Performance Study of Different Stabilizers Addition on 50% Dry

Sludge from Water Treatment Plant (WTP) of Taiaupeba to Use as

Compacted Material in Earthwork Ditches
Rita Moura Fortes & Joo Virgilio Merighi
Department of Civil Engineering, Mackenzie Presbyterian University,
Rua Maranho, 101, apto 72 So Paulo SP Brazil
Research Group of CNPq Mackenzie Sistemas Virios (Roads Systems)
rmfortes@terra.com.br; jmerighi@terra.com.br;

Dante Ragazzi Pauli; Marco Antonio L. Barros; Magda H. de Carvalho; Nlson Csar Menetti
SABESP - Companhia de Saneamento Bsico do Estado de So Paulo.
drpauli@sabesp.com.br; mbarros@sabesp.com.br;
mhcarvalho@sabesp.com.br; nmenetti@sabesp.com.br

lvaro S. Barbosa; Benicio Bibiano Bento

LENC Laboratrio de Engenharia e Consultoria Ltda
alvaro.barbosa@lenc.com.br; benicio@lenc.com.br

ABSTRACT: This present paper is a report from a research that has been carried since 2005
in the Mackenzie Presbyterian University. This research takes part of the CNPq Research
Group denominated Sistemas virios (Roads Systems) for use of the sludge from the water
disposal treatment in pavement construction as sub-base or roadbed reinforcement. The study
presents and discuss the performance of the 50% dry sludge, with 3 to 5% of Portland cement
lime or micro granular lime weight addition, looking for an inert material, as defined in the
Brazilian Standard (NBR 10004: 2004), attending to the technician-economic-environmental
viability with potential to use in workmanships of earthwork ditches.
KEY WORDS: Pavement, Laboratory Tests, Dry Sludge, Recycling Materials, Earthwork
Ditches, Stabilizer.

1. INTRODUCTION
So Paulo is the fourth most populous city in the world, and the largest in the southern
hemisphere. Almost 11 million people live within its 1,530 square kilometers, according to
the year 2000 Census.
The So Paulo Metropolitan Area includes, besides the city itself, 38 other municipalities.
As in any great metropolis, the population density is quite high and in many cases, it is
difficult to know where the city ends. Having that in mind, the region is home to 20 million
people, many from all over Brazil and the world (CIDADE DE SO PAULO, 2009).
In many cases, it is found at least six public concessionaires companies associated with
municipality activities. In downtown, under a plenty of pavements, there are telephonic
cables, gas, energy line, TV cable, petroleum, water and sewage disposal facilities, etc. The
local water and sewage disposal facilities concessionaire, named Companhia de Saneamento
Bsico do Estado de So Paulo (SABESP), is present in 366 municipalities of the So Paulo
State, to provide better quality of life for more than 26.7 million people. This corresponds to
60% of urban population of So Paulo, being responsible for the management of the water

distribution and sewer system (Companhia de Saneamento Bsico do Estado de So Paulo,

