World view

This article is about the concept. For the WorldView

satellite class, see DigitalGlobe. For the WorldView
near-space ight company, see Paragon Space Development Corporation.

Whorf describes how the syntactic-semantic structure of

a language becomes an underlying structure for the world
view or Weltanschauung of a people through the organization of the causal perception of the world and the
linguistic categorization of entities. As linguistic categorization emerges as a representation of worldview and
causality, it further modies social perception and thereby
leads to a continual interaction between language and
perception.[3]

A comprehensive world view (or worldview) is the fundamental cognitive orientation of an individual or society
encompassing the entirety of the individual or societys
knowledge and point of view. A world view can include
natural philosophy; fundamental, existential, and normative postulates; or themes, values, emotions, and ethics.[1]
The term is a calque of the German word Weltanschauung [vlt.ana.] ( ), composed of Welt ('world')
and Anschauung ('view' or 'outlook').[2]

The hypothesis was well received in the late 1940s, but

declined in prominence after a decade. In the 1990s,
new research gave further support for the linguistic relativity theory, in the works of Stephen Levinson and his
team at the Max Planck institute for psycholinguistics at
[4]
It is a concept fundamental to German philosophy and Nijmegen, Netherlands. The theory has also gained atepistemology and refers to a wide world perception. Ad- tention through the work of Lera Boroditsky at Stanford
ditionally, it refers to the framework of ideas and beliefs University.
forming a global description through which an individual,
group or culture watches and interprets the world and interacts with it. The German word is also in use in English, 1.2 Weltanschauung and cognitive philosophy
as well as the translated form world outlook or world view.

1
1.1

One of the most important concepts in cognitive

philosophy and cognitive sciences is the German concept
of Weltanschauung. This expression has often been used
to refer to the wide worldview or wide world perception of a people, family, or person. The Weltanschauung
of a people originates from the unique world experience
of a people, which they experience over several millennia.
The language of a people reects the Weltanschauung of
that people in the form of its syntactic structures and untranslatable connotations and its denotations.

Origins
Linguistics

The founder of the idea that language and worldview

are inextricable is the Prussian philologist, Wilhelm von
Humboldt (17671835). Humboldt argued that language
was part of the creative adventure of mankind. Culture,
language and linguistic communities developed simultaneously, he argued, and could not do so without one another. In stark contrast to linguistic determinism, which
invites us to consider language as a constraint, a framework or a prison house, Humboldt maintained that speech
is inherently and implicitly creative. Human beings take
their place in speech and continue to modify language
and thought by their creative exchanges. Worldview remains a confused and confusing concept in English, used
very dierently by linguists and sociologists. It is for this
reason that Underhill suggests ve subcategories: worldperceiving, world-conceiving, cultural mindset, personal
world, and perspective (see Underhill 2009, 2011 &
2012).

The term 'Weltanschauung' is often wrongly attributed to

Wilhelm von Humboldt the founder of German ethnolinguistics (see Trabant). As Jrgen Trabant points out,
however, and as Underhll reminds us in his 'Humboldt,
Worldview and Language' (2009), Humboldts key concept was 'Weltansicht'. 'Weltanschauung', used rst by
Kant and later popularized by Hegel, was always used in
German and later used in English to refer more to philosophies, ideologies and cultural or religious perspectives,
than to linguistic communities and their mode of apprehending reality.

'Weltansicht' was used by Humboldt to refer to the overarching conceptual and sensorial apprehension of reality
shared by a linguistic community (Nation). But HumEdward Sapir also gives an account of the relationship boldt maintained that the speaking human being was the
between thinking and speaking in English.
core of language. Speech maintains worldviews. WorldThe linguistic relativity hypothesis of Benjamin Lee views are not prisons which contain and constrain us, they
1

ORIGINS

are the spaces we develop within, create and resist cre- According to Apostel, a worldview is an ontology, or a
atively in speaking together.
descriptive model of the world. It should comprise these
Worldview can be expressed as the fundamental cogni- six elements:
tive, aective, and evaluative presuppositions a group of
people make about the nature of things, and which they
use to order their lives.[5]
If it were possible to draw a map of the world on the
basis of Weltanschauung, it would probably be seen to
cross political borders Weltanschauung is the product of political borders and common experiences of
a people from a geographical region,[6] environmentalclimatic conditions, the economic resources available,
socio-cultural systems, and the language family.[6] (The
work of the population geneticist Luigi Luca CavalliSforza aims to show the gene-linguistic co-evolution of
people).

