of any supply at all. Are examining the situation in depth,
the Government of India promulgated Rule 81-D under the Defense of India Rules
which empowered the province all Governments to regulate the shops dealing in
food grains and even take over their business, if necessary.
. A plan for the food economy of India called "The Basic Plan" was drawn up and
put into operation from of April, 1943. On the basis of the anticipated harvest of
the two major seasons, (Kharif and Rabi) the Government of India ordered
procurement from surplus States and allocation of food grains to the deficit States.
The first Food grain Policy Committee was set up in 1943 to recommend a sound
and effective food policy for the country. The Committee stressed the need for
continuing the rationing in the urban centers and also inclusion of certain rural
areas under the scheme. The committee also asked for a reserve stock to be
created as per specific scheme outlined. Food rationing which was introduced to
cover 13 cities in 1943 was extended to 103 cities and towns in 1944 and
extended to 771 towns and rural pockets in 1946.
The procurement in surplus States did not work out satisfactorily and the main
source of supply during the period 1943-47 was imports. The food situation in
Page 4
1943 was critical and the Government of India modified the basic plan in such a
way as to license more private dealers to encourage them to bring out the hidden
stocks. This was first tried in the Eastern region..
The Post Independence Period
India obtained independence in the year 1947 and the second Food grains Policy
Committee was set up in that year. The committee recommended to reduce the
area of state intervention in the food market. Accordingly, the recommendation
was to scrap the rationing system, to reduce the import of food grains and
liberalize internal trade of food grains. The Government started to implement these
recommendations seriously. However, liberalization of internal trade in a shortage
situation resulted in sharp increase in food grain prices and very soon, the
Government reverted to the price control mechanism.
In 1952 the Foodgrains (licensing and procurement) Order was passed and fair
price shops were opened to prevent undue rise in prices consequent on the
relaxation of controls.
In 1953-54 the food zones which were introduced during the war period to restrict
the movement of foodg rains were also abolished. But the zonal system was reintroduced
In 1955 for wheat and rice. The year 1955 was an important one since it was
during this year that the Essential Commodities Act was enacted. This Act which
is in force even to-day, has the objective of holding control over the production,
supply and distribution of and trade and commerce in certain essential
commodities. A number of Control Orders have been promulgated under this Act
to cover various essential commodities

Page 5
1956-1965 wheat and rice imported from the U.S.A. under PL 480 was pumped
into the Public Distribution System at prices which were lower than the domestic
ones. The avowed purpose was to protect the vulnerable auctions of the population
against the riding prices. The establishment of the
Food Corporation of India in 1965 with the objective of building up buffer stocks
of food grains to achieve food security was a major land-mark of the Indian Food
Policy. From 1965 onwards the public distribution system became an important
element in the planning process. The old fair price shops scheme was re
designated as Public Distribution System.
Statement of the Problem

Number of research studies by individuals, institutions and government
agencies have been conducted on the subject PDS. Planning Commission in the
Mid term appraisal of various areas covered by researchers on PDS.
The planning commissions report says that with a network of more than
4,00,000 FPS, the PDS in India are perhaps the largest distribution machinery of
its type in the world. PDS is said to distribute each year commodities worth
Rs. 15,000 crore to about 16 crore families. The huge network can play a more
meaningful role of only the system is able to translate into micro level and macro
level self-sufficiency by ensuring availability of food grains for the poor
households.
Need for the Study

Page 6
India is second largest country in the world in the manner of population. It

is most important considerable plus point of the India, because it involve large
human capital. Even we all Indians are thinking that, we will the Indian peoples.
We know that the Indian common man is facing lots of problems today. Recently,
most of Indian people are struggling with the bread and butter due to the
continuously increasing prices of food grains, vegetables, pulses and other cereals.
Food security implies access by all people at all times to sufficient quantities of
food to lead an active and healthy life.
As for as the question of enough purchasing capacity is concerned, it
involves the introduction of employment generation of programmes. So that, the
income and purchasing power of the people increases. To tackle the quantitative
and qualitative aspects of the food security problem, the government of India
relied on the following three food based safety nets.
1.
Public Distribution System (PDS)
2.
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and
3.
Mid-day meals programme (MDM).

As for as the issue of providing purchasing power to the people is
concerned, various employment programmes have been introduced from time to

time. Even amongst these, PDS has been focus of most of the attention and debate
over the years.

Page 7
The poor impact of the scheme in poor states (Bihar and West Bengal) also
underlines the need for strengthening PDS in these states. As long as the
development process is not able to reduce poverty continuance of the Public
Distribution Scheme in poor states stands justified. Rather, the need of the hour is
to encourage proper targeting to achieve better results to pursue PDS.
Objectives
1.
To trace the evolution of the PDS scheme.
2.
To evaluate performance of the scheme in the recent years.
3.
To identify the problems in the operation of the scheme.
4.
To seek opinion of beneficiaries through a case study.
Methodology
a.
Area of Study
The broad geographical area of the present study was restricted to the
shimoga district in Karnataka. However, the focus was on shikaripura taluk, were
targeted public distribution scheme was the target group in the proposed study.
b.
Sources of Data
The present study has depended on both primary and secondary data

Page 8
The primary data has been gathered through personal administration of

appropriately prepared open ended interview schedules to the beneficiaries in the
study area of shikaripura talluks
Secondary data for the study has been gathered from published sources
such as various titles, journals, periodicals and reports on the subject. For the
purpose of gathering the latest information on the topic internet sources were also
consulted.
Sample size and sampling design
From the shikaripura taluks, most backward dry area and most forward
irrigated areas of 100 beneficiaries are selected with the help of random sampling
technique,
Chapterization
This study has been planned in Five chapters as follows :
Chapter - 1 : Introduction
This chapter provides a brief background, Introduction, statement of the
problem, need for the study, objectives, hypothesis, methodology, chapterization
and review of literature, scope and relevance of the study.
Chapter 2 Review of Literature

Page 9
This chapter provides detailed description regarding subject matter form various
scholars
Chapter - 2 : Evolution of TPDS Scheme in India and Karnataka
This chapter deals with the PDS scheme in India and brief introduction,
evolution of TPDS in Karnataka.
Chapter 4 : Performance of TPDS Scheme : An Overview

This chapter deals with the TPDS scheme performance need and
importance for the specially a poor people in briefly discussion and briefly a TPDS
scheme performance in recent years, scheme activities and discussion.
Chapter 5 : TPDS Scheme in Chitradurga Taluk : An Evaluation
This chapter provides a TPDS scheme introduced in this scheme activities,
statistics, in Chitradurga taluk PDS scheme related APL, BPL, AAY and Fair Price
Shops (FPSs). Statistics in recent years and Chitradurga taluk background briefly
introduction and this scheme overall information and Chitradurga taluk an
evaluation and PDS scheme evaluation of the study.
Chapter -6 : Summary and Conclusion
Page 10
The major Findings and Suggestions are given by the researcher in this
chapter prior to a formal conclusion.
Chapter 2
Review of Literature
Rajpurohit (1978) studied the Urban dwellers and rural poor should be
included under target groups. The sixth five year plan identified 50.8 per cent of
rural population and 38 per cent of urban population as target groups. However, in
practice each state has followed its own criteria.
Subba Rao (1980) worked on The political economy of public
distribution system in Tamil Nadu estimated food requirement for the state of
Andhra Pradesh under certain assumptions. While working out these estimates he
has assumed a supply level of 12 ozs (340 grams) per consumption unit. He
concluded that ultimately the benefit of public distribution is zero or negligible.
Gupta basing on certain assumption has projected food grains required for PDS
Page 11
upto 1980, for all India, such projections are assumed to help makers in their
procurement effects.
P.S. George (1984) has analyzed the Public distribution of food grains and
their income distribution of effects in Kerala. He estimated the possible impact of
rationing on incomes of the consumers using the relationship. The results shows
that the system is economically viable. Further ration rice according to this study,
accounted for a major share of rice consumption of consumers belonging to low
income groups. The criteria of identifying target groups differed across studies.
Rajkrishna suggested that the beneficiaries of the distribution system could be
arrived at by deducting from the total population i) the number of income tax
assess, and ii) cultivators households multiplied by five which is the average size
of the family.
VKRV Rao (1985) his study on In the study of analysis : National sample
survey in the study analyses the National Sample Survey (NSS) data for 1973-74
on household expenditure and food consumption by per capita expenditure class.
The study shows that proportion of total expenditure spent on food decreases with
increasing consumption expenditure class. The calorie distribution by expenditure
class given NSS data for 1971-72 showed that if 2750 calories is taken as
minimum required intake per consumer, 51.4% of consumer in rural areas and
65.5% in the urban areas were not getting adequate nutrition. Nutritional poverty
is undoubtedly linked with high inequality that exists in the distribution of
purchasing power.
Page 12
Cornia and Stewart (1993) worked on Two errors of targeting one of the
arguments made by proponents of Targeted PDS is that the scheme will be able to
reach the poor or needy more effectively than the universal PDS. There are two
types of errors that occur in any targeted welfare programme due to imperfect
measurement. Errors of wrong exclusion (type-I errors) refer to the exclusion of
genuinely poor or deserving households from a programme.
Radhakrishna et al. (1997) worked on Indias public distribution system :
A national and international perspective, states food subsidization has a very long
tradition in India. For most of the last three decades, it has accounted for more
than two per cent of total government expenditure and its cost peaked in 1993-94
at 55 billion rupees (roughly 1.8 billion 1993US$), almost 50 per cent of the total
expenditure allocated to poverty alleviation programmes and approximately 0.8
per cent of Gross Domestic Product. The bulk of these sums sustained the Public
Distribution System (PDS hereafter), which is one of the oldest and largest poverty
alleviation programmes in the world. The programme mainly supplies rice, wheat,
edible oils, sugar and kerosene at subsidized prices through a network of retail
outlets known as Fair Price Shops.
Jos Mooij (1998) worked on Dilemmas in Food Policy about institutional
contradictions and vested interests. The public distribution system (PDS) is one
of the most important and costly welfare programmes in India. Till 1997 the PDS a
more or less universal programme, which distributed food to rich and poor
Page 13
cardholders alike. The universal set-up changes in 1997, when the government of
India introduced targeting. The implementing of targeting proved however
difficult.
Mahendra Dev (2000), his study on Food security : PDS vs EGS Tale
of two states, reveals that there are several ways in which food security can be
improved. The strategies constitute several policies. Indias strategies in this
regard comprise economic growth, direct anti-poverty programmes, which include
wage-employed and self-employed target programmes, public distribution system
(PDS) nutrition-based programmes and provision of health facilities.
Ravi Srivastava (2000) a detailed study on Food security and Targeted
PDS in U.P.. The study was carried among 2250 households across 120 villages
found that multiplicities of agencies, poor coordination and low administrative
accountability have combined to cripple the delivery machinery.
A recommendation of the High Level Committee on Long Term Grain
Policy (2000) was that instead of the current distinction between APL, BPL and
Antyodaya in terms of issue pricing for rice and wheat, there should be a single
issue price for grain issued by the FCI from its warehouses. This recommendation,
sometimes identified with the return to universal PDS from TPDS adopted in
1997, has been criticized on a number of grounds. First that if the same price for
BPL and APL households was charged, this would not be financially viable for the
Page 14
BPL. If existing AAY and BPL cardholders were charged a higher price, there
might be pressure to keep the uniform CIP low as high common price for BPL and
APL would have adverse consequences for the poor. On the other hand, a low CIP
would increase even further the fiscal subsidy. Third any widening in the effective
reach of PDS due to its universalization would put unbearable pressure for the
supply for grain into the PDS.
Taimini (2001) the World Bank defined Food security as access by all
people at all times to enough food for an active and healthy life. However, FAO
defined food security as ensuring that all people at all times have both physical
and economic access to basic food they need. World Food Summit 1996 in world
food summit plan of action stated that Food security exists when all people at all
times have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to
meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Madhura Swaminathan (2002) worked on Weakening welfare : The
public distribution of food in India has criticised the targeted PDS that is based
on the narrow definition of absolute income poverty. She has cited the example of
the inefficiency in survey techniques used in a village in Maharashtra to target the
BPL households due to which, the original BPL households were excluded from
the TPDS. She has discussed the major drawbacks of the use of income poverty
line as an indicator of the eligibility of a family for access to PDS.