2010 (a)) (FORTES et al., 2006(a)).
Considering the emergencies services motivated by innumerous repairs, SABESP has a lot
of pavement recuperation to cover holes. The execution of this type of repair involves special
cares because they need to repair and to finish the service as soon as possible.
A planning contemplating all different concessionaries and the city hall is practically
unachievable for many reasons. It is common that, after a rehabilitation or construction of an
urban pavement, a concessionaire intervention occurs, because it is impossible to foresee
workman-ships emergencies that need a ready fix by the concessionaire. Many proposals have
been presented in the direction of managing these problems, developing management tools of
the pavements, searching to reduce the negative impact of these workmanships, but so far,
none has shown effectiveness (FORTES et al., 2008).
These repairs are more than 1,500 potholes per day (over than 550,000 per year), due to the
water or sewage disposal outflow (FORTES et al., 2005).
It has to be considered that the water or sewage disposal outflow, the soil used in the
earthwork ditches isn`t suitable to be reused, since it is saturated or contaminated, needing to
be removed and substituted (FORTES, 2006 (b)). This fact creates the necessity of searching
soils deposits, a task which is becoming almost unachievable considering that the exploration
of the available deposits are more difficult because of the environmental protection.
On the other hand, the process used in Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) removes suspended
particles from the water by sedimentation and filtration processes, resulting in waste
production (GUERRA; ANGELIS, 2005). The sludge from the water or sewage disposal
treatment is considered a solid residue which the final destination has been hardly questioned.
The Brazilian standard NBR 10004 - Solid waste Classification (2004) classify it in
different danger levels and defines that this residue must be treated. Considering the risks to
the environment and to the public health, this Brazilian standard also stabilizes the criteria for
final deposition. The development of a sustainability technology for the utilization of this
material is significant and vital.
The sludge from Taiaupeba is, according to Brazilian standard NBR 10004 (2004),
classified as Classroom IIA - No Inert. It means that the residue is not considered dangerous.
This research intends to study the technician-economic-environmental viability for the
improvement of the dry sludge generated by the water treatment plant (WTP) of Taiaupeba,
searching the stabilization of this material to use as compacted soil in earthwork ditches.
2. TAIAUPEBA WATER TREATMENT PLANT (WTP)
The WTP of Taiaupeba is located in Suzano municipality, near So Paulo: city. It produces
almost 16,000 kg of dry sludge per day, which are taken to sanitary landfills. Nowadays,
almost 3,000 m of dry sludge is disposed by Taiaupeba, for the second stage, approximately
5,000 m of dry sludge (28,000 kg per day).
The Alto Tiet Producing System was conceived in stages because of its complexity.
Taiaupeba was projected in five modules of m/s each. In March of 1992 was implanted the
first stage with nominal productive capacity of 5 m/s. Nowadays WTP operates with the
nominal capacity of 10 m/s, treating on average 9.8 m/s that they supply about 3.5 million
resident people of the Great So Paulo east region. In figure 1 an aerial sight is showed.

Figure 1. Aerial sight of Taiaupeba Water Treatment Plant.

The CAB spat (Alto Tiet Producing System) is a Society of Specific Purpose (SPE)
created in 11/04/2008, having for shareholders the Galvo Company and the environmental
CAB.
The administrative PPP between the CAB spat and the SABESP will do that the number of
people attended by Taiaupeba WTP increases the 3.5 to 5 millions, in other words, 15 % of
the Metropolitan Region of the So Paulo State population. That will be possible by the
enlargement in the Alto Tiet Producing System, the drinkable water production grows 10
m/s to 15 m/s.
Nine counties in the metropolitan region will benefit from the expansion of the Taiaupeba
WTP: Aruj, Biritiba-Mirim Ferraz de Vasconcelos, Itaquaquecetuba, Mogi das Cruzes, Po,
Salespolis, Suzano and So Paulo (East Zone). Currently, WTP receives water from five
dams that integrate the Alto Tiet Producer: Paraitinga, Ponte Nova, Biritiba-Mirim, Jundia
and Taiaupeba, which together boast a total capacity reservation of 513 million m.
The currently operation system is composed basically of two consolidation type rotating
drum with 60 m/h and capacity centrifugal condensation of 30 m/h each one. This system of
sludge condensation and dewatering processes produces daily about 60 tons of dehydrated
sludge with in medium 18% of total solid. Figure 2 illustrates the condensed and dewatering
sludge.

Figure 2 Condensed and dewatering (a); transportation of sludge (b)

Sludge drying process reduces mass and volume of the product, making its storage and transport (FLAGA, 2005). This residue is transported and deposited into two waterproofed landfill
cells, for dewatering to obtain almost 50% (or more) of the total possible dry solids (DS)
concentration (Companhia de Saneamento Bsico do Estado de So Paulo, 2010 (b)). The pos
dewatering sludge is illustrated in figure 3.

