Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

Experiment H3- Specific Energy, Hydraulic Jumps & Weirs

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

Experiment H3- Specific Energy, Hydraulic Jumps & Weirs

Objective:
The purpose of this lab was to determine the relationship between specific
energy and the upstream head for water flowing over a overshot crested weir, to study
the properties of hydraulic jump and determine the flow patterns, and to study the
relationship between upstream head and discharge for water flowing over a broad
crested weir and to study the flow patterns.
Apparatus:
The apparatus used in this lab consisted of a multi-purpose teaching flume,
adjustable undershot weir and hook and point level gauge.

Broad Crested Weir in flume

Sharp Crested weir in flume

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

Gauges

Theory:
The dynamics of hydraulic jump is governed by the flow continuity and the
momentum equation. As we shall see, one of the major characteristic of a hydraulic
jump is its large energy dissipation. Therefore, energy equation cannot be used at this
point because the head loss is unknown (and not negligible). Using a control volume
enclosing the jump as shown in Figure 1, the continuity equation is expressed as
=11=22
Where Q is the discharge, V represents the averaged velocity and h is the water depth.
The subscript 1 and 2 represent flow information upstream and downstream of

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

the hydraulic jump, respectively. The momentum equation which takes into account
the hydrostatic forces and the momentum fluxes, but ignores the friction at the
channel bottom and at the side walls, can be shown as
1/2121/222= (21)
in which is the fluid density and g is the gravitational acceleration. If we define a
momentum function as
=2/2+2/2
Then, using equation (1) we can show that equation (2) suggest
1=2
From equation (1) and (2), it can be shown that the upstream and downstream flow
depths are related by

Where Fr1 is the Froude number of the upstream flow and is defined as

For a hydraulic jump, the upstream flow is supercritical and Fr1>1. On the other
hand, the Froude number Fr2 of the downstream subcritical flow needs to satisfy

It can be further applied to conservation of energy for this open channel flow
problem as

And show that the head loss hL for hydraulic jump is calculated as

Procedure

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

1. First of all it was ensured that fume was leveled. The undershot weir assembly
was then clamped securely to the sides of the channel at mid-way along the
flume with the sharp edge on the bottom of the gate.
2. The level gauges were adjusted, one upstream of the weir and other
downstream, to coincide with the bed of the flume and the datum readings
were recorded.
3. The knob on top of weir was adjusted to position the sharp edge of the weir
0.010 m above the flume bed.
4. The flow control valve was gradually opened and water was allowed to flow in
the channel until y0 measured 0.2 m. With y0 at this height, Q was measured
and recorded using direct reading flow meter. Y1 was also measured and
recorded using the downstream level gauge.
5. The weir was raised in increments of 0.01 m, allowing the upstream and
downstream levels to stabilize. Y0 and y1 were measured and recorded.
6. The flow rate was increased slightly. Q was measured and recorded. Above
measurements were repeated by gradually raising the weir.
Hydraulic Jump
7. The undershot weir was repositioned so that assembly was securely clamped to
the sides of the channel.
8. The knob on top of the weir was adjusted to position the sharp edge of the weir
0.020 m above the bed of the flume.
9. The flow control valve was gradually opened. A hydraulic jump was produced
decaying towards the discharge end of the flume.

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

10.Values of y1, y3, yg and Q were measure and recorded. The procedure was
repeated for four other flow rates Q and heights of the gate, yg.
Broad Crested Weir
11.The broad crested weir was installed in the flume with the rounded corner
upstream.
12.The level gauges were adjusted to coincide with the bed of the flume and the
datum readings were recorded.
13.The height of the weir was measured above the bed P.
14.The flow of water was adjusted into the flume to obtain. For each trial the
flowrate Q, the upstream depth of flow y0 and the depth of flow over the weir
yc were measured.

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

15.Results and Calculation
16.The following of the calculations and results were obtained after the
experiment;
17.

