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Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26 (5) (2012) 1493~1499

www.springerlink.com/content/1738-494x

DOI 10.1007/s12206-012-0313-y

A study on increasing the performance of Savonius wind rotors


Burin Deda Altan* and Mehmet Atlgan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Pamukkale University, Knkl 20070 Denizli, Turkey
(Manuscript Received July 15, 2009; Revised January 18, 2012; Accepted February 6, 2012)
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Abstract
Savonius wind rotors with a vertical axis are not much preferred and used due to their lower aerodynamic performance than that of the
other high-speed wind rotors. The present study is intended to increase the rotor performance of the Savonius wind rotor with theoretical
method by focusing on a curtain arrangement as a wind deflector with a simple construction, which has been designed to increase the
performance of the Savonius wind rotor. This curtain arrangement has been placed in front of the rotor so as to prevent the negative
torque that occurs on the convex surface of the Savonius wind rotor and causes the performance of the rotor to be low. Thus, it has become possible to make a more efficient use of the wind energy increasing the low performance level of the Savonius wind rotors.
Keywords: Savonius wind rotor; Rotor performance; Power; Curtain arrangement
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1. Introduction
The increasing world population, when accompanied by the
developed and developing industry, is boosting the need for
energy day by day. Especially the diminished fossil energy
sources and the environmental problems brought about by it
have shifted mans interest to new and renewable energy
sources. Being one of the renewable energy sources, wind
energy has therefore aroused a great deal of interest. Wind
energy systems have been improved rapidly and advanced
considerably to become an indispensable energy source. The
cost of wind energy power production institutions has fallen in
the course of time parallel to technologic developments, fall in
turbine prices and increase in productivity. The most important part of the wind power stations is perhaps the wind rotors.
There are still studies and projects in process aiming to improve the wind energy systems and make a more efficient use
of the wind rotors. Consequently, a number of different wind
rotors and systems have been designed, tried and used during
this period.
In the present study, however, the objective is to increase
the performance of the Savonius wind rotors, which have
proven to have a lower rotor performance in comparison with
the high-speed turbines and Darrieus wind turbines in terms of
aerodynamic performance. Therefore, a wind curtain arrangement has been designed and placed in front of the rotor
*

Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 258 296 3152, Fax.: +90 258 296 3262
E-mail address: bdeda@pau.edu.tr
Recommended by Associate Editor Won-Gu Joo.
KSME & Springer 2012

so as to prevent the negative torque that occurs on the convex


surface of the Savonius wind rotor, thereby causing the performance of the rotor to be low. With the increase in their low
performance, it is expected that the Savonius wind rotors
could be used more commonly as they already have several
advantages such as simple and cheaper constructions, a good
beginning torque at lower wind speeds and the ability to run
independently of the wind direction when compared with the
other vertical-axis wind rotors. In this way, the Savonius wind
rotors will have a wider range of use in irrigation and electric
needs of the rural areas in particular. That is to say, this increase in the performance of the Savonius wind rotors will be
of much more importance and vitality as a means to solve the
energy problem that has come out of the increasing world
population and that is expected to increase in the future as well.
A lot of theoretical and experimental studies have been carried out to increase the low aerodynamic performance of the
Savonius wind rotors to make a more efficient use of them. In
a group of numerical and experimental studies, a lot of models
have been tested to determine the effect on the Savonius wind
rotor performance of several design parameters, such as the
rotor aspect ratio, the overlap and the separation gap between
rotor buckets, the profile change of the bucket cross-section,
the number of buckets, the presence or absence of rotor endplates, and the influence of bucket stacking [1-8]. In another
group of experimental and numerical studies, however, pressure distributions on the blades have been determined to examine the rotor performance and flow fields in and around the
rotor for the dynamic and static state of the rotor [9-19]. Fernando and Modi [20], in their study, defined a mathematical

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B. D. Altan and M. Atlgan / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26 (5) (2012) 1493~1499