Page 15
NIRDs study on leakages in PDS (2003) found that nor drawing and
partial drawing of quota was substantially contributes for leakages. Though
number of studies has been conducted on PDS, the effectiveness of PDS has not
been studied and measured quantitatively. This study shows that how for the rural
population have been benefited in PDS in terms of the objectives of PDS.
Srinivas and Thaha (2004) analysed the Food security has also been a
recurring theme raised in specific contexts in various force convened by the
United National the conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de
Janeiro in 1992 emphasized the need to ensure food security at all levels within the
framework of sustainable development as defined in Agenda 21. The joint
FAO/WHO conference on nutrition, held in Rome in 1992, declared Hunger and
malnutrition are unacceptable in a world that has both knowledge and resources to
end this human catastrophe and recognized that access to nutritionally adequate
and safe food is a right of each individual.
The Economic Survey Reports (2012) from West Bengal, Bihar,
Jharkhand, Orissa, Assam and Madhya Pradesh reveal that the gigantic scheme a
lifetime for Indias hungry millions is in shambles, despite the apex courts specific
order s to provide subsidized food grain regularly to all poor people. Every month
over 4.2 million tonnes of rice and wheat are allotted by the Central Government

Page 16
for distribution through a network of merely half a million Fair price shops spread
across all states and union territories.
Reethika Khera (2012) worked on PDS and other sources of household
consumption, this article examined the government of Indias 1997 criteria for
selection of households for below poverty line ration cards. The main conceptual
problems are that the criteria are static and uniform across the entire country.
Using primary data (collected in 2002) from 400 randomly selected households
from eight villages of Rajasthan, the exercise here calculates the proportion of
wrongly excluded (i.e., who qualify according to government criteria but did not
get a BPL card) and wrongly excluded households. Of the one-third of sample
households that were classified as BPL, nearly a quarter have been wrongly
includes. Besides, 44 per cent of the households which should have been counted
as BPL were wrongly excluded. However, one must consider the appropriateness
of the selection criteria along with these large selection errors.
Suryanarayana, M.S. (2012) his work on Commentary on agflation and
public distribution system have been raised, 1) A case for universalisation of the
PDS and 2) its implications for procurement and buffer stocks it would be
important to examine the issues in the context of the latest available information
on the current state of the PDS. It would be with while the examine, the PDS and

Page 17
its profile across socio-economic groups and the likely implications for food
security in era of food inflation.
G. Suryanarayana (2009) undertook A study on PDS in India with
reference to Andhra Pradesh during 1985. The major findings of the study were
urban people were getting more benefits through PDS than rural and tribal people.
Niehaus Paul (2009) analyzed targeting with agents: Theory and evidence
from Indias Targetted Public Distribution System. Targeting economic assistance
to the poor is a central problem in development.
The statutory targeting rules are frequently violated. In principle this could
reflect either officials use of soft information to improve targeting or corruption.
The evidence does not support the former view excessive each payments for BPL
cards are widespread and household specific prices respond to household
eligibility criteria in a manner consistent with systematic profit maximization by
officials.
Sharad Joshi (2011) worked on Wrong approach to food security reveals
that coupons would work better than PDS as a food security mechanism. It is not
surprising that the largest support for PDS comes from regions where pilferage is
maximum.
1.9. Limitations of the Study

The present study has been restricted to Chitradurga taluk of Chitradurga
district in Karnataka state. The study has been restricted only towards an
Page 18
evaluation of performance of targeted public distribution scheme. Since the study

is a micro one, it assumes relevance in its own way.
References
1.
Choudhary, R.C. and Rajkutty (ed.) (1998). Five years of rural

development in India : Retrospect and Prospect, NIRD, Hyderabad, p. 22.
2.
Cornia, G.A. and Stewart, F. (1993). Two errors of targeting. In: Lipton, M.
and J. Vander Gaag (ed.) : Including the poor : World Bank, Washington
DC, pp. 67-90.
3.
George, P.S. (1984). Some aspects of public distribution of food grains in

India. Food Insecurity Atlas of Rural India, Chennai, pp. 47-54.
4.
Jean Dreze (1995). Famine prevention in India. (ed: Sen, Dreze and
Hussain), Political Economy of Hunger, Clerendon Press, Oxford, p. 180.
5.
Jos Mooij (1998). Dilemmas in Food Policy about institutional

contradictions and vested interests. Economic and Political Weekly, p. 144.
6.
Madhura Swaminathan (2002). Weakening welfare : The public

distribution of food in India. Leftword Books, New Delhi, p. 53.
7.
Mahendra Dev (2000). Food security : PDS vs EGS Tale of two states.
Economic and Political Weekly, 31(27), pp. 1752-1764.
8.
Niehauspaul (2009). Theory and evidence from Indias targeted public

distribution system. Economic and Political Weekly, 32(20-21), pp. 12011220.

Page 19
9.
Radhakrishna, R., Subba Rao, K., Indrakanth, S. and Ravi, C. (1997).

Indias public distribution system : A national and international
perspective. World Bank Discussion, p. 380.
10.
Rajpurohit (1978). Urban dwellers and rural poor. The Food Insecurity
Atlas of Rural India, Chennai, p. 62.
11.
Rao, VKRV (1985). In the study of analysis : National sample survey

organization. Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi, p. 30.
12.
Reethika Khera (2012). Access to the targeted public distribution system :

A case study in Rajasthan. Economic and Political Weekly, p. 5.
13.
Sharad Joshi (2011). Wrong approach to food security. The Hindu,

Businessline, p. 7.
14.
Srinivas and Thaha (2004). Calories and Things : Reflections on

nutritional norms, poverty lines and consumption behaviour in India.
Economic and Political Weekly, 40(43), pp. 22-28.
15.
Subba Rao (1980). The political economy of public distribution system in

Tamil Nadu. In: Vikram K. Chand (ed.), Reinventing Public Service
Delivery in India, Sage Publications, New Delhi, p. 10.
16.
Suryanarayana, G. (2009). Economic reform versus food security :

Keralas Gordian Knot. Journal of International Development, Asian
Experience, Sage Publications, New Delhi, 13(2), pp. 239-253.
17.
Taimini (2001). Indias food policy since independence. Journal of Indian

School of Political Economy, Vol. 8(2), pp. 661-668.

Page 20
18.
Vyas (2005). Ensuring food security. Notes, in Economic and Political

Weekly, p. 4407.
Chapter - 3
EVOLUTION OF TARGETED PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION

SCHEME IN INDIA AND KARNATAKA
India
Page 21
PDS is operated under the joint responsibility of the Central and the State
Governments. The Central Government, through ECI, has assumed the
responsibility for procurement, storage, transportation and bulk allocation of food
grains to the states. The operational responsibility including allocation within
state, identification of families below the poverty line, issue of ration cards and
supervision of the functioning of FPS rest with the State Governments. the
States/Union Territories for distribution. Some States/UTs also distribute
additional items of mass consumption, through the PDS outlets, such as cloth,
exercise books, pulses, salt, tea, etc.
Public Distribution of essential commodities had been in existence in India
during the inter-war period. PDS, with its focus on distribution of food grains in
urban scarcity areas, had emanated from the critical food shortages of 1960. PDS
had substantially contributed to the containment of rise in food grains prices and
ensured access of food to urban consumers. As the national agricultural production
had grown in the aftermath of Green Revolution, the outreach of PDS was
extended to tribal blocks and areas of high incidence of poverty in the 1970s and
1980s.
Evolution of Public Distribution System in Karnataka

Public distribution of essential commodities had keen in existence in India
during the inter-war period, PDS, with its focus on distribution of food grains in
urban scarcity areas, had emerged from the critical food shortages of 1960. PDS
Page 22
had substantially contributed to the containment of rise in food grains prices and
ensured access of food to urban consumers. As the national agricultural production
had grown in the after moth of Green Revolution, the outreach of PDS was
extended to tribal blocks and areas of high incidence of poverty in the 1970s and
1980s.
PDS, till 1992, was a general entitlement scheme for all consumers without
any specific target. Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS) was launched
in June 1992 in 1775 blocks throughout the country.
The Targeted Public
Distribution System (TPDS) was introduced with effect from June 1997.
The state policy of excluding ineligible BPL families in the state through
certain socio-economic criteria did not work effectively due to relaxation of
many of these criteria by the State Government and issue of BPL ration cards
on self declarations by the applicants without scrutiny. This, on the other hand,
led to inclusion of ineligible beneficiaries in the BPL list and the number of
ration cards exceeded the projected households in the state.
Consequent upon abnormal increase in the number of BPL ration cards, the
State Government was saddled with additional financial burden of Rs. 1,034.82
crore to supply food grains at subsidized rates. The scale of issue of food grains
was also drastically reduced to cater to the increased number of beneficiaries.
There were instances of improper documentation, miss reporting of the scale
transactions, regularizes in the working of Fair price shops (FPS) etc., which
Page 23
could have led to diversion of PDS commodities to black market. The

Department, however, failed to notice these irregularities due to lack of an
effective monitoring mechanism.
Organizational Setup
The Principal Secretary, Department of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer
Affairs (FC&CA) assisted by the Commissioner (FC&CA) was responsible for
implementation of the scheme at the state level. The commissioner was assisted by
the Deputy Commissioners, Deputy Directors (FC&CA) and Chief Executive
Officers of Zilla Panchayats at the district level and by the Tahsildars and
Executive Officers of Taluk Panchayat taluk level.
Involvement of Panchayat Raj Institutions to Monitor the PDS

Distribution Scheme
In pursuance of the guidelines issued by GOI, the State Government has
issued instructions, involving Panchayat Raj Institutions in public distribution
system, to make it more effective and transparent. Grama Panchayat is entrusted
with monitoring and supervision of PDS at the Panchayat level as well as to create
awareness to the consumers about the PDS.
Food Security Committee has been constituted in every Grama Panchayat
under the chairmanship of social justice chairman with one SC, two ST and one
lady member of Grama Panchayat and Panchayat secretary will be the Member
Page 24
Secretary of Committee. This committee is responsible for monitoring of Fair

price shops in the Grama Panchayat jurisdiction. It has power to inspect with 2/3 rd
quorum and check the stock receipts and distribution of food grains to card holder
with the food inspector.
It can also check sales register, book of accounts etc. To facilitate nonration card holders to get new ration cards, issue of applications, collecting
applications with affidavit, verification and issue of ration cards through the
Nemmadi Kendras is under progress.
Chapter- 4

Page 25
PERFORMANCE OF TARGETED PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION

SCHEME : AN OVERVIEW
. Targeted Public Distribution Scheme (TPDS)
Till 1992, the PDS was a general entitlement scheme for all consumers
without specific targets. The RPDS was launched in 1992 in 1775 blocks in tribal,
hill and drought prone areas. PDS, as it stood earlier, had been widely criticized
for its failure to serve the population Below Poverty Line (BPL), its urban bias,
limited coverage in the states with high concentrates of rural poor and lack of
transparent and accountable arrangements for delivery.
The Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) was introduced in June
1997. It envisaged that the Below Poverty Line (BPL) population would be
identified in every state and every BPL family would be entitled to a certain
quantity of food grains at specially subsidized prices. While BPL population were
offered food grains at half the economic cost, the APL, who were not to have a
fixed entitlement to food grains, were supplied grains at their economic cost. Thus,
TPDS intends to target to target the subsidized provision of food grains to poor in
all areas unlike RPDS which laid stress on all in poor areas.
The Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution in 1997,
issued guidelines for the implementation of TPDS. The salient features are the
following.
Page 26
1.
TPDS proposed to issue 10 kg of food grains per BPL family. (revised

to 20 kg from April, 2000) at specially subsidized rates. The average lifting
of food grains by the state in the last 10 years would be the allocation to the
state in the first year. Out of this, the quantity in excess of BPL entitlement,
known as transitory allocation, would benefit the APL population but at a
price that is not subsidized.
2.
States should design credible financial and administrative arrangements

to ensure the physical movement of food grains to the FPSs and subsequent
issue to the poor. The provision of subsidy would be conditional on this.
3.
Specially subsidized food grains to the beneficiaries of EAS and JRY

will be issued at the rate of 1 kg per person per day. Provision of food
coupons to the EAS and JRY beneficiaries was made which they can
exchange for food grains at the FPSs.
4.
The BPL population in any state could be seen at the provisional

estimates reached by the planning commission, for the year 1993-94 by the
Expert Group Methodology. This should form the macro estimate of BPL
population at the state level.
5.
In June 1997, the Government of India launched the Targeted Public

