GradeSlabsDesignandConstruction Presentation

SLAB DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, & REPAIR
Virginia Structural Engineers Council
Concrete Slab on
Ground
Design
March 28, 2007
Portland Cement Association

CTLGroup (Construction Tech.Labs)
PCA/CTL
Headquarters in
Skokie, IL
Since 1920s: research, testing,

consulting on construction
materials
150 staff: engineers, chemists,
geologists, lab support staff;
ASTM, ACI, ICRI, ASCE, Others
Goals of the Slab Designer

Provide a quality slab structurally
serviceable to the Owner/User within
established budgetary constraints.
Reduce callbacks and complaints.
Link Between Owner and Contractor
- Maintaining the quality process
o Education/Training
o Communication
Concrete Chain of Responsibility
American Concrete Institute

(ACI 360) Definition
Slab Design - The decision-making
process of planning,
sizing, detailing, and
developing specifications
preceding construction of
slabs on ground.
Good Communication
Municipality/Owner
Design
Design Engineer/Architect
General Contractor
- Concrete Subcontractor
Ready Mix Supplier

- Aggregate Supplier
- Cement Supplier
- Admixture Supplier
Testing Company (QA/QC)
Construction
Scott Tarr & Peter Craig
Materials
30

Methods of Slab Design
Empirical Procedures
PCA Method
Wire Reinforcement Institute
US Army Corps of Engineers
Post-Tensioning Institute
ACI Committee 223 (ShrinkageCompensating)
Slab Design Criteria

Support conditions (subgrade/subbase)
Floor use (treatment)
Slab loading
Concrete mix design & placement
conditions
Safety factor
Reinforcement
Floor Use (treatment) Criteria

hWill floor be covered/coated (office)?
Include vapor retarder directly beneath concrete
hFreezer or food processing
Sub-slab insulation (k)
Moisture/temperature fluctuations
Drainage & slip resistance
hHeavy wear operations
Surface hardness/durability
hHigh Racks - Superflatness Requirement
March 28, 2007
Methods of Slab Design

Mechanistic Procedures
Westergaard Equations (1927)
Computer Programs (AIRPORT, MATS)
Finite Element Analysis
Support Conditions
hModulus of Subgrade Reaction (k)
Pressure/Deflection Relationship (psi/in.)
hMeasurement
Plate Bearing Test
Correlated to CBR, DCP, etc.
hImproved by Base Course

Stable Working Platform
Compactable/Trimmable (Not Sand)
Loading Criteria
hVehicle Axle Loads
hRack & Post Loads
hUniform Distributed Loads (pallets)
hColumn Loads
hSpecial Loads
Rail Spurs
Machinery
31

Safety Factor
March 28, 2007
Concrete Flexural Fatigue
Safety Factor (SF) Ranges

Vehicle Loads - 1.2 to 2.0
Post Loads - 1.5 to 4.8
Stress Ratio (SR)

Applied Stress / Developed Strength
Inverse of Safety Factor
SF 2.0 = SR 0.50 (50%)
Thickness Determination
Typical Axle Loading
PCA Method
Concrete Floors on Ground
Axle, Post, & Distributed Load Design Charts
Procedures Discussed Well in:

Designing Floor Slabs On Grade by
Boyd Ringo and Bob Anderson
ACI Committee 360
Information Needed for

AxleAxle-Load Design
z
Concrete Working Stress
From materials, site, and designer

-
In general, 80 to 85% of total

loaded vehicle weight on front axle.
Critical Design Axle Load
Concrete compressive strength

Joint conditions
Subgrade modulus
Safety factor
From lift truck specifications

-
Lift truck capacity

Vehicle weight (total axle load)
Wheel configuration and spacing
Tire pressure
Wheel contact area
WS =
MR
SF x JF
where,
WS = Working stress
MR = Modulus of rupture (flexural strength)
SF = Safety factor
JF = Joint factor
32