model in order to predict the performance of the Savonius


wind rotor. Ogawa et al. [21] investigated the effects on the
performance of a deflecting plate that they used in order to
improve the performance of the Savonius wind rotor. In their
study, Ishimatsu et al. [22] analyzed the performance of the
conventional Savonius wind rotor and Bach-type Savonius
wind rotor numerically. Grinspan et al. [23] tested in their
experiments rotor of two different blade types, one being an
airfoil type and the other twisted type, in order to improve the
Savonius wind rotor design with three blades. Saha and Rajkumar [24] tested the Savonius wind rotor with curved blade
in the low-speed wind tunnel and compared its performance
with that of the conventional bladed Savonius wind rotor.
Saha et al. [25] made some design modifications in the
Savonius wind rotor blades and tried to render it more usable
and efficient in the areas where small scales of power are
needed. To that end, they manufactured the Savonius wind
rotor with twisted bamboo blades and compared this rotor
with the previously-manufactured Savonius wind rotor with
twisted metallic blades. Aldoss [26, 27] carried out an experimental study on the aerodynamic performance of the Savonius
wind rotor by using a swinging blade rotor. Tabassum, Probert
[28] and Reupke, Probert [29] found out that with the
Savonius wind rotor with hinged blades, which they separately designed, higher moments could be acquired at rather
lower end speeds than with the conventional Savonius wind
rotors. There are also some other studies designing and developing small Savonius wind rotors for local electricity production [30, 31].
The objective of this study is to introduce a curtain arrangement without changing the basic structure of a Savonius
wind rotor to improve the performance and increase the efficiency of the rotor. This will make it possible to increase the
usage fields of the Savonius wind rotors, which, despite their
many advantages over the other vertical-axis wind rotors, have
a restricted field of use due to their low aerodynamic performance.

2. Description of the principle of the method


Savonius wind rotor is a vertical-axis wind rotor invented
by the Finnish engineer Sigurd Savonius in 1925 [1]. A conventional Savonius wind rotor is made up of two semicylinders called blades, which are placed in between two horizontal discs and the centers of which are symmetrically slided.
When the moment on the convex blade of the Savonius wind
rotor is compared with the moment on the concave blade, it
seems that the former is lower because of the different resistance coefficients of the surfaces [32]. For this reason, the
Savonius wind rotor rotates in the direction of the positive
moment that forms on the concave blade. Below is a simple
figure for the running principle of the Savonius wind rotor
(Fig. 1).
In a study by Deda [33, 34], a new design has been put forward for the purpose of increasing the performance of the

Fig. 1. A conventional Savonius wind rotor.

Fig. 2. A conventional Savonius wind rotor with curtain arrangement


model.

Savonius wind rotor without making any modifications in its


basic structure. To increase the performance coefficients and
the effects of the wind speed, a curtain arrangement has been
placed in front of the rotor (Fig. 2) so that it can prevent the
negative moment that forms in the adverse direction of the
rotors rotating direction. This curtain arrangement is a wind
deflector plate that is both simple and cheap as it is composed
of flat metal sheets.

3. Mathematical formulation
3.1 Power and performance calculation on conventional
Savonius wind rotors
The wind hitting the Savonius wind rotor at a certain speed
creates a positive wind force that constitutes a positive torque
(Mr+) on the concave blade and a negative wind force that
constitutes a negative torque (Mr-) on the convex blade. Since
the torque on the concave blade is higher than the torque on
the convex blade, a rotation movement is secured. Fig. 3
shows the wind loads and velocity vectors on the Savonius
wind rotor with bucket blades. Considering that rotor blade
centers rotate at a fixed linear v speed under the wind speed of
Vr, it becomes possible to find through the forces on the blade
the power and performance expressions that occur on the
Savonius wind rotor [32].
The force that occurs on the rotor blade is stated as,

B. D. Altan and M. Atlgan / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26 (5) (2012) 1493~1499

1495

If we put Eqs. (4) and (5) in their place in Eq. (6), the following equation is obtained:
1
Av EVr2 F 2Vr v + Ev 2
2
Here, E = ( c1 c2 ) and F = ( c1 + c2 ) .
Prnet =

Fig. 3. Velocity vectors and direction of the torque exerted by the wind
velocity on the rotor blades.

2 FVr Vr 4 F 2 3E 2
.
3E

(1)

Here, stands for air density, c is coefficient of drag, A is


vertical section area of the rotors swept area and Vr is the
velocity of the wind. The value of the A rotor swept area can
be written through Fig. 4 as follows:
A = (2d-e)H.

(2)

As can be seen in the figure, d is the diameter of rotor blade


and e is the gap distance between the rotor blades, H is the
height of rotor and D is the rotor diameter.
The power that occurs on the rotor is equal to the multiplication of the rotor speed and the force that hits the blades and
is given as follows:
Pr =

1
c AVr2v .
2

(3)

The power that occurs on the concave surface of the rotor is


Pr+. Here c1 is the drag coefficient of the concave surface.
Pr + =

1
2
A c1 (Vr v ) v

1
2
A c2 (Vr + v ) v

(8a)

E = c1 c2 E = c1

(8b)

Accordingly, if the E and F coefficients are written in the


equation and the equation is rearranged, the optimum speeds
of the rotor are obtained as follows:
1
3

opt1 = Vr , opt 2 = Vr .