Figure 3 Dewatering sludge localization (a) Drying process (b)

3. SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH
This research is being developed in mutual cooperation between the SABESP and the
Mackenzie Presbyterian University, with the contribution of the LENC (a technological and
consultant company) in the execution of the physical and chemical characterization tests. This
deal was signed on February, 14th, 2008, when SABESP organized a Sustainability and
Innovation Public Audience about one of most controversial subjects: the final destination of
the sludge generated in the water treatment process (Companhia de Saneamento Bsico do
Estado de So Paulo, 2008 (a)).
In the chemical tests, SABESP attended the recommendations of Brazilia Standard NBR
10006: 2004. Several tests were made at different concentrations of alkaline material that
searching with these residues of WTP to become inert. The concentrations ranging between 3
and 5% of alkaline material: micro granular lime and Portland cement. From the practical
point of view it was made two tests than originally planned with 14 and 21 days of dry sludge
in contact with alkaline materials. The results indicated that the best solution for the sludge
Taiaupeba has characteristics of inert environmental point of view is the treatment of solid
with a mixture of micro granular lime or portland cement a total concentration of 5% weight.
It was also made complete chemical tests as recommended by the Brazilian Standards to
dry sludge, and with addiction of 3 or 5% portland cement or microgranular lime for 14 and
21 days and was obtained a classification class IIA (no inert) because of the presence of some
metals as aluminum, manganese. The solid waste is considered non-hazardous waste.

In the physical characterization, the dry sludge was classified as A-2-4 with NL and NP
Atterberg limits and this classification didn`t change for: pure dry sludge with 50% or 85%
of solids content; with addition of 3% or 5% of hydrated lime or portland cement or micro
granular lime. The specimens were compacted with the normal energy Proctor according to
NBR 7182 (1986) and was cured in the moist room. The specimens were molded in different
situations: with mixture and immediate compacting or after 3 or more days of cure, as
discriminated in table1.
In this research the samples were: dry sludge (50% of solids content), dry sludge (50% of
solids content) with 3% weight of portland cement and the compactation after 14 days of
cure, dry sludge (50% of solids content) with 3% weight of portland cement and the
compactation after 21 days of cure, dry sludge (50% of solids content) with 5% weight of
portland cement and the compactation after 14 days of cure, dry sludge (50% of solids
content) with 5% weight of portland cement and the compactation after 21 days of cure, dry
sludge (50% of solids content) with 3% weight of micro granular lime and the compactation
after 14 days of cure, dry sludge (50% of solids content) with 3% weight of micro granular
lime and the compactation after 21 days of cure, dry sludge (50% of solids content) with 5%
weight of micro granular lime and the compactation after 14 days of cure, dry sludge (50%
of solids content) with 5% weight of micro granular lime and the compactation after 21 days
of cure.
The cylindrical specimens have been molded as determined by the Brazilian Standard Test
Method (DNER ME 202: 1994) (Figure 4) and carried through the determination of the
compressive strength
test (Brazilian
standard NBR 12025:
1990)
and
determination of the
tension
strength of cylindrical
specimens
submitted
to
diametrical
compression
(NBR7222:
1994),
as
a
recommendation
of
Little et al.
(2000).
The
compressive
strength
was
determined to
1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28
days age and
the
diametrical
compression
was determined to 14,
21 and 28
days age;
It was also used the CBR and the Mini CBR test, that is similar to the CBR (California
Bearing Ratio), different in terms of the specimen size obtained through a compactation
procedure called the mini Proctor. The molds have a diameter of 50 mm and a volume of 100
ml. The sample mass is 250g, and the maximum grain diameter is 2 mm. The diameter of the
penetration piston (plunger) is 16 mm, while the loading machine has a capacity and speed of
4.5 kN and 1.25 mm/min, respectively. There are two compactation rammers used for
compaction: (a) standard energy rammer weighing 2.27 kg, height of drop 305 mm, blows 10 total or 5 per side and (b) the intermediate energy rammer weighing 4.5 kg, height of drop
305 mm, blows - 12 total or 6 per side. Soaking time is 24 hours. If not soaked, expansion can
be determined as in the CBR test. This test is used in the MCT methodology (FORTES,
MERIGHI, 2003).

Figure 4 Specimen Molded

For each determination of CBR, mini CBR, compressive strength and tension strength, the
results presented in table 1 are the average of six specimens tested.
It is observed that this material is composed by 66.1% of sand, 30.7% of silt and 3.2 of
clay.

