Engineering

MEC2403-Lecture 2

Stress & Strain-Axial Loading

Objective
To show how stress can be related to strain by using experimental
methods to determine stress-strain diagram for a particular material
To discuss the properties of the stress-strain diagram for materials
commonly used in engineering
To discuss other mechanical properties and tests related to the
development of mechanics of materials

MEC2403-Lecture 2

Normal Strain

Hooks
Law

E Youngs Modulus or
Modulus of Elasticity

Strength is affected by alloying,

heat treating, and manufacturing
process but stiffness (Modulus of
Elasticity) is not.
MEC2403-Lecture 2

Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

MEC2403-Lecture 2

Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

No necking
Faster time of
rupture
No difference
between ultimate
strength ad
rupture strength

Fig 2.1 Stress-strain diagram for a typical brittle material.

MEC2403-Lecture 2

Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior

If the strain disappears when
the stress is removed, the
material is said to behave
elastically.
The largest stress for which
this occurs is called the elastic
limit.
When the strain does not
return to zero after the stress
is removed, the material is
said to behave plastically.
Fig. 2.18

MEC2403-Lecture 2

Fatigue

When the stress is reduced

below the endurance limit,
fatigue failures do not occur for
any number of cycles.

Fig. 2.21

MEC2403-Lecture 2

Deformations Under Axial Loading

PL

AE
With variations in loading, cross-section or
material properties,

Pi Li

i Ai Ei
Fig. 2.22
MEC2403-Lecture 2

Thermal Stresses

ET
thermal expansion coef.
T is the change in temperature

MEC2403-Lecture 2

Poissons Ratio
Poissons ratio is defined as

lateral strain

z
axial strain
x
x

Generalized
Hookes Law

x y z

y
z

x y z
E

x y z
E

MEC2403-Lecture 2

10

Dilatation: Bulk Modulus

Change in unit volume is

e x y z
1 2
x y z

E
dilatation

E
k
bulk modulus
31 2

0 12
MEC2403-Lecture 2

11

Shearing Strain

where G is the modulus of rigidity or

shear modulus.
For small strains,
Fig. 2-46

xy G xy yz G yz zx G zx
Components of normal and shear
strain are related

Fig. 2-47
MEC2403-Lecture 2

12

Composite Materials
Materials with directionally dependent mechanical
properties are anisotropic.

For anisotropic materials, properties are different for

each direction

x
Ex
x

xy

y
Ey
y

z
Ez
z

y
z

xz
x
x
MEC2403-Lecture 2

13

Saint-Venants Principle
Saint-Venants Principle:
Stress distribution may be assumed
independent of the mode of load
application except in the immediate
vicinity of load application points.

MEC2403-Lecture 2

14

Elastoplastic Materials
Deformations of an elastoplastic material
are divided into elastic and plastic ranges
Permanent deformations result from
loading beyond the yield stress

Stress Concentration: Hole

K max
ave

Discontinuities of cross section may result

in high localized or concentrated stresses.
K is stress-concentration factor.
MEC2403-Lecture 2

15

Residual Stresses
Residual stresses will remain in a structure after
loading and unloading if
- only part of the structure undergoes plastic
deformation
- different parts of the structure undergo different
plastic deformations

Residual stresses also result from the uneven heating or

cooling of structures or structural elements

MEC2403-Lecture 2

16

MEC2403-Lecture 2

17