March 28, 2007
Slab Stress Per

1,000 lb Axle Load

MR = 9 fc
SF = 2.0 to 2.2 for unlimited load repetitions (>1.0)
Stress Per 1000 lb Axle =
WS
Axle Load, kips
JF = 1.0 to 1.6
1.0 Load transfer provided at joints
1.6 Load transfer not reliable
Range between at discretion of designer
Vehicle Wheel Data
PCA Axle Load Design Charts
Post Load Design

RackRack-Load Design
z

-
From rack specifications

-

Joint conditions
Subgrade modulus
Safety factor
Short post spacing
Long post spacing
Spacing between rack units
Post load
Base plate area
33

March 28, 2007
Slab Stress Per

1,000 lb Post Load

WS =
MR
SF x JF
Stress Per 1000 lb Post =
where,
WS = Working stress
SF = Safety factor
JF = Joint factor
Post Leg Layout
WS
Post Load, kips
Note: If back-to-back posts are close, treat as a single load

(double Magnitude) on the appropriate-size baseplate.
Some designers take a conservative approach to treat
ALL back-to-back posts as a single load (double
magnitude) on a small baseplate which results in a
thicker slab conservative (consider all factors).
PCA Post Load Design Charts
Y = Long Spacing
X or Z = Short Spacing
Distributed Load Design

Distributed Load Design
z

-
From owner/user
-

Subgrade modulus
Safety factor
Aisle width
Width of distributed load
Load, psf
34


WS =
March 28, 2007
Distributed Load Layout
MR
SF
where,
WS = Working stress
SF = Safety factor
Strip Load
20 to 100 in.
Width, R, in.
PCA Distributed Load Charts
Aisle
6 to 14 ft
Width, ft

Chart results in stress (psi)
per 1,000 psf distributed load.
Use load in psf to calculate allowable stress:
If stress resulting from chart is 300 psi and
The distributed load anticipated is 1500 psf
Allowable Stress = 300 x (1500/1000) = 450 psi
If the Allowable stress is greater than the Working
stress, the thickness must be increased.
35

March 28, 2007
What
Whats Behind the Charts?
Charts developed for interior loading by
pneumatic tired wheels
Stresses due to edge loading are higher up to 50% higher
Edge loading occurs at joints that do not
have load transfer
Smooth dowel bars or dowel plates
Aggregate interlock decreases when joint opens
beyond 0.035 in. (not lost completely)
Reinforcement
Reinforcement
Welded Wire Fabric (WWF)

- Mesh - Rolls or Sheets
Reinforcing Bars
- Mats
Fibers
- Steel or Polypropylene
Post-Tensioning
Shrinkage-Compensating
Reinforcing Steel as Crack Control

Reinforcing Bars
- Mats
Fibers
Post-Tensioning
36

March 28, 2007
Reinforcement
9
Bars need to be
chaired to the top
third elevation
9 Transferring steel
through joints
increases the
potential for random
cracking
Reinforcement

Reinforcing Bars
- Mats
Fibers
Post-Tensioning
Reinforcement

Reinforcing Bars
- Mats
Fibers
Post-Tensioning
Post-Tensioned Slabs
Tensioned tendons put slab into permanent compression.

Therefore, no tensile stress and associated cracking.
37

March 28, 2007
Reinforcement

Reinforcing Bars
- Mats
Fibers
Post-Tensioning
Shrinkage-Compensating Slabs
Expansive cement or an expansive admixture causes

concrete to expand (type K cement).
Steel reinforcement is tensioned and restrains expansion.
Concrete is put into compression no cracking.
Requirements of Steel
Reinforcement
Selection of Reinforcement
Determine need for crack control

Placement conditions (inside/outside)
Subgrade drag and other restraints
Plastic vs. drying shrinkage
Evaporation control to address plastic shrinkage
Jointing to address drying shrinkage
Consider no reinforcement
Doweled plain concrete slabs
Required amount (in general)

