IPR (BP Lunch & Learn)

IPR
Inflow Performance Relationship

February 13, 2002
Lunch and Learn
Henry Nickens
UTG Well Performance Houston
Why Does a Well Flow

In
order for a well to flow, there must be a

pressure differential from the reservoir to the
wellbore
PWF
Production Optimization - Inflow Performance
PR
PWF
PR
When PWF = PR, the well cannot produce

When PWF = 0, the well produces the
maximum possible Absolute Open Flow
?
Rate
AOF
PWF
For any reservoir, there is a relationship

between the tubing pressure and production
PR
Rate
AOF
PWF
The resultant relationship is called the

Inflow Performance Relationship or IPR
PR
The IPR for a given reservoir can
be determined:
Empirically
Theoretically
Combination
well testing
reservoir model
reservoir model matched to well test
Rate
AOF
Why Is the IPR Important

PWF
PR
To optimize well performance, it is critical to know

how a change in flowing pressure will affect the well
production
Same P gives
different
rate change
Rate
AOF
Radial Flow Equation

DArcys Law for Radial Flow
flow
converging radially from the outer

reservoir radius into the wellbore
re
rw

2 h k dp
q=
r
dr
Oil
Gas
2 h k o dp
qo =
r
Bo o dr
q sc
Tsc 2 h k g pdp
=
r
dr
psc TZ g

Pseudo-Steady State Radial Flow
Oil
Gas
PR Pwf
h ko
qo = .00708
Bo o ln( .472 re / rw )
q sc = .000703
h kg
2
PR
2
Pwf
g ZT ln .472 re / rw
Definition
Pressure
Drawdown is the driving force for flow

into the wellbore
PR Pwf
Productivity Index Jo
Jo
is the relation between oil well inflow qo and

pressure drawdown
qo = J o PR Pwf
.00708 h k o
Jo =
Bo o ln( .472 re / rw )
Productivity Index Jg
Jg
is defined differently for gas reservoirs
2
q sc = J g PR
Jg =
2
Pwf
.000703 h k g
g ZT ln( .472 re / rw )
Altered Perm and Skin near Wellbore

DArcy
radial solution assumes
constant fluid and rock properties

laminar flow everywhere
The
time
effective perm ko = k x kro can change with
formation damage, k decreases, more drawdown (lower

Pwf) required for same rate
stimulation, k increases, less drawdown (higher Pwf)
required for same rate
Skin Effect
Skin
effect is defined as a dimensionless quantity

that accounts for the deviation of the real world
from the ideal dArcy solution
PR Pwf
h ko
Oil qo = .00708
Bo o ln .472 r / r + S '
e w
Gas q sc = .000703
h kg
2
PR2 Pwf
g ZT ln .472 re / rw + S '
Skin Effect
The total skin effect can have both a laminar and
turbulent component
S = S + Dq
S is the laminar skin factor due to change in
permeability k
Dq is the turbulent skin due to high fluid velocity
Effect of Reservoir Shape

Pseudo-steady
flow in non-circular drainage areas
is given by
Oil
Gas
PR Pwf
h ko
qo = .00708
Bo o ln .472 x + S '
q sc = .000703
h kg
2
PR2 Pwf
g ZT ln .472 x + S '
IPR Equations for Oil Wells

Vogel
Model
Fetkovich Model
Jones, Blount and Glaze
Vogel Equation
Developed
for saturated (at or below bubble

point), dissolved gas drive reservoirs
Can be applied well for any reservoir where gas
saturation increases as pressure declines
No skin, but can be extended for skin effects
Found that the production qo can be expressed as
qo
qo,max
2
P
wf
= 1.2
.8
PR
PR
Pwf
Vogel Equation - Saturated Flow

PR < PB
PB
Some gas is produced for all pressures
PR
qo
qo,max
qo
Pwf
= 1.2
.8
PR
PR
Pwf
qo,max

PR < PB
PR
qo = J o
1.2 R .8 R 2
.
18
R = PWF / PR
Jo = productivity index at zero drawdown
NOTE: Vogel Model requires pressures in psig

PR < PB
One test point required R = Ptest / PR
Jo =
qtest
PR
2
1.2 R .8 R
.
18
Vogel Equation - Undersaturated Flow

PR > PB
Gas in solution above bubble point
qo = J o PR PWF
PR
PB
)
Gas produced below bubble point
qo = J o PR PB
qo
qo,max
PB
+ Jo
1.2 R .8 R 2
18
.