Distribution System (TPDS) with focus on the poor. Under the TPDS states
are required to formulate and implement foolproof arrangements for

Page 27
identification of the poor for delivery of food grains and for its distribution
in a transparent and accountable manner at the FPS level.
6.
The scheme when introduced, was intended to benefit about 6 crore

families for whom a quantity of about 72 lakh tonnes of food grains was
earmarked annually. The identification of the poor under the scheme is done
by the state as per state-wise poverty estimates of the planning commission
for 1993-94 based on the methodology of the Expert Group on Estimation
of Proportion and Number of Poor chaired by Late Prof. Lakdawala. The
allocation of food grains to the states/UTs was made on the basis of average
consumption in the past i.e., average annual off-take of food grains under
the PDS during the past ten years at the time of introduction of TPDS.
7.
The quantum of food grains in excess of the requirement of BPL

families was provided to the state as transitory allocation for which a
quantum of 103 lakh tonnes of food grains was earmarked annually. Over
and above the TPDS allocation, additional allocation to states was also
given. The transitory allocation was intended for continuation of benefit of
subsidized food grains for continuation of benefit of subsidized food grains
to the population Above Poverty Line (APL) as any sudden withdrawal of
benefits existing under PDS from them was not considered desirable. The
transitory allocation was issued at prices which were subsidized but were
higher than the prices for the BPL quota of food grains.

Page 28
8.
Keeping in view the consensus on increasing the allocation of food

grains to BPL families and to better target the food subsidy, Government of
India increased the allocation to BPL families from 10 kg to 20 kg of food
grains per family per month at 50% of the economic cost and allocation to
APL families at economic cost w.e.f., 1.4.2000. The allocation of APL
families was retained at the same level as at the time of introduction nof
TPDS but the Central Issue Prices (CIP) for APL were fixed at 100% of
economic cost from that date so that the entire consumer subsidy could be
directed to the benefit of the BPL population. However, the CIPs fixed in
July and December 2000 for BPL and AAY respectively and in July 2002
for APL, have not been revised since them even though procurement costs
have gone up considerably.
9.
The number of BPL families has been increased w.e.f., 1-12-2000 by

shifting the base to the population projections of the Registrar General as
on 1-3-2000 instead of the earlier population projections of 1995 with this
increase the total number of BPL families is 652.03 lakh as against 596.23
lakh families. Originally estimated when TPDS was introduced in June
1997.
10.
The end retail priced is fixed by the states/UTs after taking into account
margins for wholesalers/retailers, transportation charges, levies, local taxes
etc. Under the TPDS, the states were requested to issue food grains at a

Page 29
difference of not more than 50 paise per kg over and above the CIP for BPL
families. Flexibility to states/UTs has been given in the matter of fixing the
retail issues prices by removing the restriction of 50 paise per kg over and
above the CIP for distribution of food grains under TPDS except with
respect to Antyodaya Anna Yojana where the end retail price is to be
retained at Rs. 2/a kg for wheat and Rs. 3/a kg for rice.
Need for a Programme like Targeted Public Distribution Scheme

In India, the problems of chronic hunger and malnutrition persist on a
massive scale. The prevalence of malnutrition is one of the highest in the world,
higher than in some very poor countries of sub-Saharan Africa. PDS in India is the
oldest and one of the most comprehensive anti-poverty programmes in terms of
budgetary expenditure of the central and state governments. From the mid 1960s,
it has evolved into a price support, rationing and subsidy programme.
Jean Dreze and Amartyasen make a clear distinction between the problems
of chronic hunger (involving sustained nutritional deprivation on a persistent
basis) and that of famine (involving acute starvation and a sharp increase in
mortality).
1.
Through case studies of several countries, the book discusses the

differences in strategies and policies required to dealt with the two sets of
problems.

Page 30
2.
In the case of India, there is plenty of evidence, starting from the

colonial period, on the nature of government interventions during famines,
the last of which the Great Bengal famine occurring under colonial rule in
1943-resulted in an estimated 3 million deaths.
3.
Dreze and Sen argue convincingly that Post-Independence India has

dealt effectively with periods of food shortages, droughts and other food
crisis in a way that prevents a famine situation. However, 1 contends that
the country has failed to ensure adequate access to food for all its people.
The Public Distribution System (PDS) in India is a food rationing
mechanism that entitles households to specified quantities of selected commodities

at government subsidized prices. A network of fair price shops sells the
commodities. In most parts of the country, upto 1997, the PDS was universal and
all rural and urban households with a registered residential address were entitled
to rations. Eligible households were given a ration card that entitled them to buy
fixed rations of selected commodities.
Performance of TPDS
a. PDS System in India
Page 31
PDS also has become a corner stone of government development policy and
it tied to implementation of most rural development programmes. PDS is also a
key driver of public sentiment and is an important and very visible metric of
government performance. One of the main problems with this system is the
inefficiency in the targeting of beneficiaries and the resulting leakage of subsidies.
Several opportunities to manipulate the system exist with widespread collusion
across the supply chain.
b. Objectives of Public Distribution System (PDS)
Indias Public Distribution System (PDS) with a network of 4.78 lakh Fair
Price Shops (FPSs) is perhaps the largest retail system of its type in the world.
Since 1951 public distribution of food grains has been retained as deliberate social
policy by India with the objectives of
Providing food grains and other essential items to vulnerable sections of the
society at reasonable (subsidized) prices.
To put an indirect check on the open market prices of various of various

items.
To attempt socialization in the matter of distribution of essential

commodities.
The operational details of the PDS differ from state to state. Though the
policy of setting up of Fair Price Shops (FPS) owes its initiation to national food
Page 32
policy, its implementation remains the direct responsibility of the state

governments. In order to operate the PDS effectively, the central government
issues guidelines from time to time to the states regarding the operational details
of the PDS. The operational responsibilities including allocation within the state,
identification of families below poverty line, issue of ration cards, supervision and
monitoring the functioning of FPS rest with the state governments. The food and
civil supplies department of the state government is mainly entrusted with the task
of monitoring PDS in the state.
c. Performance Evaluation of TPDS
Only 22.7% FPS are viable in terms of earning a return of 12% on capital.
The off take by APL card holders was negligible except in Himachal
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.
The off take per BPL card was high in West Bengal, Kerala, Himachal
Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
The off take by the poor under TPDS was substantially higher than under
universal PDS.
There are large errors of exclusion and inclusion and ghost cards are
common.

Page 33
High exclusion errors mean a low coverage of BPL households. The survey
estimated that TPDS covers only 57% BPL families.
Errors of inclusions are high in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil

Nadu. This implies that the APL households receive an unacceptably large
proportion of subsidized grains.
Leakages vary enormously between states. In Bihar and Punjab, the total
leakage exceeds 75% while in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, it is between
50% and 75%.
Leakage and diversion imply a low share of genuine BPL households of the
distribution of the subsidized grains. During 2003-04, it is estimated that
out of 14.1 million tonnes of BPL quota from the central pool, only 6.1
million tonnes reached the BPL families and 8 million tonnes did not reach
the target families.
Leakage and diversion raised the cost of delivery. For every 1 kg that was
delivered to the poor, GOI had to issue 2.32 kg from the central pool.
During 2003-04, out of an estimated subsidy of Rs. 7258 crore under

TPDS, Rs. 4125 corer did not reach BPL families. Moreover, Rs. 2579
crore did not reach any consumer but was shared by agencies involved in
the supply chain.

Page 34
Public Distribution Scheme (PDS)

The PDS is a major state intervention in the country aimed at ensuring food
security to all the people, especially the poor. The PDS operates through a large
distribution network of around 4.89 lakh fair price shops (FPSs) and is
supplemental in nature. Under the PDS the central government is responsible for
the procurements and transportation of food grains upto the principal distribution
centres of the FCI while the state governments are responsible for the
identification of families living below the poverty line, the issue of ration cards
and the distribution of food grains to the vulnerable sections through FPSs.
PDS seems to have failed in serving the second objective of making food
grains available to the poor. If it had, the consumption levels of cereals should not
have fallen on average-as it has consistently over the last two decades.
With a view to improving its efficiency, the PDS was redesigned as TPDS
with effect from June 1997. The TPDS envisages identifying the poor households
and then giving them a fixed entitlement of food grains at subsidized rate prices.
Under the TPDS, higher rates of subsidies are being given to the poor and the
poorest among the poor. The APL families are also being given food grains under
TPDS but with lower subsidy. The scale of issue under TPDS for Antyodaya

Page 35
cardholders began with 10 kg per family per month which has been progressively
increased to 35 kg per family per month with effect from April 2002.
. Coverage of Commodities Supplied through TPDS

If nutrition security is one of the considerations of TPDS, the government
may explore the possibility of including more commodities under TPDS. For
example, cereals such as Jowar, bajra and also pulses could be introduced in TPDS
because of nutritional considerations. The consumption of pulses is low for the
poor. Operational details of supplying these commodities, particularly pulses have
to be worked out. It is true that presently the country has a shortage of these
commodities. However, the introduction of these commodities may encourage
production of these crops especially in dry areas. The National Food Security
Mission has identified pulses as an area of focus.
Steps taken to strengthen the TPDS and Plan Schemes

The GOI has taken following measures to strengthen TPDS and check
diversion of food grains meant for TPDS.
a. Citizens Charter
A citizens charter has been issued in November 1991 for adoption by the
state governments to provide services in a transparent and accountable manner
under TPDS instructions have been issued for involvement of PRIs in
identifications of BPL families and in vigilance committee.
Page 36
b. PDS (Control) Order, 2001

The order, interalia, covers a range of areas relating to correct identification
of BPL families, issue of ration cards, proper distribution and monitoring of PDS
related operations. Contraventions of the provisions of the order are punishable
under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955. Clearly, these do not seem to have
had much impact the since the NSSO estimates of 2006 suggest that the extent of
leakage and diversion of grain has only increased.
c. Strengthening of PDS
Food Credit Cards / Computerization of PDS Operations

A new scheme computerization of PDS operations with a token provision
of Rs. 5 crore was introduced in 2006-07. The computerization of PDS operations
would be an improvement on existing system of ration cards, that an improvement
on existing system of making entries etc. the new system will have personal details
of all members of the family including their entitlement and the entire network of
PDS from taluk to state level will be linked. With this kind of system in place, the
objectives of Food Credit Card Scheme of checking diversion of food grains and
eliminating the problem of bogus ration cards are expected to be met.
. Curbing Leakages / Diversion of Food Grains meant for TPDS

This is a new scheme introduced during the Eleventh Five Year Plan to
strengthen the PDS. The scheme aims at taking effective measures to curb
Page 37
diversion and leakages through global positioning system, radio frequency

identification device etc.
. Generating Awareness amongst TPDS Beneficiaries about their

entitlement and Redressal Mechanism and Monitoring
A mass awareness campaign on the rights and entitlements of TPDS
beneficiaries is proposed through newspaper advertisements, bill boards, poster
printing of annual calendar on the themes of TPDS and audio-visual publicity
measures such as short spots/quickies, audio Jingles, TV serials/ documentaries.
Training and Awareness of Negotiable Warehouse Receipt System

This is a new scheme for the Eleventh Five Year Plan. The warehousing
receipts at present do not enjoy the fiduciary trust of depositors and banks, as there
is fear of not being able to recover the loans in events such as fraud or
mismanagement on behalf of the warehouse or insolvency of depositor. The legal
remedies are also time consuming and inadequate. In this context, it is proposed to
develop a negotiable warehouse receipt system will result in increase in the
liquidity in the rural areas, encouragement of scientific warehousing of goods,
lower cost of financing etc.
In addition, a number of plan schemes have been introduced :
a. Construction of Godowns
Page 38
The scheme was conceived during the Fifth Five Year Plan to build and
increase the storage capacity available with FCI for storage of food grains.
b. Integrated Information System for Food Grains Management (IISFM)
The main objective of the IISFM project in the FCI, initiated in 2003-04, is
to put in place an online MIS that would give the stock position in any depot at
any given point of time.
Food Management
The main objective of the Department of Food, Civil Supplies and
Consumer Affairs is to provide food security and ensure availability of essential
commodities at subsidized prices, particularly to the poorer section of the society
as well as promoting and protecting the welfare of the Consumers.
Targeted Public Distribution Scheme (TPDS)

a. Anthyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY)
Families of primitive tribes, the poorest of the poor, individuals of 60 years
and above age who do not have families or fixed income and any type of help,
widows, families suffering from chronic diseases/ physically handicapped are
eligible to get ration cards under this scheme.
The target by GOI and the number of beneficiaries identified-11,99,700.