Temperature - 0.1 to 0.2 percent
Structural - 0.5 percent
Needs to be in top 1/3 of slab or 2 in.

from top surface to allow for cover
Temperature steel should be terminated
6 in. from all joints (not carried through
joint)
Requirements of Fiber
Reinforcement
Dosage (in general) - ACI 544
Plastic: 0.1 to 0.8 percent (0.2% Common)
Steel: 0.5 to 2.0 percent
May need to add chemical admixtures

to mix to improve workability
Consider/test effect on shrinkage
Fibers need to be well-dispersed

Have repulpable bags repulped?
Slab Design Conclusions

Design for serviceability in accordance
with owners expectations
Maintain good communication throughout
design/construction
Know what to expect from every design
feature and inform the owner
Always design an industrial floor slab.
Dont simply specify slabs
38

March 28, 2007
Some Types of Concrete

Design of
Concrete Mixtures
Concrete Goals
Lightweight
High Strength
Mass
No-Slump
Shrinkage
Compensating
White or Colored
Fiber Reinforced
Low Density
Heavyweight
High Early Strength
Roller Compacted
No Fines
Shotcrete
Others..
Concrete Constituents
Concrete
z Design and produce a mixture of CEMENT,

WATER, and AGGREGATES that will meet the
requirements under which it is expected to serve.
z Economy
Reduce callbacks and complaints
Increase market share
Air
Coarse
Aggregate
Water
Maintaining the quality process

- Education/Training
- Communication
Fresh Concrete Properties
Fine Aggregate
Cementitious
Compressive Strength
Workability
- 2,500 to 20,000 psi
Bleeding
Time of Set
- Portland
Cement
- Pozzolans
Hardened Concrete Properties
Consistency
Uniformity
Chemical
Admixture
Tensile Strength
- 250 to 1,500 psi
Modulus of Elasticity
- 2,000,000 to 10,000,000 psi
39

March 28, 2007
Concrete Strength
Interrelationships
Water-Cement Ratio
The water-cement ratio (W/C) is determined from:
Compressive Strength (fc)

- Easily measured & documented
Flexural Strength (MR)

- 9 fc
Factor 9 ranges from 7.5 to 10
Modulus of Elasticity (E)

- 57,000 fc
ACI 318
Durability considerations
Required strength fcr
Weight of Water
Weight of Cement
w/c =
Water in excess of 0.25-0.28 w/c

is considered water of convenience
For optimum workability during placement
recommend a maximum 0.42-0.50 w/c
or use of chemical admixtures.
Effect of w/c ratio*
Effect of w/c ratio*
*At constant cement content
WaterWater-Cement vs.
WaterWater-Cementitious
Example
z Cement:
600 lb
z Fly Ash: 150 lb
z Water: 300 lb
Slag, Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Metakaolin
w/c: 300/600 = 0.50
*At constant cement content
W/C Ratio Versus Concrete Properties
Excellent
Concrete
Property
Poor
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
Water-to-Cement Ratio
w/cm: 300/750 = 0.40
40

Attributes of Quality
Quality Concrete
High Compressive Strength
Low Water/Cement Ratio
Not for
Slabs!
9Low Shrinkage Potential
March 28, 2007
Assuming Proper Placement, Two

Biggest Slab Performance Issues
Random Cracking and Subsequent
Deterioration
- Plastic
- Drying
ASTM C 157 and ACI 209R
9Good Workability/Finishability
9Required Strength and Durability
Factors in Cracking
Joint Performance
- Joint Spalling
- Joint Stability
Shrinkage and Cracking
Concrete volume change

- Linear
- Curling/Warping
Restraint conditions
- Slab/Subbase Friction
- Slab Penetrations
Tensile strength of concrete
Concrete Shrinkage
Cracks in Concrete
41

March 28, 2007
Concrete Shrinkage
Slab Curling/Warping
Plastic
Drying
Surface Cooler and/or Drier
Bottom Warmer and/or Wetter
Curling and Warping