PR > PB
PWF > PB
qo = J o PR PWF
PWF < PB
PB
2
qo = J o PR PB + J o
1.2 R .8 R
.
18
R = PWF / PB
Jo = productivity index at zero drawdown
NOTE: Vogel Model requires pressures in psig

Single test point at Ptest > PB
qtest
Jo =
PR Ptest
Single test point at Ptest < PB
R = Ptest / PB
qtest
Jo =
PB
2
P
P
1
2
R
8
R
.
.
( R B ) 18.
Vogel Equation - Flow Efficiency

Flow Efficiency FE
ideal drawdown
FE =
actual drawdown
=
ln(.472re / rw )
ln(.472re / rw ) + S '
Vogel Equation - Flow Efficiency

Flow Efficiency Estimate when radii not known
FE =
7
7 + S'
Vogel Equation with Flow Efficiency

Undersaturated Reservoir PB < PR
R = Pwf / PB
Above bubble point
qo = J o PR PWF
Below bubble point
qo = J o PR PB +
PB
2
(
)
(
)
. 1 R .8 FE 1 R
Jo
18
.
18
Vogel Equation with Flow Efficiency

Saturated Reservoir PR < PB
R = Pwf / PR
PR
2
(
)
(
)
. 1 R .8 FE 1 R
qo = J o
18
.
18
Fetkovich Equation
Fetkovich showed that for reasonable assumptions,
the oil rate could be represented as
Below bubble point
qo = C1 PR
Above bubble point
qo = C1 PR PWF
PB + C2 PB2
2 2
PWF
Fetkovich Equation
Fetkovich then postulated that the composite
effect could be represented in a form similar to
the gas well backpressure equation
qo = C
2
PR
2 n
PWF
Fetkovich Equation
qo = C
2
PR
2 n
PWF
Oil
wells - N < 1 reflects the contribution

from saturated flow (gas interference) below
the bubble point + possible turbulent effects
Gas
wells - N < 1 reflects effects of nearwellbore and/or completions turbulence
Jones, Blount and Glaze Equation

PR PWF = Aqo + Bq
2
o
This is another form of the pseudosteady state

dArcy solution with turbulence included
A - represents contribution of laminar skin (e.g,
formation damage)
B - represents turbulent skin (perforations, high rate
near wellbore effect)
Estimate IPR when no stabilized flow

data available
IPR is required before a well is completed to
determine tubing size
design completions (perf size, SPF)
decide if stimulation needed
estimate inflow to size equipment
BUT NO TEST DATA AVAILABLE

data available
If well fluid properties are known or estimated
and drill stem test gives hko and S, then can
estimate zero drawdown productivity Jo from
dArcy solution
.00708 h k o
Jo =
Bo o ln( .472 re / rw + S ')

data available
IF PR > PB
R = PWF / PB
PB
1.2 R .8 R 2
qo = J o PR PB + J o
18
.
IF PR < PB
R = PWF / PR
PR
1.2 R .8 R 2
qo = J o
18
.
Estimate IPR when no reservoir

pressure available
If PR is not known, the well inflow can be estimated
if at least three well test data are available
Using the Fetkovich equation with C, n, PR unknown
C=
q1
PR2
) (
n
2
PWF 1
q2
PR2
) (
n
2
PWF 2
Solve 3 equation for 3 unknowns
q3
PR2
n
2
PWF 3
Predicting Future IPRs from Present

IPR Data
Need
to be able to predict future reservoir inflow

performance
size equipment
plan for artificial lift
economic evaluation

IPR Data - Oil Reservoir
Standing
Method - applies below bubble point as

gas saturation increases
Vogel equation can be written as
Pwf
qo,max
Jo =
1 + .8
PR
PR

When
J o*
Pwf = PR (zero drawdown)
qo,max
. qo,max
PR 18
=
1 + .8
=
PR
PR
PR
qo,max =
*
J o PR
18
.