1. An explanation of the world

2. A futurology, answering the question Where are we
heading?"
3. Values, answers to ethical questions: What should
we do?"
4. A praxeology, or methodology, or theory of action:
How should we attain our goals?"
5. An epistemology, or theory of knowledge: What is
true and false?"

6. An etiology. A constructed world-view should conIf the SapirWhorf hypothesis is correct, the worldview
tain an account of its own building blocks, its orimap of the world would be similar to the linguistic map of
gins and construction.
the world. However, it would also almost coincide with
a map of the world drawn on the basis of music across
people.[7]
1.5 Terror management theory
Main article: Terror management theory

1.3

Folk-epics

See also: List of world folk-epics

As natural language becomes manifestations of world
perception, the literature of a people with common
Weltanschauung emerges as holistic representations of
the wide world perception of the people. Thus the extent and commonality between world folk-epics becomes
a manifestation of the commonality and extent of a worldview.
Epic poems are shared often by people across political
borders and across generations. Examples of such epics
include the Nibelungenlied of the Germanic people, the
Iliad for the Ancient Greeks and Hellenized societies,
the Silappadhikaram of the Tamil people, the Ramayana
and Mahabharata of the Hindus, the Gilgamesh of the
Mesopotamian-Sumerian civilization and the people of
the Fertile Crescent at large, The Book of One Thousand
and One Nights (Arabian nights) of the Arab world and
the Sundiata epic of the Mand people.

Worldview, according to terror management theory

(TMT), serves as a buer against death anxiety.[8] It is
theorised that living up to the ideals of ones worldview
provides a sense of self-esteem which provides a sense
of transcending the limits of human life (e.g. literally, as
in religious belief in immortality, symbolically, as in art
works or children to live on after ones death, or in contributions to ones culture).[8] Evidence in support of terror
management theory includes a series of experiments by
Je Schimel and colleagues in which a group of Canadians found to score highly on a measure of patriotism were
asked to read an essay attacking the dominant Canadian
worldview.[8]

Using a test of death-thought accessibility (DTA), involving an ambiguous word completion test (e.g. COFF__
could either be completed as either COFFEE or COFFIN), participants who had read the essay attacking their
worldview were found to have a signicantly higher level
of DTA than the control group, who read a similar essay attacking Australian cultural values. Mood was also
measured following the worldview threat, to test whether
the increase in death thoughts following worldview threat
were due to other causes, for example, anger at the attack
1.4 Development
on ones cultural worldview.[8] No signicant changes
found immediately following the
While Apostel and his followers clearly hold that indi- on mood scales were
[8]
worldview
threat.
viduals can construct worldviews, other writers regard
worldviews as operating at a community level, or in an To test the generalisability of these ndings to groups and
unconscious way. For instance, if ones worldview is xed worldviews other than those of nationalistic Canadians,
by ones language, as according to a strong version of the Schimel et al conducted a similar experiment on a group
SapirWhorf hypothesis, one would have to learn or in- of religious individuals whose worldview included that
vent a new language in order to construct a new world- of creationism.[8] Participants were asked to read an essay which argued in support of the theory of evolution,
view.

2.2

Other aspects

following which the same measure of DTA was taken as

for the Canadian group.[8] Religious participants with a
creationist worldview were found to have a signicantly
higher level of death-thought accessibility than those of
the control group.[8]

2.2 Other aspects

In The Language of the Third Reich, Weltanschauungen

came to designate the instinctive understanding of complex geo-political problems by the Nazis, which allowed
them to act in the name of a supposedly higher ideal[10]
Goldenberg et al found that highlighting the similariand in accordance to their theory of the world. These
ties between humans and other animals increases deathacts, perceived outside that unique Weltanschauung, are
thought accessibility, as does attention to the physical
now commonly perceived as acts of aggression, such as
[9]
rather than meaningful qualities of sex.
openly beginning invasions, twisting facts, and violating
human rights.