Page 39
Annual Income Criteria:- Rs. 12,000/- & below in Rural areas. Rs.17,000/& below in Urban areas.
b. Food grains entitlement to the beneficiaries

Food grains : 29 kg of rice at Rs.3.00 per kg, 6 kg of wheat Rs.2.00 per kg,
Sugar :1-2kg at Rs. 13.50 per kg.
Kerosene: Rural areas : 4 litres, Urban Areas : 4 to 6 litres. Informal
Rationing Areas: 6 to 8 litres. Retail Issue Price: Rs.9.30 to Rs.l0.50 per
litre.
Informal Rationing Area-population of 40,000 and above.
c. Akshaya (BPL) /EBPL

Families of below poverty line, agricultural labourers, scheduled castes &
scheduled tribes are eligible to get ration cards under this scheme.
Food grains entitlement to the beneficiaries : 4 kg of rice and 1 kg of wheat

per unit with maximum of 25 kg of Rice/Wheat / Ragi @ Rs.3.00 per Kg.
Sugar:1-2kg of sugar at Rs.13.50 per kg. Kerosene: Rural areas : 4 litres,
Urban Areas : 4 to 6 litres.
Informal Rationing Areas : 6 to 8 litres. Retail Issue Price: Rs.9.30 to
Rs.l0.50 per litre.

Page 40
Annual Income Criteria: Rs. 12,000/- & below in Rural areas. Rs.17,000/& below in Urban areas.
Working of Public Distribution Scheme (PDS)

With the scare of rising food prices and the volatility in food output being
seen all around the globe, there is a renewed focus on the sustainability and
efficacy of Indias biggest intervention in the food market. The Public Distribution
System (PDS) seeks to ensure availability of essential commodities like wheat,
rice, sugar, edible oils and kerosene to the consumers, through a network of outlets
or Fair Price Shops (FPS). There is a network of about half a million PDS retail
outlets in the country. PDS is operated under the joint responsibility of the central
and state governments. 70% of the poor use the PDS in Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Between 50 to 60% of the poor use the PDS in
Assam, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Orissa. Participation rates of the poor vary
between 6 to 22% in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
Extra Below Poverty Line

Government of India has identified only 3129 lakh families as Below
Poverty Line. Government of Karnataka has identified 78.37 lakh families through
a survey. Thus to this 47.08 lakh excess Below Poverty Line families, Government
of Karnataka purchases food grains at Above Poverty Line price and distributes
Page 41
the same to the beneficiaries as per the scheme of Below Poverty Line. The
additional subsidy is being borne by the State Government.
Families having any one or more of the following are not eligible to get
benefits under the above two schemes
i.
More than 3 hectares of irrigated land and dry land.
ii.
Land line telephone connection.
iii.
Automobile vehicle owners more than 100 c.c HP.
iv.
Availed bank loan of more than Rs.l.00 lakh.
v.
Persons having irrigation facilities by owning a borewell.
vi.
Income Tax payee.
vii.
Government employees & persons drawing more than Rs.l,000/- salary

per
month
by
working
in
Government/Non-Government/Private
establishments.
viii.
Registered Contractors, APMC Traders, Commission Agents and

dealers in Seeds and Fertilizers.
The present living condition of the families is to be considered while
selecting the beneficiaries.
Above Poverty Line (APL)

Page 42
The families who are ineligible to get ration cards under AAY and BPL
scheme are eligible to get APL ration cards. Under this category Kerosene is
issued to non-LPG cards.
Existing Ration Cards as on 3 1-03-2013
1.
Anthyodaya Anna Yojana
2.
Below Poverty Line
(AAY)-
(BPL)
Total BPL
3.
Above Poverty Line
(APL)
Grand Total
11,99,700
-
66,37,868
78,37,568
54,02,980
1,32,40,548
Allotment of food grains by government of India (per month) (31-03-2013)

(in mt)
Category
Rice
Wheat
Ragi
AAY
34709
7282
BPL
55820
10522
1190
APL
54890
5156
Kerosene
Sugar
:
:
49416 KL per month

8697 MT per month.
Food grains and Kerosene are being distributed through a network of

following wholesalers, retailers and fair price shops.
i. Wholesale Nominees

Page 43
Food grains : 165 - Karnataka Food and Civil Supplies Corporation (KFCSC)
102 - Taluk Agricultural producers Cooperative Marketing Societies
(TAPCMS)
Kerosene wholesalers : 348
ii. Number of Fair Price Shops
Food grains :
Individuals
11276
KFCSC
200
Cooperatives
8896
Total
20372
Kerosene retailers
25740
Table 3.2. Taluk covered under Mobile Fair Price Depots

District
Mysore
Taluk covered under
Whether remote, inaccessible or
mobile Fair Price Depots
hilly
H.D. Kote, Nanjangud,
Hilly and remote
Periyapatna and Hunsur

Dakshina Kannada
Belthangadi/Puttur
Hilly and remote
Kodagu
Madikeri and Somwarpet
Hilly, remote and farflung areas
Raichur
Devadurga Lingasgur
Farflung and remote areas
Gulbarga
Gulbarga
Farflung and remote areas
Source : Director of Food and Civil Supplies
Allotment and Off-take of Commodities

Page 44
The allotment and off take of commodities under Targetted Public

Distribution System for the years 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 (upto October 2012)
are as follows :
Allotment and off-take of commodities under TPDS for the year 2011-2012 (in
mt)
Sl. No.
Commodity
Allocation
Off take
Rice
1576501.02
1554679.71
Wheat
293862.42
258292.61
3.
Sugar
92163.04
57723.71
Kerosene oil (KLS)
599231.14
593740.14
Allotment and off-take of commodities under TPDS for the year 2012-2013
(in mt) (upto October 2012)
Sl. No.
1
2
3.
4
Commodity
Rice
Wheat
Sugar
Kerosene oil (KLS)
Allocation
954838.93
162882.04
62100.01
347295.00
Off take
940183.28
161552.74
33224.13
344202.93
Budget Allocation, Expenditure and Food Subsidy

Under PDS food grains are distributed at subsidized rates. The budget
allocation and expenditure figures towards subsidy and transportation charges for
the last 3 years are as under.
Budget allotment and Expenditure (Rs. In lakhs)
Year
Budget allotment

Page 45
Expenditure
2006-07
75000.00
74965.60
2011-2012
65000.00
64994.00
2012-2013 (upto Dec,

08)
83000.00
52739.00
Food Subsidy
The State Government is incurring around Rs. 830 crores for the year
2012-2013 on food subsidy. The category wise details of central issue price, the
State retail issue price and rate of subsidy borne by the State Government per
quintal are as follows :
. Year-wise Distribution of Ration to Ration Card Holders
Sl.
No.
Particulars (Rs/Quintal
AAY
BPL
EBPL
Rice
Wheat
Rice
Wheat
Rice
Wheat
Central Issue Price
300
200
565
415
830
610
State Subsidy
48
38
314
158
579
353
Wholesale Margin
19
15
20
20
20
20
Wholesale Issue Price
271
177
271
277
271
277
Retail Margin
29
23
29
23
29
23
Retail Issue Price (Per Qtl)
300
200
300
300
300
300
Retail Issue Price (Per Kg)
3.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
. Procurement, Stocks and Off-take

Food Corporation of India is the sole agency for procurement of coarse
grains. Karnataka Food and Civil Supplies Corporation, Karnataka State
Page 46
Warehousing Corporation and Karnataka State Marketing Federation are the subagents for Food Corporation of India under the Minimum Support Price operations
of coarse grains. Procurement for different years is shown below.
Procurement stocks and off-take food grains (in mts)

Sl. No.
Year
Maize
Jowar
Bajra
Ragi
Levy Rice
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
1461.24
2006-07
20112012
2431.62
816.49
Nil
10703.077
Nil
20122013
48887.40
Nil
Nil
1760.20
57744.40
Monitoring and Public Distribution Scheme

The public distribution system in being monitored in the following manner.
Supervision by Panchayat Raj Institutions.
Vigilance committees at Fair Price Shop level.
Food Security Committee at District level
Aahara Bhadrata Samiti Grama Panchayat
Aahar adalat
Jana Spandana
Page 47
a. Constitution of Vigilance Committee

7 member committee for each FPS, it consists of S women members from
BPL or AAY cardholders (1 SC, 1 ST, 2 BCM, and 1 General) Other 2 members 1 Elected Gram Panchayat member and 1 Representative of local Womens self
help group.
b. Constitution of Food Security Committee
A three member committee consisting of Secretary in-charge of the district
as the chairman, Deputy Commissioner and CEO of Zilia Panchayat are the
members.
c. Constitution of Food Security Committee at Grama Panchayat
Chairman of committee is the chairman of Social Justice Committee,
Members: I SC, 2 ST, I woman Gram Panchayat member, Member Secretary is
Gram Panchayat Secretary. Members of Food Security Committee with 2/3 rd
quorum can inspect the stocks and accounts of FPS along with the Food Inspector.
Distribution
To deliver the food grains to distribution point the following followed.
In two Stages:
1st Stage-From FCI to Taluk Level wholesale godown
2nd Stage-From wholesale godown to Rural FPS.

Page 48
Entire cost of transportation of food grains is borne by Government
No door delivery in Urban Areas
Kerosene is also transported to the door steps of FPS.
Computerization of Public Distribution System and Points of Sale

Devise
i.
The computerization of the public distribution system has been

undertaken as noted below
Creation of a citizen data base
Capturing digital photographs and bio-metrics of the family members above

the age of 12 years.
Issue of permanent computerized ration cards.
Computerizing the whole process of Public Distribution System.
ii.
Fair Price Shop - Point of Sale (POS) devise

A proposal regarding providing of hand held device to all the Fair Price
Shops to monitor the off take information of the beneficiaries precisely with biometric finger print without giving any scope for the FPD owners to indulge in
malpractices is under progress.
Page 49
Nemmadi Kendras
Facilitation of non-ration card holders to get new ration cards, issue of
applications, collecting applications with affidavit, verification and issue of ration
cards through the Nemmadi Kendras is under progress.
Fair Price Shops 31-03-2013
Sl. No.
Districts
Fair Price Shops (31-03-2013) (Nos.)