18.Table-1 Specific Energy Calculations

21.
y0
25.
29.
33.
37.
41.
47.
y0
51.
55.
59.
63.
67.

93.
94.
95.
96.

73.
y0
77.
81.
85.
89.

19.Q =0.002
20.Emin = 0.0747 m
22.
23.E0
24.E1
y1
(m
(m
26.
27.0.1
28.0.1
30.
31.0.1
32.0.1
34.
35.0.1
36.0.1
38.
39.0.1
40.0.1
42.
43.
44.
45.Q =0.0018
46.Emin = 0.068 m
48.
49.E0
50.E1
y1
(m
(m
52.
53.0.1
54.0.1
56.
57.0.1
58.0.1
60.
61.0.1
62.0.1
64.
65.0.1
66.0.1
68.
69.
70.
71.Q =0.0016
72.Emin = 0.063
74.
75.E0
76.E1
y1
(m
(m
78.
79.0.1
80.0.1
82.
83.0.1
84.0.1
86.
87.0.0
88.0.0
90.
91.0.0
92.0.0

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

97.

98.Specific energy, E0 and E1 (x-axis) vs depth of flow, y0 and y1 for each

flow rate
99. For Q=0.002

Q=0.002
0.160
0.140
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000

Axis Title
y1 (m)

E1 (m)

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

100.

Q=0.002
0.160
0.140
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000

2
y0 (m)

3
E0 (m)

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

101.

For Q=0.0018

Q=0.0018
0.180
0.160
0.140
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000

2
y1 (m)

E1 (m)

102.

Q=0.0018
0.180
0.160
0.140
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000

2
y0 (m)

3
E0 (m)

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

103.

For Q=0.0016

Q=0.0016
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000

y0 (m)

E0 (m)

Q=0.0016
0.140
0.120
0.100
0.080
0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000

2
y1 (m)

104.
105.
106.
107.

3
E1 (m)

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

108.
109.
110.

111.

Table-2 Hydraulic Jump Calculations

112.
yg
120.
128.
136.
144.

113.
y1
121.
129.
137.
145.

114.
y3
122.
130.
138.
146.

115.
Q
123.
131.
139.
147.

116.
H
124.
132.
140.
148.

117.
V1(
125.
133.
141.
149.

152.

153.

154.

155.

156.

157.

158.

159.

160.
168.
176.
184.

161.
169.
177.
185.

162.
170.
178.
186.

163.
171.
179.
187.

164.
172.
180.
188.

165.
173.
181.
189.

166.
174.
182.
190.

167.
175.
183.
191.

192.

193.

194.

195.

196.

197.

198.

199.

200.
208.
0.0
3
2
216.
0.0
3
5
224.
0.0
3
7

201.
209.
0.028

202.
210.
0.059

204.
212.
0.005

205.
213.
1.64
6

206.
214.
9.869

207.
215.
2.

217.
0.027

218.
0.063

220.
0.007

221.
1.70
7

222.
11.00
6

223.
2.

225.
0.027

226.
0.063

203.
211.
0.0
0
2
219.
0.0
0
2
227.
0.0
0
2

228.
0.007

229.
1.70
7

230.
11.00
6

231.
2.

232.

233.

Table-3- Broad Crested Weir clculations

234.

Weir Type: Broad Crested Weir

V1
^2
126.
134.
142.
150.
118.

119.

y3
127.
135.
143.
151.

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

235.
236.
y0
243.
250.
257.
264.

Breadth of Weir
237.
238.
yc
Q
244.
245.
251.
252.
258.
259.
265.
266.

b = 0.0347 m Height of Weir P =0.0098 m

239.
240.
241.
242.
H3/2
Cd
hu3/2
Cv
246.
247.
248.
249.
253.
254.
255.
256.
260.
261.
262.
263.
267.
268.
269.
270.

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

271.

Graphs:

272.