From
*
Jo
dArcy solution
.00708 h
ko
ln .472 re / rw Bo o
qo,max =
.00708 h
ln .472 re / rw
PR k o
=C
Bo o
k o PR
.
Bo o 18

qo,max F
qo,max P P k
R o
=
PR k o Bo o F
Bo o P
If know fluid properties at future reservoir pressure,

then can calculate new Vogel equation
qo, F = qo,max F
Pwf
Pwf
1.2

.8
PR , F
PR , F

Fetkovich
Method
Fetkovich assumed (kro/oBo) varies linearly with

pressure (a good assumption below the bubble point)
From this assumption, one can show that, for constant
n
CF = CP
qo,F = CP
PR,F
PR,P
PR,F
PR,P
(P2R,F - P2W,F) n

Fetkovich
Method combined with Vogel
The maximum rate (AOF) from Fetkovich equation

is
qo,max P = C P PR2, P
CP =
qo,max P
( )
n
2
PR , P
2 n
( )
n
2
= C P PR , P

Fetkovich
Method combined with Vogel
qo,max F =
)
(P )
n
2
CF PR , F
= CP
PR , F
PR , P
n
2
R, F
PR , F
= qo,max P
PR , P
2 n +1
IPR Equations for Gas Wells

Backpressure
Equation
Jones, Blount & Glaze
Backpressure Equation
DArcy
Radial Flow equation is adjusted to

include skin and turbulence effects
P2R - P2WF = A qSC + B q2SC
Fetkovich
then postulated that the composite

effect could be represented by the familiar gas
well backpressure equation
qSC = C (P2R - P2WF) N
Fetkovich Equation
The
exponent represents the degree of near

wellbore turbulence skin effect
n = 1
n = .5
no turbulence
all turbulence
The
backpressure equation assumes the exponent

n is constant for all flow rates
at low rates where turbulence is low, n ~1

at high rates where turbulence is high, n ~ .5
actual n is average over all rates
OK if low turbulence - Jones, Blount & Glaze better
when turbulence significant
Jones, Blount & Glaze Method

Rewrite
equation as
( P2R - P2WF) / qSC = A + B qSC

Plot
( P2R - P2WF) / qSC vs qSC to get linear

plot and determine intercept A and slope B.
Calculate AOF from
P2R - 0 = A qAOF + B q2AOF
Calculate F = 1 + (B/A) qAOF
Jones, Blount & Glaze Method

If
F < 2-3, turbulence is acceptable

If F > 2-3, probably have some restriction or
excessive completion pressure loss
consider reperfing to increase number of perfs

consider stimulation
Flow after Flow IPR
Backpressure
Jones, et al
550
Pressure (psia)
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
200
400
600
800
Rate (Mscfd)
1000
1200
1400
1600
Future IPR for Gas Wells

Factors Affecting Inflow Performance
k
constant for dry gas, may decrease if retrograde

condensate or water influx
h constant unless longer interval is perforated
(retest well)
T constant
G changes as reservoir pressure declines
Z changes as reservoir pressure declines
re constant for stabilized flow
rw constant
S may change if well stimulated (retest well)

Factors Affecting Inflow Performance
G
and Z are primary effect on C

Since C G Z is constant (for dArcy solution),
can approximate change in C as reservoir declines
as
C1 / C2 = (G Z)2 / (G Z)1
The N exponent is assumed to remain constant

G
and Z are primary effect on C

Change in IPR backpressure equation is relatively
small as reservoir pressure declines unless gas
saturation changes significantly (e.g, retrograde
condensate)
Only gas viscosity and Z change as PR decreases
CF = CP
(G Z)P
(G Z)F
But What About the Tubing?