Rural
Urban
Total
Bangalore
468
1754
2222
Bangalore(R)
751
167
918
Chitradurga
525
53
578
Davanagere
609
153
762
Kolar
940
263
1203
Shimoga
400
176
576
Tumkur
874
237
1111
Chikmagalur
432
70
502
Dakshina Kannada
409
127
536
10
Udupi
242
48
290
11
Hassan
595
212
807
12
Kodagu
275
12
287
13
Mandya
636
87
723
14
Mysore
600
458
1058
15
Chamaraja Nagar
412
57
469
Southern Karnataka
8168
3874
12042
16
Belgaum
1260
310
1570
17
Bijapur
695
105
800
18
Bagalkot
477
124
601
19
Dharwad
273
267
540
20
Gadag
249
114
363
21
Haveri
328
91
419
22
Uttara kannada
342
66
408

Page 50
23
Bellary
454
148
602
24
Bidar
462
267
729
25
Gulbarga
1068
253
1321
26
Raichur
594
112
706
27
Koppal
399
53
452
Northern Karnataka
6601
1910
8511
State
14769
5784
20553
District-wise Ration Card Holders

Sl.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Districts
Bangalore
Bangalore(R)
Chitradurga
Davanagere
Kolar
Shimoga
Tumkur
Chikmagalur
Dakshina Kannada
Udupi
Hassan
Kodagu
Mandya
Mysore
Chamaraja Nagar
Southern Karnataka
Belgaum
Bijapur
Bagalkot
Dharwad
Gadag
Haveri
Uttara kannada
Ration card holders (31-03-2013) (Nos.)

Green
Saffron
Others
Total
470832
144716
805180
1420728
331132
41011
61220
433363
241361
33808
20735
295904
254361
57974
33999
349428
383169
36261
99071
518501
221924
68677
79665
370266
400511
97950
67928
566389
184287
38329
34407
257023
128492
137044
100992
366528
86604
74513
42438
203555
286858
44085
48552
379495
78547
41334
7091
126972
296516
120657
47438
464611
371362
66440
189728
627530
157641
36130
25716
219487
3896691 1038929
1664160
6599780
560359
123065
191719
875143
247033
84965
47316
379314
244663
65841
46244
356748
207399
36158
110007
353564
136629
32319
37509
206457
219283
47733
31580
298596
191400
48065
53142
292607

Page 51
23
24
25
26
27
Bellary
Bidar
Gulbarga
Raichur
Koppal
Northern Karnataka
State
285829
201444
444058
193585
165536
3097218
6993909
60106
22725
76486
90213
45098
732774
1771703
90906
42472
149777
52161
20090
872923
2537083
436841
266641
670321
335959
230724
4702915
11302695
. Fair Price Shops as on 31-03-2013

Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Districts
Bangalore
Bangalore(R)
Ramanagara
Chitradurga
Davanagere
Kolar
Chikkaballapura
Shimoga
Tumkur
Chikmagalur
Dakshina Kannada
Udupi
Hassan
Kodagu
Mandya
Mysore
Chamaraja Nagar
Southern Karnataka
Belgaum
Bijapur
Bagalkot
Dharwad
Gadag
Fair Price Shops (31-03-2013) (Nos.)

Rural
Urban
Total
468
1400
1868
288
67
355
459
100
559
526
52
578
617
155
772
465
174
639
460
103
563
406
176
582
871
235
1106
435
67
502
416
118
534
240
48
288
638
216
854
256
21
277
634
86
720
614
451
1065
385
58
443
8178
3527
11705
1331
333
1664
692
105
797
509
137
646
273
242
515
249
113
362

Page 52
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Haveri
Uttara kannada
Bellary
Bidar
Gulbarga
Raichur
Koppal
Northern Karnataka
State
336
258
451
471
1117
554
399
6740
14918

Page 53
94
68
148
267
253
125
51
1936
5463
430
426
599
738
1370
679
450
8676
20381
District-wise Ration Card Holders as on 31-03-2013(Numbers)

Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Districts
Bangalore
Bangalore(R)
Ramanagara
Chitradurga
Davanagere
Kolar
Chikkaballapura
Shimoga
Tumkur
Chikmagalur
Dakshina Kannada
Udupi
Hassan
Kodagu
Mandya
Mysore
Chamaraja Nagar
Southern Karnataka
Belgaum
Bijapur
Bagalkot
Dharwad
Gadag
Haveri
Uttara kannada
Bellary
Bidar
Gulbarga
Raichur
Koppal
Northern Karnataka
State
BPL
473417
120841
162112
238202
372894
207760
174240
225888
541457
212147
158633
99611
410706
99799
393057
555978
158331
4605073
666460
347446
316982
349994
184079
286401
183105
414043
297434
609610
316212
229649
4201415
8806488
Antyodaya
34667
15500
20229
47378
53933
33127
32789
41463
56307
23537
15881
17873
25098
6128
37209
51104
36075
548298
96677
56556
47660
32809
31737
50536
16895
66486
45175
104530
60279
42062
651402
1199700

Page 54
APL
1102951
68253
90368
88639
144410
106390
87431
151743
203584
85114
205412
122100
130127
66232
181559
172978
71897
3079188
585771
174955
184357
174314
95519
103562
132684
186830
194437
309546
156509
98660
2397144
5476332
Total
1611035
204594
272709
374219
571237
347277
294460
419094
801348
320798
379926
239584
565931
172159
611825
780060
266303
8232559
1348908
578957
548999
557117
311335
440499
332684
667359
537046
1023686
533000
370371
7249961
15482520
National Food Security Act

Available from 4, June 2009 onwards by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs,
Food and Public Distribution. Its objective is to ensuring food security to the
Below Poverty Line (BPL) people in urban and rural areas. Under the new act, the
government would provide 251 lakh tonnes of food grains for BPL categories with
subsidy amounting to Rs. 40,380 crore.
The scheme purposes to provide BPL families with 25 kgs of grain per
month at Rs. 3/kg. the stocks of food grains (wheat and rice) in the central pool as
on June 1, 2009 were 204.03 lakh tonnes of rice and 331.22 lakh tonnes under
TPDS and 50 lakh tonnes under other welfare schemes, Pawar added.
Looking at the popularity of the National Rural Employment Guarantee
Scheme (NREGS) which helped the congress to win the 2009 parliamentary
elections, the newly constituted government has thought of bringing the Food
Security Act. Prathibha Patil on June 4, 2009 said that a National Food Security
Act would be formulated whereby each Below Poverty Line (BPL) family would
be entitled by law to get 25 kg of rice or wheat per month at Rs. 3/kg a promise
made by the congress before general elections, 2009. Many would agree that the
proposal for a Food Security Bill has come at the right point of time when the
world has already witnessed food crisis in 2012 that pushed millions of people to
the brink of poverty and under nutrition.
Page 55
Key Features for the New Act

Below Poverty Line (BPL) households: All BPL households shall be
entitled to 35 kg of food grains each month at Rs. 3/kg for rice and Rs. 2/kg for
wheat under the Public Distribution System. Each nuclear family shall be treated
as a separate household. A new methodology for the BPL Census is being
proposed based on simple, transparent and verifiable criteria. For instance, in rural
areas any household that meets any two simple inclusion criteria (such as
landlessness and being SC/ST) shall be entitled to a BPL card. Households
meeting any of six exclusion criteria will not be entitled to BPL cards. Extensive
transparency safeguards will also be introduced in the Public Distribution System
(PDS).
The proposed Act demands for continuation of existing food related
schemes such as : Integrated Child Development Services, Mid-Day Meal
Scheme, Public Distribution System, Antyodaya, National Maternity Benefit
Scheme/Janani Suraksha Yojana, National Social Assitance Programme including
Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme, Indira Gandhi National Widow
Pension Scheme and Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme, National
Family Benefit Scheme and Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme. All the
pensions in various such schemes have been elaborately discussed in the proposed
Act.

Page 56
The proposed act has asked for severe penalties against individuals and
organizations / companies who are held responsible for violation of food safety
norms and standards that affects the public. It has demanded for severe
punishment to those who push for baby food instead of breast milk.
The draft right to food act has safe guards against encroachments by
corporate lobbies and private contractors in food nutrition related schemes.
Challenges to PDS
There are many systematic challenges that plague the PDS system today :
a. PDS Leakages
The TPDS currently suffers from a number of issued that make it difficult
for it to meet its objective of ensuring that the allotted quota of specified food
articles reaches the intended under privileged/needy segments of society.
A large number of families living below the poverty line have not
been enrolled and therefore do not have access to ration cards.
A number of bogus ration cards which do not correspond to real

families, exist in the BPL/AAY categories. Food drawn on the basis of
these bogus cards is a significant leakage from the system, as it does not
reach the intended beneficiaries. Additionally, these extra cards inflate the
number of BPL and AAY cards in circulation and further reduce the amount
of food available to every rightful beneficiary family.

Page 57
A number of instances where benefits are being availed in the names

of rightfully entitled families without their knowledge. This shadow
ownership is possible due to inefficiencies in ration card issuance and
distribution.
Errors in categorization of families that lead to BPL families getting

APL cards and vice versa.
b. Scale and Quality of Issue

The scale of issue and the quality of food grains delivered to the
beneficiaries is rarely in conformity with the policy. Many FPS are open only for a
few days in a month and beneficiaries who do not visit the FPS on these days are
denied their right. The FPS also used multiple excuses to both charge higher rates
and deliver reduced quantity of food grains.
There are significant differences in the manner in which the centre and
states arrive at the number of BPL families. This mismatch usually means lower
allotments for each family as states arrive at higher number of BPL families.
c. System Transparency and Accountability
The most serious flow plaguing the system at present is the lack of
transparency and accountability in its functioning. The system lacks transparency
and accountability at all levels making monitoring the system extremely difficult.
Page 58
d. Grievance Redressal Mechanisms

There are numerous entities like vigilance committee, anti-hoarding cells
constituted to ensure smooth functioning of the PDS system. Their impact is
virtually non-existent on the ground and as a result, malpractices abound to the
great discomfiture of the common man.
Apart from the challenges described, transportation of food grains and
appointment of dealers of Fair price Shops have also become difficult issues.
Viability of the FPS is already a major concern and this would get amplified once
PDS leakages are brought under control.
Reforming Public Distribution Scheme

The UID programme will create a database of all unique residents in the
country. The PDS system currently serves the largest number of residents in India
and efforts are under way to improve the efficiency of the system. There are
several benefits that will accrue to the PDS system and the VID programme if an
alignment and synergy is established.
Procurement Policy
a. Existing Policy of Food grains Procurement
The Central Government extends price support to paddy, coarse grains and
wheat through the FCI and State Agencies. All the food grains conforming to the
Page 59
prescribed specifications offered for sale at specified centers are bought by the
public procurement agencies at the Minimum Support Price (MSP). The producers
have the option to sell their produce to FCI/State Agencies at MSP or in the open
market as is advantageous to them. Food grains procured by the State
Governments and their agencies are ultimately taken over by the FCI for
distribution through out the country.
b. Objectives of food grains procurement by Government Agencies
To ensure that farmers get remunerative prices for their produce and do not
have to resort to distress sale.
To service the TPDS and other welfare schemes of the Government so that
subsidised food grains are supplied to the poor and needy.
To build up buffer stocks of food grains to ensure food grain security.
c. Procurement of rice under levy system
Rice also procured by the government through statutory levy on rice millers
and rice dealers. The percentage of levy rice is fixed by State Governments with
the approval of Central Government taking into account requirements for the
Central Pool, domestic consumption and marketable surplus. Prices of levy rice
are fixed by the Government of India before commencement of every Kharif
Marketing Season.