Table 1 Results of physical tests

Maximum
Dry Unit
Weight

speci
men
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

(kg/m3 )

Optimum
Moisture
Content
wo(%)

870
1290
1380
1370
1210
1210
1250
1410
1410
1220
1220
1230
1290
1200
1221
1220
1240
1250

51.0
43.3
26.4
33.1
35.9
33.3
32.6
29.7
27.5
28.6
28,0
29.4
29.5
30.5
28.5
28.2
29.1
29.3

Compressive strengths (MPa)

1 day
(***)
0.20
0.50
0.21
0.28
0.51
0.76
-

Tension strength (MPa)

3 days 7 days
28 days
14 days 21 days
(***) (***)
(***)
0.60
0.90
0.76
0.80
0.60
1.04
0.46
0.66
0.94
0.55
0.84
1.05
0.50
0.53
0.67
0.75
1.20
0.13
0.15
0.21
0.31
0.22
0.38
0.20
0.25
0.22
0.32
-

14 days

21 days

28 days

0.037
0.02

0.04
0.08
0.10
0.047
0.083

0.02
0.07
0.003
0.03
0.12
-

0.03
0.023
0.03
-

mini
CBR
(%) wo

mini
CBR
(%)
satured

8,0
6,0
7,0
9,0
7,0
10,0
8,0
8,0
7,0

12.0
25.0
24.9
18.0
23.6
25.2
6,0
6,0
7,0
9,0
7,0
9,0
7,0
7,0
6,0

Sludge with 3% of hydrated lime - mixture and immediate compacting (50% of solids content) **
Sludge (85% of solids content) **
Sludge with 3% of hydrated lime - mixture and immediate compacting (85% of solids content) **
Sludge with 3% of portland cement - mixture and immediate compacting (85% of solids content) **
Sludge with 3% of hydrated lime - after 3 days of cure (85% of solids content) **
Sludge with 3% of portland cement - after 3 days of cure (85% of solids content) **
45% of soil + 50% of sludge + 5% of hydrated lime - mixture and immediate compacting (50% of solids content) **
Sludge with 5% of hydrated lime - mixture and immediate compacting (85% of solids content) **
Sludge with 5% of portland cement - mixture and immediate compacting (85% of solids content) **
Sludge pure (50% of solids content)
Sludge with 3% of portland cement compacted after 14 days of cure (50% of solids content)
Sludge with 3% of portland cement compacted after 21 days of cure (50% of solids content)
Sludge with 5% of portland cement compacted after 14 days of cure (50% of solids content)
Sludge with 5% of portland cement compacted after 21 days of cure (50% of solids content)
Sludge with 3% of micro granular lime compacted after 14 days of cure (50% of solids content)
Sludge with 3% of micro granular lime compacted after 21 days of cure (50% of solids content)
Sludge with 5% of micro granular lime compacted after 14 days of cure (50% of solids content)
Sludge with 5% of micro granular lime compacted after 21 days of cure (50% of solids content)

* Determination of the tension strength of cylindrical specimens submitted to diametrical

compression (FORTES et al., 2008)
** (FORTES et al., 2006(b))
*** (FORTES et al., 2009)
In figures 5, 6 and 7 are presented the mini CBR, Compressive strengths and the tension
strength of cylindrical specimens submitted to diametrical compression graphics, respectively.
CBR

mini CBR (%)

12,0

30

10,0

25

8,0

mini CBR (%) wo

mini CBR (%) satured

15

CBR (%)

Mini CBR (%)

20

CBR without imersion (wo)

CBR with 4 days imersion

6,0

4,0

10

2,0

0,0
10

0
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

11

12

13

14
Sample

Sample

Figure 5 Mini CBR and CBR

15

16

17

18

Figure 6 Compressive strengths (MPa)