Originally Defined by Pavement Engineers
in the Early 1900s.
9 Curling is the deformation of the slab surface
due to a difference in temperature between the
slab surface and bottom.
9 Warping is the deformation of the slab surface
profile due to a difference in moisture between
the slab surface and bottom.
Cement Hydration
PC + H2O CSH + CaOH2
CaOH2 + Pozz CSH
Exothermic Chemical Reaction
Temperature Curling
Temperature Curling
Surface Cooler
Surface Warmer
Bottom Warmer
Bottom Cooler
42

Moisture Warping
March 28, 2007
Moisture Warping
Drying occurs from the top downward
Drying occurs from the top downward
Dry top portion shrinks relative to the wetter bottom portion
Dry top portion shrinks relative to the wetter bottom portion

Slab edges warp upward
Measured Moisture Gradient

0
10
20
concrete
placed
(day zero)
30
Depth, mm
40
50
5 months
70-days
40-days
9-days
60
70
80
90
100
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
RH%
Slab with a vapor retarder immediately below
Moisture Warping
Slab Relative Humidity Gradient

Relative Humidity, Percent
-2
20
40
60
80
Surface Drier
100
120
Slab Depth, in.
0
2
4
7-in.-thick slab
Bottom Wetter
6
8
10
4-year old slab on draining base
43

Permanent Upward Edge

Warping and Daily
Downward Curling
Surface Drier
Sun Warms Slab Surface
Bottom Wetter
Remains Cooler
March 28, 2007
Problems with Slab Warping

Decreased Load-Carrying Capacity
Resulting in Long-Term Slab Cracking
- Mid-Panel Cracks
- Corner Breaks
Slab Rocking Joint Stability

Joint Spalling (Joint Filler Breakdown)
Decreased Vehicle Rideability (Safety)
Floor Covering Distress/Failure
Curling/Warping Distress
Curling/Warping Distress
MidMid-Panel Crack as Warped Edges are Loaded
Actual Deformation Due to Slab Weight

Slab Edges/Corners Crack Under Load
Corner Breaks
Unsupported Corners
(Curling/Warping)
Crane Outriggers
44

March 28, 2007
Joint Stability
Joint Stability
Rocking as Warped Slab Panels are Trafficked
Rocking as Warped Slab Panels are Trafficked
Joint Spalling
Joint Stability
Joint Stability
Joint Filler Material
Wheel Type/Traffic
Joint Filler
Semi-Rigid Full-Depth
Repair Splits
Wheel Type
Pneumatic Tires
Steel Wheel
Hard Polymer
45

March 28, 2007
Se
mi
-R
igi
dJ
oin
tF
ille
r
Joint Spalling & Tire Damage
46

March 28, 2007
Floor Covering Failure

Due to Warping
0
10
20
concrete
placed
(day zero)
30
Depth, mm
40
50
5 months
6 months
70-days
40-days
9-days
60
70
80
90
100
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
RH%
Slab with a vapor retarder immediately below
Slabs Relax
Relax Forcing Joint
Leveling Compound Upward
Debonding Above Joints
Factors Affecting Magnitude of

Slab Warping
Concrete Shrinkage Potential

Concrete Strength and Related Stiffness
Joint Spacing
Slab Thickness
Subgrade Support Stiffness & Moisture Content
Slab Moisture/Temperature Differential
Others
Concrete Repair Bulletin

January/February 2006
47

March 28, 2007
Minimizing
Minimizing Slab Warping
Preventing
Preventing Slab Warping
Proper Design and Construction Using:
- Shrinkage-Compensating Cement
- Post-Tensioning Reinforcement
Minimize Paste Quantity

- Increase Aggregate Size
- Optimize Aggregate Gradation
- Minimize Cement Content
Increased Design/Construction Cost

ALL Other Slabs Warp
- Magnitude of Warp Determines Serviceability
Minimizing Water (Paste)
Maximize Paste Quality