STB/D or MMscf/d
We operate wells on surface
tubing pressure, now PWF
so the tubing is an integral
part of the production
system.
PWF
PWH
To determine the inflow
from the reservoir, we then
need to calculate PWF from
the known conditions at
surface, PWH and rate.
PR
Tubing Performance Curve (Outflow)

PWF
The calculation of PWF for a
range of flow rates gives the
Tubing Performance Curve
(TPC)
The TPC is totally
independent of the IPR
and depends only on the
tubing string
Rate
Interaction of Inflow and Outflow

PWF
The inflow is dependent

only on the reservoir
PR
Outflow is
dependent only on
tubing and surface
conditions
Change in TPC gives
new production rate
Rate
AOF
Tubing Flow - Ptbg = 75 psig

500 psi ,C = .00900, n = 1.0000
Stable Flow
Nodal Plot
600
Pwf (psia)
Condensate
2.0 bbl/MMscf
Water
2.0 bbl/MMscf
Tubing String 1
Gray (Mod) Correlation
500
400
300
200
100
00
200
400
600
A-31
800
1000
1200
1400
Gas Rate (Mscfd)
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
END

IPR (BP Lunch &amp; Learn)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

IPR (BP Lunch &amp; Learn)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

IPR

Inflow Performance Relationship

Why Does a Well Flow

order for a well to flow, there must be a

Production Optimization - Inflow Performance

When PWF = PR, the well cannot produce

For any reservoir, there is a relationship

The resultant relationship is called the

Why Is the IPR Important

To optimize well performance, it is critical to know

Radial Flow Equation

converging radially from the outer

Radial Flow Equation

Production Optimization - Inflow Performance

Radial Flow Equation

Production Optimization - Inflow Performance

Drawdown is the driving force for flow

Production Optimization - Inflow Performance

is the relation between oil well inflow qo and

Production Optimization - Inflow Performance

is defined differently for gas reservoirs

Production Optimization - Inflow Performance

Altered Perm and Skin near Wellbore

radial solution assumes

constant fluid and rock properties

effective perm ko = k x kro can change with

formation damage, k decreases, more drawdown (lower

Production Optimization - Inflow Performance

effect is defined as a dimensionless quantity

Effect of Reservoir Shape

flow in non-circular drainage areas

Production Optimization - Inflow Performance

IPR Equations for Oil Wells

Production Optimization - Inflow Performance

for saturated (at or below bubble

Vogel Equation - Saturated Flow

Some gas is produced for all pressures

Vogel Equation - Saturated Flow

Vogel Equation - Saturated Flow

Production Optimization - Inflow Performance

Vogel Equation - Undersaturated Flow

Vogel Equation - Undersaturated Flow

Vogel Equation - Undersaturated Flow

Production Optimization - Inflow Performance

Vogel Equation - Flow Efficiency

Production Optimization - Inflow Performance

Vogel Equation - Flow Efficiency

Production Optimization - Inflow Performance

Vogel Equation with Flow Efficiency

Production Optimization - Inflow Performance

Vogel Equation with Flow Efficiency

Production Optimization - Inflow Performance

Above bubble point

Production Optimization - Inflow Performance

wells - N < 1 reflects the contribution

wells - N < 1 reflects effects of nearwellbore and/or completions turbulence

Production Optimization - Inflow Performance

Jones, Blount and Glaze Equation

This is another form of the pseudosteady state

Estimate IPR when no stabilized flow

Production Optimization - Inflow Performance

Estimate IPR when no stabilized flow

Production Optimization - Inflow Performance

Estimate IPR when no stabilized flow

IPR (BP Lunch & Learn)

IPR (BP Lunch & Learn)