Impact

The term denotes a comprehensive set of opinions, seen

as an organic unity, about the world as the medium and
exercise of human existence. Weltanschauung serves as
a framework for generating various dimensions of human perception and experience like knowledge, politics,
economics, religion, culture, science and ethics. For example, worldview of causality as uni-directional, cyclic,
or spiral generates a framework of the world that reects
these systems of causality.

2.1

Causality

A uni-directional view of causality is present in some

monotheistic views of the world with a beginning and
an end and a single great force with a single end (e.g.,
Christianity and Islam), while a cyclic worldview of
causality is present in religious traditions which are cyclic
and seasonal and wherein events and experiences recur in
systematic patterns (e.g., Zoroastrianism, Mithraism and
Hinduism). These worldviews of causality not only underlie religious traditions but also other aspects of thought
like the purpose of history, political and economic theories, and systems like democracy, authoritarianism,
anarchism, capitalism, socialism and communism.
The worldview of a linear and non-linear causality
generates various related/conicting disciplines and approaches in scientic thinking. The Weltanschauung of
the temporal contiguity of act and event leads to underlying diversications like determinism vs. free will. A
worldview of free will leads to disciplines that are governed by simple laws that remain constant and are static
and empirical in scientic method, while a worldview of
determinism generates disciplines that are governed with
generative systems and rationalistic in scientic method.

3 Religion
Nishida Kitaro wrote extensively on the Religious
Worldview in exploring the philosophical signicance
of Eastern religions.[11]
According to Neo-Calvinist David Naugle's World view:
The History of a Concept, Conceiving of Christianity as
a worldview has been one of the most signicant developments in the recent history of the church.[12]
The Christian thinker James W. Sire denes a worldview
as a commitment, a fundamental orientation of the heart,
that can be expressed as a story or in a set of presuppositions (assumptions which may be true, partially true,
or entirely false) which we hold (consciously or subconsciously, consistently or inconsistently) about the basic
construction of reality, and that provides the foundation
on which we live and move and have our being. He suggests that we should all think in terms of worldviews,
that is, with a consciousness not only of our own way of
thought but also that of other people, so that we can rst
understand and then genuinely communicate with others
in our pluralistic society.[13]
The commitment mentioned by James W. Sire can be
extended further. The worldview increases the commitment to serve the world. With the change of a persons
view towards the world the can be motivated to the serve
the world. This serving attitude has been illustrated by
Tareq M Zayed as the 'Emancipatory Worldview' in his
writing History of emancipatory worldview of Muslim
learners.[14]

4 Philosophy
Main article: Belief system

The philosophical importance of worldviews became increasingly clear during the 20th Century for a number
of reasons, such as increasing contact between cultures,
Some forms of philosophical naturalism and materialism and the failure of some aspects of the Enlightenment
reject the validity of entities inaccessible to natural sci- project, such as the rationalist project of attaining all truth
ence. They view the scientic method as the most reliable by reason alone. Mathematical logic showed that funmodel for building an understanding of the world.
damental choices of axioms were essential in deductive

4
reasoning[15] and that, even having chosen axioms not everything that was true in a given logical system could be
proven.[16] Some philosophers believe the problems extend to the inconsistencies and failures which plagued
the Enlightenment attempt to identify universal moral
and rational principles";[17] although Enlightenment principles such as universal surage and the universal declaration of human rights are accepted, if not taken for
granted, by many.[18]

5 STREAMS IN CONTEMPORARY WESTERN POLITICS

laration that there is no global truth. For instance, the
religious philosopher Ninian Smart begins his Worldviews: Cross-cultural Explorations of Human Beliefs with
Exploring Religions and Analysing Worldviews and argues for the neutral, dispassionate study of dierent religious and secular systemsa process I call worldview
analysis.[29]
The comparison of religious, philosophical or scientic
worldviews is a delicate endeavor, because such worldviews start from dierent presuppositions and cognitive
values. Clment Vidal[30] has proposed metaphilosophical criteria for the comparison of worldviews, classifying
them in three broad categories:

Philosophers also distinguish the manifest image from the

scientic image. These phrases are due to the American
20th century philosopher Wilfrid Sellars. This is one angle on the ancient philosophical distinction between appearance and reality which is particularly pertinent to everyday contemporary living. Indeed, many believe that
1. objective: objective consistency, scienticity, scope
the scientic image, with its reductionist methodology,
2. subjective: subjective consistency, personal utility,
will undermine our sense of individual freedom and reemotionality
sponsibility. So, many worry that as science advances,
particularly cognitive neuroscience, we will be dehuman3. intersubjective: intersubjective consistency, collecized. This certainly has powerful Nietzschean undertive utility, narrativity
tones. When our immediately given, manifest (aka obvious) self-conception is shaken, what is lost for the individual and society? And does it have to be that way?[19]
Some questions well worth working on, then, are those 5 Streams in contemporary Westconcerning the renement of the manifest view of such
ern politics
centrally important concepts such as free will,[20] the
self and individuality, and the possibility of real or lived
According to Michael Lind, a worldview is a more or less
meaning.
coherent understanding of the nature of reality, which
permits its holders to interpret new information in light of
4.1 Assessment and comparison of dier- their preconceptions. Clashes among worldviews cannot
be ended by a simple appeal to facts. Even if rival sides
ent worldviews
agree on the facts, people may disagree on conclusions beOne can think of a worldview as comprising a number of cause of their dierent premises. This is why politicians
basic beliefs which are philosophically equivalent to the often seem to talk past one another, or ascribe dierent
axioms of the worldview considered as a logical theory. meanings to the same events. Tribal or national wars are
These basic beliefs cannot, by denition, be proven (in often the result of incompatible worldviews. Lind has
the logical sense) within the worldview precisely because organized American political worldviews into ve catethey are axioms, and are typically argued from rather than gories:
argued for.[21] However their coherence can be explored
philosophically and logically.
If two dierent worldviews have sucient common beliefs it may be possible to have a constructive dialogue
between them.[22]
On the other hand, if dierent worldviews are held to
be basically incommensurate and irreconcilable, then the
situation is one of cultural relativism and would therefore incur the standard criticisms from philosophical realists.[23][24][25] Additionally, religious believers might not
wish to see their beliefs relativized into something that is
only true for them.[26][27] Subjective logic is a beliefreasoning formalism where beliefs explicitly are subjectively held by individuals but where a consensus between
dierent worldviews can be achieved.[28]
A third alternative sees the worldview approach as only
a methodological relativism, as a suspension judgment
about the truth of various belief systems but not a dec-

Neoliberal Globalism believes that at home governments should provide only basic public goods like
infrastructure and security, and do so by marketfriendly methods
Social Democratic Liberalism claims an economic
safety net, protecting citizens from unemployment,
sickness, poverty in old age and other disasters, is
necessary if democratic government is to retain popular support.
Populist Nationalism tends to favor restriction of
legal as well as illegal immigration to protect the
core stock of the tribe-state from dilution by different races, ethnic groups or religions. Populist
nationalism also tends to favor protectionist policies that shield workers and businesses, particularly
small businesses, from foreign competition.