- Reasonable Water/Cement Ratio
- Just Enough Water for Workable Slump
Maximum Coarse Aggregate Size

S
Use Good Quality Well-Graded

Aggregate
Maximize Coarse Aggregate Size to

Decrease Total Water in Mix
Dmax
Slab Thickness, t: Dmax T/3

Dmax S
For pumped concrete:
Dmax 1/3 diameter of hose or
1 in.
whichever is smaller
Sieve Analysis ASTM C 136
WellGraded
Vs.
GapGraded
48

Large
Topsize
Aggregate
But
High Paste
Content
High
Shrinkage
Concrete
March 28, 2007
Minimizing Paste Quantity

Balance Between:
Low Shrinkage
and
Very Poor
Aggregate
Gradation.
Workability/Finishability
High
Slab Warping
Potential
Other Mix Design Factors
Type of Aggregate
Admixture Promoting Shrinkage
Excessive Slump
Using Cement with High Shrinkage
Dirty Aggregate
High Concrete Temperature at
Placement
Aggregate Shadowing
Curling/Warping Assessment
Edge Elevation
Survey
- Laser Level
- Carpenters Level
ACI 360
Curling/Warping Assessment
Joint Load Transfer
- Dowels
- Aggregate Interlock
Curling/Warping Repair
Slab Subsealing
Surface Grinding
Edge Deflection
49

March 28, 2007
Batching & Delivery

Batching, Placement,
And Finishing
Truck Mixing and Delivery
Transportation
Delays
Early Stiffening & Drying
Segregation
Mixing speed - 70-100 rev. (6-16 rpm)
Agitating speed - Any revolutions after the

initial 70 to 100 revolutions
Discharge: Time Limit- 1-1/2 hours
Discharge Revolution Limit- 300 rev.
Sampling
Adding water? Additional Rev.
Construction
Subbase Variability
Within Building Envelope
- Roof and Walls in place (weather independent)
Slab Thickness Tolerance
- - in., + 3/8 in. Avg. -3/8 in. Individual -3/4 in.
Protection of Slab After Placement
- Ambient Conditions, Subsequent Construction
50

March 28, 2007
Thickness Variability
Slab Placement
Placing/Spreading Concrete
Strike-Off & Consolidation
Leveling - Bull-Floating (Highway Straightedge)
Brooming?
Floating - Recess Aggregates, Bleeding
Troweling - Densify & Close Surface (Burnish)
Jointing - Crack Control
Curing - Promote Hydration
Drying - Moisture Emission
51

March 28, 2007
StrikeStrike-off and Consolidation
Leveling/Bullfloating
Restraightening
52

March 28, 2007
Floating
Purpose:
Consolidate and Level Unformed Surface
Depress Larger Aggregates and Bring
Paste to the Slab Surface.
Leaves Surface Open
- Continued Bleeding
- Wait For Bleedwater to Dissipate.
Troweling
Purpose:
To Provide a Smooth, Hard,
Densified Slab Surface.
Closes Surface
- Low Absorption
- Easy Cleaning/Maintenance
Finishing (continued)
Finishing
Float as soon as concrete has been struck

off
DO NOT SEAL THE SURFACE
- Only one or two passes
Floating must end before visible bleed water

rises to surface
Wait for concrete to stop bleeding
Sealing
Dusting
Blisters
Crazing
Troweling
-
- Do not tip bull floats
Finishing During Bleeding
Not for outside work

Will be slippery when wet
Trowel burns
Tilting chatter
NO SPRINKLING OR CEMENT ON SURFACE

Cure ASAP
53

Curing
March 28, 2007
Curing
Curing Methods
Percentage
1. Water Cure
Ponding
Flooding
Mist Spray
Effect of Curing on
Compressive Strength
Curing Methods
Curing Methods
1. Water Cure
1. Water Cure
2. Moisture Retaining
Wet Burlap
Wet Burlap
Fabric Backed Poly
54