(5)

(6)

(8c)

If vopt2 = Vr, it means that the rotor rotates at the same speed
as the wind and accordingly, power is not produced; that is, it
has no physical significance. Therefore, for the optimum
power, it is necessary that vopt = 1/3Vr. Thus, optimum net
power equation is obtained as follows:
Prnetopt =

2
Ac1Vr3 .
27

(9)

Swept area is A = (2d-e)H and when this value is put in its


place in the Eq. (9), the optimum net power of the Savonius
wind rotor is calculated as follows:
Prnetopt =

The net power of the rotor is as follows:


Prnet = Pr + Pr .

F = c1 + c2 F = c1

(4)

The power that occurs on the convex surface of the rotor is


Pr-. Here c2 is the drag coefficient of the convex surface.
Pr =

(8)

At the point where the convex surface has the least effect on
the rotation of the Savonius wind rotor, the power is optimum.
So c2=0 should be taken.

Fig. 4. Design parameters of the Savonius wind rotor.

1
c AVr2 .
2

(7a)

When a fixed wind speed is considered, the derivative taken


according to the variable v rotor speed has to be equal to zero
in order to be able to get an optimum power. Accordingly, v
rotor speed appears to be as follows:

opt ,1,2 =

Fr =

(7)

2
c1 ( 2d e ) HVr3 .
27

(10)

3.2 Effect of the designed curtain arrangement in the


Savonius wind rotors on the calculation of power and
performance
The most important parameter to increase the performance
of the Savonius wind rotors is doubtless the diminishing or
elimination of the value of the negative torque that occurs in
reverse direction to the rotation movement. Because of this
reason, in the present study, as can be seen from Fig. 5, a cur-

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B. D. Altan and M. Atlgan / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26 (5) (2012) 1493~1499

wind speed and rotor performance is theoretically given below


if the formulation is rearranged by considering the design
parameters of the designed curtain. From the continuity equation Vr,new:
Vrnew =

( L1 + L2 + L )Vr
( L)

(13)

Here L1, L2 and L lengths are as follows:


L1 = l1Sin
Fig. 5. The designed curtain arrangement model in front of the Savonius wind rotor.

(14)
(15)
(16)

L2 = l 2 Sin
L =d e+ z .

Here, is the angle between the a blade of the curtain arrangement and the flow direction, is the angle between the b
blade of the curtain arrangement and the flow direction, Vr,new
is the speed at which the wind gets out of the curtain arrangement and z is the gap between the b blade of the curtain arrangement and rotor. If l1 = l 2 = l and = = are accepted and Vr,new wind speed is written in its place in the
power equation, the optimum net power that occurs following
the curtaining procedure is expressed with the following equation:

Prnet

opt new

Fig. 6. Design parameters of the curtain arrangement.

tain plate has been suggested for the purpose of reducing the
torque on the convex surface and theoretically, approximate
power and performance calculations have been made.
When the curtain arrangement in Fig. 5 is placed in front of
the Savonius wind rotor, it becomes possible to prevent the
effect of the wind coming over the convex blade. In this way,
the negative torque on the blade and thus the power become
equal to zero (P- = 0). Accordingly, the effect of the applied
curtain plate on the power is theoretically given below:
Pr + =

1
2
.
Ac1 v 3 2Vrnew v 2 + vVrnew
2

(11)

Prnet

opt new

2
3
.
Ac1Vrnew
27

(12)

When it is accepted that the whole wind that comes in the


curtain model shown in Fig. 6 enters the curtain arrangement
without any loss, the effect of the curtain arrangement on the

(17)

As can be seen here, the curtain arrangement enables the Pvalue in Eq. (6) to be eliminated. Therefore, a comparison
between the optimum power Eq. (10) for the rotor without
curtain arrangement and the optimum power Eq. (17) for the
rotor with curtain arrangement shows that the difference between two equations just depends on the speeds of the wind
entering the rotor. As can be seen in Eq. (17), the more the
curtain blade length increases, the more the speed of the wind
entering the rotor will increase and thus the amount of the
power for the rotor of the same size will be more. As a result,
final ratio Eq. (18) for the rate of power increase is relation
with combination of curtain length and angle.
Prnet

If the rotor speed is v = Vr,new/3, then the following equation


will be possible: Pr,net,opt,new = Pr+. If the v = Vr,new/3 is put in its
place in Eq. (11), the optimum net power that occurs on the
concave blade is obtained as follows:

( 2lSin + L )Vr
2
( 2d e ) Hc1
=
L
27

opt new

Prnet

opt

( 2lSin + L )

L3

(18)

4. Results and discussion


The ratio of power increase is found by dividing the optimum power in the case with curtain arrangement to the optimum power in the case without curtain arrangement. It is seen
in Fig. 7 that although this ratio increases with the curtain
blade length and its angle, it decreases with the diameter of the
rotor blade when the curtain blade length is constant. Accord-

B. D. Altan and M. Atlgan / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26 (5) (2012) 1493~1499

1497

Fig. 8. Change of the power increase ratio at different curtain blade


lengths for = 30 according to the blade diameter.