5
Libertarian Isolationism would abandon foreign alliances, dismantle most of its military, and return to
a 19th-century pattern of decentralized government
and an economy based on small businesses and small
farms.
Green Malthusianism synthesizes mystical versions
of environmentalism with alarm about population
growth in the tradition of the Rev. Thomas Malthus
Not all people will t neatly into only one category or the
other, but Lind argues that their core worldview shapes
how they frame their arguments.[31]

Received view
Religion
Scientic modeling
Scientism
Social justice
Social reality
Socially constructed reality
Subjective logic
Truth

See also
Attitude polarization
Belief
Belief networks
Christian worldview
Cognitive bias
Contemplation
Cultural identity
Emancipatory Worldview
Eschatology
Extrospection
Ideology
Life stance
Mental model
Metaknowledge
Metanarrative
Metaphysics
Mindset
Ontology
Organizing principle
Paradigm
Perspective
Philosophy
Psycholinguistics
Reality
Reality tunnel

Umwelt
Value system

7 References
[1] Palmer, Gary B. (1996). Toward A Theory of Cultural
Linguistics. University of Texas Press. p. 114. ISBN
978-0-292-76569-6.
[2] Online Etymology Dictionary. Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
[3] Kay, P.; Kempton, W. (1984). What is the Sapir-Whorf
Hypothesis?". American Anthropologist 86 (1): 6579.
doi:10.1525/aa.1984.86.1.02a00050. JSTOR 679389.
[4] http://www.mpi.nl/world/ Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics
[5] Hiebert, Paul G. Transforming Worldviews: an anthropological understanding of how people change. Grand
Rapids, Mich.: Baker Academic, 2008
[6] Carroll, John B. (ed.) [1956] (1997). Language, Thought,
and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf.
Cambridge, Mass.: Technology Press of Massachusetts
Institute of Technology. ISBN 0-262-73006-5.
[7] Whorf, Benjamin (John Carroll, Editor) (1956). Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. MIT Press.
[8] Schimel, J., Hayes, J., Williams, T., & Jahrig, J. (2007). Is
Death Really the Worm at the Core? Converging Evidence
that Worldview Threat Increases Death-Thought Accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.
92, No. 5, pp. 789-803.
[9] Goldenberg, J. L., Cox, C. R., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2002). Understanding human
ambivalence about sex: The eects of stripping sex of
meaning. Journal of Sex Research, 39, 310320.
[10] Victor Klemperer, The Language of the Third Reich: A
Philologists Notebook, trans. Martin Brady, London:
Continuum, 2002

EXTERNAL LINKS

[11] Indeed Kitaros nal book is Last Writings: Nothingness

and the Religious Worldview

[29] Ninian Smart Worldviews: Crosscultural Explorations of

Human Beliefs (3rd Edition) ISBN 0-13-020980-5 p14

[12] David K. Naugle Worldview: The History of a Concept

ISBN 0-8028-4761-7 page 4

[30] Vidal, Clment (2012). Metaphilosophical Criteria for

Worldview Comparison. Metaphilosophy 43 (3): 306
347. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9973.2012.01749.x.

[13] James W. Sire The Universe Next Door: A Basic World

view Catalog p1516 (text readable at Amazon.com)
[14] https://www.academia.edu/9631989/History_of_
emancipatory_worldview_of_Muslim_learners
[15] Not just in the obvious sense that you need axioms to
prove anything, but the fact that for example the Axiom
of choice and Axiom S5, although widely regarded as correct, were in some sense optional.
[16] see Godels incompleteness theorem and discussion in eg
John Lucas's The Freedom of the Will
[17] Thus Alister McGrath in The Science of God p 109 citing
in particular Alasdair MacIntyre's Whose Justice? Which
Rationality? he also cites Nicholas Wolterstor and Paul
Feyerabend
[18] Governments in a democracy do not grant the fundamental freedoms enumerated by Jeerson; governments are
created to protect those freedoms that every individual
possesses by virtue of his or her existence. In their formulation by the Enlightenment philosophers of the 17th
and 18th centuries, inalienable rights are God-given natural rights. These rights are not destroyed when civil society is created, and neither society nor government can
remove or alienate them.US Gov website on democracy
[19] see Owen Flanagans 'The Problem of the Soul', 2002

[31] Lind, Michael. 'The ve worldviews that dene American

politics Salon Magazine, 11 Jan 2011 . Michael Lind is
Policy Director of the Economic Growth Program at the
New America Foundation

8 External links
GLOGO - Global Governance System for Planet
Earth at think tank Gold Mercury International
Diederik Aerts, Leo Apostel, Bart de Moor, Staf
Hellemans, Edel Maex, Hubert van Belle & Jan van
der Veken (1994) "World views. From Fragmentation to Integration" VUB Press. Translation of
(Apostel and Van der Veken 1991) with some additions. The basic book of World Views, from the
Center Leo Apostel.
Apostel, Leo and Van der Veken, Jan.
Wereldbeelden, DNB/Pelckmans.