Page 60
. Benefits of PDS
The PDS system stands to benefit from the legislative technology and
administrative infrastructures that are being created for the implementation of the
UID programmes. The key ones are explained below :
a. Better identification
Integration with the UID programme will lead to better identification of
individuals and families leading to better targeting and increased transparency and
therefore better functioning of the system and increased public approval.
b. Off-take Authentication
The UID database will maintain details of the beneficiary that can be
updated from multiple sources. The PDS system can use this database for
authentication of beneficiaries during the off take recording process. A mechanism
of verifying the ID of the person at the time of delivery of grains will help in
improving the targeting of the grains.
c. Legislative Support
The legislative support in form of the need for submitting the UID number
for several transactions will push residents to acquire a UID. The most

Page 61
convenience mechanism will be for residents to get a ration card and this will
create a supporting environment for computerization of ration cards.
d. Duplicate and Ghost Detection
The IUDAI will provide duplicate detection infrastructure to the PDS
programme. It can also assist in the development of special tools to assist in the
assessment of eligibility of applicants.
e. Domestic LPG Linkage
The issue of domestic LPG by oil companies LPG by oil companies can be
made conditional to the production of an APL (non-kerosene) ration cards making
enrolment a compulsory affair.
f. Support for PDS reform
The UID will become an important identifier in banking services and dayto-day needs of the resident. This can support the PDS reform by as an example
providing the banking account number for a family to affect direct cash transfer.
With the Mammoth Food Security protect on cards, there is urgent need to
rethink the PDS centrality in the distribution edifice since an estimated two thirds
of PDS grain get diverted to the open market. Alternatively, the delivery system
must be considered, such as Smart Card-routed direct cash transfers to women

Page 62
heads of households in place of food subsidy. This way, food gets sold at market
price, limiting incentives for pilferage. Another option is bar coded food coupons
as are being piloted in Andhra Pradesh for use in all shops.
Chapter - 5
TARGETED PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SCHEME IN

CHITRADURGA TALUK : AN EVALUATION
Public Distribution System has been existence in India since the inter-war
period. It had its origin with focus on distribution of food grains in urban scarcity
areas when the county passed through critical food shortages. Now PDS is evolved
as the important poverty alleviation programme in India.
Public Distribution System (PDS) is a poverty alleviation programme and
contributes towards the social welfare of the people. Essential commodities like
rice, wheat, sugar, kerosene and the like are the supplied to the people under the
PDS at reasonable prices. PDS is a boon to the people living below poverty line.
PDS is the primary social welfare and anti-poverty programme of the Government
of India. Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS) has been initiated by the
government of India from the year 1992 in order to serve and provide essential
commodities to the people living in remote, backward and hilly areas.

Page 63
Government introduced Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) in the

year 1997. Central Government and State Governments have been actively
involved in steering the operations for the success of the PDS in India.
In Chitradurga taluk ration card holders and fair price shops in Chitradurga
taluk.
Table 4.1
Ration card holders as on 31-03-2009 in Chitradurga taluk
Sl.
No.
Taluks
No. of Fair
Price
Shops till
the end of
31-03-2009
10
Ration card holders as on 31-03-2009 in Chitradurga taluk
Challakere
113
(112)
56173
(38092)
15833
(15534)
3799
(3449)
9489
(5464)
1236
(1236)
8681
(8681)
95211
(72456)
Chitradurga
138
(141)
50409
(36286)
12678
(12210)
11685
(10956)
26115
(13506)
9152
(3047)
3047
(9152)
113086
(85157)
Hiriyuru
88
(88)
46379
(30983)
13303
(12801)
3019
(2808)
8995
(5481)
1734
(1734)
6897
(6897)
80327
(60704)
Holalkere
91
(94)
37090
(26489)
10791
(10574)
1235
(1131)
2685
(1512)
486
(486)
5395
(5395)
57682
(45587)
Hosadurga
93
(97)
39669
(27751)
10580
(10353)
2255
(1764)
4319
(2988)
524
(524)
5653
(5653)
63000
(49033)
Molakalmuru
44
(46)
23167
(15035)
4667
(4438)
1149
(1076)
2878
(1457)
418
(418)
4155
(4155)
36434
(26579)
Total
567
(577)
252887
(174636)
67852
(65910)
23142
(21184)
54481
(30408)
13550
(7445)
33828
(39933)
445740
(339511)
Source : Chitradurga District at a Glance, 2012-2013
In Chitradurga district 2010-11 dates in TPDS scheme ration card holders in

APL (Above Poverty Line) 22863 and BPL Card Holders 73357 and also

Page 64
Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) card holders 340592. In total district fair price
shops 576.
In the same Chitradurga Taluk 2009-10 dates in this scheme Antyodaya
Anna Yojana beneficiaries (AAY) are 9152 and BPL (Below Poverty Line)
beneficiaries 48565 and also APL Card holders are 12969 in Chitradurga taluk.
There are total 113 Fair Price Shops in this taluk in the year of 2009-10. Source :
This data total shows that collected District Food and Civil Supply Department
and Taluk Office, Chitradurga.
4.1. Data Analysis and TPDS Scheme Evaluation

In this chapter, the researcher has evaluated in the Targeted Public
Distribution Scheme in the Chitradurga taluk. The about the APL, BPL, AAY
ration card holders, programme of standard of living, measurement evaluation of
implementation of scheme in Chitradurga taluk.
The researcher has studied the evaluation of performance of targeted public
distribution scheme in the Chitradurga taluk. In that, Chitradurga taluk
Thuruvanuru hobli, the researcher has taken a Thuruvanuru and Koonabevu, the
researcher has taken 2 villages, Thuruvanuru and Koonabevu. Then in Chitradurga
Kasaba hobli, the researcher has taken 2 villages namely Mallapura and Medehalli.
Table 4.2
Classification of respondents on caste-wise distribution
Page 65
Hoblies
Sl. No.
Respondent
s
Turuvanuru
Kasaba
V1
V2
V1
V2
Total
SC
16
25
51
ST
Nil
Nil
Others
Nil
17
21
40
Total
25
25
25
25
100
Source : Data collected through primary investigation
Fig. 4.1. Classification of respondents on caste-wise distribution

Table 4.2 indicates the classification of respondents on the basis of castewise distribution. Scheduled caste respondents were 51 in number and were
Page 66
selected from the hoblies of Turuvanuru and Kasaba. The ST respondents as the
tables shows were 9 in the hoblies selected for the study. Other castes were
specified under the hoblies of Turuvanuru and Kasaba numbering 40. A total of
100 caste-wise distribution respondents were selected for the study.
Table 4.3
Classification of respondents on sex-wise distribution
Hoblies
Respondent
Sl. No.
Turuvanuru
Kasaba
Total
s
V1
V2
V1
V2
1
Male
16
20
17
12
65
2
Female
8
6
8
13
35
Total
24
26
25
25
100
Source : Data collected through Primary Investigation

Page 67
Fig. 4.2. Classification of respondents on sex-wise distribution

Table 4.3 indicates the classification of respondents on the basis of sex-wise
distribution. Male category respondents were 65 in number and were selected from
the hoblies of Turuvanuru and Kasaba. The female respondents as the tables shows
were 35 in the hoblies selected for the study. A total of four villages namely
Turuvanuru (V1), Koonabevu (V2) and Mallapura kasaba hobli village (V1) and
Medehalli in the same (V2). Totally two hoblies a total of 100 sex-wise
distribution respondents were selected for the study.
Table 4.4
Classification of respondents on the basis of marital status
Sl. No.
Marital
status
Married
Hoblies
Turuvanuru
Kasaba
V1
V2
V1
V2
24
24
25
24

Page 68
Total
97
Unmarried
Nil
Total
25
25
25
25
100
Fig. 4.3. Classification of respondents on the basis of marital status

Table 4.4 indicates the classification of respondents on the basis of marital
status. Married respondents were 97 in number and were selected from the hoblies
of Turuvanuru and Kasaba. The unmarried respondents as the tables shows were 3
in the hoblies selected for the study.
Table 4.5
Classification of respondents on the basis of House condition
Sl. No.
House
condition
Hoblies
Turuvanuru
Kasaba
V1
V2
V1
V2

Page 69
Total
1
2
Own
Rented
Total
22
3
25
17
8
25
21
4
25
21
4
25
81
19
100
Table 4.5 indicates the classification of respondents on the basis of house

condition. Own house respondents were 81 in number and were selected from the
hoblies of Turuvanuru and Kasaba. The rented house respondents as the tables
shows were 19 in the hoblies selected for the study.
Table 4.6
Classification of respondents on house structure
Sl. No.
House
structure
Hoblies
Turuvanuru
Kasaba
V1
V2
V1
V2
Total
Hut
Nil
Tiles
14
13
39
Sheeted house
20
13
11
51
RCC
Nil
Nil
Total
25
25
25
25
100

Page 70
Fig. 4.4. Classification of respondents on house structure

Table 4.6 indicates the classification of respondents with house structure as
the basis for the study of hoblies selected 6 had hut structure. The number of
respondents with tiled house structure 39. The sheeted house classification of
respondents numbered 51. the RCC classification of respondents was 4 for all the
hoblies.
Table 4.7
Classification of respondents on the basis of educational status
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Educational
status
Illiterate
P.E
SSE
PUE
Degree
P.G.
Total
Hoblies
Turuvanuru
Kasaba
V1
V2
V1
V2
11
10
5
3
8
9
10
10
5
3
5
4
1
2
2
3
Nil
1
2
3
Nil
Nil
1
2
25
25
25
25

Page 71
Total
29
37
17
8
6
3
100
Fig. 4.5. Classification of respondents on the basis of educational status
Table 4.7 indicates the educational status-wise distribution of respondents

on. The illiterates in the hoblies selected were 29. The primary education status of
the respondents numbered 37. The secondary school education respondents
aggregated 17. The pre university education respondents totalled 8. The degree
respondents showed 6 and post graduation respondents numbered 3 in the selected
area.

Page 72
Table 4.8
Age-wise distribution of the respondents
Sl.
No.
Age
SC
ST
Others
V1
V2
V3
V4
V1
V2
V3
V4
V1
V2
V3
V4
Total
18 to 35
18
35-50
45
Above 50
37
Total
11
13
15
11
100
Table 4.8 reveals age-wise distribution of respondents. The respondents

from the age group of 18-35 totalled 18. The respondents between 35-50
numbered 45. The above 50 respondents according to the age-wise distribution of
the respondents numbered 37.
Table 4.9
Classification of respondents on income group
Sl. No.
Income group
(Rs.)
No. of Respondents
SC/ST
Others
Percentage
(%)
Below 20000
20
15
35
20000-50000
15
10
25
50000-100000
15
10
25
Above 100000
10
15
Total
60
40
100

Page 73
Fig. 4.6. Classification of respondents on income group

Among total of 100 surveyed people, 35% of people have income below
Rs. 20000. The 25% of persons hold earning income ranging between 2000050000. 25% of persons have been earning income between 50000-100000 annual
income and only 15% of persons are earning income above 100000. It is clear
from the above table, below 20000 income holders that is mostly lower middle
class people (i.e., 35%) are largely under the Public Distribution System.

Page 74

Page 75
Table 4.10
Occupation-wise distribution of respondents
Sl.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Occupation
Agriculture
Cooli
Business/self employment
Govt. job
Others
Total
Hoblies
Turuvanuru
Kasaba
V1
V2
V1
V2
15
14
14
10
5
8
7
11
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
25
25
25
25
Total
53
31
6
4
6
100
Fig. 4.7. Occupation-wise distribution of respondents

Table 4.10 reveals the occupational-wise distribution of respondents. Total
of 53 hold on to agricultural occupation 31 are coolies. The business/ self
employed are 6 in number. Those holding govt. jobs are 4 and others 6 in numbers.
Page 76
Table 4.11
Caste and landholding-wise status of the respondents
Sl. No.
Caste/land holding
Dry
Wet
Total
SC
ST
19
23
Others
13
21
Total
35
18
53
Table 4.11 indicates that land holding wise status of the respondents. The
total number of 9 belong to SC and 23 belong to ST and 21 belongs to others to
land holding.
Table 4.12
Types of land holding distribution of respondents
Sl. No.
Type of land
holding
Hoblies
Turuvanuru
Kasaba
V1
V2
V1
V2
Total
Dry land
15
12
35
Wet land
12
18
Total
17
13
16
53
Table 4.12 shows type of land holding distribution of respondents. Dry land
respondents totalled 35 and wetland respondents numbered 18. A total of 53
respondents under the land holding distribution of the respondents. Another 47

Page 77
respondents allied activities, students, cooli, small business/ self employed and
landless people.
Table 4.13
Average education and average income level of the respondents
Hoblies
Sl.
No.
Type of land holding
Average education
Average income level
Turuvanuru
Kasaba
Total
V1
V2
V1
V2
3.64
4.52
4.04
5.28
17.48
131.24
136.80
488.08
57.08
81.32
Fig. 4.8. Average education and average income level of the respondents
Table 4.13 reveals the average education and average income level at 17.48
respondents under average income level remained at 81.32. A total number of 100
respondents education level is average another 83 respondents are students, house
wives, allied activities, old age persons others etc. a total number of 100
Page 78
respondents, 19 respondents income level is average, children, students, old age

persons, housewives etc. in non-income group level.
Table 4.17 Different types of ration card-wise beneficiaries
Sl. No.
Card
SC/ST
Others
Total
APL
11
18
BPL
46
24
70
AAY
12
Total
60
40
100
Fig. 4.9. Different types of ration card-wise beneficiaries