March 28, 2007
Curing Methods
Curing Methods
1. Water Cure
1. Water Cure
Wet Burlap
Fabric Backed Poly
Wet Burlap
Fabric Backed Poly
Poly
Poly
Waterproof Paper
Concerns with Water Curing Methods

1. Discoloration
Concerns with Water Curing Methods

2. Water Temperature
Initial Contact
water within 10
degrees of slab
temperature
Check Slab & Water Temperature
Curing Methods
Curing Methods
1. Water Cure
1. Water Cure
3. Curing
3. Curing
Compounds
Membrane Forming
Compounds
Membrane Forming
Chemical
Curing Compounds
should not be used on
floors to be covered
55

March 28, 2007
Winter Concreting
Temporary Heat
Control Joint Detailing
Placement B
Construction Joint
Re-entrant Corner
Re-entrant Corner
Placement A
56

March 28, 2007
Re-entrant Corner
Pinwheel
57

March 28, 2007
Crack due to thickness variation due

to tire rutting
Evaporation of Surface
Moisture
Plastic Cracking
Air temperature, F
40
60
80
100
100
Relative
humidity, %
100 F
Concrete
Temperature
80
60
40
20
80
60
0.8
20
Rate of
evaporation,
lb/sq ft/hr
0.6
0.4
10
0.2
Wind velocity,
mph
0.0
Jointing
z
Joint Types
Construction Joints
z
Designate Pour Limits
Butt-Type (Formed)
Doweled
Construction
Isolation
Contraction/Control
Single Days Placement

Keyways Not Recommended
Load Transfer
Prevent Differential Movement
58

March 28, 2007
Keyway Joints
Cracking parallel to Joint

z
z
z
Keyways
Depth or Timing
Dowel Misalignment
Form Includes Keyway Notch

Female Side of Joint Cast
Male Side of Joint Cast
Concrete Shrinks and Joint Widens
Load Transfer is Lost
Unsupported Female Side Cracks
Isolation Joints
z
Isolate Floor Slab
Perimeter Walls
Dock Levelers
Slab Penetrations
-
Interior Columns, Drains, Plumbing, Electrical
Joint Material
Compressible
Full-Depth
Contraction Joints
z
Control Random Cracking Due To

Restraint to Concrete Shrinkage
Installed at Proper:
Spacing
Depth
Timing
59

March 28, 2007
Control Joint Spacing
Control Joint Depth

z
American Concrete Institute (ACI)
36 Times Slab Thickness
Create a Weakened Plane to determine

Crack Location
Slab Thickness
6-in.-thick slab = 18 ft joint spacing
6-in.-thick slab = 1-in.-deep joint
Portland Cement Association (PCA)
Joint Spacing (ft) = 2 to 2.5 Thickness (in.)

6-in.-thick slab = 12 to 15 ft joint spacing
Grooving/Tooling or Sawcutting
Beware of Crack Promoting Insert (Vertical?)
Control Joint Timing

Before Tensile Stress Exceeds
Developed Tensile Strength (Crack)
Restraint to Volumetric Decrease

Friction, Penetrations
Just After Peak Heat of Hydration (Cooling)
Drying Shrinkage & Temperature Contraction

Generally 8 to 12 Hours After Placement
0.050 in.
Joint Reinforcement
z
Load Transfer
Transfer load from one slab to the next
Effective Widening
= 0.025 in.?
Aggregate
Interlock
Slab Surface
Widening
>0.035 in.!!!
Minimal Opening
Slab
Required Bottom
< 0.035 in.Widening
<0.001 in.!!!
Minimize Concrete
Shrinkage and
Joint Spacing
- Aggregate Interlock
- Mechanical Devices
Dowel Bars
Plate Dowels
- Transferred Steel Reinforcement
0.001 in.
Sawcut Joint Activation
Be Aware of How
Cracks Form in
Slabs v Shape
Need to Measure Load-Transfer to Determine Aggregate Interlock Effectiveness
60