Fig. 7. Change of the power increase ratio with the rotor blade diameter at various curtain angles.

ing to the optimum ratio of e/d = 0.15 given in the literature


[10, 14], the gap distance (e) taken by this optimum ratio.
Curtain blade angle () is taken between 0 and 30 because of
the losses fluid which occur at the total values of curtain blade
angle ( + ) above 60 and at the situation of instantaneous
shrinkage [35]. Rotor blade diameter (d) and curtain blade
length (l) are chosen between 0.2 and 0.6 m to analyze the
relation between the dimensions of (d) and (l). Gap between
the b blade of the curtain arrangement and rotor (z) is chosen
0.02 m. Fig. 7 shows the changes of the power increase ratio
at different curtain blade lengths and angles according to the
rotor blade diameters.
As can be seen in the figure, power increase ratio increases
proportionally with the curtain blade length. The highest increase has been, thus, obtained from the curtain blade length
l = 0.6 m. It has been seen that power increase ratio also increases with the high values of the curtain angle. It has been
found out that power increase ratio is maximum at = 30
and and minimum at = 0. On the other hand, it appears that
this ratio decreases with the increase in the blade diameter
when the curtain blade length is constant. Thus, a comparison
of the graphics in Fig. 7 shows that the highest power increase could be obtained at long curtain blade lengths. With
the increase in the blade angles of the curtain, the sweeping
area of the curtain also increases and thus the power of the
rotor increases as the speed of the wind coming to the rotor is
also increasing. For this reason, the highest power increase is
obtained at the maximum angle of the curtain arrangement

and at the longest curtain blade length. However, frictions


and separations will increase with the increase in the curtain
blade length and naturally they will be accompanied by
energy losses, for which it is not possible to lengthen the
curtain blade as you like to. On the other hand, a certain value
of the curtain blade length will perhaps provide an optimum
design.
The changes at = 30 as the maximum values of the curtain angle are given in Fig. 8. As seen in this figure, the effect
of angle on power increase ratio at different curtain blade
lengths is positive for the increasing values of rotor blade diameter. Although the power increase ratio increases with the
small rotor blade diameters at the different curtain blade
lengths, it decreases with the big rotor blade diameters when
the curtain blade length is constant. Fig. 8 also shows the
power increase ratio is increased by increasing the curtain
length when the rotor diameter is constant. It is possible to
determine the effect of angle on the power increase ratio by
keeping angle fixed and changing the values of the curtain
blade length.

5. Conclusion
Although Savonius wind rotors have a low performance
level when compared with that of the other wind rotors, they
may possibly begin to be used commonly to get energy if their
aerodynamic performances can be improved, especially they
can be used in rural areas in less need for energy.
In the present study, to increase the already low performance of the Savonius wind rotors, a curtain arrangement
formed from wind deflecting plates has been placed in front of
the rotor so as to prevent the negative torque that affects the
convex surface of the Savonius wind rotor. In doing so, the
aim is to increase the speed of the wind entering the rotor and
thus to improve its efficiency. As can be seen in the figures,
the increased rotor performance is enabled with the increased
sweeping area of the curtain arrangement thanks to the increased curtain blade lengths and increased curtain blade angles.
Thanks to this curtain arrangement, some of the wind that
escapes in its entrance to the wind rotor has been prevented
from escaping to the sides. At the same time, by leading the

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B. D. Altan and M. Atlgan / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26 (5) (2012) 1493~1499

flow into the concave blade, the flow that passes over the concave blade has been enabled to produce a torque with the formation of a new force on the concave surface of the other
blade that rotates in reverse direction to the wind. In this way,
the power of the Savonius wind rotor and naturally its performance could be improved and increased.

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[33] B. Deda, Wind energy and increasing the performance of
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1499

Burin Deda Altan is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the


University of Pamukkale, Denizli, Turkey.
Burin Deda Altan holds a bachelor's
degree in engineering (1997) in
Mechanical Engineering from Pamukkale
University, Denizli and the M.S. degree
(2000) in Mechanical Engineering. She
received her Ph.D in 2006 in Mechanical Engineering from
Pamukkale University, Denizli. She is interested in wind energy
and the other renewable energy species. She is also interested in
computational fluid dynamics.

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