Table 4.16 different types ration card-wise beneficiaries were determined.
The beneficiaries with the above poverty line APL ration cardholders totalled 18.
The beneficiaries with the below poverty line BPL ration cardholders numbered
Page 79
70. With Antyodaya Anna Yojana AAY the beneficiaries numbered 12. A total of
100 ration cardholders beneficiaries in different types of ration cardholders were
selected for the research field.
Table 4.18
Ration card holding-wise beneficiaries
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
Obtained the ration card

Grama Panchayat
Fair Price Shop
Taluk Office
Others
Total
SC/ST
20
20
10
10
60
Others
Nil
20
20
Nil
40
Total
20
40
30
10
100
Fig. 4.10. Ration card holding-wise beneficiaries

Table 4.18 shows ration card-wise holding beneficiaries. Those who get
ration card from Grama Panchayat, numbered 20. those from Fair Price Shops
numbered 40. Those who get ration card from Taluk office totalled 30 and others
Page 80
totalled 10. A total of 100 ration cardholding beneficiaries were selected for the
research.
Table 4.21
Problem based-wise opinion of ration card scheme beneficiaries
Sl.
No.
Particulars
SC/ST
Others
Total
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Mediators
10
Nil
Nil
Nil
10
Nil
Black market
10
Nil
Nil
Nil
10
Nil
Political influence
Nil
Nil
10
Nil
10
Nil
Fair price shops
Nil
Nil
10
Nil
Time problem
20
Nil
15
Nil
10
Nil
Less commodities
10
Nil
Nil
15
Nil
Ration cards
Nil
Nil
10
Nil
Total
60
Nil
40
Nil
100
Nil

Page 81
Fig. 4.11. Problem based-wise opinion of ration card scheme beneficiaries

Table 4.21 shows the list of problems based on opinion of ration card
beneficiaries. All yes respondents were discovered. Those who faced mediators
numbered 10. Those who black market numbered 10. Those who political
influence numbered totalled 10. Those who faced fair price shops related problems
totalled 10. Those who suggested the maximum time problem numbered 35. The
card holders who faced the problem of less commodities numbered 15. The
problem of ration card for the beneficiaries numbered totalled 10. A total of all yes
respondents of 100 was selected fore the research.
Table 4.22
Quantity items as per Fair Price shops-wise PDS scheme
Page 82
Sl.
No.
Quantity
items
SC/ST
Others
All
Qty
(kg/ltrs)
Benefi
ciaries
Price
Qty
(kg/ltrs)
Benefi
ciaries
Price
Qty
(kg/ltrs)
Benefic
iaries
Price
Rice
4-28
60
3-3.50
4-28
40
3.50
4-28
100
3.50
Wheat
2-3
60
3-3.50
2-3
40
3.50
2-3
100
3.50
Sugar
/2-3
60
14-16
/2-3
40
14-16
/2-3
100
14-16
Kerosene
2 1/2 -5
60
14-15
2 1/2 -5
40
14-15
2 1/2 -5
100
14-15
Others
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Table 4.22 shows food grains quantity items as per fair price wise PDS
scheme. Total of 60 beneficiaries for SC and ST and others 40 beneficiaries were
selected for rice item 4 to 28 kg/ltrs the price was 3.50 for the quantity of wheat
item 2 to 3 kg/ltr the price 3.50 for sugar to 3 kg the price was 14 to 16 for 2
to 5 litre kerosene the price was 14 to 15. A total of 100 ration card holder
beneficiaries quantity items as per fair price wise PDS scheme were selected for
the research field.
Table 4.23
Quantity items FPS food grains quantity wise opinion of TPDS beneficiaries
in the four villages
Table 4.23 the quantity items under quality-wise opinion of TPDS scheme
beneficiaries in four villages. The quality for SC/ST beneficiaries with respect to
wheat showed medium of 25. The quality for SC/ST beneficiaries with respect to
all quantity items was good. The quantity items under the quality others showed
good response for the beneficiaries in the four villages rating it to be good. A total

Page 83
of 100 ration card scheme beneficiaries was the quantity items under quality-wise
opinion of the TPDS fair price shops of food grains almost all quantity item
qualities more number of PDS scheme beneficiaries good opinion were selected
for the four villages in the research field.
Table 4.24
Marriage/special occasion time purchase more items opinion of beneficiaries
Sl. No.
Caste
Yes
No
Total
SC/ST
60
Nil
60
Others
40
Nil
40
Total
100
Nil
100
Table 4.24 examines marriage/special occasional moment for purchasing

more items according to beneficiaries. The SC respondents Yes 60 numbers. The
others also respondents Yes with 40 respondents. A total of 100 ration cardholders
beneficiaries marriage/special occasion time purchase more items opinion. All 100
respondents in four villages selected for the field research yes opinion.
Table 4.25
Actual price/paid price-wise FPS quantity items PDS scheme beneficiaries
Sl.
No
.
Quantity
items
SC/ST
Others
All
Actual
price
Paid
price
Benefi
ciaries
Actual
price
Paid
price
Benefi
ciaries
Actual
price
Paid
price
Benefi
ciaries
Rice
25
3.50ps
60
25
3.50ps
40
25
3.50ps
100
Wheat
15
3.50ps
60
15
3.50ps
40
15
3.50ps
100

Page 84
Sugar
30
14
60
30
14
40
30
14
100
Kerosene
30
14
60
30
14
40
30
14
100
Others
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Table 4.25 indicates the actual price/paid price-wise fair price shop quantity
items PDS scheme beneficiaries. Total SC/ST is 60. Rice item actual price 25 paid
price 3.50ps. In the same the total others 40 beneficiaries actual price 25 in rice
item paid price give to 3.50ps. All total rice items was same in the same condition
in our study.
Next item wheat total SC/ST 60 beneficiaries actual price 15 paid price is
3.50ps. In the same others 40 beneficiaries same prices for the condition of all
total wheat items. Sugar item SC/ST group beneficiaries give actual price 30 paid
price 14 Rs. Others and all groups of the same condition of the sugar items.
Another item is kerosene total number of beneficiaries SC/ST 60 and others 40
respondents. Kerosene in the quantity item actual price 30 paid price 14 Rs. in the
same whole condition of fixed by the kerosene.
And lastly others items was not supplied/available in the study area.
Table 4.26
TPDS scheme satisfactory in different group of the beneficiaries opinion
Sl.
No.
1.
Particulars
Govt. scheme satisfactory
a. Yes
b. No
SC/ST
Others
Total
Percentage
(%)
40
20
30
10
70
30
70
30

Page 85
All
60
If yes, how as it caused change
a. Socially
Nil
b. Financially
60
c. Others
Nil
Satisfactory with PDS card holding
a. Yes
60
b. No
Nil
All
60
Is ready reach right persons
a. Yes
40
b. No
20
All
60
Black market opinion
a. Yes
10
b. No
50
All
60
Monthly regularly getting PDS and FPS shops goods
a. Yes
60
b. No
Nil
All
60
40
100
100
20
20
Nil
20
80
100
20
80
100
40
Nil
40
Nil
Nil
Nil
100
Nil
100
10
30
40
50
50
100
50
50
100
10
30
40
20
80
100
20
80
100
40
Nil
40
100
Nil
100
100
Nil
100
Table 4.26 shows the opinion of the beneficiaries of public distribution

scheme satisfactory. Total number of SC/ST group 60 and others groups is 40. A
total of 100 ration card holders were selected for the study to obtain opinion of the
different group of the recent targeted public distribution scheme.
i. Government scheme satisfactory : 100 respondents were selected for the study.
Among them 60 respondents were SC and others were 40. On the basis of
beneficiaries opinion indifferent group with TPDS scheme, 40 per cent ST and
others. 30 per cent were found satisfactory. Remaining 30 per cent of beneficiaries
were not satisfied with Government scheme.
Page 86
ii. If yes, how as it caused a change : It is found that respondents were benefited
economically from this scheme. It has been helped them to get provisions with a
low price. Among the 100 respondents 2 per cent were benefited socially, 80 per
cent were benefited economically with this scheme.
iii. Satisfactory with PDS card holding : It is found that from the field survey, the
respondents were satisfactory with PDS card holding cent percent (100 per cent)
of the respondents opines that they have benefited through PDS system to get their
provisions.
iv. Do you feel that the PDS cards are not going to the deserving : It shows that
from the field survey 50 per cent of the respondents opines Yes. The TPDS scheme
has been reached right persons. Among them 20 respondents were SC/ST and 10
per cent respondents belongs to others. Remaining 50 per cent respondents opinion
that the TPDS scheme did not reach right the persons among them 20 per cent
SC/ST and 30 per cent were others.
v. Black market opinion : From the field survey, it has observed that fair price
shops will not providing the rations with actual quantity. The fair price shops are
selling rations as illegally 50 per cent of the respondents opinion is that the ration
is selling through corruption. And 50 per cent of the respondents respond respect
to this No.
vi. Monthly/regularly getting from Fair Price Shops (FPS) commodities on the
basis of justice : It is found that from field survey the respondents were found
satisfactory in getting rations through PDS and FPS shops regularly monthly cent
percent of the respondents opines that they are getting monthly regularly PDS and
FPS shops good.
Page 87
Chapter - 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

This chapter is devoted for a brief summary followed by a conclusion. The
main purpose of this study is to know the evaluation of performance of Targeted
Public Distribution Scheme a study in Chitradurga taluk how they are improving
with the new PDS scheme performance and opinion of the beneficiaries about this
scheme, collected information through field survey.

Page 88
Targeted Public Distribution Scheme : A Study on Public Distribution

Scheme was taken upto address the functioning of the scheme and to know the
class of beneficiaries who are being benefited by the scheme. The objectives of
this is:
1. To trace the evolution of the PDS scheme.
2. To evaluate performance of the scheme in the recent years.
3. To identify the problems in the operation of the scheme.
4. To seek opinion of beneficiaries through a case study.
Summary Findings
The findings of present study are listed below.
1.
Majority of the respondents in the study area were Scheduled Caste

people representing 51 in number of respondents.
2.
Majority of respondents in the study were male representing 65 in

number of respondents.
3.
The study reveals that most of the beneficiaries belong to the age group
of 35-50 years.
4.
Majority of the respondents in the study area were married status

representing 97 in number of respondents.

Page 89
5.
The study reveals that most of the beneficiaries belong to the 81 in

number of respondents living in own/self house.
6.
Majority of the respondents in the study area were house structure

sheeted house living 51 in number of respondents.
7.
The study reveals that out of 100 respondents. 37 respondents have

studied upto to primary education, 17 respondents secondary school level, 8
and 6 respondents upto PUC and Degree level and post graduation level
only 3 respondents and 29 in number of respondents in illiterate.
8.
The study reveals that 35 respondents households had income below

20000 Rs. 35% per cent for annual income above Rs. 100000 15 per cent
for annual income.
9.
Majority of the respondents representing 53 in number of beneficiaries

depend on agriculture and allied activities.
10.
The study reveals that 23 in number of respondents were highest in SC

caste landholding wise status in the study area.
11.
The majority of the respondents 35 in number of respondents were

owning only dry lands.
12.
The majority of the respondents 17.48 ratio of the average education

level in the study area. The another majority of the respondents 81.32 ratio
of the average income level in the study area.