March 28, 2007
Mechanical Devices
Mechanical Load Transfer

Devices Installed in
Joint to Transfer
Applied Load From
One Slab Panel to
the Adjacent Slab
Panel.
Align Dowels!
Differential Lateral Movement

Existing
Sawcut
Control
Joint
Replacement
Slab
Repair
Construction Joint
Sawcut
Control
Joint
Slab
Repair
Construction Joint
61

Sawcut
Control
Joint
Construction Joint
New
Construction
Lateral Restraint Cracking

Really Not Observed Often
But Possible
Sawcut
Control
Joint
Construction Joint
Movement at Sawcut Joints
Sawcut
Control
Joint
Sawcut Control Joint
March 28, 2007
Sawcut
Control
Joint
Construction Joint
New
Construction
Plate Dowels Better

for Constructibility
at Construction Joints
Sawcut
Control
Joint
Construction Joint
No Lateral Restraint
Due to Plate Shape
And/Or Side Cushioning
Movement at Sawcut Joints
Sawcut
Control
Joint
No Lateral Restraint
As Panels Shrink
In the Same
Direction
(Not Differentially)
And
Smooth Dowels
Travel with
Slab Shrinkage
Even With
Extremely
Exaggerated
Joint Widening
Sawcut Control Joint
62

March 28, 2007
Mechanical Devices
Only exception is at rare

T Intersection sawcut joints
Beneat
Consolidate
Transfer Steel Through Joints
h Plates!
Dowels Cannot
Function Without
Good
Consolidation
Slab Jointing Conclusions
ACI Warns that Cracking is Possible
But it has been done effectively
Design joints to control random cracking

Install joints at proper time, depth, and
spacing
Determine load transfer requirement and
design joints as necessary
Isolate slab from fixed structural elements
Install and maintain joint filler to minimize
risk of spalling
when Concrete Shrinkage and Steel Percentage are Minimized.
SLAB REPAIR
SLAB REPAIR
Whats
TheStep
First is
Step
The
First
to:?
O L
B
Accurately determine the

root cause of the
problem
And to select methods and
materials that not only
repair the visible damage
but also correct the
underlying cause of the
problem
63

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SLAB DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, & REPAIR

Virginia Structural Engineers Council

March 28, 2007

Portland Cement Association

Since 1920s: research, testing,

Goals of the Slab Designer

Concrete Chain of Responsibility

American Concrete Institute

Ready Mix Supplier

Testing Company (QA/QC)

Scott Tarr & Peter Craig

SLAB DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, & REPAIR

Methods of Slab Design

Slab Design Criteria

Floor Use (treatment) Criteria

Scott Tarr & Peter Craig

March 28, 2007

Methods of Slab Design

hImproved by Base Course

SLAB DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, & REPAIR

March 28, 2007

Concrete Flexural Fatigue

Safety Factor (SF) Ranges

Stress Ratio (SR)

Typical Axle Loading

Procedures Discussed Well in:

Information Needed for

Concrete Working Stress

From materials, site, and designer

In general, 80 to 85% of total

Concrete compressive strength

From lift truck specifications

Lift truck capacity

Scott Tarr & Peter Craig

SLAB DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, & REPAIR

March 28, 2007

Slab Stress Per

Concrete Working Stress

Stress Per 1000 lb Axle =

Vehicle Wheel Data

PCA Axle Load Design Charts

Post Load Design

Information Needed for

From materials, site, and designer

From rack specifications

Scott Tarr & Peter Craig

Concrete compressive strength

SLAB DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, & REPAIR

March 28, 2007

Slab Stress Per

Concrete Working Stress

Stress Per 1000 lb Post =

Post Leg Layout

Note: If back-to-back posts are close, treat as a single load

PCA Post Load Design Charts

Distributed Load Design

Information Needed for

From materials, site, and designer

Scott Tarr & Peter Craig

Concrete compressive strength

SLAB DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, & REPAIR

Concrete Working Stress

March 28, 2007

Distributed Load Layout