The critical depth under various flow rates;

273.

At Q= 0.002
274.

Q=0.002
Emin
0.15=
0.074 m
0.1
Depth (m)
0.05
0
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

Specific energy (m)

275.
276.

At Q=0.0018

Graph-2

0.2

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

277.

Q=0.0018

Emin =
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
depth (m) 0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

specific energy (m)

278.
279.

At Q=0.0016

Graph-3

0.16

0.18

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

280.

Q=0.0016 m3/s

Emin =
0.12
0.1
0.08
Depth (m) 0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

0.11

0.12

Specific Energy (m)

281.
282.
283.

Loss of energy through a hydraulic jump

Graph-4
Specific Energy Curves for each value of Q

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

284.

12.000
10.000
8.000
V1^2/gy1

6.000

Q=0.002
Q=0.0018

4.000

Q=0.0016

2.000
0.000
1.400 1.600 1.800 2.000 2.200 2.400
Y3/Y1

285.
286.

y3/y1 (x-axis) vs H

Graph-5

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

287.

0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
H (m) 0.004
0.003
Q=0.002

Q=0.0018

Q=0.0016

0.002
0.001
0.000
1.4001.5001.6001.7001.8001.9002.0002.1002.2002.3002.400
Y3/Y1

288.

Broad Crested Weir

289.

290.

Graph-6

Total Head (x-axis) vs. Flow rate

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

291.

Total Head Vs Flow Rate

0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
Flow rate (m3/s) 0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18
Total Head (m)

292.
293.

Graph-7

Log H (x-axis) vs Log Q

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

294.

log Q Vs log H
-0.79

-0.79

-0.78

-0.78

-0.77

-0.77

-0.76

log Q

Log H

295.
296.

Graph-8

Total Head (x-axis) vs. Cd

-0.76

-0.75

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

297.

Total Head Vs Cd
0.420
0.400
0.380
Cd

0.360
0.340
0.320
0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18
Total Head (m)

298.
299.
300.

301.
302.

Discussion and Conclusion

The experiment determined the relationship between discharge and

head for water flowing over overshot weir, properties of hydraulic jump and
discharge-relationship for broad crested weir.
303.

In the overshot weir experiment specific energy curves were plotted.

The shapes of curves are similar to the theoretical curve. It was observed

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

that with decreasing discharge critical depth also decreased due to which
minimum energy also decreased. The calculated values of minimum energy
are same as the values obtained from curves.
304.

In the hydraulic jump experiment difference in head was measured.

Graphs between y3/y1 versus H and V12/gy1 were plotted. Both graphs show
that with increase in y3/y1, H and V12/gy1 increases.
305.

In the broad crested weir experiment, C d and Cv were measured. When

the flow of water was parallel to the weir, that point showed that critical
depth has been achieved. Coefficient of discharge changed with the flow
rate. It increased with the increasing flow rate. As water passed through the
weir the depth of flow deceased and the profile of water was observed to
change.
306.

Broad crested weirs are robust structures that are

generally constructed from reinforced concrete and which

usually span the full width of the channel. They are used to
measure the discharge of rivers, and are much more suited for
this purpose than the relatively flimsy sharp crested weirs.
Additionally, by virtue of being a critical depth meter, the
broad crested weir has the advantage that it operates
effectively with higher downstream water levels than a sharp
crested weir.

307.

Length of weir has no effect on the discharge coefficient. It only

depends on the breadth and height of the weir. There is a very little increase
in the values of Cv with increasing flow rate. The common values of

Specific energy, Hydraulic jump and Weirs

discharge coefficient of broad crested weir varies but it is usually 1.6 m. The
calculated values are very less than the theoretical values.
308.

The experimental results are good but the values of discharge

coefficient are less than the theoretical values. Possible sources of error may
be in handling the apparatus. There may be error in noting the reading and in
predicting the accurate point of critical depth.
309.
310.
311.