Page 90
13.
Majority of the respondents 45 in number respondents most loans and

saving in the institution of banks.
14.
The study found that majority of the respondents 100 in number of

beneficiaries SC/ST 60 in number and others is 40. Total 100 in number of
caste wise distribution of the ration cardholders in the study area.
15.
The study found that majority of the sample respondents 70 in number

of beneficiaries more below poverty line BPL card beneficiaries more in the
study area APL cardholders are 18 then Antyodaya Anna Yojana
cardholders number in low level of number 12. A total of 100 ration
cardholders selected were the research field.
16.
The study reveals that 45 in number of respondents were help obtained

by the ration card department officers and list of 5 in number of ration
cardholders help obtained by village elite persons.
17.
The majority of the ration card beneficiaries 65 in number monetary

details wise of owning the ration card government fees pay the ration card.
18.
The majority of the beneficiaries most opinion were 35 in number. Lack

of time problem another problem wise opinion of beneficiaries mediators
opinion 10 numbered. Black market opinion 10, political influence 10, fair
price shops faraway /distance problem 5, less commodities problem 15, and
lastly ration card corrupt problem opinion 10 in numbered. A total of 100
beneficiaries in different problem opinion of Yes in this study area.

Page 91
19.
Majority of the beneficiaries in the study area were PDS scheme

quantity items rice, wheat, sugar and kerosene. Total all items in the same
rate of the different ration card level. Total SC/ST beneficiaries 60 and 40
in number of others groups. Total all category group opinion in the same
situation.
20.
Majority of the beneficiaries in the study area were PDS scheme actual
price/paid price-wise FPS quantity items paid price is same in all 100
beneficiaries says about the opinion in the study area.
21.
Others quantity items cloth soap, not for available in the four selected
villages only main items rice, wheat, sugar and kerosene. This type of
availabilities distribution in the study area.
22.
Majority of the same respondents 100 in number of beneficiaries

opinion of marriage/special occasion moment for purchasing more items for
this moment given by fair price shops. But this situation higher price fixed
for this items. In the study area only this moments availability of main
items rice, wheat, sugar distribution of this moment.
23.
The study reveals that 100 respondents opinion of fair price shops
quantity items quality wise opinion of the beneficiaries rice, wheat, sugar,
kerosene, rice is quality 100% good, wheat is medium level, sugar and
kerosene is also good opinion of beneficiaries in the study area.
24.
PDS scheme satisfactory of the beneficiaries opinion

Page 92
i.
Government Public Distribution Scheme (PDS) satisfactory :

Majority of the respondents in the study area 70% of Yes beneficiaries more
useful of this scheme and satisfaction.
ii.
If Yes, how as it caused a change

Majority of the respondents opinion of in the study area 80% of the
beneficiaries opinion more financially.
iii.
Satisfactory with PDS ration card holding

Majority of the respondents opinion of in the study area 100 in number of
beneficiaries most useful in the ration card opinion is good this PDS ration
card.
iv.
Is ready reach right eligibility persons ration cards

More than 50% of the ration card corrupt in the study area remaining 50%
of ration card reach for the poor people or eligibility beneficiary.
v.
Black market opinion

Majority of the respondents opinion of this point 80% No answer in the
selected for beneficiaries.
vi.
Monthly regularly getting PDS scheme and fair price shops

commodities on the basis of justice
The study reveals that out of 100 in number of ration card holders yes
answer of good opinion of this point.
25.
Majority of the respondents opinion of in the study area 40 suggestion

requires beneficiaries towards government providing distribution ration
card is quality.

Page 93
26.
Majority of the ration card holders socio-economic condition 0.64% of

agricultural asset holders of the study area and study reveals that non
agricultural or consumer durables have 90% of the ration card holders in
the study area.
Suggestions
In the process of an evaluation of performance of targeted public
distribution scheme, the research study suggest as follows:
1.
The beneficiaries are to be properly identified.
2.
The available goods and services must be reserved for respective

cardholders.
3.
The demand for kerosene is high, so they should provide that in

large quantities with minimum price.
4.
The fair price shops goods should be regularly available to the

targeted people through proper channel.
5.
Citizens Vigilance Committee.
6.
Control over the black market this point alternative suggested by

the government rural committee and clean hand committee.
7.
Fraud should be eliminated by strengthening the effective

targeting of the public distribution scheme.

Page 94
8.
Regular working of every time in fair price shops (FPS) in rural

area.
9.
Food subsidy should be reach to all the BPL families in rural

area.
10.
The government should extend the fair price shops (FPS) timings
to the availability of targeted people.
11.
The government should avoid the non-targeted people through

proper way or channel.
12.
Only 15 per cent of the respondents getting benefits from the

TPDS scheme. But it has to be increased according to the total population
level or size.
13.
The PDS scheme given by the government or disadvantaged so

it has to increase in more advantages level of the ratio.
14.
Public participation should be there in public distribution

scheme.
. Conclusion
Public Distribution System (PDS) aims at poverty alleviation programme
and has contributed towards the total welfare of the people. Essential commodities
like rice, wheat, sugar, kerosene are supplied to the people under the PDS at
reasonable prices. PDS was a boon to the people who have been living in the
Page 95
below poverty line. PDS is the primary social welfare and antipoverty programmes
of the government of India.
Government introduced Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) in the
year 1997. Central Government and State Governments have been actively
involved in steering the operations for the success of the PDS it is not possible to
neglect the PDS in India because majority of the Indian population are living in
rural areas and their standard of living is also poor and they cannot afford to pay
the prevailing market prices for the essential commodities.
The scheme promoted the social and economic status of the rural families
socially, where enough public participation was involvement. Many rural poor
were getting food security and goals of it reached the successful in time.
This Public Distribution System came into existence with the object of
providing qualitative products at reasonable rates.
Thus, public distribution systems according to our study reveals that though
it has many drawbacks. It has been helpful to people in many respects such as
providing goods like kerosene, wheat and rice etc.
Many people suggest that it should improve the quality, quantities
reservation of products etc.

Page 96
Targeted public distribution system is a good scheme for the rural and
backward areas people. Thus public distribution system is a well planned and
systematized process with public welfare objectives.
Corruption, lack of awareness and undesirable techniques of both
organizers and users are playing a crucial role in increasing poverty and failure of
various ongoing anti-poverty programmes.
Only 15 per cent of the respondents getting benefits from the TPDS
scheme. But it has to be increased according to the total population level or size.
Targeted Public Distribution System in recent years, the performance and
evaluation of the scheme is in progress. But there is a need for the necessary steps
to be taken by the government for the improvement of the scheme in remotest
areas who are those living in below poverty line, to meet their basic needs through
the scheme like Public Distribution Scheme (PDS).
QUESTIONNAIRE
AN EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF TARGETED PUBLIC
DISTRIBUTION SCHEME : A STUDY IN CHITRADURGA TALUK
M.Phil., Programme 2010-11

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR FIELD SURVEY
Page 97
Guide :
Research Student :
Dr. T.R. Manjunath
Elayaraja. K.
Professor
DOS in Economics
Kuvempu University
Shankaraghatta - 577 451
M.Phil., Student
DOS in Economics
Kuvempu University
Shankaraghatta - 577 451
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR BENEFICIARIES

1.
Ration Card Holders Name :
2.
Sex
3.
Age
4.
Village
5.
Hobli
6.
Taluk
7.
Marital Status:
Married / Unmarried
8.
Caste
SC
9.
House
ST
Housing Structure
Hut
11.
Occupation
Agriculture
General
:
Own
10.
OBC
Cooli
Rented
Tiled house
Sheeted house
RCC
:
Business
Caste oriented
occupation

Page 98
Self
Govt.
Employment Employment
12.
Education
Illiterate Primary Secondary

13.
Sl.
No.
PUC
Degree
Details of Family members :

Name
Sex
Age
Main
Allied
Income
occupation activities monthly
Education
14.
Do you own any land? :
Yes / No
15.
Land holdings (in acres)
Sl.
No.
1
2
16.
Land
Own
Leased
out
Loans and savings in the institution
Total
Institution
Banks
LIC/PLI
Post offices
Private
Loans Savings
Remarks
Income sources :
Sl.
Sources
No.
1 Agriculture
2 Business
3 Dairy
Income Sl. No.

4
5
6
Sources
Pvt/Govt. employment
Self employment
Cooli
18.
Do you have a ration card?
19.
If yes, what kind of card do you have?

APL
20.
Net operating
ratio
Leased in
Irrigated
Dry
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
17.
Post
Graduate
BPL
Yes / No
AAY
From which department have you obtained the ration card?

Page 99
Income
a. Grama Panchayat
b. Fair Price Shop (FPS)
c. Taluk Office
d. Others
21.
How did you help obtained the ration card?

a. Own
b. Department officers
c. Mediators
d. G.P. Members
e. Village elite person
f. Others
22.
The Monetary details of you owning the ration card?

Sl. No.
Particulars
Government fees
Friends / Relatives
Middlemen
Officials
Amount
Total
23.
The commodities you obtain from a Fair Price Shop having a APL card?
Total
Quantity (unit
Sl. No. Particulars
in kg/litres)
Quantity Price
1
Rice
2
Wheat
3
Sugar
4
Kerosene

Page 100
5
6
24.
Soap
Cloth
The commodities you obtain from a Fair Price Shop having a BPL card?
Sl. No. Particulars
1
2
3
4
5
6
25.
Quantity (unit
in kg/litres)
Total
Quality Price
Rice
Wheat
Sugar
Kerosene
Soap
Cloth
The commodities you obtain from a Fair Price Shop having a AAY
card?
Sl. No. Particulars
1
2
3
4
5
6
26.
Quantity (unit
in kg/litres)
Rice
Wheat
Sugar
Kerosene
Soap
Cloth
Do you like to spend more on special occasions

like marriage and so on?
27.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Particulars
Price
Rice
Wheat
Sugar
Kerosene
Soap
Cloth
Did the government schemes initiative cause any changes in

your life?
29.
Yes / No
If yes, how much would you spend?

Sl. No.
28.
Total
Quality Price
If yes, how has it caused a change?

Page 101
Yes / No
a.
Socially
b.
Financially
c.
Others
2.
Has PDS helped you a lot?
Yes / No
3.
Do you feel that the PDS cards are not giving to the deserving? Yes /
No
4.
Can you easily avail more commodities from Fair Price Shops?
Yes/No
5.
Do they provide the commodities in Fair Price Shops on the basis of

justice?
6.
: Yes / No
If No, how often they give and what items they give?
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Particulars
Months
Rice
Wheat
Sugar
Kerosene
Soap
Cloth
7.
Do they exploit you by any means for giving the items ?
8.
Give details regarding the total consumption and total commodity ratio?
Sl. No.
1
2
3
9.
Items
Rice
Wheat
Sugar
From FPS
: Yes / No
Total consumption surplus
In your PDS and other distribution systems suffer from following

problems?
a.
Lack of time
b.
Scarcity of goods
c.
Distance of Fair Price Shops
d.
Political influence.

Page 102
10.
11.
What is your opinion about PDS and Fair Price Shops?

a.
Middleman
b.
Block market
c.
Political influence
d.
Others
Give suggestions regarding to the solving of problems of the new TPDS

scheme
a.
Required beneficiaries get the use of this scheme
b.
Department officers every time visit to the enquiry to the FPS
c.
Control over the mediators and political influence
d.
Control over the block market business
e.
All of the above.
12.
Socio-economic condition of ration card holders
Sl.No.
Particulars
Quantity
Agriculture
1
Bullock Cart
2
Plough
3
Bullocks
4
Tractor Tiller
5
Sprayer
6
Tube well
7
Cows
8
Buffalos
9
Sheep/Goat
10
Chickens
Non-Agricultural (Consumer durables)
1
Cycle/ Motor bike
2
Radio / TV
3
Wall clock
4
Tailoring Machine
5
Tables / Chairs
6
Mobiles
7
Telephone
8
Show pieces
9
Gas stove
Page 103
Value

Page 104

Public Distribution System

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Public Distribution System

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter - 1

Department of PG Studies in Economics Shikaripura

rationing. Food grain Inquiry Committee (1957) suggested maintenance of Buffer

Targeted Public Distribution System

Department of PG Studies in Economics Shikaripura

impose controls on distribution of certain commodities under the Defense of India

Department of PG Studies in Economics Shikaripura

Statement of the Problem

Need for the Study

Department of PG Studies in Economics Shikaripura

India is second largest country in the world in the manner of population. It