(1991)

Wikibook:The scientic world view

Wiki Worldview Themes: A Structure for Characterizing and Analyzing Worldviews includes links to
nearly 400 Wikipedia articles

[20] see especially Daniel Dennetts 'Freedom Evolves, 2003

You are what you speak PDF (5.15 MB) an essay on current research in linguistic relativity (Lera
Boroditsky)

[21] see eg Daniel Hill and Randal Rauser Christian Philosophy AZ Edinburgh University Press (2006) ISBN 978-07486-2152-1 p200

Cobern, W. World View, Metaphysics, and Epistemology PDF (50.3 KB)

[22] In the Christian tradition this goes back at least to Justin

Martyr's Dialogues with Trypho, A Jew, and has roots in
the debates recorded in the New Testament For a discussion of the long history of religious dialogue in India, see
Amartya Sen's The Argumentative Indian
[23] Cognitive Relativism, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

inTERRAgation.comA documentary project.

Collecting and evaluating answers to the meaning
of life from around the world.
The God ContentionComparing various worldviews, faiths, and religions through the eyes of their
advocates.

[24] The problem of self-refutation is quite general. It arises

whether truth is relativized to a framework of concepts, of
beliefs, of standards, of practices.Stanford Encyclopedia
of Philosophy

Cole, Graham A., Do Christians have a Worldview?

A paper examining the concept of worldview as it
relates to and has been used by Christianity. Contains a helpful annotated bibliography.

[25] The Friesian School on Relativism

[26] Pope Benedict warns against relativism

World View article on the Principia Cybernetica

Project

[27] Ratzinger, J. Relativism, the Central Problem for Faith Today

Worldviews An Introduction from Project Worldview

[28] Jsang, Audun (2001). International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 9 (3):
279311. doi:10.1142/S0218488501000831.

Studies on World Views Related to Science (list of

suggested books and resources) from the American
Scientic Aliation (a Christian perspective)

7
Eugene Webb, Worldview and Mind: Religious
Thought and Psychological Development. Columbia,
MO: University of Missouri Press, 2009.
Benjamin Gal-Or, Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy, Springer Verlag, 1981, 1983, 1987, ISBN 0387-90581-2, ISBN 0-387-96526-2.
Eduard Pogorskiy World View // Knowledge. Understanding. Skill. 2012. 4. P. 322
323.
.. .

1.

/
..

//

(
) [ ]. :
, 2011. 09(73). . 310 319.
: http://ej.kubagro.ru/2011/09/pdf/
29.pdf (http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=17087744)