Figure 7 Tension strength of cylindrical specimens submitted to diametrical compression

graphics

3.3. Discussion of results

The Taiaupeba sludge with 85% of solids content stabilized using 5% of hydrated lime,
according to the NBR 10004 (2004) classification change of Class IIA - No Inert to Inert, in
other words, the addiction of the hydrated lime allows its utilization as compacted soil in
earthwork ditches (FORTES et al., 2009).
In case of the dry sludge with 50% of solids content, the best results in the chemist point of
view occurred with cement and micro granular lime concentration with 5% weight, but to
evaluate what each one contributed to the best result we believe that the cement was not
effective for neutralize the manganese effect but had the best results for color, turbidity and
pH stable in all samples - little variation.
The increase of the mechanics strength with bigger additions of air binder, discloses,
according to Nez et al (2005), the occurrence of a cementation. The values taken for the
compressive strength and tensile strength for diametrical compression are acceptable for its
use in earthwork ditches.
It is important to point out that the use of the dosage with addition of 45% of soil plus 50%
of sludge and 5% of hydrated lime, it is relatively important to take into account the
mechanical behavior presented in a better performance, beyond presenting a lesser expansion
value. Not only does this new dosage brings the advantage to mix this material with soil, but
also diminish the heavy mineral presence that can be presented in the sludge, even so the
classification has given to Classroom II A- no inert.

Bandeira, Merighi e Fortes (2008) had presented an analysis through the use of the
computational program of finite elements ANSYS, of the structural behavior of airport
pavements, considering an aircraft with maximum load of 540 kN (aircraft EMB 195), with
pressure of application of the tire of 1,083 MPa and wheel load of 125 kN, they obtained 0.5
MPa as the compression strength in 100 mm of depth and tension strength from the triple state
of tensions of 0.01 MPa.
Analyzing all the studied dosages it is verified that the same ones had presented better
values that one, so it is possible to conclude that on the point of view of the mechanical
characteristics, this material can be used in earthwork ditches, or in layers of sub-base of
airport pavements, therefore they attend the recommendation of the support capacity (superior
to 20%) and expansion values less than 1.0%, beyond the values of compression and tension
strengths.
In this last dosage carried out, it was obtained inferior values that in the previously, due to
the use of dry sludge with 50 % of solids content and it was used microgranular lime. We also
have to consider that the samples were been prepared by the WTP, packed and sent to the
laboratory to be tested, and in the previous dosages, the addition was carried out by the
laboratory itself, besides the dry sludge was used with 85 % of solids content.
If the results obtained in this research are compared with presented ones from the PCA
(2003) for clay stabilization with portland cement addition, where the authors searched ten
types of different soils, and had found a value of 0.19 MPa to compression strength for A6
soil (8) without no portland cement addition, being that with 3% of portland cement in
weight, the value passed to 1.44 MPa and with 5% for 2.22 MPa to the 7 days of age, one
checks that they are coherent.
The results obtained with addition portland cement have been more promising than the
ones obtained with addition of hydrated or micro granular lime in terms of resistance.
However, considering that the samples stabilized with this last binder had presented
acceptable values, its use is very interesting, being a kind of air binder and does not require
care in its stockage, allowing its preparation foresaw.
CONCLUSION
Little et al. (2000) affirmed that the reactions between the hydrated lime and the soil are
complex. The pozzolan reaction that occurs between the air binder and the silica and/or
aluminum of the soil is the solution for an effective and durable stabilization of it. This
affirmation strengthens that when adding the hydrated lime or Portland cement to the sludge,
its chemical composition is modified, thus, will be carried through chemical analyzes to verify
the changes in the composition of the mixture considering the recommendations of Brazilian
standard NBR 10004 (2004).
The new steps of this research contemplate to repeat these tests adding micro granular lime
or Portland cement, but mixing in the laboratory, carrying out the chemical and mechanical
analysis and after applying the better performance in an experiment in field in earthwork
ditch. All these mixtures will be carried through chemical analyses.
The proposal of the mixtures with micro granular lime or Portland cement addition study,
cure and posterior compacting, inhabits in the preparation easiness that can occur in a plant or
the seedbed. The material previously would be prepared, excusing the constructor to add/to
dose the binder in the hour to apply, what will prevent losses, beyond providing a bigger
technological and quality control of the material to be used in earthwork ditches.
The authors are motivated by the promising results, and feel that this research contributes
for the environment and sustainability point of view because of rehabilitate a residue

10

conferring the necessary quality for its application in civil constructions. They really believe
in the technician-economic-environmental viability of this technology.
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