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

Text

World view Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20view?oldid=642672222 Contributors: Magnus Manske, SimonP, Infrogmation, Michael Hardy, BoNoMoJo (old), Andres, Conti, Fuzheado, Greenrd, VeryVerily, Shizhao, Robbot, ChrisG, Kizor, Altenmann,
Sam Spade, Texture, Gidonb, Hadal, Tobias Bergemann, Alan Liefting, DocWatson42, Djinn112, Jjamison, Iota, Andycjp, Karol Langner,
JimWae, Ukexpat, Robin klein, CALR, Discospinster, Rhobite, Leibniz, Frehorse, Rama, Florian Blaschke, Gronky, Danakil, Brian0918,
CanisRufus, MBisanz, Walden, Kwamikagami, Mwanner, Bobo192, Nectarowed, Neg, Mdd, HasharBot, Kitoba, Espoo, Ronline, Harburg, Wtmitchell, Ish ishwar, Cburnett, Maqs, Grenavitar, Bsadowski1, Throbblefoot, Stemonitis, Woohookitty, Wdyoung, WadeSimMiser, MGTom, Gimboid13, Allen3, BD2412, Dpr, Rjwilmsi, Vagab, Quiddity, Hatch68, Commander Nemet, YurikBot, Wavelength,
RussBot, Mark Malcampo, Hornplease, Pigman, Chris Capoccia, DanMS, Shell Kinney, Chaos, Gustavb, Denihilonihil, Amakuha, Aaron
Schulz, Tomisti, Square87, Brz7, Shawnc, Bernd in Japan, GrinBot, Nekura, Snalwibma, SmackBot, Jasy jatere, DarbyAsh, Big Adamsky,
Canthusus, ElAmericano, Skizzik, ERcheck, Chris the speller, Kurykh, MalafayaBot, Gasala, Rick Smit, Nbarth, The Moose, MovGP0,
Ft. Jack Hackett, Mladilozof, Scwlong, Martijn Hoekstra, Only, Metamagician3000, Vina-iwbot, Scientizzle, IronGargoyle, Waggers,
CharlesMartel, Armon, JMK, Spark, Aeternus, Nerfer, Kurtan, CmdrObot, Tragen, Mak Thorpe, Gregbard, Cydebot, Reywas92, Peterdjones, SyntaxError55, PKT, Letranova, Thijs!bot, Barticus88, Marek69, West Brom 4ever, Nick Number, WinBot, Flibjib8, Scepia,
Davidfmurphy, BenC7, JAnDbot, NBeale, Leolaursen, Mcerik, Clementvidal, VoABot II, Lyonscc, JaGa, Edward321, MatrixReality,
Greenguy1090, Dontdoit, MartinBot, Cutter1400, R'n'B, KTo288, Earthdenizen, J.delanoy, AstroHurricane001, Rivereld, Uncle Dick,
Maurice Carbonaro, Katalaveno, Mikael Hggstrm, Wikidogia, Smallxer, Twump, Neodymium-142, Lynxmb, Bellrichard25, Abdullais4u, PDFbot, Kenshin, UnitedStatesian, Sacredmint, Andrewaskew, Falcon8765, Cnilep, AlleborgoBot, Moonriddengirl, Ayudante,
Globaleducator, Airhogs777, DeknMike, Reneeholle, Wrdh, Firey322, JL-Bot, Twinsday, Sfan00 IMG, ClueBot, Kai-Hendrik, Incrediblehunk, The Thing That Should Not Be, EoGuy, Drmies, Silent Key, Karanime, Trivialist, Alexbot, PhiRho, Thingg, Versus22, Johnuniq,
Editor2020, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, Dthomsen8, NellieBly, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Aaronjhill, Fiskot, 84user, Vasi, Jarble, Hintgergedani, Yobot, Denispir, AnomieBOT, Galoubet, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Obersachsebot, Omnipaedista, RibotBOT, Gnuish,
SD5, Thehelpfulbot, FrescoBot, Sisyphustkd, Paine Ellsworth, JTeal NZ, Alxeedo, Machine Elf 1735, Winterst, I dream of horses, RedBot, Barras, Jauhienij, Mackie Web, A p3rson, Reach Out to the Truth, Ew312, EmausBot, 4tytwo, Finn Bjrklid, Yedogawa, Wayne Slam,
Urbanco, AndyTheGrump, DASHBotAV, ClueBot NG, Dream of Nyx, Helpful Pixie Bot, Curb Chain, WNYY98, BG19bot, PhnomPencil, CCeducator, North911, TBrandley, Deluno, Minsbot, Scott Delaney, CourtChru., Khazar2, Chandadeyoung, Nathanielrst, Cwobeel,
Frosty, Andymunoz83194, NonEuclideanMind, AmericanLemming, Taylor.Bubble, Thisissparrta, Tango303, LudwidNDes, Zahara33e,
Adirlanz, Liz, Themanifest, Soa Koutsouveli, Biblioworm, Atelfa, Tmzayed159, PunSoc, Lightshrine18 and Anonymous: 225

9.2

Images

File:Plutchik-wheel.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Machine Elf 1735
File:Speaker_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

9.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0